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For both Romanians and foreigners, rural tourism in Romania is attractive, with unique areas and products, where the human-nature-community interaction is extremely important. Accommodation units that focus on quality and sustainability tend to perform much better than competing units that do not take these aspects into account. Although the literature provides information on strategies and measures that have been taken in the tourism industry to improve the quality of products and processes, the authors did not find studies on quality strategies and sustainability measures implemented in the rural tourism sector in Romania in the last period, which was severely affected by the pandemic. In order to highlight these strategies and the way in which their implementation is perceived by consumers, the authors conducted an exploratory research and a quantitative research. The sampling method was nonprobability, and a questionnaire was used to collect the data, which was displayed on a web page (Computer Assisted Web Interviewing). The results of the research showed that Romanians do not know the significance of quality strategies and sustainability practices, but appreciate the effects of their implementation by tourism units administrators.

The purpose of the study presented in this paper is to analyse the impact of transfer pricing on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Romania. For attaining this goal, we performed a simple linear regression by the least squares method to study the impact of adjustments of tax obligations in the field of transfer pricing on foreign direct investment in the period 2011-2019. We have proved, from a statistical point of view, that there is a relationship between foreign direct investment and adjustments to tax liabilities resulting from transfer pricing.

This paper’s analysis was triggered by the outbreak of the new virus COVID-19. In December 2019, the Chinese officials alerted the World Health Organization (WHO) of the existence of an unknown deadly virus. Coronavirus has rapidly spread across the world – to Europe, Middle East and the USA, forcing the World Health Organization to declare COVID-19 a global pandemic. Its spread has generated major concerns for the health and economic sectors. Meanwhile, all countries hope for the development of a vaccine. Using as a research method the EGARCH model, this paper investigates if it can be applied to model the trend of volatility of the pharmaceuticals and biotechnology markets, especially during the health crisis. More specifically, this paper tries to identify whether different specifications of univariate GARCH models can usefully anticipate volatility in the stock indices market. The study uses estimates from both a symmetric and an asymmetric GARCH models, namely GARCH (1, 1) and EGARCH models, for the Dow Jones Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology index (DJUSPN). The dataset is extracted from “Investing.com” and covers the period September 2019 – August 2020, resulting in a total of approximately 252 daily closing prices. The data focuses on the response of the highest capitalized pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies from the US to combat the outbreak of the coronavirus. This study concludes that the EGARCH model is better than the unconditional volatility and the conditional GARCH (1, 1) volatility and it is best suited for modelling and forecasting the fluctuations of the stock indexes., peer-reviewed

All the nations define strategies and develop policies on national and international levels to eliminate risks against energy security. The aim of this paper is to define the energy policy of the European Union and identify the potential of Turkey in securing energy supply to the European Union. To achieve this end, after explaining the policy frame of the European Union and that of Turkey in energy related matters, the existing and planned energy routes expanding from the Russian Federation, Caspian Sea and the Middle East to the European Continent are mapped, and the role assigned to Turkey as an energy hub is exemplified with reference to its accession process. It is concluded that Turkey’s membership is to enrich the European Union and contribute to its energy supply security.

This paper deals with the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth in 10 countries of Eastern Europe. For this analysis we to use two regression models. The results of the first model provide information on the factors that influence economic growth. Thus, direct taxes, indirect taxes, total income taxes, social contributions and the economic crisis had an effect on economic growth. Of these variables, total taxable income had a positive effect and indirect taxes and social contributions had a direct negative effect on economic growth. In the second model, the analysis confirmed that a significant effect on economic growth have had other direct taxes, social contributions of the employer and economic crisis, the first two being negatively correlated with GDP/capital.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibility that China will have an economic crisis in the near future. Although it experienced spectacular growth through the downturn, boosting the world economy, China adopted an extremely unbalanced pattern of growth. We analysed what are the main imbalances of the Chinese economy and we identified the implications of a possible slowdown, as well as future solutions for the Chinese policymakers. The paper offers a complete view and a better understanding of the need to implement immediate reform in order to obtain sustainable development and to avoid a deep economic crisis.

The early education is analyzed as being the most profitable investment in education (R. Cuhna). early education supports later learning opportunities. The economic dimension of early education takes into account the fact that the necessary investment for a child to benefit from early education services is rather low when looking at the cost (both economic and social) generated by a child who misses this education level, not necessarily because of the late education start but because of the lack of educational influences at an early age.

European integration and enlargement, in the context of decreasing support of European country nationals, needs great men and great ideas standing with. J.M.Keynes proves in his book”The Economic Consequences of the Peace” that there is no other way for Europe than acts together. His economic reasons for which European countries “throb together” are presented here and supported with data. This article, with a historical approach, brings another important and strong view on the side of Europeanism.

El presente artículo ofrece una visión general de los principales modelos de política fiscal en los antiguos países comunistas hoy integrados en la Unión Europea. Tras un análisis detallado de la estructura de los ingresos y gastos de cada uno de esos estados, el artículo examina su conformidad con las normas del Pacto de Estabilidad y Crecimiento y el reto que han de afrontar los antiguos Estados miembros respecto a la baja fiscalidad de los nuevos miembros. This article provides an overview of the main models of fiscal policy followed by the former communist countries, which today belong to the European Union. After a detailed analysis of the structure of revenues and expenses made by each of these states, the article reviews its compliance with the conditions required by the Stability and Growth Pact and the challenge faced by former members regarding the low tax income of new members.