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Funding: L K J acknowledges funding from UKRI-Future Leaders Fellowship, University of St Andrews, UK NRF Korea government (MSIT) Kwangwoon University through MR/T022094/1. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (NRF-2021R1A2C2012855) and Kwangwoon university in 2023. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of indoor photovoltaic (PV) devices with the rapid development of the Internet of things technology field. Among the candidates for indoor PVs, halide perovskites are attracting enormous attention due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties suitable for indoor light harvesting. Here we investigated the indoor PV properties of CH3NH3PbI3-based devices using Spiro-OMeTAD and P3HT as the hole transport layers. The Spiro-OMeTAD-based devices show a consistently higher power conversion efficiency under indoor illumination and 1 sun, with the champion devices showing a power conversion efficiency of 21.0% and 30.1% for the forward and reverse scan under 1000 lux warm white LED illumination. Fewer trap states and higher carrier lifetime were revealed for Spiro-OMeTAD based devices compared to P3HT. The best-performed Spiro-OMeTAD-based devices are used to self-power a wearable motion sensor, which could detect human motion in real-time, to create a primary sensor system with independent power management. By attaching the Spiro-OMeTAD indoor PV device to the strain sensor, the sensor exhibits an accurate and sensitive response with finger bending movements with good repeatability and negligible degradation of mechanical stability, which indicates the success of sensor powering with the indoor PV device. Publisher PDF

Understanding charge transport mechanisms in thin-film transistors based on random networks of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT-TFTs) is essential for further advances to improve the potential for various nanoelectronic applications. Herein, a comprehensive investigation of the two-dimensional (2D) charge transport mechanism in SWCNT-TFTs is reported by analyzing the temperature-dependent electrical characteristics determined from the direct-current and non-quasi-static transient measurements at 80–300 K. To elucidate the time-domain charge transport characteristics of the random networks in the SWCNTs, an empirical equation was derived from a theoretical trapping model, and a carrier velocity distribution was determined from the differentiation of the transient response. Furthermore, charge trapping and de-trapping in shallow- and deep-traps in SWCNT-TFTs were analyzed by investigating charge transport based on their trapping/de-trapping rate. The comprehensive analysis of this study provides fundamental insights into the 2D charge transport mechanism in TFTs based on random networks of nanomaterial channels.

The enormous demand for energy and the simultaneous exhaustion of fossil fuels have led to thorough research on energy-related technologies. In this regard, the high-efficiency of solar energy can aid in accelerating the expansion of renewable energy sources. Recently, intensive and extensive investigations on advanced materials for solar cells (SCs) have been demonstrated, which are highly required to overcome intrinsic limitations of conventional materials. Among them, carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, and nanohybrids have been utilized as the electrodes, transport layers, active layers, or intermediate (interfacial) layers of SCs owing to their unique electrical, material, and mechanical properties. Notably, the incorporation of carbon nanomaterials into the various types of SCs can enhance the potentials of photovoltaic technologies with high efficiency and stability. This review provides an overview of the recent progress achieved in carbon-based SCs, particularly relating to the development of SCs in terms of efficiency and stability. Moreover, carbon-based SCs with silicon, III-V, dye-sensitized, metal-oxide, perovskite, organic, quantum dot, and hybrid materials are demonstrated for advanced photovoltaic technologies. The future challenges and outlook of carbon-based SCs are discussed in terms of next-generation solar energy technologies. We believe that this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the recent progress in highly efficient and stable carbon-based SCs for their applications in energy harvesting technologies.

The incorporation of lanthanum (La) into sol-gel based aluminum-oxide (Al2O3) dielectrics is investigated by analyzing the dielectric properties obtained from electrical capacitive measurements of metal-insulator-metal. The optimized La doping results in significantly suppressed variation of frequency-dependent capacitance of sol-gel based La-doped Al2O3 (LaAlO3) dielectrics even at high frequencies of ~ MHz. In addition, flexible temperature sensors with sol-gel based LaAlO3 dielectrics on polyimide substrates are demonstrated through investigations on the capacitive responses to different temperatures ranging from 30 to 200 °C at various frequencies from 100 Hz to 1 MHz. Without any buffer or passivation film, the proposed flexible temperature sensors achieved a high mechanical stability against cyclic bending tests with curvature radii from 10 to 5 mm. Finally, the feasibility of a healthcare monitoring system is demonstrated by utilizing wearable body-temperature sensor arrays consisting of sol-gel based LaAlO3 dielectrics. High-performance temperature sensor system is capable of analyzing interfacial temperature characteristics on human body between 30 and 40 °C in real-time and displaying them on the use's smartphone. We believe that this study is expected to significantly contribute to the field of wearable bioelectronics consisting of solution-processed metal-oxide dielectrics for healthcare monitoring systems.

A metal-free heterostructure system composed of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and cyclooctasulfur (α-S) is developed as a facile route for establishing efficient photocatalysts. We aim to identify the governing factors that contributed to the photochemical performance of g-C3N4/rGO/α-S nanocomposites, which are important to advance potential applications but remain unexplored. The results indicate that the constituent ratio of each component in g-C3N4/rGO/α-S composites leads to varying surface microstructure, band alignment, and photochemical properties. The enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity originates from an upward shift of the conduction bands toward higher energies, higher content of sp2-hybridized pyridine nitrogen in triazine rings (C N–C), and a lower amount of hydrogen bonds. The established structural integration informs a guiding framework for the design of emerging g–C3N4–based nanocomposites. Additionally, the influence of humic acid (HA) on photocatalytic decontamination was studied and shows an overall detrimental effect on the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 nanocomposites. Although HA advanced the photoexcited electrons, and therefore the reactive oxygen species, as well as enhanced the adsorption of the pollutants onto g-C3N4, especially at lower pH, attenuation of oxygen transfer as a result of active site competition between oxygen and target pollutants was found.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have elicited immense scientific and technological interests due to their potential in numerous applications. However, colloidal stabilization of single-wall CNTs (SWCNTs) i...

Summary Background The deep temporal fascia (DTF) is known to separate into two layers that descend to attach to the zygomatic arch. When surgeons reduce an isolated fracture of the zygomatic arch through a temporal approach, the temporal incision site needs to be superior to the split line of the DTF. Materials and Methods Sixty-seven hemifacial cadavers were investigated after removing the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and superficial temporal fascia. The superficial layer of the DTF was exposed. We cut the superficial layer along the line along, which it adhered to the deep layer inseparably. The heights of the split line of the DTF from the superior border of the zygomatic arch and from the top of the helix were measured at three points: at the jugale, zygion, and 3 cm from the tragus. Results In all cases there were thick identifiable deep layers of the DTF. The mean heights of the split line of the DTF from the superior border of the zygomatic arch were 49.8, 46.7, and 42.6 mm at the jugale, zygion, and 3 cm from the tragus, respectively; the corresponding mean heights of the split line from the top of the helix were 19.1, 15.6, and 11.4 mm. Conclusions Knowledge of the mean height of the split line of the DTF will be helpful for surgeons to determine the temporal incision site for ensuring the safe reduction of a zygomatic arch fracture.

We demonstrate low voltage operating complementary-type inverters based on graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) by employing an interacting layer of solution-processed fluorocarbon copolymers. These graphene-based inverters with solution-processed aluminum oxide dielectrics exhibit a voltage gain of 0.4 V/V at a low operating voltage of 1.4 V. To enhance p-type and n-type operations for complementary-type inverters, we investigate the tunable device performance of the GFETs with a sandwich structure by comparing their electrical characteristics and Raman spectra with those of pristine GFETs. The sandwich structure contains a graphene channel positioned between the top and bottom films of the fluorocarbon copolymers. We believe that this work can provide a promising route for the emerging concept of graphene inverters for hybrid integrated circuits and logic applications in nanoelectronics.

Frankfort horizontal line, the line passing through the orbitale and porion, is one of the most widely used intracranial landmarks in cephalometric analysis. This study investigated the use of the orbito-occipital line extending from the orbitale to the external occipital protuberance as a novel horizontal line of the skull for substituting the Frankfort horizontal line. We evaluated the reproducibility of the new landmark and measured the angle between the orbito-occipital line and the Frankfort line. This study was conducted on 170 facial computed tomography (CT) scans of living adults from the Department of Plastic Surgery. After three-dimensionally reconstructed images were obtained from facial CT, the porion, orbitale, and external occipital protuberance were indicated by two observers twice. The angles between the orbito-meatal line (inferior orbital rim to porion; the Frankfort line) and the orbito-occipital line (inferior orbital rim to external occipital protuberance) were measured. There was no significant intraobserver or interobserver bias. The overall angle between the Frankfort line and orbito-occipital line was −0.5°±2.2° (mean±standard deviation). There was no statistically significant difference among side and sex. This study demonstrated good reproducibility of a new landmark—the external occipital protuberance—tested to replace the porion. The orbito-occipital line is a reliable, reproducible, and easily identifiable line, and has potential as a novel standard horizontal line to replace or at least supplement the Frankfort line in anthropological studies and certain clinical applications.

In this paper, we demonstrate a simple and effective method to control the visibility of embedded silicon solar cells in building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) windows by surface structure modification and metal-oxide back coating. The surface structure modification by etching the front glass in BIPV modules and the use of a thin niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) film as a back coating enable the silicon solar cells to be hidden from view without a serious loss in the power efficiency. By employing the etched front glass and Nb2O5 back coating, silicon solar cells embedded in the BIPV module exhibited power conversion efficiency of 15.23% and fill factor of 65.05%. We also investigate the origin of the improved photovoltaic performance of the solar cells in the BIPV modules. The surface modification of the front cover glass of the BIPV windows enhances the light absorption in the solar cells, which results in the improved photovoltaic performance degraded by a metal-oxide back coating. We believe that the proposed surface modification which induces light trapping and anti-reflection into the cover glass of the BIPV modules with a metal-oxide back coating film is a promising and practical solution for the successful integration of BIPV windows with high efficiency and invisibility.

We demonstrate silver (Ag) nanoparticle decorated polyaniline (PANI) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as Ag–PANI/rGO nanocomposites to realize non-enzymatic glucose sensors. The Ag–PANI/rGO nanocomposite was synthesized by a simple electrochemical method at room temperature. The proposed Ag–PANI/rGO nanocomposite exhibited excellent electrochemical characteristics and sensing performance for use in electrochemical glucose sensors, as compared to bare PANI and PANI/rGO. We also investigate the underlying mechanisms for the nanocomposite formation of Ag, PANI and rGO by using various characterization techniques. The interactions between Ag species with N atoms of the PANI backbone boost the electron transfer rate during the electrochemical reduction of glucose. The calibration plot for the electrochemical response of Ag–PANI/rGO towards glucose was recorded for the range of 50 μM to 0.1 μM (R2 = 0.99) with a detection limit of 0.79 μM and a rapid response time of a few seconds. These results indicate the significant potential of Ag–PANI/rGO nanocomposites as non-enzymatic glucose sensors. We also demonstrate the feasibility of using Ag–PANI/rGO nanocomposites for the detection of glucose in real samples such as as-supplied organic fluids (orange juice, apple juice, mango juice, coke and milk). The amperometry technique was used to verify that a significant increase of the current response occurred along with a sensitive increase in the glucose concentration. We believe that this work can introduce an emerging concept of nanocomposites to realize simple and reliable electrochemical glucose sensor platforms.

Purpose: The intramuscular nerve distribution in the extraocular muscles is important for understanding their function. This study aimed to determine the intramuscular nerve distribution of...

Background Vision loss caused by retrograde occlusion of the central retinal artery is a serious complication of cosmetic filler injections. Salvage methods that involve applying hyaluronidases in the retrobulbar space to degrade filler materials have been proposed recently for rescuing the retinal circulation in an ophthalmic emergency. Methods Sixty-six eyeballs and orbital contents were extracted from formalin-embalmed cadavers and dissected carefully to examine the topographic relationship of the central retinal artery and optic nerve. To observe the three-dimensional course of a central retinal artery that invaginates into the optic nerve, serial sections reconstructed at 100-μm intervals using software were visualized in 11 specimens. Results The central retinal artery ramified from the ophthalmic artery and entered the optic nerve inferiorly at 8.7 ± 1.7 mm (mean ± SD) from the posterior margin of the eyeball. The intraneural course of a central retinal artery changed acutely between the periorbital environment of the fibrous optic nerve sheath, intermediate subarachnoid spaces, and center of the optic nerve stroma. Conclusion When applying a retrobulbar approach for central retinal artery reperfusion with hyaluronidases, the reliable access route is suggested to be at a depth of 3.0 to 3.5 cm from the border of the inferolateral orbital rim, based on consideration of the entry point of the central retinal artery into the optic nerve.

Capacitive-type physical sensors based on hybrid dielectric composites of zinc oxide nanowires/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (ZnO NWs@PDMS) and flexible electrodes of immobilized carbon nanotube (CNT) random networks, which are highly sensitive to pressure and touch stimuli, are demonstrated. Immobilized CNT random networks densely entangled in a Nafion matrix improve the electrical stability of wearable pressure sensors against mechanical stress with a bending radius of 5 mm. The effect of ZnO NW incorporation into PDMS on the sensing performance of pressure sensors is investigated, which results in a significantly enhanced sensitivity of 8.77 × 10-4 Pa-1 in low-pressure regions, compared to pristine PDMS (1.32 × 10-4 Pa-1). This improvement is attributed to the increase in the effective dielectric constant (er) of the hybrid dielectric composites with their piezoelectric properties. In addition, wearable pressure/touch sensor arrays capable of detecting ultralow pressures (down to 20 Pa) and the real-time identification of touch and pressure stimuli via different sensing mechanisms are demonstrated. We believe that the multifunctionality introduced by the proposed sensors can extend the potential of physical sensor applications, while they are suitable for integration with wearable electronics based on hybrid nanocomposites and interfaces.

A facile electrochemical sensing nanoplatform for detection of ultralow dopamine (DA) concentrations is developed through modification of cobalt-benzene tricarboxylic acid (Co-BTC) derived cobalt-carbon-matrix (Co-C-matrix). To enhance surface reactions and enzyme-like activities involved in interaction with DA, the structural integration of hybrid Co-C-matrix into Co-BTC as metal-organic framework (MOF) is investigated, resulting in nanostructured transducing media with high sensitivity and selectivity as catalyst. The Co-C-matrix nanoplatform exhibited the improved performance based on electrocatalytic oxidation of DA with high sensitivity of 7176 μA mM−1 cm−2 and low detection limit of 10 nM. Furthermore, the linearity of an amperometry peak toward DA concentration over wide concentration range from 10 nM to 25 μM was observed under optimal conditions. Excellent selectivity in the presence of potential interferents and operational stability in ambient air for 30 days as well as under environmental conditions for the electrochemical oxidation of dopamine were achieved. The practical feasibility of these non-enzymatic biosensors is demonstrated on real samples, where DA is detected in human serum with outstanding recovery of up to 100%. The synergetic effect of Co atoms dispersed in the matrix of the carbon nanohybrid results in abundant active sites for DA oxidation and electron transfer pathways.

Microwave-assisted functionalization of zinc oxide nanoflowers (ZnO NFs) with palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) is demonstrated to realize high-performance chemiresistive-type hydrogen (H2) gas sensors operating at room temperature (RT). The developed gas sensors exhibit a high response of up to 70% at 50 ppm and a theoretical detection limit of 10 ppb. The formation of ZnO NFs with an enhanced specific surface area and their functionalization with Pd NPs are investigated through various characterizations. Furthermore, the optimization of microwave absorption upon the structural incorporations between nanostructures (NF-NPs) is investigated for solution-based functionalization at low temperatures (below 120 °C) for short process times (within 1 min), compared to the conventional thermal annealing at 250 °C for 1 h. Highly sensitive and selective ZnO-based gas sensors enabling the detection of H2 gas molecules at 300 ppb concentration at RT exhibit a short response/recovery time of below 3 min and a good selectivity toward different gases including nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen. The successful functionalization of nanostructured metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) with metal NPs via effective and practical microwave absorption enhances the potential on highly sensitive and selective chemiresistive-type MOS-based gas sensors operating at RT without additional heaters or photogenerators.

We demonstrate solution-processed hybrid ambipolar thin-film transistors (TFTs) employing a stack structure composed of indium–gallium–zinc-oxide (IGZO) and single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) as an active channel fabricated at low temperature. With an optimized deep-ultraviolet (DUV) photo annealing process for sol–gel based IGZO thin film on SWCNT random networks, the ambipolar transport of both electrons and holes with good electrical characteristics was realized. We also investigate the effect of DUV photo annealing on the material characteristics of solution-processed hybrid stack films and on the device performance of solution-processed hybrid ambipolar TFTs compared to those of samples thermally annealed at 500 °C, which is required for solution-processed high-quality IGZO thin films. The Raman spectra show that DUV photo annealing ensures hole transport in SWCNT random networks of a hybrid stack film, where the intensity of the 2D peak to the G peak was not changed compared to that of pristine SWCNT random networks. We believe that these analytical investigations reveal that DUV photo annealing is a promising method by which to realize hybrid ambipolar SWCNT/IGZO TFTs fabricated at low temperature.

Vision loss and skin necrosis caused by an accidental intraarterial embolism or vascular compression are rare but devastating complications when injecting filler materials into the face.The external and internal diameters and wall thicknesses of the facial artery and its branches were measured from 41 formalin-embalmed cadavers after removing connective tissues attached to the arterial wall.The diameter and thickness of the facial artery exhibited significant interregional differences. The external and internal diameters of the facial artery were 1.9 ± 0.4 and 1.2 ± 0.3 mm (mean ± SD), respectively, at the inferior border of the mandible; 1.7 ± 0.3 and 1.2 ± 0.3 mm in the vicinity of the inferior labial artery; 1.5 ± 0.3 and 1.0 ± 0.3 mm at the mouth corner; 1.4 ± 0.3 and 0.9 ± 0.2 mm in the vicinity of the superior labial artery; and 1.1 ± 0.2 and 0.7 ± 0.2 mm in the vicinity of the lateral nasal artery. The external and internal diameters at the proximal parts of the inferior labial artery, superior labial artery, and lateral nasal artery were 1.0 ± 0.3 and 0.6 ± 0.2 mm, 0.9 ± 0.3 and 0.6 ± 0.2 mm, and 0.8 ± 0.2 and 0.5 ± 0.2 mm, respectively.Morphometric examinations of the facial artery under stereomicroscope observation as performed in the present study are expected to be more accurate than direct measurements obtained during cadaveric dissection or conventional histologic evaluations.

We demonstrate a simple and reproducible method of solution-processed fluorocarbon encapsulation which significantly improves the device performance of molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) thin-film transistors (TFTs) operating at low voltages. Using such encapsulation, the key factors of the device, such as field-effect mobility, sub-threshold swing and device-to-device uniformity were improved. This achievement is presumed to stem from the screening effect of fluorocarbon, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) which possesses a chemical structure with polarizable interactions of carbon–fluorine (C–F) bonds in the end groups, on the scattering of charge impurities in MoS2 TFTs. We also investigate the Raman spectra to verify the effects of solution-processed fluorocarbon encapsulation on the structure of MoS2 thin films where the decreases in the intensity levels of E2g and A1g were observed without a shift in the peak. We believe that such a screening method can be a promising approach to recover the intrinsic electrical characteristics of MoS2 TFTs for nano-electronics with low power consumption.

Since the first demonstration of a biosensor was reported, big efforts have been reported to improve the sensing performance of bioelectronics by investigating the material compositions, device configurations, process optimization, and system integration. In this paper, we demonstrate highly sensitive wearable carbon-based glucose sensors fabricated by all-solution process at low temperature. Solution-processed single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) random networks as a sensing platform were surface-functionalized with the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD)-nafion composites, which can detect glucose down to 50 μM with a response time of less than 5 s. We also investigate the sensing mechanism of SWCNT-based glucose sensors through molecular oxidation-reduction reactions in GOD with glucose. Material characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectra measurements proves the existence of SWCNT random networks with chemical incorporation through a surface-functionalization process. We believe that the proposed wearable SWCNT-based glucose sensors fabricated by all-solution process can open up a promising route to realize a low-cost and high performance health-care diagnosis system integrated with the user’s smartphone for diabetic patients.

The intramuscular nerve distribution in the extraocular muscles may be crucial for understanding their physiological and pathological responses. This study aimed to determine the oculomotor nerve distribution in the medial rectus muscle (MR) using Sihler's staining.Thirty-seven MRs from 23 cadavers were investigated. The MR including the oculomotor nerve was finely dissected from its origin to its insertion point into the sclera. The total length of the muscle-belly, tendon length and maximum width of the muscle were measured. We evaluated the pattern of distribution and the length of the intramuscular nerve distribution by gross observation after performing Sihler's staining, which is a method for visualizing the distribution of nerve fibers without alteration of the nerve.The total length of the muscle-belly, tendon length, and muscle width were 37.6 ± 4.6 mm, 4.4 ± 1.9 mm, and 10 ± 1.8 mm, respectively. The oculomotor nerve enters the MR at a mean of two-fifths along the muscle (24 ± 2.0 mm posterior to the insertion point) and then typically divides into a few branches (mean of 2.1). The intramuscular nerve distribution showed a Y-shaped ramification, forming the terminal nerve plexus, and its course typically finished at around 17 ± 1.5 mm posterior to the muscle insertion point by gross observation. The nerve plexus in the upper part generally coursed more distally than the lower part.This new information regarding the nerve distribution pattern of MR will be helpful for understanding MR function and the diverse pathophysiology of strabismus.

We demonstrate highly sensitive and selective gas sensors based on solution-processed single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) random networks for the detection of nitric oxide (NO) down to the ppb-level operating at room temperature. The proposed gas sensors exhibited a response of 50% under both inert and air atmospheres with a theoretical detection limit of 0.2 ppb and a selectivity toward different target gases of volatile organic compounds, including benzene, toluene, and ammonia. The outstanding sensing performance was realized by functionalizing SWCNT random networks with polyethylenimine (PEI), which possesses a repeating structure of amine groups. We investigate the functionalization properties of SWCNT random networks by using atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy and the sensing mechanism in the proposed NO gas sensors. We note that solution-process technologies, from the deposition of SWCNT random networks to the polymeric functionalization of amine groups, were employed at room temperature under an ambient atmosphere to fabricate highly sensitive and selective NO gas sensors, which are based on low-cost, effective, and scalable merits in the industry of sensors. We also investigate the effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the recovery time underlying the sensing mechanism. Photodesorption energy obtained by UV irradiation reduced the recovery time of the proposed NO gas sensors to within a few tens of seconds. We believe that this work is a promising and practical approach for realizing health-care monitoring systems by real-time analyzing NO gas at the ppb level in the field of biosensors.

Conventional wet electrodes, such as a silver/silver chloride electrode, are limited for electroencephalogram (EEG) sensors directly attached to the scalp with existing hair due to their incomplete contact and increased impedance. In this study, an all-solution-processed trapezoidal electrode array is demonstrated for highly sensitive and reliable detection of EEG signals even when in direct contact with the scalp. The proposed noninvasive EEG sensors based on nanocomposites consisting of single-wall carbon nanotube random networks incorporated into a gelatin matrix exhibited a relatively low contact impedance of 11.16 × 102 Ω and a high sensitivity of 14.81 dB regardless of existing hair for real-time EEG recording without conductive gels or electrolytes. Furthermore, the origin of such advances induced by the soft and conductive electrode array is investigated by analyzing the effective contact area and signal-to-noise ratio on different scalp positions from 20 different subjects. A trapezoidal EEG electrode penetrates the dense hair and bypasses the hair shaft owing to its deformable shape induced by the soft and flexible nanocomposite film.

We investigate the effects of recessed source/drain (S/D) electrodes on the device performance of microwave-induced metal-oxide thin-film transistors (oxide-TFTs) by analyzing their contact resistances. High-performance top-gate-bottom-contact oxide-TFTs consisting of sol–gel-based high-k zirconium dioxide dielectric (ZrO2) and indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) semiconducting films were developed by employing microwave annealing. Vibration energy induced microwave annealing even at a low temperature (∼120 °C) with a short process time (10 min), which is sufficient to form dense metal–oxygen bonding while suppressing oxygen vacancies as defect states, resulted in high-quality sol–gel-based amorphous ZrO2 and IGZO films. The low-voltage operating oxide-TFTs with recessed S/D electrodes exhibited higher field-effect mobility (∼7.0 cm2 V−1 s−1) than those with elevated S/D electrodes (∼0.15 cm2 V−1 s−1). This result is attributed to the conformable deposition of the channel layer on the planar surface of S/D electrodes, leading to the improved interfacial characteristics. Relatively low effective contact resistance (∼79.7 Ω cm), which was extrapolated from a plot of the width-normalized resistance as a function of the channel length using a transmission line method, in oxide-TFTs with recessed S/D electrodes, is compared to that (∼1480.6 Ω cm) of elevated S/D electrodes. This was in good agreement with the Ohmic contact behavior contact where the low charge injection barrier improved charge transport.

The corpus spongiosum reportedly occupies a larger proportion of the human glans penis than does the penile body, embedding the end of the corpus cavernosus (CC). However, anatomic descriptions about the fibrous structures of glans penis in the literature cause confusion during dissection and reconstructive surgery. Forty-five penises of formalin-embalmed cadavers were dissected sagittally along the course of the distal urethra and observed macroscopically. Dense connective tissues adjacent to the fossa navicularis and spongiosum parts of the glans were cropped, and underwent Masson's trichrome and Verhoeff-Van-Gieson staining. Most (55.5%) of the specimens had distinct fibrous bands toward the distal tips of the glans penis, which elongated from the tunica albuginea of the CC. They comprised longitudinal collagen bundles continuous to the outer longitudinal layer of the tunica albuginea covering the CC and were intermingled with sparse elastic fibres. This architecture either did not reach the distal end of the glans penis (35.5% of cases), or was obscure or dispersed in all directions (9.0% of cases). The structural dimorphism and the variations in the ratio of dense connective tissue components of the fibrous skeleton are considered to contribute to the varying degrees of flexibility, distensibility and rigidity of the human glans penis.

Knowledge of the distribution of intramuscular nerves of the extraocular muscles is crucial for understanding their function. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the intramuscular distribution of the oculomotor nerve within the inferior rectus muscle (IRM) using Sihler's staining.Ninety-three IRM from 50 formalin-embalmed cadavers were investigated. The IRM including its branches of the oculomotor nerve was finely dissected from its origin to the point where it inserted into the sclera. The intramuscular nerve course was investigated after performing Sihler's whole-mount nerve staining technique that stains the nerves while rendering other soft tissues either translucent or transparent.The oculomotor nerve enters the IRM around the distal one-fourth of the muscle and then divides into multiple smaller branches. The intramuscular nerve course finishes around the distal three-fifth of the IRM in gross observations. The types of branching patterns of the IRM could be divided into two subcategories based on whether or not topographic segregation was present: (1) no significant compartmental segregation (55.9% of cases) and (2) a several-zone pattern with possible segregation (44.1% of cases). Possible compartmentalization was less clear for the IRM, which contained overlapping mixed branches between different trunks.Sihler's staining is a useful technique for visualizing the gross nerve distribution of the IRM. The new information about the nerve distribution and morphological features provided by this study will improve the understanding of the biomechanics of the IRM, and could be useful for strabismus surgery.

We proposed and examined a material group of methylammonium Pb-Sn mixed halide (MAPb1−xSnxI2.6Br0.4) with various Sn-content (x = 0.2–0.8) for Pb-reduced perovskite solar cells. With suitable Pb-Sn ratio (x = 0.4–0.6), dense coverage of films with better crystallinity was obtained compared with low Sn ratio (x = 0.2). For excess Sn ratio (x = 0.8), poor film-uniformity was found in spite of its enhanced crystallinity. Optimum composition (x = 0.6) provided an impressive power conversion efficiency of 13.4% with remarkable photocurrent output stability, which is related to suppression of trap-assisted recombination regarding the perovskite materials. This promising material paves the way for development of highly efficient, Pb-reduced perovskite photovoltaic cells.

In this study, a transparent memristor with a configuration of Au/SnO2/FTO is fabricated by a simple solution process at low temperature and further utilized to mimic biological synapses. A series of significant synaptic functions, including nonlinear transmission characteristics, spike-rate-dependent plasticity (SRDP), short-term plasticity (STP) and long-term plasticity (LTP) are emulated. The transition from short-term to long-term plasticity is also investigated in the device by repeated stimulation. The nonlinear rectification characteristic in the current memristor is attributed to the Schottky barrier at the Au/SnO2 interface. By controlling the oxygen vacancy migration induced under electrical input, the barrier at the interface can be modified, giving rise to the different synaptic functions. These results suggest that the proposed Au/SnO2/FTO memristor in this study is a promising synaptic device for artificial neural network applications.