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Phenology is an important tool used for the knowledge and study of native species, being necessary that they are conducted in a uniform way and evaluated the same characteristics, both quantitative and qualitative. In this sense, this work aimed to gather the main studies, proposing a union in the methodology for this type of study. For effective work, five to ten individuals should be sampled by species, checking the presence or absence of phenophases, visually quantifying the percentage of canopy coverage and classifying them as to their occurrence and regularity and finally checking the synchronization of events in species within the community. To carry out phenological studies, five to ten individuals must be sampled, and the presence or absence of phenophases, defoliation, sprouting, leaf expansion and maintenance of foliage in the canopy, flower buds emission, flowering in progress, end of flowering, forming fruits, ripe fruits and falling fruits / dispersing seeds, visually quantify the percentage of canopy coverage, and then estimate its synchronization and classification as to the frequency and regularity of occurrence.

The storage of grains under technical conditions in favorable environment ensures grain quality and regulates the supply of raw material for food production. For this reason, the objective of this study was to evaluate the different forms of storage (aerated silo, non-aerated silo, silo bags and airtight) of grains produced in the Brazilian cerrado, over time (zero, three and six months), for different physical qualities of maize (normal grains, whole grains and broken grains). The research was conducted at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Chapadão do Sul Campus (CPCS), Grain Postharvest Laboratory. To determine the physical-chemical quality and the physical properties of grains over six months, samples were taken from the stored lots. Analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey's test were conducted at 5% probability. The six-month storage time was the main factor contributing to the reduction of the quality of maize grains. Storage alternatives with aeration, non-aeration, bags and airtight environment did not influence the physical properties of maize grains. The broken maize grains showed the worst physical and chemical quality during storage time, while the batch of whole corn grains differ in quality during storage. It was concluded that airtight storage and storage in aerated silos were the conditions that best preserved the physical and chemical quality of maize grains over time.

The viability of seeds passing through the appropriate conditions of harvest and post -harvest storage and the step. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological potential of sunflower seeds under different storage conditions (25 °C and 50%, 20 °C and 60%, 30 °C and 40% RH air) using different packages (permeable and impermeable). Physiological assessments were carried seeds in zero, three and six months of storage times and analyzed by the average test were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Under the conditions of 20 °C and 60% RH, and 25 °C and 50% RH in air and impermeable packaging obtained the best quality results. The physiological potential of sunflower seeds was affected by drying temperatures and storage conditions. The drying air temperature above 45 °C negatively affected the quality of sunflower seeds. Permeable and waterproof packaging not guaranteed the quality of sunflower seeds during storage. The quality of sunflower seeds stored up time of three months was negatively affected. The conditions of 20 °C and 60% RH air were more favorable for the preservation of physiological quality of sunflower seed during the storage time.

The importance of the drying process has been poorly researched in systems for processing sunflower seeds. The objective of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the temperature of the drying air in evaluating the quality physical-chemical of sunflower seeds. The experimentation was developed at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campus of Chapadao do Sul (CPCS). The seeds were dried in a convection oven with forced air ventilation at temperatures of 45, 55, 65 and 75°C. Drying was carried out until the seeds reach the hygroscopic moisture balance. According to this study, the drying air temperatures of 45 and 55°C was less detrimental to the quality of sunflower seeds after drying, however, temperatures of 65 and 75°C affect the physical integrity of the seed and disrupted germination. Furthermore, the drying process does not influence the final oil yield extracted from sunflower seeds. While the technique of extraction using hexane as the solvent showed a better performance, regardless of the drying treatment. Thus, it can be concluded that when sunflower seeds intended for sowing purposes it is not recommended to perform the drying air temperatures above 55°C, resulting in a slower drying, reducing mechanical and physical damage seeds, but when the seeds are intended for oil production, whether for food, feed or for the production of biodiesel, and the goals are performance, it was recommend the use of air temperature of 75°C in drying.