Search

Separated attenuation values have not been used in post-seismic variation research, although the scattering attenuation (Qs−1) parameter that can be used to estimate crustal inhomogeneity due to cracks. In this study, three earthquakes that occurred in Kumamoto (M7.3), Tottori (M6.6), and Gyeongju (M5.8) in 2016 were investigated by applying a multiple lapse time window analysis to seismograms recorded before and after the events. At a low frequency, significantly greater variation of the Qs−1 value was observed than the intrinsic attenuation (Qi−1) for the Kumamoto earthquake, whereas similarly large variation was observed for the Gyeongju earthquake. For the surrounding Kumamoto earthquake area of increased attenuation, even higher decreases in Qs–1 and Qi–1 were also observed. The increases occurred within a two year-period after mainshock. The large increases in attenuation, corresponding to regions with high peak ground acceleration, were limited to the basin area with an elevation below 500 m. Furthermore, post-seismic increases in attenuation values were found to correlate with the magnitude and length of the quiet periods of the earthquakes. From this study, Qs–1 and Qi–1 were shown as new parameters that can quantitatively measure the post-seismic deformation due to crustal earthquake.

Depth-dependent seismicity has been suggested in the seismogenic layer, which is divided into upper and lower layers by its seismicity boundary. Since large earthquakes tend to occur in the lower layer, the structure of the seismogenic layer, which includes the seismicity boundary, provides important information for seismic hazard assessment. Using 107 land-based earthquakes, the structure of the seismogenic layer in South Korea was studied with focal depth determination by identifying the minimum residuals between the observations and several models. The same procedure was done for the depth relocation of 138 events associated with the Gyeongju earthquake (ML 5.8), the largest event in South Korea in the last two centuries. The geothermal temperature at the focal depth was also estimated for all earthquakes, including the Gyeongju earthquake cluster and the Pohang earthquake (ML 5.4), which caused more damage than did the Gyeongju earthquake. As observed in a large-scale averaging of mainland China, a 12-km seismicity boundary was suggested due to the frequent seismicity in the upper layer. At 12-km depth at the Gyeongju earthquake site, the geothermal temperature reached 300 °C, and the occurrence of aftershocks was limited below that depth. Based on the rigorously estimated depth, we separated the scattering attenuation, Qs−1, by a multiple lapse time window analysis using individual earthquakes and found higher and lower values for events in the upper and lower layers, respectively. This depth-dependent observation suggests differences in heterogeneity between the upper and lower seismogenic layers and supports the hypothesis that the seismicity of a depth-dependent seismogenic layer is related to cracks, which diminish with depth. Our results suggest that the upper limit of the focal depth can be predicted from the depth of the seismicity boundary for normal large earthquakes.

Two recent hazardous earthquakes ( M 5.8 and 5.5) in southeastern Korea were the largest instrumentally recorded inland events after an abnormally long, seismically quiet, period. In this study, we used coda envelope tomography to observe the heterogeneities related to active faults, which can, in turn, help mitigate seismic hazard in the area. However, this tomography was not able to detect faults in the intraplate region. By separating the periods before and after the M 5.8 earthquake, we analyzed 225 and 204 seismograms obtained from 127 and 86 events, respectively. Both periods showed time-varying heterogeneity correlated with fault activity. Adding 446 seismograms from 235 aftershocks of the two events to the analysis showed us a heterogenous structure that closely correlated to the active faults where the recent earthquakes originated.

Scattering (Qs–1) and intrinsic (Qi–1) attenuation, important parameters for inferring both the materials and the physical condition of the regional lithosphere, are generally separated by the method of multiple lapse time window analysis (MLTWA). Recently, depth variation of crustal Qs–1 and Qi–1 by applying single events to MLTWA was first shown; however, this application inevitably combined several events due to insufficient data caused by a window with limited range. In this study, we demonstrated that a flexible range window can be applied successfully to solely single events in MLTWA. In particular, a more reliable constraint was obtained than in the previous study, with a reduced amount of data. This technique may be particularly useful for seismically stable regions due to the limitation of available combinations of similar depth events.

Few studies have been conducted on the variance of scattering (![Graphic][1] ) and intrinsic attenuation (![Graphic][2] ) with depth in the crust. Furthermore, these values, routinely estimated using multiple lapse time window analysis (MLTWA), were seriously affected by different earthquake depths. Based on earthquakes recorded by dense seismic networks in South Korea, we used the MLTWA method on single or small clusters of events with similar depths. The depths of 54 earthquakes, relocated using seven velocity models, provide a typical seismogenic layer with the brittle–plastic transition (BPT) depth at 11 km, which correlated well with the seismicity of Korea. The depth was also used for the theoretical model based on the direct‐simulation Monte Carlo method. As the result of MLTWA, events with shallow focal depths exhibit higher ![Graphic][3] correlated with dense scatter, whereas those with deeper focal depths exhibit lower ![Graphic][4] . This depth dependency of the ![Graphic][5] value is indicated by the significant difference between the upper and lower parts of the BPT depth in the seismogenic layer. We also found that ![Graphic][6] values do not show depth dependency, whereas ![Graphic][7] values do. Thus, this study demonstrates for the first time that the crustal depth dependency of total (![Graphic][8] ) attenuation originates from ![Graphic][9] rather than from ![Graphic][10] . The approach using single or few events may be helpful for a regional study of ![Graphic][11] and ![Graphic][12] in seismically inactive regions for which insufficient data exist and may provide insight into the seismogenic layer related to potential seismic hazards. Online Material: Tables of residuals and range of multiple lapse time window analysis (MLTWA) parameters and Q −1 values for studied events. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-7.gif [8]: /embed/inline-graphic-8.gif [9]: /embed/inline-graphic-9.gif [10]: /embed/inline-graphic-10.gif [11]: /embed/inline-graphic-11.gif [12]: /embed/inline-graphic-12.gif

From the Earth’s polar motion time series (IERS 08 C04, since 1981), after removal of seasonal variation byband-pass filtering, we acquired Earth’s free Eulerian motion (Chandler wobble) time series. By successive least squareerror fittings on it, we analyzed amplitude and phase variation of Chandler wobble. We attempted to identify anyprecursory behavior of the pole before large earthquakes but only to fail. Unlike Smylie’s conjecture there was noappreciable motion of the Earth’s pole detected at around the each times of recent six largest earthquakes of magnitudeover 8.5. Keywords: Polar Motion, Earthquake Precursor요약: 지구의 극운동 자료(IERS 08 C04, 1981년 이후)로부터 1 년 주기 성분을 제거한 뒤 얻어진 시계열에 대하여 최소제곱법을 적용하여 지구의 자유-오일러 운동(찬들러 워블) 시계열을 얻었으며, 이의 진폭과 위상 등의 변화를 조사하였다. 한편 대지진 발생 전의 전조현상으로서의 극의 움직임을 찾아보았으나 발견하지 못하였다. 스마일리의 추측과는 달리,규모 8.5 이상의 최근 지진 여섯 개의 발생시점 부근에서 극운동의 특별한 징후가 없었다. 주요어: 극운동, 지진전조현상 Introduction The Earth’s spin rotation is quite stable: however, the poleshows ceaseless and complicated movement. The precessionof the Earth, which is caused by luni-solar torque exerted onthe Earth’s equatorial bulge, exists in large amount. In fact, themagnitude of precession (50 arcsec per year) surpasses allother kinds of variations in the Earth’s spin rotation. Wehereby are concerned with the polar motion, which is torque-free motion aside from the forced precession and nutation, andrefers to the slow relative change of the Earth’s rotational polewith respect to the observer on the Earth itself. Chandlerwobble and annual wobble, both of a few hundred milliarcsecradii, are the dominant periodic components of the Earth’spolar motion, and they together show conspicuous beating of6.4 year period (Fig. 1a-b). While annual wobble is a drivenmotion, Chandler wobble can be regarded as authenticoscillating mode of the spinning Earth, and its period is about433 days. Aside from these periodic variations, there existssteady pole drift about 10 centimeters per year along 70W(Fig. 1a-b) due to ‘glacial isostatic adjustment’, which is alsoknown as ‘post glacial rebound.’ It is obvious that seasonalvariations of diverse processes of the Earth should beassociated with the annual periodic components of the polarmotion. Likewise there must be certain energy source to excite

Tosimulatetheobservationoftheradiationpatternofanearthquake,thedirectsimulationMonteCarlo(DSMC) method is modified by implanting a focal mechanism algorithm. We compare the results of the modified DSMC method (DSMC-2)withthoseoftheoriginalDSMCmethod(DSMC-1).DSMC-2showsmoreorsimilarlyreliableresultscompared to those of DSMC-1, for events with 12 or more recorded stations, by weighting twice for hypocentral distance of less than 80km.Notonlythenumberofstations,butalsootherfactorssuchasroughtopography,magnitudeofevent,andtheanalysis methodinfluencethereliability ofDSMC-2.ThemostreliableresultbyDSMC-2isobtainedbythebestazimuthalcoverage bythelargestnumberofstations.TheDSMC-2methodrequiresshortertimestepsandalargernumberofparticlesthanthose of DSMC-1 to capture a sufficient number of arrived particles in the small-sized receiver.

The boundary between upper and lower seismogenic layers, below which large earthquakes tend to occur, is very important to estimate future seismic hazards. To estimate the depth of the seismogenic boundary, this study analyzes more than 38,000 earthquakes ( M ≥ 2.5) that occurred in mainland China from 2008 to 2016. Assuming Gutenberg-Richter distributions, a significant change of b -value was ob- tained at about the depth range of 9 km, as observed in California. East China, as a region of reliable depth, also shows the same bound- ary of 9 km with frequent occurrence of large earthquakes ( M > 5).

Simultaneous use of numerous events in the multiple lapse time window analysis (MLTWA) method is the most effective way to obtain and values. Such simultaneous use of numerous events normally shows a large observational scatter, which may be caused by different radiation pattern and focal depth of each earthquake, and regional alteration of the local structure. To avoid these scattering factors, the current study attempted to use single event source as the input data in MLTWA for South Korea. The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method was used to simulate the observations, which showed realistic results when the number of recorded stations was eight or more. The obtained values of seismic albedo ( B 0 ) were less than 0.5, which were in accordance with the same in the previous results. Three envelopes constructed by combination of three regional values of at 1 Hz produced regional variations, of which the ones at high frequencies of and at low frequencies of were remarkable. This result, showing the local variation indicated an advantage of the study using single source event over the previous studies in South Korea that involved extensively distributed data. Because DSMC was known to be applicable to 3D structure due to its simple algorithm, the current study also tried to correct radiation pattern of the observations by inserting focal mechanism algorithm to the code of the DSMC method. Such insertion, however, generated extremely low values of because the geometrically shrunk receiver could not capture most of the scattered particles. This receiver problem is most likely to be a major obstacle of the 3D study of DSMC. In addition, the significant depth effect of Q −1 was identified for the prior MLTWA studies resulting from different measurement range and focal depth.

A stable procedure is presented to attain most probable and unbiased estimate of principal strain, rotation, and dilatation for 2-dimensional geodetic data on triangular network. The proper network size should be chosen carefully, because the errors of these estimates of strain tensor and other associated observables grow inversely proportional to the area of station triangle. As a case study, the deformation observables for the GPS-monitored co-seismic displacement in Korea due to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake were attained accordingly.

The recent Multiple Lapse Time Window (MLTW) analysis of Korean Peninsula event showed that the focal depth was far greater influence factor than the velocity structure of the model, applying the analysis of the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Thus, using the events with focal depth of about 10 km, this study considered 330 paths connecting 41 events and 71 stations, and re-examined uniform and depth-dependent velocity models previously studied. As a result, the residual of misfit function greatly decrease from analytic model to DSMC model, reflecting variation of the focal depth from 0 to 10 km. On the other hand, the difference of residuals for each velocity model were relatively small.

We formerly reported a new method for the upward continuation of potential field on spherical patch area including Earth's curvature, which has been neglected in most studies on rectangular area with flat Earth assumption. This new method is applicable to downward continuation as well by only assigning corresponding value for the ratio of two radii; r2/r1, i.e., target radius r2 versus datum radius r1. In addition, the inherent problem of this method due to spherical surface geometry is described, and its one possible remedy is given.

Two dimensional Fourier transform can be used for the upward continuation of gravity or magnetic field dataacquired at given altitude over a rectangular area. Earth’s curvature is often neglected in most potential field continuations,however, it should be considered over several hundred kilometer field area. In this study, we developed a new methodretaining terms of Earth’s curvature to better perform the continuation of potential field on spherical patch area.Keywords: gravity or magnetic field, upward continuation, Fourier transform요약: 일정고도에서 얻어진 중력 혹은 자력탐사자료에 대하여 보다 높은 고도에서의 값으로 연속하여 구하는 방법, 즉상향연속의 경우 2차원 푸리에변환을 사용할 수 있다. 기존의 상향연속 방법에서는 지구의 곡률이 고려되지 않았으나, 지역이 수백킬로미터 이상으로 넓은 경우 곡률이 고려됨이 바람직하다. 본 연구에서는 지구의 곡률효과를 산정하는 중/자력마당의 새로운 상향연속방법을 계발하였다.주요어: 중자력마당, 상향연속, 푸리에변환 Introduction Gravity and magnetic fields are two potential fields, whichhave been widely used for important reconnaissance surveysin geophysical prospecting. Recently, the data acquisitions ofthese fields are often done by airborne or on-satellite mea-surements. These modern techniques enable us to cover largerarea more easily than ever. With the measurement at givenheight, the upward/downward continuation of potential fieldis a powerful method to investigate the distribution and prop-erties of sources at depth or other features at different heights.If the whole globe is under consideration, spherical harmonicseries would be the relevant one to describe the global field.Upward continuation of gravity or magnetic field has gener-ally been done by two dimensional Fourier transforms on rect-angular and flat areas.Although the flat Earth had been normally assumed in thepotential field continuation, it is desirable to consider the cur-vature of the Earth, when data area exceeds a few degrees oflatitude and longitude. In this study, we derive a new algo-rithm for upward continuation of gravity or magnetic field ona spherical patch area (Fig. 1). Both the field and its potentialcan be continued by similar ways with only different expo-nents for radial dependence.

요약: 고유감쇠 분리를 위한 다중지연시간창(MLTW) 해석은 진원의 방사 형태에 크게 의존하여 제 1차 시간창의 분산이 매우 크다. 이를 보완하기 위하여 진원의 방위각에 따라 고르게 분포하는 많은 자료를 사용하여야 한다. 만일 진원함수를 알고 있는 자료를 이용하면 이용하면 이러한 오차를 줄이게 되어 적은 자료 및 방위각 분포에 상관없는 자료연구가 가능할 수 있다. Yoshimoto(2000)의 DSMC에 진원구조를 계산하는 알고리즘을 결합하여 MLTW 해석을 시도하였다.진원함수를 고려한 MLTW법에서 같은 단층면해를 이용해야 하는 제약으로 최소자승을 이용할 수 있는 자료 수가 극히제한된다. 따라서 진원구조 계산 알고리즘을 기존 다량의 자료를 이용하는 역산 방법에 적용하는 것이 불가능하다는 것을 확인하였다. 즉, 제1차 시간창의 분산이 줄어든 대신 완곡한 이론곡선을 구하기에는 자료가 턱없이 부족함을 확인하였다. 자료를 더 확보해야 한다는 일반적인 해결책 이외에, 새로운 제약조건을 부과하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.주요어: 다중지연시간창 (MLTW), 제 1창, 진원함수, DSMC법, 제약조건Abstract: Multiple Lapse Time Window (MLTW) analysis for obtaining intrinsic attenuation value require numerous datawithout directional bias to compensate focal mechanism. The first window of MLTW, therefore, shows large deviationin fitting smoothed theoretical curve. The information on the focal mechanism may reduce burdens of number anddistribution. This study combined algorithm of computing focal mechanism to DSMC method by Yoshimoto (2000).However, the MLTW method based on the numerous data was not applicable to this study, because of the limited datato the almost same fault plane solution. This study showed that the available data was too insufficient to constructsmoothed theoretical curve, although the deviation of the first window was improved. Instead of conventional solutionby more data, the study seems to be needed for new constraints to obtain smoothed curve. Keywords: MLTW, first window, focal mechanism, DSMC method, new constraints

For the separation of intrinsic () and scattering attenuation () in South Korea, coda observations represented by the multiple-lapse time windows method were numerically simulated using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. The simulation showed that the depth-dependent velocity model separated by crust and mantle fit better than the uniform velocity model. Under a uniform attenuation assumption, the and total in South Korea represent the lowest values among current global measurements. These low attenuation values can be explained by the inactive seismicity of South Korea corresponding to those of the seismically stable area such as a shield.

Mount Fuji is the focus of intense study because of its potential hazard signaled by seismic, geologic and historical activity. Based on extensive seismic data recorded in the vicinity of Mt Fuji, coda quality factor () using a single scattering model hypothesis, and intrinsic and scattering quality factor ( and ) using the Multiple Lapse Time Window (MLTW) method were measured. To focus the study on the magmatic structure below Mt Fuji, the data were separated into two groups: a near-Fuji region of rays traversing an area with radius 5 km around the summit ( < 5 km), and a far-Fuji region of rays beyond a radius of 20 km around the summit ( > 20 km). This classification shows the largest discrepancy of at a range of sampling volumes corresponding to overlapped sampling depth of about 80 km. Further, the spatial division shows significant difference of and at hypocentral distance of 80 km. The large difference of in bandwidths 2–4, and 4–8 Hz indicates lithospheric heterogeneity beneath Mt Fuji with a characteristic heterogeneity scale length of about 1 km. The results have a small error range due to the large data sample, showing that all values in the near-Fuji area are greater than those of the far-Fuji area, and for both the near and far-Fuji areas is higher than at high frequencies. The and values for far-Fuji are in the range of values for typical non-volcanic areas. The values of the near-Fuji area are lower than those of other volcanic areas considered, where as values of are not. The low for the volcanic region of near-Fuji suggests that the magmatic activity, indicated by percent partial melt, in the vicinity of Mt Fuji is not as active as hot spot volcanoes, such as Kilauea, Hawaii.

The purpose of this study is to understand the cognitive power from user who have used hotel management information system and to search contribution level for hotel management. The survey results are : There are different cognitions, between PKG and developed user system, short term employee and long term employee, reservation part and front office part. Specially IT service management parts(mostly outsourcing) have low degree cognition, because of lated supporting and being short of IT service management system. Hotel information system construction gives us to be easy management operating and to be fast management but Hotel information system has to lead value creation, to support decision making, to present advavced management for hotel.

In this study, in order to analyze the air quality of the indoor environments of schools, we measured the indoor, outdoor and personal exposure concentration level of for 40 classrooms(20 old, 20 new) in chungnam area from June 22 to July 19 and from November 21 to December 30, 2003. 1. Old classrooms contained more dust than new classrooms; the average of respirable dust is for new classrooms while for old one. The exposure concentration level of respirable dust in new classrooms were in summer higher outdoors than indoors. The values were indoors , outdoors , and personal . Meanwhile in winter indoors had a higher concentration level than outdoors, the values being indoors , outdoors , and personal . 2. Cr concentration level within dust was slightly higher in summer indoors () and outdoors () than winter indoors () and outdoors (), but in personal concentration level, winter was higher. The results of this research show insufficient understanding of health risks from indoor air pollution, and shows possible health problems to students from school indoor air pollution. As such, a logical and systematic education program for students about the importance of indoor air quality should be carried out. Also the results of concentration level measurements emphasize the need for regular measurements of indoor / outdoor and personal concentration level. New classrooms in particular needs to be used after measuring pollutants and safety, and requires installation of a ventilation device in all classrooms to improve air quality.

The feature of the hotel business as a labor intensive industry and its heavy dependence on man power is relatively bigger than other industries. the important factors influencing the customer`s decision making are tangible facilities and intangible service qualities. however, the changes in economic situation are also seriously influencing them. So hotels are started to find other IT(information technology) systems. BSC which has been recognized as one of barometers to establish management performance is one of them. The purpose of this study was to develop KPI(key performance indicator) by using the BSC(Balanced Scorecard) for evaluating hotel management performance. This thesis presents customer performance, inner process performance, learning and growing performance as non-financial factors and tries to examine the cause and effect in the hotel industry. Hotels have to know nonfinancial performance which has positively relate to financial performance. To introduce BSC system is not to lead increasing income and bettermenting service quality, satisfacting customer needa for hotels, But to lead developing value enhancement to hotel enterprises and present process.

Introduction Mental illness is closely related with sexual dysfunction. A number of investigators have reported that depressive women have difficulties in sexual arousal. Aim The purpose of this study was to compare the cerebrocortical regions associated with sexual arousal between the healthy and depressive women using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based on the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) technique. Methods Together with nine healthy women (mean age: 40.3), seven depressive women (mean age: 41.7 years, mean Beck Depression Inventory: 35.6, mean Hamilton Rating Scale Depression-17: 34.9) underwent fMRI examinations using a 1.5T MR scanner (Signa Horizon; GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA). The fMRI data were obtained from seven oblique planes using gradient-echo EPI. Sexual stimulation paradigm began with a 1-minute rest and then 4-minute stimulation using an erotic video film. The brain activation maps and their resulting quantification were analyzed by the statistical parametric mapping (SPM99) program. The number of pixels activated by each task was used as brain activity, where the significance of the differences was evaluated by using independent t-test. Main outcome measures We measured brain activation areas using BOLD-based fMRI with visual sexual stimulation in healthy volunteers and depressive patients. Results Healthy women were significantly (P Conclusions This preliminary study performed by fMRI gives valuable information on differentiation of the activated cerebral regions associated with visually evoked sexual arousal between healthy and depressive women. In addition, these findings might be useful to understand neural mechanisms for female sexual dysfunction in depressive women.

We studied regional ![Graphic][1] at 1 Hz (![Graphic][2] ) around the Korean Peninsula based on broadband vertical component seismic records of six Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Global Seismographic Network stations and 19 Korean stations of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM). Using 177 seismic events with magnitudes between 5.3 and 5.7 and depths less than 50 km, the reversed two station method was applied, and 94 high quality interstation paths were selected from 869 possible pairs. These results show high ![Graphic][3] paths around the Sea of Japan (East Sea) reflecting the typical oceanic structure and low ![Graphic][4] paths around northeastern China related to inactive seismicity. Assigning these path values into 193 cells around South Korea with a size of 1° by 1°, we observed that the regional ![Graphic][5] decreased gradually from east to west between 2 and 1×10-3. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif

Positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is used to diagnose, stage, and monitor breast cancer. FDG PET has the capability to depict abnormal metabolic activity before any anatomic change occurs; however, in the absence of identifiable anatomic structures on PET images, it may be impossible to identify the location of areas of increased radionuclide uptake. In such cases, the coregistration of PET images with images from computed tomography (CT) may help improve diagnostic accuracy and lead to better clinical management of patients with breast cancer. Although FDG PET/CT may have limited diagnostic value for detecting small primary breast tumors, well-differentiated breast cancer, or regional lymph node involvement, it is superior to conventional imaging modalities for detecting distant metastases and recurrences and for monitoring the response to therapy.

Accurate preoperative staging is essential in determining the optimal therapeutic planning for individual patients. The computed tomography (CT) in the preoperative staging of colorectal cancer, even if controversial, may be useful for planning surgery and/or neoadjuvant therapy, particularly when local tumor extension into adjacent organs or distant metastases are detected. There have been significant changes in the CT technology with the advent of multi-detector row CT (MDCT) scanner. Advances in CT technology have raised interest in the potential role of CT for detection and staging of colorectal cancer. In recent studies, MDCT with MPR images has shown promising accuracy in the evaluation of local extent and nodal involvement of colorectal cancer. Combined PET/CT images have significant advantages over either alone because it provides both functional and anatomical data. Therefore, it is natural to expect that PET/CT would improve the accuracy of preoperative staging of colorectal cancer. The most significant additional information provided by PET/CT relates to the accurate detection of distant metastases. For the evaluation of patients with colorectal cancer, CT has relative advantages over PET/CT in regard to the depth of tumor invasion through the wall, extramural extension, and regional lymph node metastases. PET/CT should be performed on selected patients with suggestive but inconclusive metastatic lesions with CT. In addition, PET/CT with dedicated CT protocols, such as contrast-enhanced PET/CT and PET/CT colonography, may replace the diagnostic CT for the preoperative staging of colorectal cancer.

SUMMARY We evaluate the stress field in and around the southern Korean Peninsula with focal mechanism solutions, using the data collected from 71 earthquakes (ML = 1.9‐5.2) between 1999 and 2004. For this, the hypocentres were relocated and well-constrained fault plane solutions were obtained from the data set of 1270 clear P-wave polarities and 46 SH/P amplitude ratios. The focal mechanism solutions indicate that the prevailing faulting types in South Korea are strike-slip-dominant-oblique-slip faultings with minor reverse-slip component. The maximum principal stresses (σ 1) estimated from fault-slip inversion analysis of the focal mechanism solutions show a similar orientation with E‐W trend (269 ◦ ‐275 ◦ ) and low-angle plunge (10 ◦ ‐25 ◦ ) for all tectonic provinces in South Korea, consistent with the E‐W trending maximum horizontal stress (σ Hmax) of the Amurian microplate reported from in situ stress measurements and earthquake focal mechanisms. The directions of the intermediate (σ 2) and minimum (σ 3) principal stresses of the Gyeongsang Basin are, however, about 90 deg off from those of the other tectonic provinces on a common σ 2‐σ 3 plane, suggesting a permutation of σ 2 and σ 3. Our results incorporated with those from the kinematic studies of the Quaternary faults imply that NNW- to NE-striking faults (dextral strike-slip or oblique-slip with a reverse-slip component) are highly likely to generate earthquakes in South Korea.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare disorder that is characterized by proliferation of benign histiocytes, and this commonly involves the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and central nervous system (CNS). We report here on the CT and MR imaging findings in a case of CNS HLH that showed multiple ring enhancing masses mimicking abscess or another mass on the CT and MR imaging.

[Graphic][1] has been studied extensively because its regional variations reflect geological structure: values around 1 Hz show close correlation with tectonic seismicity. We analyze ![Graphic][2] in South Korea by applying the source pair/receiver pair (sprp) method to 39 Korean earthquakes and 32 far-regional earthquakes. We obtain nearly 1500 source-receiver pairs with the combined difference of epicentral distance, D , ranging from 16 to 657 km. Seismograms are filtered by using an eight-pole bandpass Butterworth filter with five-center frequencies. 0.375, 0.75, 1.5, 3, and 6 Hz. The obtained ![Graphic][3] for all frequencies are less than 0.002, which is a reasonable value for a seismically inactive region. In spite of the short range of D , the results of the sprp method show reliable values, especially at 1.5 and 3 Hz. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif

Recently Choongchung provinces in central South Korea have received increasing attention because a new administrative capital will be constructed there. In this area, we installed the seismic network of the Korea National University of Education in December 1997. We have analyzed \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{\mathrm{P}}^{-1}\) \end{document} and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\) \end{document} by the extended coda normalization method based on 114 events recorded by the four stations of the network. To compensate for insufficient data, we added data from 94 events observed by two stations of the network of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources. Estimates of \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{\mathrm{P}}^{-1}\) \end{document} and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\) \end{document} are frequency dependent and decrease from (3.6 ± 4.2) × 10-3 and (2.2 ± 4.4) × 10-3 at 1.5 Hz to (6.3 ± 0.1) × 10-4 and (6.5 ± 0.1) × 10-4 at 24 Hz, respectively. If we fit a frequency-dependent power law to the data, the best fits for \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{\mathrm{P}}^{-1}\) \end{document} and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{\mathrm{S}}^{-1}\) \end{document} are (3.0 ± 0.1) × 10-3 f -0.54±0.01 and (3.0 ± 0.1) × 10-3 f -0.42±0.02, respectively. These values correspond to those of seismically stable regions and are slightly less dependent on frequency than those of southeastern Korea, due to high Q -1 values at high frequency. Further observations are required in central South Korea to evaluate the difference of Q -1 between central and southeastern South Korea.

From 1905 to 1945, earthquakes occurring in and in the vicinity of the Korean peninsula were monitored by the Meteorological Observatory of the Government General of Tyosen with one to six seismological stations. Seismological data of 323 earthquakes of the Meteorological Observatory during the period are analyzed in this study. Epicenters of earthquakes are estimated by reports in bulletins of the Meterological Observatory. Epicenters and magnitudes of events that occurred from 1926 to 1943 were determined previously based on the crustal structures of the peninsula and Japanese islands and Tsuboi9s formula, respectively (Lee and Jung, 1980; Kim, 1980). The b -value determined from these events turned out to be about 0.8, which is between those values for earthquakes of the Japanese islands and China. The epicenter distribution of earthquakes during the period indicates rather diffuse seismicity over the peninsula not well related to major faults and much lower seismicity in the northeastern part of the peninsula compared with other regions. Previous studies of historical seismicity of the Korean peninsula showed that epicenters of destructive large earthquakes are well associated with major faults in the peninsula formed during Mesozoic tectonic activities (Lee, 1987) and lower seismicity in the northeastern part of the peninsula. The seismic-wave energy release during the period was rather steady, except for the period 1936–1938, during which the 1936 M 5.1 Ssanggyesa earthquake, the largest event during the period, occurred in the southern part of the peninsula. The source mechanism of the Ssanggyesa earthquake indicates a thrust fault with a considerable strike-slip component (Shimazaki, 1984); one of the nodal planes trending north-northeast coincides with the strikes of adjacent faults. Reliable source mechanisms of earthquakes in the vicinity of the Korean peninsula indicate that the Korean peninsula is subject to compressive stresses parallel to the great circles from the Himalayas to the Japan trench. It appears that the earthquakes in the Korean peninsula occur along the faults formed during the Mesozoic by stresses transmitting from plate boundaries between the Eurasian plate and the Indian plate along the Himalayas in the southeast and the Pacific and Philippine plates along the Japan and Ryuku trenches in the east, respectively. The source mechanisms of large earthquakes in the peninsula are likely to be thrust faults with considerable strike-slip components in the trends of faults.

Knowledge of the value of \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{Lg}^{-1}\) \end{document} is very important not only for scientific research but also for practical field research. We first measured the \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{Lg}^{-1}\) \end{document} of South Korea by applying the coda normalization method to long-period recorded seismograms at four stations deployed by the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources. We analyzed 345 seismograms of 50 earthquakes that occurred between January 1999 to May 2002. The hypocentral distances range between 155 and 400 km. The regression of the plots of \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{Lg}^{-1}\) \end{document} shows frequency dependence, which decreases from (1.4 ± 1.0) × 10–3 at 1.5 Hz to (0.3 ± 0.1) × 10–3 at 24 Hz. If we fit a power law depending on frequency, the best-fit line for \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{Lg}^{-1}\) \end{document} is 0.0018 f –0.54. This value generally agrees with those of seismically inactive regions.

Massive hemoptysis is one of the most dreaded of all respiratory emergencies and can have a variety of underlying causes. In 90% of cases, the source of massive hemoptysis is the bronchial circulation. Diagnostic studies for massive hemoptysis include radiography, bronchoscopy, and computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Bronchoscopy and chest radiography have been considered the primary methods for the diagnosis and localization of hemoptysis. Many researchers currently suggest that CT should be performed prior to bronchoscopy in all cases of massive hemoptysis. Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is a safe and effective nonsurgical treatment for patients with massive hemoptysis. However, nonbronchial systemic arteries can be a significant source of massive hemoptysis and a cause of recurrence after successful BAE. Knowledge of the bronchial artery anatomy, together with an understanding of the pathophysiologic features of massive hemoptysis, are essential for planning and performing BAE in affected patients. In addition, interventional radiologists should be familiar with the techniques, results, and possible complications of BAE and with the characteristics of the various embolic agents used in the procedure.

Multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) offers distinct advantages over traditional spiral CT. Multi-detector row CT scanners are faster and allow thinner collimation than single-detector row spiral CT scanners. The use of multi-detector row CT combined with postprocessing of the imaging data with a variety of three-dimensional reformatting techniques (eg, maximum intensity projection, shaded surface display, volume rendering) allows creation of vascular maps whose quality equals or exceeds that of maps created at classic angiography for many applications. Three-dimensional multi-detector row CT portal venography can help determine the extent and location of portosystemic collateral vessels (eg, left gastric vein, short gastric vein, esophageal and paraesophageal varices, splenorenal and gastrorenal shunts, paraumbilical and abdominal wall veins) in patients with liver cirrhosis and is probably the optimal imaging technique in this setting.

The seismicity of the Yangsan fault in southeastern S. Korea has received increasing attention recently because the fault lies in an industrial area. For this fault region, we first measured \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{P}^{-1}\) \end{document} and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{S}^{-1}\) \end{document} simultaneously by applying the extended coda-normalization method to seismograms at nine stations of a network deployed by the Korea Institute of Geology, Mining, and Materials. We analyzed 707 seismograms of local earthquakes that occurred between December 1994 and February 2000. From velocity seismograms, bandpass-filtered traces were made by applying a phaseless four-pole butterworth filter with five octave-width frequency bands, 1–2, 2–4, 4–8, 8–16, and 16–32 Hz. Estimated \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{P}^{-1}\) \end{document} and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{S}^{-1}\) \end{document} values decrease from (7 ± 2) × 10–3 and (5 ± 4) × 10–3 at 1.5 Hz to (5 ± 4) × 10–4 and (5 ± 2) × 10–4 at 24 Hz, respectively. By fitting power-law frequency dependence to the estimated values over the whole stations, we obtained 0.009 f –1.05 for \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{P}^{-1}\) \end{document} and 0.004 f –0.70 for \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{S}^{-1}\) \end{document}, where f is frequency in Hz. These results indicate that \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{P}^{-1}\) \end{document} and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Q_{S}^{-1}\) \end{document} in the crust of southeastern S. Korea are the lowermost of the reported values in the world, although the exponent values agree well with those in the other areas.

We compared quantitatively and qualitatively a single shot fast spin-echo (SS-FSE) technique with a T2-weighted fast spin-echo (T2-FSE) technique and to determine whether SS-FSE is a valuable alter...

Understanding the crustal structure of the Ulleung basin (Tsushima basin) in the southwestern Japan sea (East sea of Korea) is important for reconstructing the opening tectonics of the Japan sea. A Korea and Russia collaborative seismic experiment was carried out in 1991 to investigate the crustal structure of this basin using ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) and large capacity air guns. The results of the experiment reveal that the Ulleung basin is floored by distinctive upper and lower crustal layers with velocities typical of layers 2 and 3. The lower crust, however, is unusually thick (7–8 km) and the Moho lies flat at 15–16 km depths. Though similar to the Yamato basin in crustal thickness, the Ulleung basin has a much thicker sedimentary sequence and a slightly thinner lower crust in the center. Geophysical evidence, thus, shows that the crust under the Ulleung basin has velocity range and crustal layering falling closer to those of normal oceanic crust than the Yamato basin. The formation mechanism of the thicker than normal lower crust should be clarified to better understand the complex opening process in the southern Japan sea.

SUMMARY The anisotropy of the uppermost mantle beneath the Yamato Basin in the southeastern Japan Sea was studied quantitatively on the basis of data acquired during the DELP-85 Wakashio Cruise. Detailed seismic experiments were conducted along two seismic profiles, one of which was parallel to the strike of the oblong basin (Line A) and the other perpendicular to it (Line B). The inversion of the traveltime data of PmP (reflected from the Moho) provides a reliable constraint on the Moho depth. This inverted Moho and a previously reported 2-D model were used to isolate the effect of the lateral variations on the value of anisotropy. We obtained azimuthally good coverage of Pn (refracted in the uppermost mantle) data by combining shot points and observation points located on different lines. From these Pn data, the uppermost mantle velocities for each azimuth were determined by iterative ray tracing. A study of these results shows that the azimuthal anisotropy of Pn velocity is 9.1 per cent. The maximum velocity occurs at about 138° clockwise from north, which is perpendicular to the strike of the Yamato Basin (Line A). The magnitude of the anisotropy, 9.1 per cent, is nearly the largest value ever observed in the ocean. This high anisotropy may be due to the very fast spreading rate. The azimuthal dependence of the P- and S-wave velocity in the lower crust is not significant.

Ewing sarcoma of the bone is a highly malignant round-cell tumor that typically presents between 10 to 20 years of age and is more common in boys. It can have an extraosseous origin, although it is rare. We report a case of extraosseous Ewing sarcoma in the thyroid gland in a 9-year-old girl.

Objective To access the feasibility of clinically available 3T MRI to detect the migration of labeled neural stem cells (NSCs) in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a rat model. Materials and methods The ethics committee of our institution approved this study. ICH was induced by the injection of collagenase type IV into the right striatum of ten Sprague-Dawley rats. Human NSCs conjugated with Feridex (super-paramagnetic iron oxide: SPIO) were transplanted into the left striatum one week after ICH induction. MRI was performed on a 3T scanner during the first, second, third, fourth, and sixth weeks post-transplantation. MRI was obtained using coronal T2- and T2*-weighted sequences. Two rats were sacrificed every week after in vivo MRI in order to analyze the histological findings. Results ICH in the right striatum was detected by MRI one and two weeks after transplantation without migration of the NSCs. There was no migration of the NSCs as seen on the histological findings one week after transplantation. The histological findings two weeks after transplantation showed a small number of NSCs along the corpus callosum. On MRI three weeks after transplantation, there was a hypointense line along the corpus callosum and decreased signal intensity in the right periventricular region. Histological findings three weeks after transplantation confirmed the presence of the hypointense line representing SPIO-labeled NSCs. MRI four and six weeks after transplantation showed a hypointense spot in the right periventricular region. The histological findings four and six weeks after transplantation showed the presence of prominent NSCs in the right periventricular region. Conclusion 3T MRI can detect the migration of NSCs in rats with ICH along the corpus callosum. Therefore, 3T MRI could be feasible for detecting the migration of NSCs in the clinical setting of stem cell therapy.

Introduction There have been extensive studies evaluating the functional neuroanatomy of the brain during visual sexual stimulation. However, little data exist concerning the role of olfactory stimulation in human sexuality. Aim This preliminary study intended to elucidate the brain areas responding to an olfactory sexual stimulus using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods Eight healthy right-handed heterosexual male volunteers (20–35 years of age), having normal olfaction and no brain diseases, were recruited. During fMRI, a women's perfume was given as an olfactory sexual stimulant in an alternating block design with a 30-second stimulation period followed by a 30-second rest. After the fMRI sessions, the participants provided ratings for both the odorant's intensity and perceived arousal. Main Outcome Measures The study subjects rated the odorant stimulation and perceived sexual arousal response by Likert-type rating scales. Brain activation maps were made by blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)-based fMRI with an echo-planar imaging pulse sequence. Results Two out of eight subjects experienced “strong” sexual arousal, and three subjects experienced “moderate” arousal during olfactory stimulation, resulting in a mean score of 2.25 on a 4-point scale. The common brain areas activated in response to the odor stimulus in all eight subjects included the insula, the inferior and middle frontal gyrus, and the hypothalamus. The median cingulate gyrus, thalamus, angular gyrus, lingual gyrus, and cerebellar cortex were activated in subjects who had moderate or strong sexual arousal response. Conclusion Olfactory stimulation with women's perfume produces the activation of specific brain areas in men. The brain areas activated differed according to the degree of perceived sexual arousal response. Further studies are needed to elucidate brain activation response according to the different kinds and intensities of olfactory stimulation. Huh J, Park K, Hwang IS, Jung SI, Kim H-J, Chung T-W, and Jeong G-W. Brain activation areas of sexual arousal with olfactory stimulation in men: A preliminary study using functional MRI

Mental illness is closely related with sexual dysfunction. A number of investigators have reported that depressive women have difficulties in sexual arousal.The purpose of this study was to compare the cerebrocortical regions associated with sexual arousal between the healthy and depressive women using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based on the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) technique.Together with nine healthy women (mean age: 40.3), seven depressive women (mean age: 41.7 years, mean Beck Depression Inventory: 35.6, mean Hamilton Rating Scale Depression-17: 34.9) underwent fMRI examinations using a 1.5T MR scanner (Signa Horizon; GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA). The fMRI data were obtained from seven oblique planes using gradient-echo EPI. Sexual stimulation paradigm began with a 1-minute rest and then 4-minute stimulation using an erotic video film. The brain activation maps and their resulting quantification were analyzed by the statistical parametric mapping (SPM99) program. The number of pixels activated by each task was used as brain activity, where the significance of the differences was evaluated by using independent t-test.We measured brain activation areas using BOLD-based fMRI with visual sexual stimulation in healthy volunteers and depressive patients.Healthy women were significantly (P0.05) activated in the regions of middle occipital gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, insula, hypothalamus, septal area, anterior cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, thalamus, and amygdala by erotic visual stimulation. In comparison with the healthy women, the depressive women gave lower activity, especially in the brain regions of hypothalamus (55.5:3.0), septal area (49.6:8.6), anterior cingulate gyrus (23.5:11.0), and parahippocampal gyrus (18.2:5.8).This preliminary study performed by fMRI gives valuable information on differentiation of the activated cerebral regions associated with visually evoked sexual arousal between healthy and depressive women. In addition, these findings might be useful to understand neural mechanisms for female sexual dysfunction in depressive women.

A P- and S-wave velocity structure across the Yamato Basin, southeastern Japan Sea, was modeled on the basis of seismic data acquired during the DELP-85 Wakashio Cruise conducted by the Japanese Research Group of the International Lithosphere Project (ILP). Forward modeling of seismic wave field using the ray theoretical method was carried out to analyze the refraction data of two seismic profiles: one is a profile (230 km long) at the middle of the oblong basin along its strike (line A) and the other is perpendicular to it (line B). The result indicates that the crustal layering is twice as thick as in a normal oceanic basin but the P-wave velocity in each layer is very similar to that of the oceanic basin crust. The upper mantle has a P-wave velocity of 7.9-7.7 km/s in line A, and 8.3 km/s in line B. Moho is flat in line A with 17 km depth and is bowl-shaped in line B rising toward 14 km depth at both sides. The S-wave velocity model has a low velocity zone at depths between 12 and 16 km.

Even though it has been known for some time that the cerebral sparganosis could migrate to the contralateral hemisphere, there have been no reports which described the route of migration. This paper reports a case of cerebral sparganosis which migrated from the right temporo-occipital lobe to the contralateral temporo-occipital lobe though the splenium over a period of 3 years. A 24-year-old man visited our hospital complaining of headache for about a month. Three years ago, non-contrast MRI had been performed in a local hospital, and the major finding was cortical atrophy and ventricular dilatation in the right temporo-occipital lobe area, which were compatible with cerebral sparganosis. After admission to our hospital, we performed MRI which showed a 2 cm-sized well-enhanced mass in the left temporo-occipital area. The findings of the right side were similar to the MRI checked 3 years ago. The presence of multiple calcifications and small enhanced lesions on the right side also indicated that the old lesion had been a cerebral sparganosis. The most important finding was that the FLAIR image showed that the entire splenium had high signal intensity which linked the high signal areas of both hemispheres. The patient underwent surgery with the guidance of neuronavigation. The mass was well-capsulated, and removed totally in an en bloc fashion. After opening the capsule, we found a long worm which showed the shape of a whole lava but no movement. The histopathological diagnosis was sparganosis.

A female, 2 years and 7 months of age, was admitted to the hospital with stupor and nystagmus following projectile vomiting. She had been prenatally diagnosed with trisomy 12p with a familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 12 originating from her mother. She manifested developmental delay and some dysmorphic features of the face and limbs compatible with the clinical features of trisomy 12p. Four-vessel cerebral angiography revealed severe stenosis and occlusion of the supraclinoid portion of the right and left internal carotid arteries with numerous collateral vessels in the vicinity of the occlusion. These features are consistent with moyamoya syndrome. This report presents the first case of moyamoya syndrome with trisomy 12p with a familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 12.

This paper proposes automatic boundary tumor segmentation for the computer aided liver diagnosis system. As pre-processing, the liver structure is first segmented using histogram transformation, multi-modal threshold, C-class maximum a posteriori decision, and binary morphological filtering. After binary transformation of the liver structure, the image based bounding box is created and convex deficiencies are segmented. Large convex deficiencies are selected by pixel area estimation and selected deficiencies are transformed to gray-level deficiencies. The boundary tumor is selected by estimating the variance of deficiencies. In order to test the proposed algorithm, 225 slices from nine patients were selected. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is very useful for diagnosis of the abnormal liver with the boundary tumor.

Cervical carcinoma is one of the most frequent causes of death in women. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are the primary modalities for follow-up of treated cervical carcinoma. A normal vaginal cuff after hysterectomy appears as a smooth, low-signal-intensity muscular wall on T2-weighted MR images. Early (2-3 months after treatment) and significant decreases in the signal intensity and volume of the tumor at MR imaging indicate a good response to radiation therapy. Sites of recurrence are the pelvis, lymph nodes, and distant sites. Pelvic recurrence appears as a heterogeneously enhancing mass at contrast material-enhanced CT and often appears as a heterogeneous, high-signal-intensity mass at T2-weighted MR imaging. Lymph node recurrence ranges from scattered, minimally enlarged nodes to large, conglomerate nodal masses. Determination of neoplastic infiltration of lymph nodes is based on size; most researchers consider nodes greater than 1 cm in short-axis diameter to be metastatic. Distant metastases are usually due to recurrent disease and occur in the abdomen, thorax, and bone. Knowledge of the normal therapeutic changes and the spectrum of recurrent tumor in patients with cervical carcinoma is important for accurate interpretation of follow-up CT and MR images.