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4. Retinal Fibrovascular Proliferation associated with Nocardia Subretinal Abscess

Author

Bhatti Mt, Tabandeh H, Rafiei N, and Ramin Monshizadeh

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, Nocardia Infections, Retinal Neovascularization, Eye Infections, Bacterial, Neovascularization, Immunocompromised Host, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ophthalmology, medicine, Humans, Fluorescein Angiography, Abscess, Glucocorticoids, Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic, biology, Retinal vasculitis, business.industry, Nocardiosis, Retinal Detachment, Retinal detachment, Retinal, Nocardia, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, eye diseases, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Surgery, chemistry, Nocardia asteroides, sense organs, medicine.symptom, business, Perfusion
Abstract

PURPOSE. To report the development of extensive fibrovascular proliferation in association with Nocardia subretinal abscess. METHOD. Case report. RESULTS. Extensive retinal neovascularization with tractional retinal detachment developed soon after ocular involvement in a 61-year-old patient with systemic nocardiosis. Fundus fluorescein angiography showed extensive area of capillary non perfusion and severe leakage from the neovascular complex. The Nocardia subretinal abscess responded to systemic antibiotics, and the retinal neovascularization and tractional retinal detachment stabilized after 3 months. CONCLUSIONS. Retinal ischemia and severe retinal neovascularization may complicate intraocular nocardiosis. The authors propose secondary retinal vasculitis as a contributing factor towards the development of retinal ischemia in this setting.

Published
2006
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5. Relationship between Melatonin Rhythms and Visual Loss in the Blind

Author

Lockley, SW, Skene, DJ, Arendt, J, Tabandeh, H, Bird, AC, and Defrance, R

Subjects
Endocrinology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Biochemistry (medical), Clinical Biochemistry, Biochemistry
Abstract

Melatonin rhythms were assessed in 49 registered blind individuals by measurement of the urinary metabolite of melatonin, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s). Subjects had different causes of visual loss and were classified as having light perception or better (LP; n 5 19) or having no perception of light (NPL; n 5 30). Subjects collected four-hourly urine samples (eight-hourly overnight) for 48 h at weekly intervals for 3–5 weeks. The majority of LP subjects (14 of 19) had normally entrained aMT6s rhythms (mean acrophase range, 2.4–6.2 h), 4 were abnormally entrained to 24 h (mean acrophase range, 8.9–1.0 h), and 1 was unclassified. Conversely, mostNPLsubjects had abnormal rhythms (23 of 30), the incidence of which was greater in uni- and bilaterally enucleated subjects. The majority of NPL subjects (17 of 30) had free-running aMT6s rhythms (period range, 24.13– 24.79 h), 5 were abnormally entrained to 24 h (acrophase range, 7.2–20.6 h), and 1 was unclassified. Output (micrograms of aMT6s per 24 h) and amplitude (micrograms per h) of aMT6s production did not vary between LP and NPL subjects (mean 24-h output 6 SD, 12.7 6 7.5 and 9.4 6 6.4 mg aMT6s/24 h, respectively; mean amplitude 6 SD, 0.660.4 and 0.560.3 mg/h, respectively). These results indicate that a higher proportion of NPL subjects have abnormal melatonin rhythms compared to those with LP. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 3763–3770, 1997)

Published
1997
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6. Systemic Conditions in the Emergency Eye Clinic

Author

Rostron C, Kon C, Tabandeh H, and Luke I

Subjects
Lung Diseases, Glycosuria, Brain Diseases, Emergency Medical Services, Systemic disease, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Outpatient Clinics, Hospital, Eye Diseases, Referral, business.industry, Eye disease, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Surgery, Ophthalmology, Cardiovascular Diseases, medicine, Humans, In patient, Presentation (obstetrics), medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Purpose A systemic disease may be diagnosed for the first time in patients who present to the eye department with ophthalmological manifestations. This study documents the pattern of systemic disorders which were encountered in an emergency eye clinic for the first time. Subjects and method. Over a period of six months details of all patients who had a previously unknown systemic condition diagnosed in the Emergency Eye Clinic were recorded. Patients were seen in this clinic upon referral from other practitioners. All patients, with the exception of those with minor ophthalmic problems, were screened for hypertension and glycosuria. The patients were subsequently referred to their general practitioner or the appropriate hospital specialist for further management. Results During this period 1025 new patients visited the emergency eye clinic. Previously undiagnosed systemic disease was present in 86 patients (8.4%). The commonest disorders were neurological 35 (41%), cardiovascular 17 (20%), glycosuria 13 (15%) and respiratory 5 (6%). Visual disturbance and pain were the most frequent ocular presentation. In 54 patients (62.8%) the ocular condition was a direct manifestation of the systemic condition and in 32 patients (37.2%) the systemic disease was a coincidental finding. Conclusions Awareness of ophthalmological manifestations of systemic disorders helps in the early diagnosis of these conditions and reduces the resulting morbidity and possibly mortality. This study illustrates the hidden role of the emergency eye clinic in identifying patients with an underlying systemic condition.

Published
1997
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7. Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant in Patients with Macular Edema Related to Branch or Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Author

Haller, Ja, Bandello, F, Belfort R., Jr, Blumenkranz, M. S., Gillies, M, Heier, J, Loewenstein, A, Yoon, Yh, Jiao, J, Li, Xy, Whitcup, S. M., Aaberg, Tm, Abraham, P, Abujamra, S, Acton, J, Adamczyk Ludyga, A, Adenwalla, M, Agahigian, Dd, Agoas, V, Aguilar Mendoza, M, Aisenbrey, S, Alam, S, Albiani, D, Alexandrescu, B, Alfaiate, Mm, Allam, S, Almeida, Hp, Anagnoste, S, Anand, R, Anderson, N, Antoszyk, A, Armogan, N, Arnold, J, Ash, D, Atlas, Wg, Augustin, Ja, de Ávila MP, Awh, C, Azzolini, C, Babkova, B, Bakri, Sj, Banach, Mj, Barak, A, Barile, G, Barker, D, Barnard, T, Bartz Schmidt KU, Battaglia Parodi, M, Baumal, C, Bedrich, P, Beer, P, Belfort Mattos Junior, R, Bellini, L, Benner, J, Benson, W, Benz, M, Berger, B, Bergren, R, Bharadwaj, A, Bhavan, S, Bhavsar, A, Binder, S, Biondi, A, Bishop, F, Blair, N, Blinder, K, Blumenkranz, M, Bohm, A, Boldrey, Ee, Bornfeld, N, Borrillo, Jl, Boyer, D, Bradford, R, Bridges, W, Brigatti, L, Briggs, M, Brooks HL Jr, Brown, D, Browning, A, Browning, D, Brunner, S, Brunnerova, R, Bryan, Js, Brydak Godowska, J, Buettner, H, Burns, J, Burrows, Af, Busbee, B, Butner, R, Butter, J, Byrnes, G, Callahan, C, Campochiaro, P, Cano Hildalgo RA, Canziani, T, Capaccioli, K, Capone, A, Carmichael, T, Carnevale, K, Casella, Am, Casey, R, Castanheira Dinis, A, Celis, B, Chambers, R, Chang, S, Chang, Yh, Chechik, D, Chee, Sp, Chen, E, Chen, Jt, Chen, Sn, Chen, S, Cheng, B, Chiquet, C, Chong, K, Chong, Lp, Chong, V, Chou, T, Chow, V, Chrapek, O, Chu, T, Chua, J, Chun, D, Chung, Hw, Cialdini, Ap, Ciancas, E, Cihelkova, I, Cisiecki, S, Clark, W, Cleary, T, Coco, R, Codenotti, M, Cohen, Bz, Cohen, Ja, Cohen, J, Connolly, B, Conway, B, Cook, H, Cooper, B, Coors, L, Corwin, J, Costa, Jr, Cottrell, D, Couvillion, S, Craig, J, Cruess, A, Dabbs, T, Danesh, S, Davidorf, F, Davis, J, De Cilla, S, De Fazio, R, de la Fuente MA, de la Rua ER, De Mattia, M, Deen, A, Del Priore, L, Delyfer, Mn, Deuter, C, Devadason, Ds, Devenyi, R, D'Heurle, D, Dickinson, J, Doft, B, Dooner, J, Doubell, D, Downie, J, Drenser, K, Dreyer, R, D'Sousa, Y, Du, T, Duarte, L, Dubiner, Hb, Dubovy, S, Dubska, Z, Dugel, P, Dunn, W, Dusova, J, Dvorak, J, Dyer, D, Dziegielewska, K, Earl, M, Egan, C, Eichenbaum, D, Eifrig, C, Ells, A, El Shabrawi, Y, Elsherbiny, S, Engel, H, Engelbrecht, N, Ernest, J, Essex, R, Eter, N, Evans, R, Fakadej, A, Falcone, P, Fan, D, Fan, Jt, Eid Farah, M, Farah, S, Feiner, L, Feldman, Rm, Ferencz, J, Fernandez Vega Sanz, A, Ferreira, Jl, Figueira, J, Fineman, M, Fiser, I, Fish, G, Fish, Rh, Fishburne, B, Fisher, Sj, Fitzsimons, R, Flaxel, C, Fletcher, E, Flores Aguilar, M, Florez, S, Flynn, H, Fogarty, S, Folgado, A, Foster, Bs, Fox, Gm, Frambach, D, Framme, C, Fransen, S, Fraser Bell, S, Frederick, A, Freeman, W, Freisberg, L, Friedman, E, Friedman, L, Fucik, M, Fuller, Dg, Gaitan, J, Gallemore, R, Gallogly, P, Arumi, Jg, Garg, S, Garretson, B, Gastaud, P, Gaudric, A, Gawrilow, P, Gehlbach, Pl, Geyer, O, Ghuman, At, Giansanti, F, Luiz Gil, A, Gilbert, Hd, Girmens, Jf, Giubilato, A, Glacet Bernard, A, Glaser, D, Glatzer, R, Goldstein, D, Gomes, Am, Gon Yu, H, Gonçalves, Fp, Gonzales, C, Googe, J, Gopal, L, Gordon, A, Gous, P, Grand, M, Cristina, P, Magro, G, Granero Riano, M, Grassi, M, Green, J, Green, S, Gregor, Z, Gregori, N, Grizzard, Ws, Groenewald, C, Gross, Jg, Gross, Ne, Gruber, A, Grutow, G, Guillet, E, Gupta, A, Gyorgyova, D, Haas, A, Haas, K, Hadden, P, Hagemann, L, Hainsworth, D, Haivala, D, Haller, J, Halperin, L, Hamer, P, Hammer, M, Han, D, Handa, Jt, Handelman, I, Handza, J, Harder, B, Harding, S, Hariprasad, Sm, Hartley, K, Hartman, P, Hartnett, Me, Harvey, P, Hassan, T, Headon, M, Hejsek, L, Higgins, P, Hillenkamp, J, Ho, A, Ho, T, Holekamp, N, Holz, E, Holz, F, Hooper, P, Hopkins, Jj, Hoskin Mott, A, Hoskins, J, Hrisomalos, N, Hsu, J, 3rd, Hubbard B., Hudson, H, Hughes, E, Hunt, A, Hunyor, A, Hwang, T, Hwang, Jf, Ibarra, M, Incarnato, N, Inhetvin Hutter, C, Introini, U, Isaacs, T, Islam, N, Iyer, Mn, Jablonski, C, Jack, Rl, Jager, R, Jahn, C, Jao, C, Jehan, F, Jonas, J, Joseph, D, Joshi, M, Jost, B, Jurklies, B, Kaincova, I, Kaiser, P, Kaiser, R, Kalvodova, B, Kamppeter, B, Kanann, Nb, Kang, K, Katz, Rs, Kaushal, S, Kecik, D, Kellaway, J, Kelly, K, Kelly, S, Khan, J, Kherani, A, Kim, R, Kim, I, Kim, J, Kim, Jg, Kim, N, Kim, Tw, Kingsley, R, Klein, R, Klemperer, I, Kociecki, J, Korbasova, M, Korda, V, Korobelnik, Jf, Koshy, Z, Kostamaa, H, Kovach, J, Kozak, I, Kozousek, V, Krasny, J, Kreiger, A, Krivosic, V, Krug JV Jr, Kruger, L, Kunimoto, D, Kuppermann, Bd, Kurtz, R, Kuznik Borkowska, A, Lai, J, Lai, W, Lake, S, Lalwani, G, Lam, Wc, Lanning, Rc, Lanzetta, Paolo, Lara, W, Larrison, Wi, Lattanzio, R, Lavina, A, Lavinsky, J, Lazzaroni, F, Lee, E, Yong Lee, J, Lee, M, Young Lee, S, Lee, V, Leff, S, Lehr, J, Lenfesty, P, Leonard, R, Levine, A, Levitan, M, Lewis, H, Liew, S, Lim, J, Lim, R, Lin, R, Lip, Pl, Liu, J, Lobes, La, Loose, I, Lotery, A, Lottenberg, Cl, Loutchkina, D, Lu, Dw, Lubczynska, A, Lujan, B, Lyssek Boron, A, Ma, C, Ma, P, Maberley, D, Maccumber, M, Madhusudhana, Kc, Madreperla, S, Magee, M, Magolan, J, Maia Junior Ode, O, Maia, A, Majji, A, Malthieu, D, Mango, C, Marmor, M, Marques, L, Martin, D, Martinez, Ja, Massaoutis, P, Mathai, A, Mathur, R, Mattioli, S, Maturi, Rk, Mazur Michalek, I, Mcallister, I, Mccabe, F, Mccannel, Ca, Mcgimpsey, S, Mchugh, Jd, Mckibbin, M, McLean WC Jr, Mcmillan, T, Meireles, R, de Melo CS, Menchini, U, Meredith, T, Merrill, P, Mian, U, Michels, M, Midena, E, Mieler, Wf, Migliavacca, L, Miller, D, Miller, J, Mincey, G, Mitchell, P, Katsuki Mizubuti, S, Mohamed, S, Mohammed, M, Moinfar, N, Moisseiev, J, Mones, J, Montemayor Lobo, R, Montero, J, de Moraes NI, Moreira CA Jr, Morely, M, Moreno, Jm, Moron, Jt, Morrison, Vl, Morse, L, Moshfeghi, A, Moshfeghi, D, Muccioli, C, Munshi, V, Murthy, Rc, Naing, T, Nair, R, Nascimento, J, Nascimento, Vp, Nawrocka, Z, Nawrocki, J, Newell, C, Newsom, R, Nguyen, J, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, Rl, Nichols, J, Nilanjana, D, Noguchi, B, Noorily, S, Novack, R, Novak, M, Novalis, G, O'Brien, D, Offermann, I, Oguido, Ap, Oh, K, Okruszko, A, de Oliveira TL, Oliver, S, Ong, S, Orellana, J, Orzalesi, N, O'Toole, L, Ovando, Y, Paccione, J, Pach, J, Packo, K, Packowska, Ma, Palmer, J, Palmer, H, Palombi, K, Papp, A, Paques, M, Paranhos A., Jr, Park, D, Park, Ri, Park, S, Parke, D, Parravano, M, Pastor Jimeno JC, Patel, S, Patra, S, Pavan, Pr, Pearce, I, Pecold, K, Pedio, M, Peh, Kk, Pelosini, L, Pendergast, S, Perez, Br, Perez Ortiz DJ, Perkins, S, Peters, M, Pheasant, T, Pilat, J, Pilotto, E, Piltz Seymour, J, Pirracchio, A, Pollack, A, Portella, E, Pracharova, Z, Prati, M, Prensky, Jg, Preston, R, Prieto, F, Puls, S, Purohit, Ar, Quintao, T, Rahhal, F, Rahman, W, Ramos, Ar, Ramsey, S, Rani, A, Rao, Pk, Rapizzi, E, Raskauskas, P, Ratiglia, R, Ratnakaram, R, Rauser, Me, Regillo, C, Rehak, J, Reichel, E, Reid, Da, Rejmont, L, Rougier, Mb, Ribon, Ri, Ricarova, R, Rich, R, Riley, A, Ripandelli, G, Rishi, E, Rivett, K, Rogers, A, Romanet, Jp, Rosa, Pj, Rosberger, D, Rose, S, Rosenfeld, P, Ross, Rr, Rotberg, M, Roth, Cb, Roth, D, Rubaltelli, D, Rubsamen, P, Ruby, A, Ruiz Moreno JM, Ruiz, R, Russell Gonder, J, Russell, M, Ryu, Jw, Sachs, H, Sadda, S, Safar, A, Salinas, C, Sall, K, Samad, A, Samkova, K, Sanders, J, Sandhu, R, Sandhu, Ss, Sandner, D, Sanislo, Sr, Sartani, G, Saviano, S, Savy, O, Schechter, Ba, Schenker, Hi, Schiff, W, Schlichtenbrede, F, Schneider, B, Schneider, L, Schneiderman, T, Schocket, L, Schoenherr, U, Schoenleber, D, Scholl, Hp, Schreiber, J, Schwartz, Sd, Sears, J, Sedlakova, J, Seery, C, Sell, C, Shah, G, Shapiro, M, Sharma, A, Sheidow, T, Sheu, Sj, Sheufele, T, Shukla, D, Siewec Proscinska, J, Silva, Er, Singer, M, Singer, S, Singerman, Lj, Singh, M, Siow, Yc, Sipperley, Jo, Sivaprasad, S, Sjaarda, R, Snyder, W, Sobrin, L, Sodi, A, Solomon, S, Sonkin, P, Soubrane, G, Soucek, P, Spirn, B, Srivastava, S, Stannard, K, Staurenghi, G, Steinmetz, R, Stepien, K, Stern, W, Stevenson, Od, Stewart, D, Stewart, J, Stolba, U, Stoller, G, Stone, C, Stout, Jt, Stringfellow, G, Studnicka, J, Suarez Figueroa, M, Sung, J, Susini, A, Syracuse, R, Szaflik, J, Tabandeh, H, Tadayoni, R, Takahashi, Wy, Taleb, Ac, Talks, Sj, Tamayo, L, Tan, M, Taney, B, Tarnawska, D, Tassinari, G, Taylor, J, Telander, D, Territo, C, Thomas, El, Thomas, M, Thompson, Jt, Thompson, Ws, Tiedeman, Js, Topping, T, Trese, M, Truong, S, Tsang, Cw, Tufail, A, Ufret Vincenty, R, Uhmannova, R, 2nd, Ulanski L., Ulinska, M, Urminsky, J, Uy, H, Vaishnav, H, Varano, M, Vavvas, D, Vega Sanz BF, Veloso, A, Vicha, I, Viola, F, Visser, L, Vlkova, E, Voelker, M, Volkert, D, Vossmerbaumer, U, Vu, C, Vyas, S, Wald, Kj, Walker, J, Walter, A, Wang, R, Wasiak, K, Watt, Dr, Weger, M, 3rd, Weidman F., Weinberger, D, Weisz, Jm, 3rd, Wells J., Wheatley, M, Wickremasingh, S, Wiegand, T, Wieland, M, Will, D, Williams, G, Williams, Rg, Wilson, D, Win, Ph, Wing, Gl, Wirostko, W, Wirthlin, R, Wong, Al, Wong, T, Woo, J, Wu, Tt, Wylegala, E, Yan, J, Yang, Ch, Yang, Cm, Yang, Y, Yang, Yc, Yarian, D, Yates, P, Yedavally, S, Yoken, J, Young, L, Young, S, Zago, Rj, Zakov, Z, Zaras, M, Zegarra, H, Ziemianski, M, Zimmer Galler, I, Zourdani, A, and Zur, C.

Published
2011

8. Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant in Patients with Macular Edema Due to Retinal Vein Occlusion

Author

Haller, Ja, Bandello, F, Belfort R., Jr, Blumenkranz, Ms, Gillies, M, Heier, J, Loewenstein, A, Yoon, Yh, Jacques, Ml, Jiao, J, Li, Xy, Whitcup, Sm, OZURDEX GENEVA Study Group, Aaberg, Tm, Abraham, P, Abujamra, S, Acton, J, Adamczyk Ludyga, A, Adenwalla, M, Agahigian, Dd, Agoas, V, Aguilar Mendoza, M, Aisenbrey, S, Alam, S, Albiani, D, Alexandrescu, B, Alfaiate, Mm, Allam, S, Almeida, Hp, Anagnoste, S, Anand, R, Anderson, N, Antoszyk, A, Armogan, N, Arnold, J, Ash, D, Atlas, Wg, Augustin, Ja, de Avila MP, Awh, C, Azzolini, C, Babkova, B, Bakri, Sj, Banach, Mj, Barak, A, Barile, G, Barker, D, Barnard, T, Bartz Schmidt KU, Parodi, Mb, Baumal, C, Bedrich, P, Beer, P, Mattos RB Jr, Bellini, L, Benner, J, Benson, W, Benz, M, Berger, B, Bergren, R, Bharadwaj, A, Bhavan, S, Bhavsar, A, Binder, S, Biondi, A, Bishop, F, Blair, N, Blinder, K, Blumenkranz, M, Bohm, A, Boldrey, Ee, Bornfeld, N, Borrillo, Jl, Boyer, D, Bradford, R, Bridges, W, Brigatti, L, Briggs, M, Brooks HL Jr, Brown, D, Browning, A, Browning, D, Brunner, S, Brunnerova, R, Renata, Js, Brydak Godowska, J, Buettner, H, Burns, J, Burrows, Af, Busbee, B, Butner, R, Butter, J, Byrnes, G, Callahan, C, Campochiaro, P, Cano Hildalgo RA, Canziani, T, Capone, A, Carmichael, T, Carnevale, K, Casella, Am, Casey, R, Castanheira Dinis, A, Celis, B, Chambers, R, Chang, S, Chang, Yh, Chechik, D, Chee, Sp, Chen, E, Chen, Jt, Chen, Sn, Chen, S, Cheng, B, Chiquet, C, Chong, K, Chong, Lp, Chong, V, Chou, T, Chow, V, Chrapek, O, Chu, T, Chua, J, Chun, D, Chung, Hw, Cialdini, Ap, Ciancas, E, Cihelkova, I, Cisiecki, S, Clark, W, Cleary, T, Coco, R, Codenotti, M, Cohen, Bz, Cohen, Ja, Cohen, J, Connolly, B, Conway, B, Cook, H, Cooper, B, Coors, L, Corwin, J, Costa, Jr, Cottrell, D, Couvillion, S, Craig, J, Cruess, A, Cupo, G, Dabbs, T, Danesh, S, Davidorf, F, Davis, J, De Cilla, S, De Fazio, R, de la Fuente MA, de la Rua ER, De Mattia, M, Deen, A, Del Priore, L, Delyfer, Mn, Deuter, C, Devadason, Ds, Devenyi, R, D'Heurle, D, Dickinson, J, Doft, B, Dooner, J, Doubell, D, Downie, J, Drenser, K, Dreyer, R, D'Sousa, Y, Du, T, Duarte, L, Dubiner, Hb, Dubovy, S, Dubska, Z, Dugel, P, Dunn, W, Dusova, J, Dvorak, J, Dyer, D, Dziegielewska, K, Earl, M, Egan, C, Eichenbaum, D, Eifrig, C, Ells, A, El Shabrawi, Y, Elsherbiny, S, Engel, H, Engelbrecht, N, Ernest, J, Essex, R, Eter, N, Evans, R, Fakadej, A, Falcone, P, Fan, D, Fan, Jt, Farah, Me, Farah, S, Feiner, L, Feldman, Rm, Ferencz, J, Fernandez Vega Sanz, A, Ferreira, Jl, Figueira, J, Fineman, M, Fiser, I, Fish, G, Fish, Rh, Fishburne, B, Fisher, Sj, Fitzsimons, R, Flaxel, C, Fletcher, E, Flores Aguilar, M, Florez, S, Flynn, H, Fogarty, S, Folgado, A, Foster, Bs, Fox, Gm, Frambach, D, Fransen, S, Fraser Bell, S, Frederick, A, Freeman, W, Freisberg, L, Friedman, E, Friedman, L, Fucik, M, Fuller, Dg, Gaitan, J, Gallemore, R, Gallogly, P, Garcia Arumi, J, Garg, S, Garretson, B, Gastaud, P, Gaudric, A, Gawrilow, P, Gehlbach, Pl, Geyer, O, Ghuman, At, Giansanti, F, Gil, Al, Gilbert, Hd, Girmens, Jf, Giubilato, A, Glacet Bernard, A, Glaser, D, Glatzer, R, Goldstein, D, Gomes, Am, Gon Yu, H, Gonçalves, Fp, Gonzales, C, Googe, J, Gopal, L, Gordon, A, Gous, P, Grand, M, Grandao Magro PC, Granero Riano, M, Grassi, M, Green, J, Green, S, Gregor, Z, Gregori, N, Grizzard, Ws, Groenewald, C, Gross, Jg, Gross, Ne, Gruber, A, Grutow, G, Guillet, E, Gyorgyova, D, Haas, A, Haas, K, Hadden, P, Hagemann, L, Hainsworth, D, Haivala, D, Haller, J, Halperin, L, Hamer, P, Hammer, M, Han, D, Handa, Jt, Handelman, I, Handza, J, Harder, B, Harding, S, Hariprasad, Sm, Hartley, K, Hartman, P, Hartnett, Me, Harvey, P, Hassan, T, Headon, M, Hejsek, L, Higgins, P, Hillenkamp, J, Ho, A, Ho, T, Holekamp, N, Holz, E, Holz, F, Hooper, P, Hopkins, Jj, Hoskin Mott, A, Hoskins, J, Hrisomalos, N, Hsu, J, 3rd, Hubbard B., Hudson, H, Hughes, E, Hunt, A, Hunyor, A, Hwang, T, Hwang, Jf, Ibarra, M, Incarnato, N, Inhetvin Hutter, C, Introini, U, Isaacs, T, Islam, N, Iyer, Mn, Jablonski, C, Jack, Rl, Jager, R, Jahn, C, Jao, C, Jehan, F, Jonas, J, Joseph, D, Joshi, M, Jost, B, Jurklies, B, Kaincova, I, Kaiser, P, Kaiser, R, Kalvodova, B, Kamppeter, B, Kanann, Nb, Kang, K, Katz, Rs, Kaushal, S, Kecik, D, Kellaway, J, Kelly, K, Kelly, S, Khan, J, Kherani, A, Kim, R, Kim, I, Kim, J, Kim, Jg, Kim, N, Kim, Tw, Kingsley, R, Klein, R, Klemperer, I, Kociecki, J, Korbasova, M, Korda, V, Korobelnik, Jf, Koshy, Z, Kostamaa, H, Kovach, J, Kozak, I, Kozousek, V, Krasny, J, Kreiger, A, Krivosic, V, Krug JV Jr, Kruger, L, Kunimoto, D, Kuppermann, Bd, Kurtz, R, Kuznik Borkowska, A, Lai, J, Lai, W, Lake, S, Lalwani, G, Lam, Wc, Lanning, Rc, Lanzetta, Paolo, Lara, W, Larrison, Wi, Lattanzio, R, Lavina, A, Lavinsky, J, Lazzaroni, F, Lee, E, Lee, Jy, Lee, M, Lee, Sy, Lee, V, Leff, S, Lehr, J, Lenfesty, P, Leonard, R, Levine, A, Levitan, M, Lewis, H, Liew, S, Lim, J, Lim, R, Lin, R, Lip, Pl, Liu, J, Lobes, La, Loose, I, Lottenberg, Cl, Loutchkina, D, Lu, Dw, Lubczynska, A, Lujan, B, Lyssek 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Novack, R, Novak, M, Novalis, G, O'Brien, D, Offermann, I, Oguido, Ap, Oh, K, Okruszko, A, de Oliveira TL, Oliver, S, Ong, S, Orellana, J, Orzalesi, N, O'Toole, L, Ovando, Y, Paccione, J, Pach, J, Packo, K, Packowska, Ma, Palmer, J, Palmer, H, Palombi, K, Papp, A, Paques, M, Paranhos A., Jr, Park, D, Park, Ri, Park, S, Parke, D, Pastor Jimeno JC, Patel, S, Patra, S, Pavan, Pr, Pearce, I, Pecold, K, Pedio, M, Peh, Kk, Pelosini, L, Pendergast, S, Perez, Br, Perez Ortiz DJ, Perkins, S, Peters, M, Pheasant, T, Pilat, J, Pilotto, E, Piltz Seymour, J, Pirracchio, A, Pollack, A, Portella, E, Pracharova, Z, Prati, M, Prensky, Jg, Preston, R, Prieto, F, Puls, S, Purohit, Ar, Quintao, T, Rahhal, F, Rahman, W, Ramos, Ar, Ramsey, S, Rani, A, Rao, Pk, Rapizzi, E, Raskauskas, P, Ratiglia, R, Ratnakaram, R, Rauser, Me, Regillo, C, Rehak, J, Reichel, E, Reid, Da, Rejmont, L, Renaud Rougier MB, Ribon, Ri, Ricarova, R, Rich, R, Riley, A, Ripandelli, G, Rishi, E, Rivett, K, Rogers, A, Romanet, Jp, Rosa, 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Y, Yang, Yc, Yarian, D, Yates, P, Yedavally, S, Yoken, J, Young, L, Young, S, Zago, Rj, Zakov, Z, Zaras, M, Zegarra, H, Ziemianski, M, Zimmer Galler, I, Zourdani, A, and Zur, C.

Published
2010

9. Effect of flurbiprofen on acetylcholine-induced pupillary contraction

Author

McAlister J, Thompson G, and Tabandeh H

Subjects
Miosis, Contraction (grammar), Flurbiprofen, Iris, Pupil, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Organ Culture Techniques, Cadaver, Medicine, Humans, business.industry, Organ bath, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, General Medicine, Acetylcholine, Ophthalmology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Mechanism of action, Anesthesia, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Sphincter, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, medicine.drug
Abstract

Preoperative treatment with topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as flurbiprofen (Ocufen) is used to maintain pupil dilatation during cataract surgery. Flurbiprofen maintains pupil dilatation by inhibiting release of prostaglandins and other modulators of surgical miosis. Some reports suggest that these agents may reduce the miotic effect of intra-operative acetylcholine (Miochol). It is hard to explain this effect unless there is a pharmacological interaction between the two drugs. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of a direct interference by flurbiprofen with the action of acetylcholine on the pupil sphincter. Iris tissue of seven cadaver eyes were isolated and maintained in an organ bath containing Kreb's solution. Pupil contraction force induced by acetylcholine was measured in the presence and absence of flurbiprofen. Acetylcholine produced a mean pupillary contraction force of 52.4 × 10–3 N. When it was added to the organ bath in the presence of flurbiprofen the mean contraction force was 50.6 × 10–3 N (paired t-test P=0.68). This study does not find any evidence to suggest that flurbiprofen reduces the pupil sphincter contraction that is induced by acetylcholine. It is likely that the apparent reduction in miosis is due to factors other than the mechanism of action of acetylcholine on the sphincter pupillae.

Published
1995

37. Retinal Fibrovascular Proliferation associated with NocardiaSubretinal Abscess

Author

Rafiei, N., Tabandeh, H., Bhatti, M.T., and Monshizadeh, R.

Abstract

Purpose To report the development of extensive fibrovascular proliferation in association withNocardia subretinal abscess.METHOD. Case report.Results Extensive retinal neovascularization with fractional retinal detachment developed soon after ocular involvement in a 61-year-old patient with systemic nocardiosis. Fundus fluorescein angiography showed extensive area of capillary nonperfusion and severe leakage from the neovascular complex.The Nocardia subretinal abscess responded to systemic antibiotics, and the retinal neovascularization and fractional retinal detachment stabilized after 3 months.Conclusions Retinal ischemia and severe retinal neovascularization may complicate intraocular nocardiosis. The authors propose secondary retinal vasculitis as a contributing factor towards the development of retinal ischemia in this setting.

Published
2006
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44. Update on Retinal Drug Safety: Proceedings of the ASRS ReST Committee Webinar Part 1.

Author

Girgis JM, Baumal CR, Witkin AJ, Vajzovic L, Goldberg RA, Kaiser P, Arevalo JF, Choudhry N, Schneider E, Tabandeh H, and Wong R

Abstract

Purpose: To review the first Research and Safety in Therapeutics (ReST) Committee webinar and summarize the most current recommendations regarding diagnosis and management. Methods: The ReST Committee is comprised of members of the American Society of Retina Surgeons (ASRS). At regular internal meetings, safety issue reports from the website are reviewed. A webinar series was started in 2021 to update members on multiple relevant potential safety events. Results: Topics reviewed in the webinar included pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron) maculopathy, intraocular pressure elevation reported with the aflibercept prefilled syringe (PFS), and brolucizumab-associated inflammation with occlusive retinal vasculitis. Retinal toxicity related to intraoperative medications was reviewed, including hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis after intraocular vancomycin, dilution errors with intravitreal aminoglycosides, inadvertent overdoses of cefuroxime after cataract surgery, and toxic posterior segment syndrome after dropless cataract surgery using compounded triamcinolone-moxifloxacin. Indocyanine green toxicity has been reported after its use as an adjuvant during macular hole surgery. Conclusions: The past decade has seen advances in retinal pharmaceuticals and drug-delivery devices. The ASRS ReST Committee collects data from its website reporting system to inform members about up-to-date pharmaceutical and device safety concerns. Recently, a webinar was used to inform members of pigmentary maculopathy associated with pentosan polysulfate sodium, safety regarding the aflibercept PFS, intraocular inflammation and occlusive retinal vasculitis secondary to brolucizumab, and retinal toxicity from intraoperative ocular medications., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of the article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Published
2024
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45. Real-World Outcomes of the 0.19 mg Fluocinolone Acetonide Intravitreal Implant for Diabetic Macular Edema.

Author

Morozova C, Humayun LL, Kasper J, Morozov A, Tabandeh H, Boyer DS, Dayani PN, and Rahhal FM

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the real-world clinical and safety outcomes of a 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant to treat diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods: This retrospective analysis comprised patients treated with a single fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for the clinical indication of ME secondary to diabetic retinopathy. Primary outcomes included changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central subfield thickness (CST), and the frequency of DME-related treatments 12 months before and up to 36 months after fluocinolone acetonide administration. Safety outcomes were also assessed. Results: One hundred forty-eight eyes (115 patients) were followed for a mean (±SD) of 12.3 ± 4.2 months before and 29.4 ± 14.5 months after fluocinolone acetonide administration. A 0.8-letter decrease (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) in the mean BCVA was observed at month 24. The BCVA was 70 letters (20/40 Snellen equivalent) or more in 20.6% of eyes at baseline and in 23.7% of eyes 24 months after implant administration. The mean CST was 379.9 μm and 323.7 μm, respectively. The CST was 300 μm or less in 58.7% of eyes at month 24 ( P  < .001). The mean frequency of intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor injections or laser photocoagulation decreased from 4.9 to 1.5 per year after fluocinolone acetonide administration ( P  < .001). Implant migration to the anterior chamber occurred in 3 eyes, 2 of which were vitrectomized and later required removal. Conclusions: The 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant provided long-term stabilization of VA and macular anatomy in patients with DME, despite a significant reduction in treatment frequency., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Dr. Tabandeh: Alimera Sciences (stock) and Coherus BioSciences (stock, public). Dr. Boyer: 4D Molecular Therapeutics, Achillion Pharma, Adverum Biotechnologies, AiViva Biopharma, Alcon, Aldeyra Therapeutics, Alimera, Alkahest, Allegro, Allergan, Allgenesis, Amydis, Annexon Biosciences, Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Applied Genetec Technologies Corp, AsclepiX Therapeutics, Ashvattha Therapeutics, Aviceda Therapeutics, Bausch + Lomb, Bayer, Biovisics Medical, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma, Cell Care Therapeutic, Chengdu Kanghong Biotechnology, Clearside Biomedical, Curacle Co Ltd, Delsitech, EyePoint Pharmaceuticals, Genentech, Glaukos, jCyte Inc, Iveric Bio, Kriya Therapeutics, Kyowa Kirin, Inc, Lineage Cell, LumiThera, Inc, Nanoscope Therapeutics, NGM Biotherapeutics, Novartis Ophthalmics, Ocugen Inc, Ocular Therapeutix, Oculis SA, Ocuphire Pharma, OcuTerra Therapeutics, Ocutrx Vision Technologies, Opthea, Optigo Biotechnology, Optos, Oxurion NV, Palatin Technologies Inc, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, RetinAI Medical AG, Ripple Therapeutics, Roche, Sanofi, Santen, Shenyang XingQi Pharma, Smilebiotek Zhuhai Limited, Stealth BioTherapeutics, Surrozen Inc, Syneos, Thea Laboratories, Unity Biotech, Vanotech Corp, Verseon Corp, Vitranu Inc, Vitro Biopharma, and Viva Vision Biotech (consultant and/or, speakers’ bureau); Allegro and DigiSight (Verana Health) (stock). Dr. Dayani: EyePoint Pharmaceuticals (speaker). J. Kasper is an employee of Alimera Sciences, Alpharetta, GA, USA. Dr. Rahhal: Alcon (consultant); BVI (advisor); ReVana Therapeutics, AivoCode, Outlook Therapeutics, Vantage Therapeutics, and Coherus (advisory board); and ExSight Ventures (equity). None of the other authors declared potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of the article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Published
2024
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46. Fluorescence imaging of the ILM flap following MH surgery.

Author

Tabandeh H

Abstract

Purpose: To report on the imaging of internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap following macular hole (MH) surgery., Observations: Three eyes of 3 patients with baseline Snellen visual acuities (VAs) of 20/250, 20/30, and 20/100 underwent superior wide-base internal limiting membrane flap transposition (SWIFT) for MH. Indocyanine green (ICG) was used for intraoperative staining of the ILM. Following MH surgery, MH closed in all cases and VAs were 20/30, 20/30, and 20/60 respectively. An "en face" ICG fluorescence image of the ILM flap was obtained using infrared confocal scanning laser imaging at 795 nm. ICG fluorescence demonstrated the ILM flap to be intact and in good position with complete coverage of the MH in all cases. An area of hypofluorescence was present superiorly, corresponding to the flap harvest site with absent ILM. ICG hyperfluorescence of varying intensity was present at the MH site in all 3 cases. Folding of the ILM flap was present in one case., Conclusions and Importance: Following MH surgery, the status of an ILM flap may be evaluated by an "en face" image of the flap obtained by ICG fluorescence imaging. This imaging modality may be valuable in the study of various ILM flap techniques., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

Published
2021
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47. Brolucizumab-associated intraocular inflammation in eyes without retinal vasculitis.

Author

Witkin AJ, Hahn P, Murray TG, Arevalo JF, Blinder KJ, Choudhry N, Emerson GG, Goldberg RA, Kim SJ, Pearlman J, Schneider EW, Tabandeh H, and Wong RW

Abstract

Purpose: To analyze a series of eyes with brolucizumab-associated intraocular inflammation (IOI) without retinal vasculitis reported to the American Society of Retina Specialists (ASRS)., Methods: The ASRS Research and Safety in Therapeutics (ReST) Committee analyzed clinical characteristics from submitted reports of IOI after brolucizumab. Eyes with retinal vasculitis or that received intraocular antibiotics were excluded., Results: Forty-nine eyes of 45 patients were collected. Mean visual acuity (VA) at baseline was 20/49 (range 20/20 - 5/200). Patients presented with IOI a mean of 24 (range 3-63) days after most recent brolucizumab injection; 61% presented for an unscheduled visit while 39% presented at routine follow-up. Mean VA at IOI presentation was 20/67 (range 20/20 - 3/200). Most common symptoms were floaters (78%) and blurry vision (76%). Pain (20%) and redness (16%) were less common; 3 (6%) eyes were asymptomatic. IOI was anterior only in 18%, posterior only in 31%, and both anterior and posterior in 51% of eyes. Treatment included topical steroids alone in 67% eyes, while 10% eyes received no treatment. Mean VA at last follow-up was 20/56 (range 20/20 - 1/200). Three (6%) eyes lost 3 or more lines and 1 (2%) eye lost 6 or more lines., Conclusions: Brolucizumab-associated IOI without retinal vasculitis typically presented with a delayed onset of a few weeks. Often, visual acuity decline was relatively mild. Most symptoms resolved and nearly all had a return to baseline VA, but a small percentage of patients had a significant decrease in VA at last follow-up., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests Relevant potential conflicts of interest are reported as follows: AJW: none; PH: Genentech (Consultant, Lecture Fees), Allergan (Consultant); TGM: none; JFA: Springer SBM LLC (Patents/Royalties), DORC International B.V. (Consultant, Lecture Fees), Allergan Inc. (Consultant, Lecture Fees), Bayer (Consultant, Lecture Fees), Mallinckrodt (Consultant), TOPCON (Grant support); KJB: Bausch&Lomb (Consultant, Lecture Fees), Allergan (Consultant, Lecture Fees), Regeneron (Consultant, Lecture Fees), Novartis (Consultant, Lecture Fees), Genentech (Consultant); NC: Allergan (Consultant), Bayer (Consultant), Novartis (Consultant); GGE: Novartis (stock), Regeneron (stock); RAG: Genentech (Research, Speaker, Advisory), Regeneron (Advisory), Novartis (Research, Speaker, Advisory), Allergan (Research, Speaker, Advisory), Aerie (Research), Santen (Research), Graybug (Research), NovoNordisk (Research); SJK: none; JP: none; EWS: none; HT: Alimera (stock); RWW: Novartis (Research)

Published
2021
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48. Superior Wide-Base Internal Limiting Membrane Flap Transposition for Macular Holes: Flap Status and Outcomes.

Author

Tabandeh H, Morozov A, Rezaei KA, and Boyer DS

Subjects
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Humans, Macula Lutea diagnostic imaging, Middle Aged, Postoperative Period, Retinal Perforations diagnosis, Retrospective Studies, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Treatment Outcome, Vitrectomy methods, Basement Membrane surgery, Macula Lutea surgery, Retinal Perforations surgery, Surgical Flaps, Visual Acuity
Abstract

Purpose: Internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap techniques are used for the management of macular holes (MHs). Status of the flap after surgery often is uncertain. The current study evaluated the status of the ILM flap after MH surgery with superior wide-base ILM flap transposition (SWIFT)., Design: Retrospective consecutive case series., Participants: Eyes undergoing SWIFT for MH., Methods: Data were collected on demographic characteristics, preoperative and postoperative visual acuity (VA), and MH status. OCT and indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence were used to evaluate the MH and the ILM flap status., Main Outcome Measures: Status of MH, ILM flap position, and ILM flap integrity., Results: Seventeen eyes of 17 patients with a mean age of 65.3 years and mean follow-up of 11.6 months were included in the study. Thirteen eyes had 1 or more high-risk characteristics. Four eyes (24%) were highly myopic, 6 eyes (35%) had chronic MH, and 3 eyes (18%) had a history of prior MH surgery and ILM removal. The mean MH basal diameter was 899.4 μm and the mean inner diameter was 516.1 μm. In 6 eyes, the MH inner diameter was 650 μm. The baseline mean VA equivalent was 0.88 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). The MH closed in 16 eyes (94%). Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging demonstrated complete coverage of the MH by the ILM flap in 14 eyes (82%), partial coverage in 1 eye (6%), and no coverage in 2 eyes (12%). In the 2 eyes without ILM flap coverage, the MH was closed in 1 eye and remained open in 1 eye. Non-center-involving folding of the ILM flap was present in 4 eyes (24%). At the last follow-up visit, the mean VA equivalent was 0.54 logMAR., Conclusions: Superior wide-base ILM flap transposition is a useful technique for the management of high-risk MHs, including persistent MHs with previously removed ILM. After surgery, the ILM flap may be visualized by ICG fluorescence imaging. After SWIFT, ICG imaging indicates that the ILM flap is intact and in a good position in most cases., (Copyright © 2020 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2021
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49. SUPPLEMENTAL SCLERAL BUCKLE IN THE ERA OF SMALL INCISION VITRECTOMY AND WIDE-ANGLE VIEWING SYSTEMS.

Author

Tabandeh H, Khachaturov A, Rezaei KA, and Boyer DS

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Endotamponade, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retinal Detachment physiopathology, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Visual Acuity physiology, Young Adult, Retinal Detachment surgery, Scleral Buckling trends, Vitrectomy
Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate trends and outcomes of scleral buckle as adjunct to pars plana vitrectomy for management of retinal detachment., Methods: Retrospective case series including 300 consecutive cases of retinal detachment that underwent pars plana vitrectomy. The series was divided into three consecutive groups: Group A (first 100 cases), Group B (second 100 cases), and Group C (third 100 cases)., Results: Three hundred eyes of 289 patients, mean age 61.0 years, were included in the study. The mean follow-up was 31.3 months for Group A, 28.5 months for Group B, and 12.0 months for Group C (P < 0.001). The baseline mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution equivalent was 1.58 for Group A, 1.31 for Group B, and 1.33 for Group C (P = 0.15). Supplemental scleral buckle was performed in 53% of Group A, 35% of Group B, and 17% of Group C (P < 0.001). Single surgery reattachment rate was 93% for Group A, 95% for Group B, and 97% for Group C (P = 0.48). The mean change in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution equivalent was -0.84 for Group A, -0.81 for Group B, and -0.71 for Group C (P = 0.50)., Conclusion: The study demonstrates decreasing use of supplemental scleral buckle in the era of small gauge vitrectomy surgery and wide-angle viewing systems while the outcomes remain stable. Selective, less frequent use of supplemental scleral buckle is compatible with good anatomical and visual outcomes.

Published
2020
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50. Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis Following Intravitreal Brolucizumab.

Author

Witkin AJ, Hahn P, Murray TG, Arevalo JF, Blinder KJ, Choudhry N, Emerson GG, Goldberg RA, Kim SJ, Pearlman J, Schneider EW, Tabandeh H, and Wong RW

Abstract

Purpose: To analyze a case series of retinal vasculitis reported to the American Society of Retina Specialists (ASRS) following Food and Drug Administration approval of brolucizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration., Methods: The ASRS Research and Safety in Therapeutics Committee analyzed clinical and imaging characteristics from submitted reports of retinal vasculitis after brolucizumab., Results: Retinal vasculitis was reported in 26 eyes of 25 patients (22 [88%] female) after treatment with brolucizumab. Imaging studies were available for 24 of 26 eyes. Most cases (92%) were associated with intraocular inflammation, which presented at a mean of 25 days (range, 3-63 days) after the most recent brolucizumab injection. Mean visual acuity (VA) was 20/52 (range, 20/25-4/200) before the adverse event, 20/151 (range, 20/25-hand motion) at presentation of the adverse event, and 20/243 (range, 20/30-light perception) at last follow-up. Twelve eyes (46%) had a greater than 3-line decrease in VA at final follow-up, and 12 eyes (46%) had a final VA of 20/200 or worse. Analysis of retinal imaging identified vasculopathy that involved retinal arteries (91%), retinal veins (79%), and choroidal vessels (48%). Occlusive disease was apparent on imaging in 83% of eyes. Treatment approaches were varied., Conclusions: Retinal vasculitis has been identified in a series of eyes following brolucizumab. Although a few eyes in this series were asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, some eyes had significant vision loss. A careful examination for signs of active inflammation prior to brolucizumab injection is recommended. Once vasculopathy is suspected, angiographic imaging may help define the spectrum of involvement. Optimal treatment strategies remain unknown., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Relevant potential conflicts of interest are reported as follows: A.J.W.: none; P.H.: Genentech (consultant, lecture fees) and Allergan (consultant); T.G.M.: none; J.F.A.: Springer SBM LLC (patents/royalties), DORC International B.V. (consultant, lecture fees), Allergan Inc (consultant, lecture fees), Bayer (consultant, lecture fees), Mallinckrodt (consultant), and TOPCON (grant support); K.J.B.: Bausch&Lomb (consultant, lecture fees), Allergan (consultant, lecture fees), Regeneron (consultant, lecture fees), Novartis (consultant, lecture fees), and Genentech (consultant); N.C.: Allergan (consultant), Bayer (consultant), Novartis (consultant); G.G.E.: Novartis (stock), and Regeneron (stock); R.A.G: Genentech (research, speaker, advisory), Regeneron (advisory), Novartis (research, speaker, advisory), Allergan (research, speaker, advisory), Aerie (research), Santen (research), Graybug (research), and NovoNordisk (research); S.J.K.: none; J.P.: none; E.W.S.: none; H.T.: Alimera (stock); R.W.W.: Novartis (research).

Published
2020
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