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Background: The differentiation between COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 syndromes is not properly defined as some patients remain asymptomatic for post-COVID-19. It can be characterized by several signs and symptoms. Risk factors related to post-COVID-19 remain unsolved. Here we aimed to differentiate post-COVID-19 patients among symptomatic and asymptomatic groups to check the percentage among them and the risk factors for post-COVID-19 and the association of different symptoms. Methods: This study was conducted in Chittagong division, Bangladesh at different hospitals. Data were collected from the participants either by in person interview or online (email) or mobile phone calls. Follow up was done after 3 months to check the development of post-COVID-19 syndromes. Relevant data were taken, and symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were divided based on the presence and severity of specific symptoms. Results: Our results showed that 41.88 % patients develop post-COVID-19 symptoms. Fever and Cough were classified as one of the factors of post-COVID-19, followed by dyspnea, fatigue, cough, rhinitis, sore throat, and muscular discomfort. On the other hand, age, respiratory distress, lethargy, duration of illness and severity were classified as risk factors for post-COVID-19. There was a significant difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients as only 16.3 % patients showed post-COVID-19 symptoms. Based on the severity grade, 80.7 % of patients had mild COVID-19. We also found that people with ‘B’ positive blood group had a higher chance of developing post-COVID-19 syndrome. Conclusion: It was concluded that age, duration of illness, presence of respiratory distress, blood group, and disease severity are major risk factors for the development of post-COVID-19 syndrome.

Byttneria pilosa is locally known as Harijora, and used by the native hill-tract people of Bangladesh for the treatment of rheumatalgia, snake bite, syphilis, fractured bones, elephantiasis and an antidote for poisoning. The present study was carried out to determine the possible anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuropharmacological and anti-diarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of B. pilosa leaves (MEBPL) through in vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches. In the anti-inflammatory study, evaluated by membrane stabilizing and protein denaturation methods, MEBPL showed a significant and dose dependent inhibition. The analgesic effect of MEBPL tested by inducing acetic acid and formalin revealed significant inhibition of pain in both tests. During the anxiolytic evaluation, the extract exhibited a significant and dose-dependent reduction of anxiety-like behaviour in mice. Similarly, mice treated with MEBPL demonstrated dose-dependent reduction in locomotion effect in the open field test and increased sedative effect in the thiopental sodium induced sleeping test. MEBPL also showed good anti-diarrheal activity in both castor oil induced diarrheal and intestinal motility tests. Besides, a previously isolated compound (beta-sitosterol) exhibited good binding affinity in docking and drug-likeliness properties in ADME/T studies. Overall, B. pilosa is a biologically active plant and could be a potential source of drug leads, which warrants further advanced study.

The present study explores the neuropharmacological, antinociceptive, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, thrombolytic and cytotoxic activity of methanol extract of Psychotria calocarpa leaves (MEPC). In anxiolytic activity testing of MEPC by elevated plus maze test, hole–board test and light–dark test, the extract exhibited a dose-dependent reduction of anxiety while the open field test observed a decreased locomotion. The administration of MEPC revealed a significant dose-dependent reduction of depressant behavior in forced swimming and tail suspension test. Additionally, the antinociceptive and antidiarrheal activity exposed a significant reduction of nociception and diarrheal behavior at the highest dose. In addition, a strong antioxidant activity was observed in DPPH-free radical-scavenging assay (IC50 = 461.05 μg/mL), total phenol content (118.31 ± 1.12 mg) and total flavonoid content (100.85 ± 0.97 mg). The significant clot–lysis activity was also observed with moderate toxicity (LC50 = 247.92 μg/mL) level in the lethality assay of brine shrimp. Moreover, in silico molecular docking study showed that the compound Psychotriasine could offer promising active site interactions for binding proteins. Furthermore, ADME/T and toxicological properties of the compound satisfied the Lipinski’s rule of five and Veber rules for drug-like potential and toxicity level. Overall, MEPC had a potential neuropharmacological, antinociceptive, antidiarrheal and antioxidant activity that warranted further investigation.