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Vegetable by-products have great potential for use as animal feeds and thus could improve the sustainability of the food system. The objective was to evaluate the milk production potential of potato by-product (PBP) replacing cereal grains in grass silage-based total mixed ration (TMR). Additionally, a laboratory scale experiment was conducted to assess the effect of PBP and chemical preservatives on the aerobic stability of TMRs. A change-over dairy cow feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of 135 g/kg (on a dry matter (DM) basis) of PBP in TMR. Additionally, the aerobic stability of TMR was evaluated by preparing TMRs with increasing levels of PBP and treated with different doses of formic and propionic acid or salt-based preservatives. The inclusion of PBP in dairy cow diets decreased feed intake, but organic matter digestibility was greater in the PBP diet, resulting in only slightly decreased production (milk protein 1435 vs. 1363 g/day, p &lt, 0.05, milk lactose 1716 vs. 1606 g/day, p &lt, 0.05). The aerobic stability of TMR was negatively affected by the inclusion of PBP, but it could to a limited extent be prolonged using chemical preservatives. The inclusion of PBP decreased feed intake and milk production to some extent when included in the diet of high-producing dairy cows. The utilization of PBP may, however, be justified from a sustainability point of view, as it provides a way to circulate the nutrients of a non-human edible feed material back into the food chain.

Maailmanlaajuisesti maissi on tärkein säilörehukasvi, joka hyvissä olosuhteissa tuottaa suuren ja energiapitoisen sadon, jolla on hyvä maidontuotantovaikutus. Maissi on myös nurmikasveja helpompi säilöttävä tyypillisesti korkeahkon kuiva-ainepitoisuuden ja matalan puskurikapasiteetin vuoksi. Maissin viljely on siirtynyt pikkuhiljaa pohjoisemmaksi aikaisten lajikkeiden jalostamisen ja ilmastonmuutoksen myötä ja Suomessakin sitä jo viljellään. Tässä kokeessa tutkittiin maissin kehitysvaiheen ja säilöntäainekäsittelyiden vaikutusta säilörehun laatuun. Maissi kasvatettiin Helsingissä Viikin opetus- ja tutkimustilalla ja lajikkeena oli Pioneer P7326 (FAO-luku 180). Koe toistettiin vuosina 2019 ja 2020 vuosittaisen vaihtelun selvittämiseksi. Maissit kylvettiin 17.5.2019 ja 26.5.2020. Maissi korjattiin kahdella eri kehitysvaiheella kolmen viikon välein niin että aikaisempi korjuuaika antaa viitteitä tilanteesta, jossa kasvukauden pituus rajoittaa maissin kehitystä. Korjuukerrat ajoittuivat syyskuun lopulle ja lokakuun puoliväliin. Kasvuajat päivinä olivat ensimmäisenä vuonna 123 ja 144, ja toisena vuonna 119 ja 141. Säilöntäaineina käytettiin neljää eri kemiallista valmistetta ja lisäksi mukana oli kontrolli ilman säilöntäainetta. Jälkimmäisenä vuonna mukaan säilöntäainevertailuun otettiin myös heterofermentatiivinen maitohappobakteeriymppi (LAB). Säilöntä tehtiin 12 litran muovisiin koesiiloihin 4 kerranteena käsittelyä kohti. Näytteet analysoitiin Luken laboratorion standardimenetelmin. Maissisäilörehuissa vuosien välillä oli selvä ero. Maissin kehitysasteesta kertova kuiva-ainepitoisuus oli vuonna 2019 korkeampi (281 ja 360 g kg-1) kuin vuonna 2020 (230 ja 264 g kg-1). Tämä näkyi myös käymislaadussa siten että pH oli keskimäärin korkeampi vuonna 2019 kuin 2020 (3.79 vs. 3.70) ja etikkahappopitoisuus puolestaan pienempi (14.8 vs. 20.7 g kg-1 kuiva-ainetta). Myös kehitysvaihe vaikutti käymislaatuun siten että pH (3.71 vs. 3.78) ja ammoniumtypen osuus kokonaistypestä (42 vs. 52 g kg-1 N) olivat pienempiä aikaisemmalla kehitysasteella korjatuissa säilörehuissa ja käymishappojen muodostuminen suurempaa (80 vs. 67 g kg-1 ka). Kemialliset säilöntäaineet laskivat pH:ta (3.80 vs. 3.73), vähensivät valkuaisen hajoamista (ammoniumtypen osuus 65 vs. 43 g/kg N) ja rajoittivat käymishappojen muodostumista (83 vs. 71 g kg-1 ka). Säilöntähappojen käyttö myös pidensi rehujen aerobista stabiilisuutta (75 vs. 202 tuntia). Ainoa tilastollisesti merkitsevä vaikutus LAB:in käytöstä kontrolliin verrattuna oli myöhäisemmällä kasvuasteella korjatun säilörehun etanolipitoisuuden pieneneminen. Ilman säilöntäainetta tehtyjen maissisäilörehujen laatu oli kaikissa neljässä raaka-aineessa hyvä, mutta kemialliset säilöntäaineet rajoittivat käymistä ja hidastivat säilörehujen jälkilämpenemistä.

Preservation of moist grain anaerobically by so-called crimping has many advantages. Generally, preservation has been successfully performed when grain is harvested at 30–40% moisture content (MC). However, there is a trend towards using drier than the optimal MC of the raw material. This leads to an increasing need to control aerobic spoilage of the material and also to experimental challenges in assessing the quality and stability of low-MC crimped grain. The objective of the current work was to evaluate fermentation quality, microbial composition and aerobic stability (AS) of drier than the optimal crimped grain ensiled with different additives and to use these materials to compare three different AS evaluation methods. Crimped wheat grain with 28% MC was ensiled using eight additive treatments based mainly on formic and propionic acids including a control without any additive. The low MC resulted in no lactic acid fermentation, but significant ethanol formation occurred in the control. The treatments used resulted in clear differences in microbial quality and AS of the feeds, and use of formic and propionic acid-based additives provided a clear benefit in improving the AS of crimped wheat grain. The correlation between increasing temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) production under aerobic conditions was very close, indicating that CO2produced by aerobic bacteria can be used as a method of evaluating AS. Visual inspection of mould growth resulted in somewhat different ranking of the treatments.

The apparent (AID) and(SID) ileal amino acid digestibilities in wheat, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal were determined with Ross 308 broiler chicken (n = 64) using the slaughter technique with chromium mordanted straw as an indigestible marker. The recovery of endogenous amino acids at the distal ileum was determined with a protein-free diet and it was used to calculate the SID digestibilities of the studied feed ingredients. The mean amino acid AID and SID were higher in soybean meal and wheat than in rapeseed meal (p

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a grain legume that provides possibilities to increase local protein self-sufficiency both as feed and food in areas where possibilities for cultivation of other protein crops are limited. However, full ripening may not be achieved and storage of the moist beans by crimping and ensiling provides an economic alternative to drying, and is well suited for animal feeding. The objectives of the current experiment were to evaluate the effects of moisture content and various silage additives on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability and fate of bioactive compounds of ensiled crimped faba beans in a pilot scale ensiling experiment. Faba beans were combine harvested at moisture level of 443 g/kg and crimped prior to ensiling. The following additive treatments were applied using three replicates: 1) control (CON), 2) two commercial lactic acid bacteria inoculants as mixture (LABmix), 3) In-house LAB inoculant (LABLuke), 4) Formic acid based product (FA) and 5) Salt based product (Salt). Further, two of the additive treatments were prepared with additional moisture: 6) Control with tap water addition (CON + w) and 7) LABmix with tap water addition (LABmix + w). The beans ensiled without additive showed elevated pH, butyric acid and ethanol concentrations and proportion of ammonia N in total N. Addition of water further decreased the fermentation quality. The LAB inoculants improved the fermentation quality of the beans compared to CON. The fermentation was effectively restricted when FA was used. Both LAB and chemical additives improved aerobic stability compared to CON and Salt was especially effective in improving aerobic stability. Vicine disappeared totally during the ensiling period and also convicine was effectively degraded. It seems that promoting microbial activity in the silo either by LAB inoculation or increased moisture promoted the degradation of convicine, while chemical additives decreased the degradation of it. Total and particularly soluble proanthocyanidins were also degraded during the ensiling period. Crimping and ensiling is an alternative preservation method for faba beans which eliminates the energy consumption and investments required for drying. In addition, benefits regarding the concentrations of bioactive compounds may be expected.

Murskesäilöntä on viljan varastointimenetelmä, jossa vältetään kallis kuivaus. Se on parantanut ohran ruokinnallista arvoa yksimahaisilla, sioilla ja siipikarjalla. Turkiseläimille murskesäilöttyä ohraa ei ole tutkittu. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää murskesäilötyn ohran sulavuus siniketuilla. Lisäksi tutkittiin voidaanko amylaasi-ksylanaasi-ß-glukanaasientsyymilisällä tai kypsennyksellä parantaa murskesäilötyn ja kuivatun ohran sulavuutta ja käyttökelpoisuutta ketuille. Tutkimuksessa oli mukana 24 noin viisi kuukautta vanhaa sinikettu-urosta. Ketut olivat kokeen ajan yksilöhäkeissä, jotka mahdollistivat sonnan ja virtsan erilliskeruun. Koemallina oli cyclic change-over ja koejaksoja oli viisi. Jakson pituus oli yhdeksän päivää, kuusi päivää valmistuskautta ja kolme päivää sonnan keruuta. Kettujen rehu vaihtui aina jakson vaihtuessa. Kolme tutkittavaa tekijää oli järjestetty kahdeksaan koekäsittelyyn 2 x 2 x 2 faktoriaalisesti. Tutkittavat tekijät olivat:1. viljatyyppi: kuivattu tai murskesäilötty ohra; 2. kypsennys: raaka tai kypsennetty ohra; 3. Entsyymikäsittely: ei entsyymikäsittelyä tai amylaasi-ksylanaasi-ß-glukanaasientsyymi. Murskesäilöttävä ohra puitiin elokuussa 2004 ja litistettiin Murska 350S valssimyllyllä. Se säilöttiin AIV 2+-liuoksella (3 l/tn) 1500 kg pyöreisiin säilörehusiiloihin. Siilot avattiin lokakuun lopussa, kun koerehut valmistettiin. Ohrapuuroja keitettiin 20 min öljyvaippakattilassa. Entsyymikäsittely kesti 16 tuntia huoneen lämmössä. Koerehut sisälsivät tutkittavaa ohraa, hapotettua sikateurassivutuotetta, kalajauhoa, kasviöljyä, vettä, metioniinia sekä vitamiini- ja hivenaineseoksia. Rehut valmistettiin ennen kokeen alkua ja pakastetaan ryhmäkohtaisiin päiväannoksiin. Eläimet ruokittiin kerran päivässä ja ne saivat rehua 700-1100 g/pv. Murskesäilötty ja kuivattu ohra sisälsivät yhtä paljon ß-glukaaneja, mutta murskesäilötyssä ohrassa oli selvästi vähemmän liukoisia ß-glukaaneja. Entsyymikäsittely ja keitto pilkkoivat ohran tärkkelystä sokereiksi. Entsyymi myös muutti liukenemattomia ß-glukaaneja liukoisiksi. Siniketut söivät hyvin murskesäilöttyä ohraa, vaikka sitä ei erikseen jauhettu. Ketut kasvoivat yhtä hyvin sekä murskesäilötyllä että tavallisella ohralla. Kasvu oli nopeinta, kun ne söivät kypsennettyä ohraa. Kypsän ohran entsyymikäsittely paransi kettujen kasvua entisestään. Raa’an murskeohran tärkkelyksen sulavuus oli huonompi kuin kuivatun ohran. Kypsennys ja entsyymikäsittely paransivat murskeohran tärkkelyksen sulavuuden kypsän ja entsyymikäsitellyn tavallisen ohran tasolle. Raa’an tärkkelyksen sulavuus oli alle 50%, mutta kypsennys ja entsyymikäsittely nostivat sulavuuden yli 80%:iin. Kokeen tulokset osoittavat, että murskesäilötyn ohran käyttöä voidaan vakavasti harkita myös kasvavien sinikettujen ruokinnassa.

Murskesäilöntä on kustannustehokas viljan varastointimenetelmä, jossa litistetty kostea vilja säilötään ilmatiiviisti. Säilöntää varten vilja puidaan ennen täystuleentumista kosteuden ollessa 35-45 %, mikä mahdollistaa pitkän kasvuajan vaativien satoisien lajikkeiden käytön. Viljaa ei tarvitse kuivata ja se ei vaadi prosessointia syöttövaiheessa, mikä vähentää kustannuksia. Toisaalta murskevilja ei välttämättä suoraan sovellu käytettäväksi kaikissa ruokinta-automaateissa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää murskesäilötyn ohran vaikutuksia broilereiden tuotantotuloksiin ja ruokasulan viskositeettiin. Broilereiden tuotantokokeessa kasvatusrehut koostuivat puolitiivisteestä ja viljasta siten, että puolet rehuseoksen kuiva-aineesta tuli tiivisteestä ja puolet viljasta. Ruokintakäsittelyitä oli kuusi: 1. vehnäpuolitiiviste 50 % + kokonainen kuivattu vehnä 50 %; 2. ohrapuolitiiviste (OT) 50 % + kokonainen kuivattu ohra (O) 50 %; 3. OT 50% + O 37,5 % + murskeohra (MO) 12,5 %; 4. OT 50 % + O 25 % + MO 25 %; 5. OT 50 % + O 12,5 % + MO 37,5 %; 6. OT 50 % + MO 50 %.Kokonaista vehnää rehussa saaneet broilerit kasvoivat keskimäärin heikommin ja jäivät pienemmiksi kuin ohraa ja murskeohraa saaneet linnut (P

ei saatavilla

A production trial was carried out on 125 growing-furring blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) to study the effects of low-protein diets, with or without DL-methionine supplementation, on growth performance and fur characteristics. The treatment codes were P30, P22.5, P22.5M, P15, and P15M. The protein contents [g kg-1 DM (dry matter)] of the diets were 300, 243, 243, 174, and 177, respectively. DL-methionine was added to P22.5M and P15M to yield a total dietary content of methionine (M) corresponding to that in P30. From August to mid-September, the weight gain of the blue foxes receiving the diet with the lowest protein level and the lowest methionine content (P15) was significantly lower than that of the blue foxes in treatments P22.5 and P30. In contrast, growth of the blue foxes in P15M did not differ from that of the blue foxes in P22.5 or P22.5M. From mid-September to pelting, weight gain did not differ significantly among treatments. Guard hair quality was significantly impaired in the low-protein diets without methionine supplementation, but not in those diets supplemented with methionine. Methionine appeared to be the first limiting amino acid for winter fur development. Addition of DL-methionine and use of low-protein diets for blue foxes would be beneficial in terms of reduced feed expenses and lower nitrogen emissions to the environment. Key words: DL-methionine, protein, amino acids, growth, fur skin quality, blue fox (Alopex lagopus)

A digestibility experiment was carried out with 140 Ross-broiler chickens (age 24 days) to determine coefficient of ileal apparent digestibility (CIAD) of amino acids in meat and bone meal (MBM), full-fat soyabeans (FFSs), soyabean cake and meal, full-fat rapeseeds, and rapeseed cake and meal. The birds were fed semi-purified diets which contained protein feedstuffs as a sole protein source and chromium mordanted straw as an indigestible marker. The CIAD of nutrients were assessed using the slaughter technique. A 37-day growth experiment was carried out with 2880 Ross-broiler chickens to compare feed formulation systems based on apparent ileal digestible or total lysine content. Three barley based diets were formulated to be similar in total lysine content (9.5 g/kg feed). Diet 1 contained soyabean meal (SBM) (280 g/kg DM), Diet 2 SBM (180 g/kg DM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) (171 g/kg DM) and Diet 3 a combination of SBM (78 g/kg DM), RSM (172 g/kg DM) and MBM (87 g/kg DM). The composition of Diets 4 and 5 was similar to that of diets 3 and 4, respectively, except that they were supplemented with l -lysine–HCl to obtain a similar apparent ileal digestible lysine content as in Diet 1 (7.9 g/kg feed). The total lysine content of Diets 4 and 5 was 10 g/kg feed. Furthermore, Diet 1 was supplemented with l -lysine–HCl to obtain Diet 6, in which the total and apparent ileal lysine contents were 10 and 8.5 g/kg feed, respectively. CIAD of lysine, methionine, threonine and cystine were respectively 0.60, 0.66, 0.48 and 0.34 for MBM; respectively 0.81, 0.75, 0.68 and 0.67 for FFSs; respectively 0.86, 0.86, 0.76 and 0.62 for soyabean cake; respectively 0.85, 0.84, 0.74 and 0.63 for SBM; respectively 0.59, 0.59, 0.43 and 0.53 for full-fat rapeseeds; respectively 0.68, 0.81, 0.64 and 0.53 for rapeseed cake; and respectively 0.63, 0.75, 0.54 and 0.43 for RSM. Final weight and growth rate were highest when digestible lysine based feed formulation was used compared to that based on total lysine ( P P P P P P

Fifty pairs (experiment 1) of 7-week-old blue fox (Alopex lagopus) cubs (live-weight 1.9 kg) were fed incremental level of folic acid (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg kg −1 dry matter (DM)), for 4 weeks in order to investigate the effect of folate status on formate metabolism in blue foxes. Incremental folic acid feeding increased hepatic folate concentrations curvlinearly (351, 1024, 1161, 1280, and 1290 g 100 g −1 ). Seven males per feeding group were injected i.p. sodium formate once, 500 mg kg −1 live-weight, after which serum formate concentrations were determined from blood samples taken at 60, 90, 120 and 180 min post-injection. Incremental dietary folic acid decreased half-life of formate (173, 130, 126, 112, and 117 min, linear effect: P< 0.05, quadratic effect: P< 0.05) and increased formate disappearance rate (2.1, 2.7, 3.2, 3.2, and 3.4 mg l −1 min −1 , linear effect: P< 0.05). The effect of dietary formate intake on formic acid metabolism was studied with eight blue foxes (live-weight 8.45 kg) (experiment 2). Foxes were given formate either at a low (10.1 g kg −1 DM) or a high dietary concentration (19.7 g kg −1 DM). Foxes on high formate diets had higher mean serum formic acid concentration than foxes on low formate diets ( P< 0.01) (0.13 mg l −1 versus 0.05 mg l −1 ). The results of these experiments give new information in order to assess recommendations for the use of ensiled feedstuffs in blue fox diets. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Digestibility and nitrogen (N) utilisation in diets with low protein levels and supplemented with some amino acids were studied in two experiments with 21-week-old blue foxes ( Alopex lagopus ). The dietary protein levels studied, expressed as percentage of metabolisable energy (ME) from protein, were in both experiments: 30, 22.5 and 15, corresponding on average 306, 244 and 174 g protein kg −1 dry matter (DM), respectively. At the two lowest levels the diets were fed as such or as supplemented with dl -methionine (experiment 1) or l -methionine or l -lysine (experiment 2). The added amount brought the level of the respective amino acid in the diet to that of diet containing 30% of ME from protein, and was verified by analyses. The apparent digestibility of crude protein ( p p p p p p dl - and l -methionine supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of EE ( p p dl -methionine (experiment 1) also the digestibility of DM ( p p l -methionine tended to increase the digestibility of DM ( p p dl - and l -methionine and l -lysine supplementation improved the apparent digestibility of the respective amino acids (for methionine, p p p p p It is concluded that lowering the dietary protein level decreases the digestibility of the diets. Supplementary dietary methionine improves the digestibility of low protein diets, irrespective of whether it is added as dl - or l -methionine. The lower the protein level, the more efficient the utilisation of nitrogen and thus the lower the percentage of N excreted. On the basis of N retention, even diets with a very low protein level (15–16% of ME from protein) which are composed of raw materials rich in methionine and lysine can satisfy the blue fox’s requirement for protein at the stage where the animal has already developed its full body length and passed the culmination phase in the cycle of growing winter hairs.

The influence of dietary protein content and composition on growing-furring blue fox ( Alopex lagopus ) was studied with three protein levels [15%, 22.5% and 30% of metabolizable energy (ME) from protein]. The two lowest diets were fed as such, or as supplemented with L-methionine or lysine. Growth, from the start of the experiment in July to mid-September, improved with increasing protein level ( P < 0.01). Lysine supplementation, unlike methionine, decreased early growth ( P

A digestibility trial was carried out on six castrates (39–83 kg body weight) in a 6×4 change-over design to investigate the effects of dietary carbadox (50 mg/kg feed) and formic acid (8 g/kg feed) supplementations on the apparent ileal and faecal digestibility of nutrients and fermentation characteristics in the ileal digesta of pigs fed medium- or high-fibre diets (neutral detergent fibre 189 and 219 g/kg dry matter, respectively). The pigs were fitted with T-cannulas according to the steered ileocaecal valve technique. The true ileal digestibility of lysine supplied by soyabean meal was determined by the homoarginine method. Both carbadox and formic acid improved significantly the apparent ileal digestibility of several essential and nonessential amino acids in the high-fibre diet but not in the medium-fibre diet. Neither carbadox nor formic acid influenced the true ileal digestibility of lysine supplied by soyabean meal ( P =0.78). The additives decreased the ileal flow of purines ( P =0.01) and tended to decrease that of bacterial nitrogen ( P =0.07), which indicates that improved apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities were probably due to reduced bacterial protein synthesis in the ileal digesta. The additives increased the apparent ileal and faecal digestibilities of ether extract ( P =0.01), formic acid more than carbadox ( P =0.01). The apparent ileal digestibilities of crude protein and calcium were improved in the high-fibre diet ( P =0.01) but not in the medium-fibre diet ( P =0.87 and 0.80, respectively). The additives decreased the lactate ( P =0.02) and increased the acetate concentration ( P =0.01) in ileal digesta sampled 6 h postprandial. The change in lactate concentration was greater for the formic acid than the carbadox supplemented diet ( P =0.01). Propionate, n -butyrate and ammonia concentrations were not influenced significantly by dietary treatments. In conclusion, the positive effect of dietary carbadox or formic acid supplementation on the apparent ileal digestibility of protein and other nutrients depended on diet composition. The additives did not affect the true ileal lysine digestibility in soyabean meal. The improved apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities were probably partly due to the reduced flow of bacterial nitrogen in the ileum, but this requires further investigation.

Eight white-flowered pea (Pisum sativum) and two white-flowered field bean (Vicia faba) cultivars grown organically were analysed for proximate composition and amino acid content. In vivo ileal amino acid digestibilities and faecal energy digestibility were predicted from the in vitro enzymatic digestibility of nitrogen and organic matter, respectively. The crude protein (CP) content of the pea and field bean cultivars ranged from 244 to 279 and from 320 to 347 g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. The concentrations of several essential amino acids in protein decreased as the CP content increased. In peas, predicted in vivo digestibilities did not correlate with chemical composition, and in field beans were lower than in peas. A digestibility trial was carried out on six cannulated barrows according to a 6 ´ 5 cyclic change-over design to determine the faecal and ileal nutrient digestibilities of organically grown leafed peas (cv. Sohvi, 199 g CP/kg DM), semileafless peas (cv. Karita, 240 g CP/kg DM), field beans (cv. Kontu, 320 g CP/kg DM), narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Pershatsvet, 220 g CP/kg DM), and conventional warm- and cold-pressed rapeseed cakes (360 and 313 g CP/kg DM, respectively). The net energy contents of the leafed and semileafed peas, field beans, lupins, and cold- and warm-pressed rape seed cakes were 10.8, 11.2, 9.8, 9.7, 9.4 and 12.3 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The apparent ileal digestibilities of lysine and threonine were similar, but the digestibility of methionine was poor in all legume seeds. Cystine digestibility was highest in lupins and lowest in field beans. With the exception of phenylalanine, there was no difference in apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities between rapeseed cakes., Kahdeksasta luonnonmukaisesti viljellystä herne- (Pisum sativum) ja kahdesta härkäpapulajikkeesta (Vicia faba) määritettiin kemiallinen koostumus sekä typen ja orgaanisen aineen in vitro -sulavuudet, joiden perusteella estimoitiin aminohappojen näennäiset ohutsuolisulavuudet ja energian kokonaissulavuus in vivo. Herneissä oli raakavalkuaista (RV) 244-279 g/kg kuiva-ainetta (KA) ja härkäpavuissa 320-347 g/kg KA. Herneissä raakarasvapitoisuus pieneni ja raakakuitupitoisuus suureni raakavalkuaispitoisuuden suuretessa. Useiden välttämättömien aminohappojen pitoisuus valkuaisessa pieneni valkuaispitoisuuden kasvaessa. In vitro -sulavuuksien perusteella ennustetut in vivo -sulavuudet vaihtelivat hernelajikkeiden välillä vähän, eikä sulavuuksien ja kemiallisen koostumuksen välillä ollut yhteyttä. Sulavuudet olivat pavuissa pienempiä kuin herneissä, erityisesti rikkipitoisten aminohappojen ohutsuolisulavuus ja energian kokonaissulavuus.Sulavuuskokeessa oli kuusi ohutsuolikanyloitua leikkosikaa (39-93 kg). Koe tehtiin 6 ´ 5 syklisenä jaksokokeena. Kokeessa määritettiin luonnonmukaisesti tuotetun lehdellisen (lajike Sohvi, 199 g RV/kg KA) ja puolilehdettömän herneen (lajike Karita, 240 g RV/kg KA), härkäpavun (lajike Kontu, 320 g RV/kg KA) ja sinilupiinin (Lupinus angustifolius lajike Pershatsvet, 220 g RV/kg KA) sekä tavanomaisesti tuotettujen lämmin- ja kylmäpuristetun rypsin ravintoaineiden kokonaissulavuudet ja aminohappojen näennäiset ohutsuolisulavuudet. Palkoviljojen lysiinin, treoniinin ja histidiinin ohutsuolisulavuudet olivat hyvin samanlaisia. Suurimmat erot olivat metioniinin ja kystiinin sulavuuksissa. Lupiinin arginiinin, isoleusiinin, valiinin ja useimpien ei-välttämättömien aminohappojen ohutsuolisulavuudet olivat parhaimmat ja härkäpavun huonoimmat, herneen aminohappojen ohutsuolisulavuuksien asettuessa näiden välille. Aminohappojen näennäiset ohutsuolisulavuudet olivat samanlaisia rypsipuristeissa, paitsi fenyylialaniinin sulavuus, joka oli pienempi lämpökäsitellyssä kuin kylmäpuristetussa rypsipuristeessa. Lehdellisessä ja puolilehdettömässä herneessä oli nettoenergiaa 10,8 ja 11,2 MJ, härkäpavussa 9,8 MJ, lupiinissa 9,7 MJ ja rypsipuristeissa 9,4 and 12,3 MJ/kg KA.

Six 34-kg barrows were fitted with a post-valve T-caecum cannula and assigned to six dietary treatments according to a 6 × 5 change-over design to study how a mixture of formic acid, sorbate, and benzoate (0 or 8.4 g/kg feed) influences apparent ileal and faecal digestibility coefficients, bacterial nitrogen (N) flow, microbial metabolite concentrations, and passage rate in pigs fed isoenergetic diets with medium, high, or very high fibre content (neutral-detergent fibre (NDF): 199, 224, and 248 g/kg dry matter, respectively). These barley and soya-bean meal based diets contained 0, 75, and 150 g/kg barley fibre (NDF: 577 g/kg) and 0, 8, and 16 g/kg rapeseed oil, respectively. The dietary organic acid mixture improved the apparent ileal digestibility of 14 of the 17 amino acids analysed (P 0.05). As assessed on the basis of diaminopimelic acid flow, bacterial N flow was increased by both the dietary organic acid mixture and increased dietary fibre levels (P 0.05). The results show that a dietary organic acid mixture has a positive effect on the apparent ileal digestibility of most amino acids irrespective of dietary fibre levels. This could be at least partly related to changes in bacterial N flow in the ileum. However, different bacterial markers showed opposite effects on bacterial N flow, which makes it questionable to use a constant bacterial marker / bacterial N ratio to estimate bacterial N flow. Increasing levels of dietary fibre had negative effects on the apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities and shortened the mean retention time of digesta in the large intestine.

The efficiency of a novel strain of lactic acid bacteria inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum VTT E-78076, E76) on the fermentation quality of wilted silage was studied. Furthermore, the possibility to improve aerobic stability of silages by combining an inoculant and chemical preservatives was investigated. Two experiments were conducted with wilted timothy-meadow fescue herbage (dry matter 429 and 344 g kg-1) using six treatments. In experiment I, E76 (106 cfu g-1 fresh matter (FM)) was applied alone and in combination with sodium benzoate (0.3 g kg-1 grass FM) or low rate of formic acid (0.4 l t-1 FM). In experiment II, E76 and a commercial inoculant were applied alone and in combination with sodium benzoate. Untreated silage and formic acid (4 l t-1 FM) treated silage served as negative and positive controls in both experiments. The effect of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in experiment I, on aerobic stability was tested by treating silages prior to aerobic stability measurements. The novel lactic acid bacteria inoculant was equally effective in improving fermentation quality as the commercial inoculant. However, the aerobic stability of both inoculated silages was poorer than that of formic acid treated or the untreated one in one of the experiments. The results suggested that antimicrobial properties of E76 were not effective enough to improve aerobic instability. One option to overcome this problem is to use chemical additives in combination with the inoculants., Esikuivatus vähentää säilörehun käymisen laatuongelmia,mutta voi johtaa siihen, että rehut lämpenevät herkemmin siilon avaamisen jälkeen. Kahdessa kokeessa tutkittiin uuden maitohappobakteerikannan, Lactobacillus plantarum VTT E-78076 (E76), tehokkuutta säilörehun biologisena säilöntävalmisteena. Säilörehujen käymislaadun lisäksi tutkittiin rehujen jälkipilaantumisherkkyyttä eli aerobista stabiilisuutta ja mahdollisuutta parantaa sitä yhdistämällä biologinen ja kemiallinen säilöntävalmiste. Säilörehujen raaka-aine oli esikuivattua timotei-nurminataa, jonka kuiva-ainepitoisuus oli ensimmäisessä kokeessa 429 g/kg ja toisessa 344 g/kg. Säilöntäainekäsittelyjä oli kuusi. Kokeen I käsittelyt olivat E76 yksin (106 pmy/g), E76 yhdessä natriumbentsoaatin (0,30 g/kg ruohoa) tai lievän muurahaishapon (0,40 g/kg ruohoa) sekä näiden yhdistelmän kanssa. Kokeen II käsittelyt olivat E76 ja kaupallinen biologinen valmiste (AIVBioprofit, L. plantarum DSM 4409, 106 pmy/g) sekä yksin että yhdessä natriumbentsoaatin (0,30 g/kg ruohoa) kanssa. Kontrolleina molemmissa kokeissa olivat käsittelemätön eli painorehu ja muurahaishappopohjainen säilöntäaine (AIV2Plus 5 l tonnille). Aerobisen stabiilisuuden parantamista tutkittiin myös lisäämällä natriumbentsoaattia ja kaliumsorbaattia rehuihin siilojen avaamisen jälkeen. Uusi maitohappobakteerikanta tuotti painorehua paremman ja kaupalliseen valmisteeseen verrattuna yhtä hyvän käymislaadun. Maitohappobakteerirehujen aerobinen stabiilisuus oli kuitenkin molemmissa kokeissa huonompi kuin muurahaishapporehun, ja toisessa kokeessa myös painorehu oli stabiilimpaa. Aerobista stabiilisuutta voitiin parantaa yhdistämällä maitohappobakteeri ja kemiallinen säilöntäaine.

An in vitro gas production technique was used to screen different organic acids (formic, propionic, lactic, citric, and fumaric acid), organic salts (calcium formate, potassium sorbate, and sodium benzoate), and inorganic phosphoric acid for their ability to modulate microbial fermentation in the digestive tract of piglets. For the incubation, 40 ml of culture medium (53% buffer, 45% frozen ileal digesta, and 2% fresh faeces) was dispensed in vessels containing 5 ml of buffer, 0.5 g of feed, and 20 ìl of liquid or 20 mg of solid acidifiers. Gas production was measured every 15 min during the 24 h incubation at 39°C, and a Gompertz bacterial growth model was applied to the gas production data. Formic acid was the only acid that reduced the maximum rate of gas production (ìm) compared to that in the control treatment (P < 0.05). The ìm was slower in vessels with formic acid than in those with calcium formate, citric acid, and potassium sorbate (P < 0.05) Calcium formate increased the ìm compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). The maximum volume of gas produced and the lag time did not differ between different acidifiers (P > 0.05). When investigating formic-acid-based mixtures that contained 1–5% of potassium sorbate and/or sodium benzoate, the estimated parameters for the Gompertz growth model did not differ from those for treatments with plain formic acid (P > 0.05). However, concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid, and n-butyric acid were reduced by all the mixtures (P < 0.05), but not by plain formic acid (P > 0.05). In conclusion, organic acids and salts were found to differ in their ability to modulate microbial fermentation in the digestive tract of piglets. Mixing formic acid with potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate changed fermentation patterns, and the possibility to use them to enhance the antimicrobial effect of formic acid should be investigated further in vivo., In vitro -kaasuntuotantomenetelmalla selvitettiin erilaistenorgaanisten happojen (muurahais-, propioni-. maito-, sitruuna ja fumaarihappo) ja suolojen (kalsiumformiaatti, kaliumsorbaatti ja natriumbentsoaatti) seka epaorgaanisen fosforihapon mahdollisuutta muokata mikrobifermentaatiota porsaan ruoansulatuskanavassa. Lasipulloihin laitettiin inkubaatiota varten 40 ml seosta, jossa oli 53 % puskuria, 45 % ohutsuolen ruokasulaa ja 2 % sontaa, seka 5 ml puskuria, 0,5 g rehua ja 20 ƒÊl nestemaisia tai 20 mg kiinteita happoja ja suoloja. Kaasuntuotanto mitattiin automaattisesti 15 minuutin valein seuraavan 24 h ajan. Muurahaishappo oli ainoa, joka hidasti maksimaalista kaasun muodostumisnopeutta kontrolliin verrattua. Muurahaishappoa sisaltaneissa pulloissa kaasua muodostui hitaammin kuin kalsiumformiaattia, sitruunahappoa ja kaliumsorbaattia sisaltaneissa pulloissa. Kalsiumformiaatti nopeutti kaasun muodostumista kontrolliin verrattuna. Muodostuneen kaasun kokonaismäärässä ei ollut merkitseviä eroja happojen ja suolojen välillä. Kun tutkimme muurahaishappopohjaisia seoksia, joissa oli 1–5 % natriumbentsoaattia ja/tai kaliumsorbaatia, kaasun muodostumista kuvaavat parametrit eivät eronneet puhtaan muurahaishapon vaikutuksesta. Kaikki muurahaishappopohjaiset seokset pienensivät haihtuvien rasvahappojen, etikkahapon, propionihapon ja n-voihapon pitoisuutta fermentaationesteessä, mutta ei pelkkä muurahaishappo. Johtopäätöksenä on, että orgaanisilla hapoilla ja niiden suoloilla on erilainen kyky muokata mikrobifermentaatiota porsaan ruuansulatuskanavassa. Lisäämällä natriumbentsoaattia tai kaliumsorbaattia muurahaishappoon voidaan muuttaa fermentaation tyyppiä.

Aim: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains shown to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity were screened for potential as grass silage inoculants. The strains capable of rapidly lowering the pH of the grass matrix and with low proteolytic activity were assessed in laboratory-scale silos in a grass matrix containing natural microbial flora. Methods and Results: Screening of nine candidate strains was performed first in a grass extract medium. The four most promising strains were selected on the basis of growth rate in the medium, capacity to reduce pH and ability to limit the formation of ammonia-N. The efficiency of the selected strains was further assessed in a laboratory-scale ensiling experiment. Untreated (no additive) and formic acid served as controls. All tested inoculants improved silage quality compared with untreated. With one exception (Pediococcus parvulus E315) the fermentation losses in the inoculated silages were even lower than in the acid-treated control silage. Pure lactic acid fermentation was obtained in the timothy-meadow fescue silage with all inoculants. The results obtained in the ensiling experiments were consistent with those of the screening procedure, which appeared to predict correctly the potential of LAB as silage inoculants. The strains with a low ammonia production rate in the grass extract medium behaved similarly in the silage. Especially in this respect the strain Lactobacillus plantarum E76 was superior to the other candidates. Conclusions: The screening method using grass extract proved to be useful in strain selection. Significance and Impact of the Study: The rapid screening method developed for the LAB strains provides a useful tool for more systematic product development of commercial inoculant preparations. Time consuming and laborious ensiling experiments can be limited only to the most promising strains.

Rehuun lisätty muurahaishappo on parantanut sikojen kasvua pienillä käyttömäärillä (6-8 g/kg). Haihtuvan ja pistävän hajuisen nestemäisen muurahaishapon käsittelyä helpottamaan on kehitetty ammonoituja happotuotteita. Muurahaishapon tehokkuutta on pyritty parantamaan muilla orgaanisilla hapoilla. Bentsoehappo on kiinnostava, koska kasvua edistävän ja sulavuutta parantavan vaikutuksen lisäksi sen lisäys rehuun on alentanut lietelannan pH:ta. Kun lannan pH alenee, ammoniakkipäästöt vähenevät ammoniumtypen pidättyessä lantaan. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin, kuinka ammonoidun nestemäisen tai kiinteän muurahaishappovalmisteen korvaaminen bentsoehapolla vaikuttaa lihasikojen tuotantotuloksiin, ravintoaineiden kokonaissulavuuteen, typen hyväksikäyttöön ja ammoniakin haihtumiseen lietelannasta. Tutkimukseen sisältyi sulavuus- ja tasekoe sekä kasvatuskoe. Tasekokeessa oli 8 leikkoa (alkupaino38,5 kg). Koeruokintoja oli 8 ja koejaksoja 6 (cyclic change-over-koemalli). Kasvatuskokeessa oli 320 lihasikaa (alkupaino 25,2 kg). Karsinoissa oli neljä sikaa, kaksi imisää ja kaksi leikkoa. Molemmissa kokeissa ammonoidun happovalmisteen (6 g/kg nestemäistä tai 12 g/kg kiinteää valmistetta) muurahaishaposta korvattiin rehuissa bentsoehapolla 0, 25, 50 tai 100 %. Kontrollirehuna oli happoja sisältämätön rehu. Alku- ja loppukasvatusrehut olivat ohra-soijapohjaisia ja rakeistettuja. Sulavuuskokeessa siat saivat alkukasvatusrehuja 85 g ka/kg W0,75. Kasvatuskokeessa siat saivat 1,4–3,2 ry päivässä. Nestemäisen happovalmisteen korvaaminen bentsoehapolla paransi suoraviivaisesti orgaanisen aineen ja raakavalkuaisen sulavuutta (p

The basic composition (moisture, total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, crude fat, ash, nitrogen, and protein) and amino acid contents were determined in the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus/white, Agaricus bisporus/brown, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus. In addition, nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were calculated for each species by dividing the sums of amino acid residues with total (Kjeldahl) nitrogen contents. The dry matter contents of mushrooms varied from 7.7% to 8.4%. The dry matter of mushrooms contained large amounts of carbohydrates, from 4.5 (A. bisporus/white) to 5.8 g/100 g fresh weight (L. edodes). L. edodes proved to be an especially good source of dietary fiber (3.3 g/100 g fresh weight); the other mushrooms contained 1.5-2.4 g/100 g fresh weight. Crude fat, ash, and protein (based on amino acid analysis) contents of the mushrooms varied 0.31-0.35, 0.49-0.78, and 1.8-2.09 g/100 g fresh weight, respectively. Mushrooms proved to be good sources of almost all essential amino acids when compared with common vegetables. The mean nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor analyzed in the present study was 4.7 +/- 0.21. When using this factor, a very good estimation of protein contents could be obtained for the main species of mushrooms cultivated in Finland.

Three 2 x 4 factorial experiments were carried out from August to September with 30 juvenile male mink, 24 raccoon dogs, and 24 blue foxes to investigate the effect of dietary glycine supply (low or high) on the efficiency of these species to excrete hippuric acid with incremental benzoate intake (0, 1, 2, or 4 mmol/kg BW). For mink, two additional treatments with 1 or 2 mmol/kg BW of ethyl benzoate were included. A basal low-glycine diet was formulated to meet the minimum protein requirements of fur animals (30% of ME). This diet was supplemented with 0 or 3 g/kg of glycine, or with 0, 1.0, 2.07, or 4.15 g/kg of sodium benzoate for mink and blue foxes, and with 0 or 4.5 g/kg of glycine and 0, 1.58, 3.17, or 6.34 g/kg of sodium benzoate for raccoon dogs, respectively. Two additional diets with .76 or 1.53 g/kg of ethyl benzoate were made for mink. Fecal and urinary benzoic and hippuric acid excretion were measured for 3 d. The 24-h recovery of [14C]benzoic acid injected intraperitoneally was measured from urine, the liver, and the kidneys. All animals appeared healthy and no clinical signs of benzoate overdose were observed. Dietary benzoate level did not affect ADFI or ADG in any species. Glycine supplementation lowered ADFI in mink. The majority of ingested benzoates were absorbed from the gut (over 95%), except in blue foxes, which excreted 6 to 15% of ingested benzoates in feces with incremental increases in benzoate intake. Urinary free benzoic acid excretion accounted for 10% of the ingested benzoates in blue foxes but less than 5% in mink and raccoon dogs. When benzoate intake was 1 mmol/kg BW, mink, blue foxes, and raccoon dogs excreted 71, 77, and 34% of ingested benzoates as hippuric acid in urine, respectively. With higher benzoate intakes, urinary hippuric acid excretion decreased quadratically with mink to 20%, and linearly with blue foxes and raccoon dogs to 45 and 16%, respectively. The hippuric acid pathway appears to be the principal route of benzoate elimination in the mink and blue fox, whereas, in the raccoon dog, other pathways appear to be more important. In mink, the elimination of ethyl benzoate did not differ from that of sodium benzoate. Because glycine conjugation is the primary route of benzoate elimination, it is recommended that benzoate content in fur animal feeds should not exceed 1 g/kg feed on an as-fed basis.

Five rumen-cannulated Finnish Ayrshire cows were used in two 5 x 5 Latin square experiments designed to study the lactation and metabolic responses to increasing doses of DL-Met or L-Lys infused into the abomasum. The cows were fed grass silage ensiled with a formic acid additive for ad libitum intake. A supplement with barley and oats was given at a rate of 9 kg/d (Experiment 1) or 7 kg/d (Experiment 2). The experimental treatments were 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40 g of Met/d (Experiment 1) and 0, 15, 30, 45, or 60 g of Lys/d (Experiment 2). The infusion of Met did not significantly affect feed intake or daily milk yield, but increased milk fat content, ECM yield, and C4 to C14 and C18 to C20 fatty acid production in milk. The infusion of Met caused an increase in arterial plasma Met concentration and a decline in branched-chain amino acids (AA). Mammary gland uptake of Met was not related to plasma AA concentration. The infusion of Lys did not affect feed intake, milk yield, or milk composition, except for increases in milk urea and NPN contents. The infusion of Lys increased plasma Lys, BCAA, EAA, and the EAA to TAA ratio. Uptake of plasma BCAA and NEAA by the mammary gland decreased, which suggests that Lys was used as a substrate for milk NEAA synthesis. These data demonstrate that Met is important in the milk fat synthesis, and Lys is important in mammary gland AA metabolism. However, neither Met nor Lys is the first-limiting AA in the milk protein yield of cows fed a grass silage and cereal diet.

Cellulases from Trichoderma reesei form an enzyme group with a common structural organization. Each cellulase enzyme is composed of two functional domains, the core region containing the active site and the cellulose‐binding domain (CBD). To facilitate the specific detection of each domain, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI), cellobiohydrolase II (CBHII) and endoglucanase I (EGI) were produced. Five mAb were obtained against CBHI, ten against CBHII and eight against EGI. The location of the antigenic epitope for each antibody was mapped by allowing the antibodies to react with truncated cellulases, synthesized from deleted cDNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proteolytic fragments of Trichoderma cellulases, obtained by papain digestion, were used to confirm the results. Specific antibodies were detected against the core and the CBD epitopes for all three cellulases. Using the truncated enzymes, it was possible to locate the epitopes to a reasonably short region within the protein. To obtain a quantitative assay for each enzyme, a specific mAb against each antigen was chosen, based on the affinity to the corresponding antigen on Western‐blot staining and on filter blots of the cellulolytic yeasts. The mAb were used to quantitative the corresponding enzymes in T. reesei culture medium. Specific quantitation of each cellulase enzyme has not been possible by biochemical assays or using polyclonal antibodies, due to their cross‐reactions. Now, these mAb can be specifically used to recognize and quantitate different domains of these three important cellulolytic enzymes.

Using ileal digestible amino acids in feed optimising will intensify feed protein utilizing and decrease nitrogen excretion to the environment. The study determined the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) coefficients of amino acids in barley, wheat, oats, triticale, maize, and dehulled oats in the diets of 180 Ross broiler chickens (aged 24–35 days). The birds were fed semi-purified diets that contained grain as the sole protein source and chromium-mordanted straw as an indigestible marker. The AID coefficients of the nutrients were assessed using the slaughter technique, and the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) was determined using total excreta collection. The ileal digestibility of the dry matter and organic matter were the highest in maize. The AME of maize was higher than that of other cereals. The ileal digestibility of crude protein was higher in wheat than that in barley, oats and dehulled oats. The AME of wheat was similar to that of barley and oats but lower than that of triticale and dehulled oats. The amino acid AID was highest in wheat (0.86) and triticale (0.85) and lowest in oats (0.79) and barley 0.77). The average amino acid AID was 0.81 in dehulled oats. The threonine AID was the same in all tested ingredients. The lysine, methionine, and cystine AID coefficients were 0.81, 0.79, and 0.71 respectively for barley; 0.86, 0.84, and 0.38 respectively for oats; 0.87, 0.86, and 0.53 respectively for dehulled oats; 0.84, 0.90, and 0.66 respectively for maize; 0.89, 0.88, and 0.77 respectively for triticale; and 0.87, 0.85, and 0.71 respectively for wheat. Results indicated that AME –values of domestic grains (barley, oats and wheat) are in the same level. Especially, low AME value of wheat needs further investigation., Aminohappojen ohutsuolisulavuuteen perustuvavalkuaisarvojärjestelmä tarkentaa siipikarjan rehusuunnittelua. Se vähentää valkuaisen yliruokintaa ja typpipäästöjä. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin ohran, vehnän, kauran, ruisvehnän, maissin ja kuoritun kauran aminohappojen näennäinen ohutsuolisulavuus 180 Ross-broilereilla (ikä 24–35 päivää). Linnut ruokittiin puolipuhdistetuilla rehuilla, joissa vilja oli ainoa valkuaisen lähde. Ravintoaineiden näennäinen ohutsuolisulavuus määritettiin teurastustekniikalla ja näennäinen muuntokelpoinen energia kokonaiskeruulla. Maissin kuiva-aineen ja orgaanisen aineen ohutsuolisulavuus oli korkein. Myös maissin näennäinen muuntokelpoinen energia-arvo oli korkein. Raakaproteiinin ohutsuolisulavuus oli korkeampi vehnässä kuin ohrassa, kaurassa ja kuoritussa kaurassa. Vehnän näennäinen muuntokelpoinen energia-arvo oli sama kuin ohran ja kauran, mutta alhaisempi kuin ruisvehnän ja kuoritun kauran. Vehnän ja ruisvehnän aminohappojen ohutsuolisulavuudet olivat korkeimmat ja kauran ja ohran alhaisimmat. Treoniinin aminohappojen ohutsuolisulavuus oli sama kaikissa viljoissa. Lysiinin, metioniin ja kystiinin näennäinen ohutsuolisulavuus oli 0,81, 0,79 ja 0,71 ohrassa, 0,86, 0,84 ja 0,38 kaurassa, 0,87, 0,86 ja 0,53 kuoritussa kaurassa, 0,84, 0,90 ja 0,66 maississa, 0,89, 0,88 ja 0,77 ruisvehnässä sekä 0,87, 0,85 ja 0,71 vehnässä. Kokeen tulokset osoittivat, että kotimaisten viljojen, ohran, kauran ja vehnän, muuntokelpoiset energia-arvot ovat samalla tasolla. Erityisesti vehnän matalan energia-arvon varmentaminen vaatii lisäselvityksiä.

Vegetable by-products could potentially be suitable to be used as feeds in animal diets, which in general would strengthen the sustainability of both food and feed systems. Two experiments were performed with the objective to evaluate the aerobic spoilage via visual inspection and short term ensiling process of carrot by-products with silage additives (lactic acid bacteria [LAB] inoculants or formic acid [FA]). In the first experiment (Exp. 1), carrot by-product was treated with five additives including a control without additive, two commercial LAB inoculants (heterofermentative and homofermentative), an in-house isolated LAB mixture and a commercial FA based product. Second experiment (Exp. 2) used a 2 × 3 factorial design (type of raw material [carrot by-product with or without pieces] and additive treatment [control, heterofermentative LAB inoculant or FA based product]). Use of FA restricted lactic acid fermentation indicated by the high residual water soluble carbohydrate concentration while simultaneously stimulating ethanol production. LAB inoculants were not able to efficiently affect quality of ensiled carrot by-products. Use of FA also delayed the spoilage of the fresh carrot by-product particularly in Exp. 1.