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Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of salvage stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) for recurrent renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after thermal ablation (TA). Materials and Methods: This study was a multi‐institutional retrospective analysis of patients with recurrent RCC following TA who received SABR between 2016 and 2020. The primary study outcome was freedom from local failure, evaluated radiographically based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) v1.1. Distant failure, cancer‐specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), treatment‐related toxicity and renal function changes following SABR were the secondary outcomes. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate freedom from local and distant failure, CSS and OS. Results: Seventeen patients with 18 biopsy‐confirmed RCCs were included, with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age at time of SABR of 75.2 (72.6–68.7) years, a median (IQR) tumour size of 3.5 (1.9–4.1) cm and follow‐up (reverse Kaplan–Meier method) of 3.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6–4.1) years. Six of the 17 patients had a solitary kidney. Five patients had failed repeat TA prior to SABR. The median (IQR) time from TA procedure to SABR was 3.03 (1.5–5.1) years. No patient experienced local progression, with a local control rate of 100%. Four patients, two with baseline metastatic disease, experienced distant progression. The distant progression‐free survival, CSS and OS at 3 years were 72.1% (95% CI 51.9%–100%), 92.3% (95% CI 78.9%–100%) and 82.1% (95% CI 62.1%–100%), respectively. The median (IQR) glomerular filtration rate before SABR was 58 (40–71) mL/min, and at last follow‐up, it was 48 (33–57) mL/min. No patient experienced grade 3+ toxicity or went on to develop end‐stage renal disease. Conclusion: The results showed that SABR appears to be an effective and safe salvage strategy in patients with recurrent RCC following TA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOxidative stress can be alleviated by antioxidants intakes. Taraxerol acetate (TA), a natural triterpenoid extracted from dandelions, may reduce the risk of metabolic disorders by regulating oxidative stress. In the study, we investigated the effects of TA in relieving oxidative stress in murine intestinal epithelial cells using multiomics techniques. Here, we found that TA activated the antioxidant defense system. Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and Catalase (CAT) activity notably increased after TA treatment. Additionally, TA treatment effectively reduced the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malonaldehyde (MDA) and alleviated H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, TA induced significant changes in the levels of 30 important metabolites. Specifically, it activated the complement and coagulation cascades, NF-κB and MAPK and glycerophospholipid pathways, resulting in altered transcript levels of related genes, such as Serpinb9e, SCD2, Hspa1b, and Hspa1a. Thus, the results demonstrated that TA potentially could promote health by alleviating H2O2-induced oxidative damage and provide valuable insights for its further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the corrosion resistance of tantalum, the double-glow plasma (DGP) metallurgy technique was used to prepare TaC coatings on the tantalum. The morphology, microstructure, and phase constituents of TaC were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Nano-indentation tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the coatings. The specimens were immersed in NaCl-KCl molten salt at 830 °C to evaluate their corrosion resistance. The results showed that the coating prepared by the DGP technique has a thickness of approximately 5 µm, the diffusion layer has a thickness of 2.5 µm, and the nano-indentation hardness is measured to be 17.27 GPa. The high-temperature stable ceramic phase enhances the high-temperature oxidation resistance of pure tantalum (Ta), while the dense corroded surface and oxidation products improve the anti-corrosion property of TaC coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation process of the double continuous TiN/AlNb 2 protective oxide layers of TiAl-Ta alloy after high-temperature oxidation is investigated by experiment and first-principle calculation in this study. It is found that Ta promotes the formation of a double continuous protective barrier consisting of 2.5 μm TiN/0.5–1 μm Al(Nb,Ta) 2 layers during high temperature oxidation. And the lowest energy of twenty different AlNb 2 (1 ‾ 10) /TiN(110) terminations are identified by the first-principle calculation, which is significantly influenced by the distance of Nb-N bonding. Based on this, the location of Ta is studied which is preferred to be doped at Nb position of AlNb 2 for the formation of Al(Nb,Ta) 2 phase, thereby minimizing the total energy of the system. The formation of Al(Nb,Ta) 2 phase can facilitate the precipitation of a continuous TiN layer to form a strong interface with low energy. Finally, the formation mechanism of Al(Nb,Ta) 2 (1 ‾ 10) /TiN(110) is discussed in detail. The results provide new insights into the development of oxidation-resistant TiAl alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant efforts are necessary to prevent the spoilage of fatty acid-rich foods as a result of lipid oxidation. Active packaging is a technology that employs packaging films containing antioxidants to increase the stability of perishable foods susceptible to oxidation. This preliminary study aimed to incorporate tannic acid (TA) into a chitosan/κ-carrageenan (Chit/κ-Car)-based polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) films and evaluate their antioxidant release profile. The composition of Chit/κ-Car, glycerol (gly), and TA in PEC films were also investigated in this preliminary study as factors influencing the mechanical properties of films and the antioxidant release profile. The prepared PEC films were identified by an FTIR spectrometer and examined through a mechanical property test. The DPPH method was used to assess the antioxidant property of the Chit/κ-Car-based PEC films. The infrared spectra revealed that PEC films were formed through the interaction between ꟷNH3 + of Chit and ꟷOSO3 ꟷ of κ-Car. Increasing the κ-Car and TA compositions in the PEC films increased the tensile strength (TS) and water absorption capacity (WAC), but decreased the elongation (E). The release profile of TA from PEC films followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model through the Fickian diffusion mechanism with n < 0.5. The antioxidant activity test of PEC films using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method revealed high antioxidant activity with radical scavenging activity (RSA) values up to 95.04%. As a result, the Chit/κ-Car-based PEC films have the potential to be developed as active packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tantalum and 304L possess unique properties for aerospace applications. Ta offers high temperature and acid/alkali resistance, while 304L is cost-effective with excellent corrosion resistance. Joining Ta and 304L optimises design, lowers costs and meets specific requirements. This study examined laser lap welding of 0.6 mm Ta and 304L with/without silver interlayer. Joint structure and properties were analysed to reveal the influence of detrimental phases, with first principles calculations for TaFe2 and TaCr2. Without Ag interlayer, the joint had 1857.19 N tensile shear force and 530 HV average weld zone hardness. Adding Ag reduced TaFe2 formation, improving tensile shear strength to 2100.30 N with 460 HV average hardness. First principles calculation confirmed TaCr2's superior phase stability over TaFe2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The porous Ta membrane was prepared on the surface of Ta foils by spraying and sintering. Subsequently, the Pd/porousTa/Ta composite membrane was prepared by electroless Pd plating processes using the porous Ta/Ta as the composite substrate. The effect of sintering temperature on the morphology of porous tantalum films was studied, and the growth behavior of Pd films was analyzed. In the results, the sintering temperature has a significant impact on the structure of porous Ta membrane. The porous Ta membrane with the well-developed sintering neck can be obtained by sintering at 1700 ℃ for 2 h. The electroless plating time has a significant effect on the Pd membrane on the surface of porous Ta membrane. Moreover, due to the complex surface structure of porous Ta membrane, it is difficult to obtain the uniform and dense Pd membrane on the surface of porous Ta membrane.

Tiller angle (TA) is one of the most important agronomic traits that directly affects plant architecture, photosynthetic efficiency, and planting density of rice. Although many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and associated genes for TA have been identified, the detection of TA QTLs still needs attention. This study used 238 micro-core germplasm populations for genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of the TA. The frequency distribution of TA presented continuity in 2018 and 2019, with five QTLs designated as qTA1, qTA2, qTA6, qTA9, and qTA12. These QTLs explained phenotypic variation ranging from 5.94 to 12.38%. Among them, qTA2 and qTA6 were new QTLs of TA, and only qTA1 was detected repeatedly in 2 years. Then, 253 germplasm from the 3K Rice Genome Project were used for candidate gene and haplotypes analysis; the results showed that LOC_Os01g67770, LOC_Os02g35180, and LOC_Os09g38130 were the candidate genes of qTA1, qTA2, and qTA9, respectively. These results provided insight into the genetic improvement of plant architecture in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion-pair extraction enables the recovery of anionic metal ions, such as pertechnetate and chlorinated rhodium ions, by protonated extractants with tertiary amino N atom in their structures. We expand this technique for other anionic species dissolved in different mineral acids. Extractions of Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta, metal anions present in sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids (H2SO4 and HF), are examined. Zr and Hf in H2SO4, and Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta in HF can be extracted by ion-pair extraction using NTAamide (nitrilotriacetamide), methylimino-N, N'-dioctylacetamide (MIDOA), and trioctylamine (TOA). Basic information about their extraction behavior was obtained through this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) have been identified as a promising approach to engage large numbers of students in discovery-based investigations in the biological sciences. As the prevalence of CUREs continues to increase nationwide, the role of graduate teaching assistants (TAs) in facilitating these courses has simultaneously grown. In addition to serving as instructors of CUREs, previous research suggests that educators—including TAs—must also adopt additional roles, including that of a mentor. However, few studies have explicitly examined CURE TAs’ beliefs and practices regarding mentorship. To address this need, we conducted an exploratory, concurrent mixed methods study to better understand TAs’ self-reported mentoring skills levels and their experiences acting as potential mentors in the context of an online introductory biology SEA-PHAGES CURE. Results indicate that TAs (N = 12) believed themselves most skilled in areas related to listening and communication, building rapport with students, and encouraging independence with respect to student research projects. Analysis of open-ended survey data further demonstrated that the overwhelming majority of TAs (n = 10) considered themselves to be mentors, citing a diversity of rationales reflective of both psychosocial and instrumental forms of mentoring support. Collectively, these outcomes contribute to a growing body of literature on the nature and level of involvement of TAs within CURE learning environments, particularly with respect to their posited role as mentors.

Tantalum (Ta) has excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. However, its application is limited by its high cost. Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), a stable oxide of Ta, is a key role of Ta surface with excellent biological properties and corrosion resistance and has the advantage of a lower cost. In this study, Ta and Ta2O5 powders were pre-placed on titanium (Ti) substrates and irradiated by a diode laser to form single-layer single-pass coatings. The scanning process was performed using a range of laser powers (1000, 1500, and 2000 W) and scanning speeds (3–5, 4.5–7.5, and 6–10 mm/s). The Ta coatings showed no surface cracking. However, spherical pores were observed near the fusion line of the coating with the substrate in some samples. The porosity increased with a decreasing laser power and scanning speed. The formation of these pores was attributed mainly to the evaporation of the Ti substrate during the cladding process and the subsequent entrapment of the vapor bubbles within the coating. The Ta2O5 coatings showed almost no pores but exhibited a small number of transverse cracks on the coating surface because of the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the ceramic coating and the metallic substrate. For all of the coatings, the coating hardness was significantly higher than that of the substrate. The Ta2O5 coatings (580–700 HV) showed a higher hardness than the Ta coatings (350–400 HV). Moreover, the coating hardness remained approximately constant throughout the coating depth, whereas that of the Ta coatings decreased significantly with an increasing distance from the coating surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) poses a significant challenge in neonatal medicine, often resulting in profound and lasting neurological deficits. Current therapeutic strategies for hypoxia-ischemia brain damage (HIBD) remain limited. Ferroptosis has been reported to play a crucial role in HIE and serves as a potential therapeutic target. However, the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in HIBD remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that elevated lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression correlates closely with the severity of HIE, suggesting LOX as a potential biomarker for HIE. LOX expression levels and enzymatic activity were significantly increased in HI-induced neuronal models both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, we discovered that HI-induced brain tissue injury results in increased stiffness and observed a selective upregulation of the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 in both brain tissue of HIBD and primary cortex neurons. Mechanistically, LOX increases its catalytic substrates, the Collagen I/III components, promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and possibly mediating ECM cross-linking, which leads to increased stiffness at the site of injury and subsequent activation of the Piezo1 channel. Piezo1 senses these stiffness stimuli and then induces neuronal ferroptosis in a GPX4-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibition of LOX or Piezo1 ameliorated brain neuronal ferroptosis and improved learning and memory impairments. Furthermore, we identified traumatic acid (TA) as a novel LOX inhibitor that effectively suppresses LOX enzymatic activity, mitigating neuronal ferroptosis and promoting synaptic plasticity. In conclusion, our findings elucidate a critical role for LOX-mediated ECM mechanical stress-induced Piezo1 activation in regulating ferroptotic cell death in HIBD. This mechanistic insight provides a basis for developing targeted therapies aimed at ameliorating neurological outcomes in neonates affected by HIBD.

The composition of Nb, Sn, Ta, and W in rutile can serve as a highly sensitive indicator for the mineralization of these elements. This information could also be utilized to discriminate different stages of ore deposition or distinct types of deposits. Precise and accurate measurement of trace-level concentrations of these elements in rutile is imperative for such investigations, and can be effectively achieved using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). In this study, we employed a CAMECA SX5 field emission EPMA to develop an optimal approach for precise and accurate analysis of trace-level Nb, Sn, Ta, and W in rutile. The analytical conditions include an accelerating voltage of 25 kV, a beam current of 200 nA, a beam diameter of 1 μm, optimized background positions for Nb Lα, Sn Lα, Ta Lα, and W Lα, and aggregate intensity counting with a peak counting time of 240 s for each element per spectrometer. The detection limits (3σ) for Nb, Sn, Ta, and W ranged from 22 to 53 ppm. The highest achievable spatial resolution was approximately 4.3 μm. Analytical results obtained from potential rutile standards R10 and R632 were consistent with previous studies within the errors. The precision of these results varied from 1% to 10% (1σ), excluding W in R10 and Nb and Ta in R632, which exceeds the precision achieved in previous EPMA studies. We recommend using R10 as a reference standard for analyses of trace-level Nb, Sn, and Ta, and R632 as an appropriate reference standard for Sn and W when quantifying rutile using EPMA.

Kur’an’da 29 surenin başında yer alan ve isimleriyle kesik kesik okunan mukattaa harflerinin ne anlama geldiği ile ilgili Hz. Peygamber’den sahih bir haber varid olmamıştır. Dolayısıyla bu harflerin yorumlanıp yorumlanamayacağı noktasında İslam âlimleri iki farklı kanaate sahip olmuşlardır. Daha çok selef âlimlerinden oluşan ve ehl-i hadisin ağırlıklı olduğu bir gruba göre bu harfler, manasını yalnızca Allah’ın bildiği müteşâbihât kategorisinden olup bunların yorumlanması caiz değildir. Kelamcıların başını çektiği ikinci gruba göre ise Kur’an’da anlamı bilinmeyen şeylerin olması uygun değildir; dolayısıyla bu harflerin de mutlaka bir anlamı ya da fonksiyonu vardır; binaenaleyh bu konuda tevil yapmak caizdir. Bu harflerin ne anlama geldiği ile ilgili ilk dönemlerden itibaren pek çok şey söylenmiş ve bunlar hadis, tefsir ve Kur’an ilimlerine dair eserlerde kayıt altına alınmıştır. Bu makalede dirayet tefsirinin ve sünnî kelâm ekolünün kurucu isimlerinden biri kabul edilen İmam Mâtürîdî’nin (ö. 333/944), Te’vīlātu’l-Ḳur’ān adlı tefsirinde mukattaa harflerine yaklaşımı, önceki ve sonraki tefsirlerle karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmektedir. Onun bu harflerin yorumlanması noktasındaki tavrı, daha önce yapılmış olan yorumlara yaklaşımı ve bizzat kendisinin bu harfleri nasıl algıladığı ortaya konulmaktadır. Onun mukattaa harfleri ile ilgili bazı görüşleri hiç yorum yapmadan sadece aktardığı görülmektedir ki bu tutum, söz konusu yorumlara mesafeli durduğu şeklinde yorumlanabilir. Ancak bu yorumları tenkit etmeden eserine almasını, onları en azından muhtemel gördüğü şeklinde yorumlamak da mümkündür. Müfessir bazı görüşleri ise onlara katıldığını hissettirecek birtakım açıklamalarla birlikte takdim etmektedir. Aslında o, hurûf-ı mukattaa ile ilgili aktardığı görüşlerin tamamını muhtemel görmektedir. Ancak onun bu konudaki kırmızı çizgisi, bunlar hakkında kesin konuşmaktan kaçınmaktır. Zira bunlar, hakiki manasını yalnızca Allah ve resulünün bilebileceği müteşâbihâttandır. Mâtürîdî, mukattaa harflerini müteşâbihâttan saymakla birlikte bunların teviline karşı değildir. Ancak bunlar hakkında kesin yargı anlamını taşıyan tefsire karşıdır. Zira onun sistemine göre tefsir yetkisi sadece Hz. Peygamber ve vahye tanık olmuş sahabenin hakkıdır. Hz. Peygamberden bu konuda sahih bir haber gelmediğine göre âlimler ancak bunları tevil edebilirler; yani bunların muhtemel anlamlarını ortaya koyarlar. O, bu harflerin daha çok, muhatabın dikkatini çekme fonksiyonu üzerinde durmakta ve bunlarla ilgili, Hz. Muhammed’in nübüvvetini ispat sadedinde özgün yorumlara yer vermektedir. Onun tefsirinde, başka eserlerde benzerine rastlamadığımız iki görüş yer almaktadır. Bunlardan biri, bu harflerin tefsirinin, devamındaki cümle olduğuna dair yorumdur. Mâtürîdî bunu Hasan-ı Basrî’den nakletmektedir. Ancak ne ondan önceki ne de sonraki kaynaklarda buna benzer bir yorumla karşılaşılmamıştır. Mâtürîdî’nin, Taberî ve İbn Ebî Hâtim gibi erken dönem tefsir rivayetlerini derleyen âlimlerin bile yer vermediği bu ve benzeri görüşleri aktarması, onun tefsirinin, bazı ayetler hakkında nadir karşılaşılan yorumlar için ihmal edilmemesi gereken bir kaynak olduğunu göstermektedir. Mukattaa harfleri ile ilgili Mâtürîdî’nin özgün yorumu ise bu harflerin, Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğini ispat sadedinde, Kur’an’da yer verilen aklî delil ve hüccetlerden ya da kıssalardan, veyahut önceki kitaplardan kinaye oluşudur. Mukattaa harfleri ile ilgili yorumları derleyen gerek klasik gerekse son dönem eserlerinde böyle bir görüşe tesadüf edilmemiştir. Bu da aslında Mâtürîdî tefsirinin tarih boyunca ne kadar ihmal edildiğinin bir göstergesidir.

There is no authentic report from the Prophet about the meaning of the letters muqattaa, which appear at the beginning of 29 suras in the Qur'an and are recited intermittently with their names. Therefore, Islamic scholars have had two different approaches to the interpretation of these letters. According to a group of predominantly Ahl al-Hadith scholars, consisting mostly of Salaf scholars, these letters belong to the category of mutashābihāt, the meaning of which is known only to Allah, and their interpretation is not permissible. According to the second group, led by theologians, it is inappropriate to have things in the Qur'an whose meaning is unknown; therefore, these letters must have a meaning or function and it is permissible to interpret them. Many things have been said about the meaning of these letters since the early periods and these have been recorded in works on hadith, tafsir and Qur'anic sciences. In this article, the approach of Imam al-Māturīdī (d. 333/944), who is considered one of the founders of direct exegesis and the Sunnī school of theology, to the letters muqattaa in his tafsīr al-Taʾwīlātu al-Ḳurʾān is examined in comparison with previous and later tafsīrs. His attitude towards the interpretation of these letters, his approach to previous interpretations, and how he himself perceived these letters are revealed. It is seen that he simply quoted some of the views on the letters muqtaaqtaa without any commentary, which can be interpreted as his distancing himself from these interpretations. However, it is also possible to interpret his inclusion of these interpretations in his work without criticizing them as at least seeing them as possible. The commentator presents some of the opinions with some explanations that make one feel that he agrees with them. In fact, he considers all of the opinions about the hurūf al-muqattaa as probable. However, his red line in this regard is to avoid speaking definitively about them. For these are mutashābihāt, the true meaning of which can only be known by God and His Messenger. Although al-Māturīdī considers the letters muqattaa as mutashābihāt, he is not against their interpretation. However, he is against tafsir, which means a definitive judgment about them. According to his system, only the Prophet and the Companions who witnessed the revelation have the authority to interpret. Since there is no authentic news from the Prophet on this subject, scholars can only interpret them; that is, they can reveal their possible meanings. He mostly emphasizes the function of these letters in attracting the attention of the addressee and includes original interpretations of them in order to prove the prophethood of the Prophet Muhammad. There are two views in his commentary that are not found in other works. One of them is the interpretation that the exegesis of these letters is the following sentence. Māturīdī quotes this from Hasan al-Basrī. However, no similar interpretation is found in either the earlier or later sources. The fact that al-Māturīdī cites these and similar views, which were not included even by the early compilers of tafsir narrations such as Tabari and Ibn Abī Hātim, shows that his tafsir is a source that should not be neglected for rare interpretations of some verses. Māturīdī's unique interpretation of the letters Muqattaa is that these letters are alluding to the rational evidences and proofs or parables or previous books mentioned in the Qur'an to prove the prophethood of Prophet Muhammad. No such view is found in either the classical or recent works that compile commentaries on the letters Muqattaa. This is an indication of how neglected Māturīdī exegesis has been throughout history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The high prevalence of internet addiction (IA) has become a worldwide problem that profoundly affects people's mental health and executive function. Empirical studies have suggested trait anxiety (TA) as one of the most robust predictors of addictive behaviors. The present study investigated the neural and socio-psychological mechanisms underlying the association between TA and IA. Methods: Firstly, we tested the correlation between TA and IA. Then we investigated the longitudinal influence of TA on IA using a linear mixed effect (LME) model. Secondly, connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) was employed to explore neuromarkers of TA, and we tested whether the identified neuromarkers of TA can predict IA. Lastly, stressful life events and default mode network (DMN) were considered as mediating variables to explore the relationship between TA and IA. Findings: A significant positive correlation between TA and IA was found and the high TA group demonstrated higher IA across time. CPM results revealed that the functional connectivity of cognitive control and emotion-regulation circuits and DMN were significantly correlated with TA. Furthermore, a significant association was found between the neuromarkers of TA and IA. Notably, the CPM results were all validated in an independent sample. The results of mediation demonstrated that stressful life events and correlated functional connectivity mediated the association between TA and IA. Conclusions: Findings of the present study facilitate a deeper understanding of the neural and socio-psychological mechanisms linking TA and IA and provide new directions for developing neural and psychological interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Lipomas are rare but the most common benign mesenchymal lesions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, composed of mature adipose cells. The "piggybacking lipoma" is formed by lipomas with overlying polypoid epithelial lesions, such as sessile serrated lesion, tubular adenoma, or hyperplastic polyp, and the literature on these lesions is limited. In this study, we systematically investigated the clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic characteristics of these unique lipomas. Patients and Methods: This is a single-institution retrospective study of gastrointestinal tract lipomas diagnosed from 2016-2021. Those with concurrent polypoid epithelial or mesenchymal lesions during the same endoscopic episode were included and reviewed in this study, and the lipomas were classified as "piggybacking lipoma" or "non-piggybacking lipoma" depending on whether the concurrent lesion was overlying the lipoma or was at a different location in the intestine. Demographic, clinical, and endoscopic data were obtained from electronic medical records. Results: A total of 100 lipomas with concurrent epithelial or mesenchymal lesions were included in this study. Among them, 21 cases were classified as "piggybacking lipoma" and 79 were classified as "non-piggybacking lipoma". Patients with piggybacking lipomas showed a female predilection, and were more likely to be symptomatic and less likely to exhibit classic endoscopic features of lipoma. Histologically, the piggybacking polyps showed overlying sessile serrated lesions (SSL) (76.2%) and tubular adenoma (TA) (19%), whereas the non-piggybacking group had differing characteristic lesions with TA (57.5%) and SSL (6.0%). Conclusion: Piggybacking lipomas are rare lipomas with overlying polypoid epithelial lesions, most commonly SSL. They present different clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic features compared to non-piggybacking lipomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the compounds of refractory metal foils (Ti, Hf, Ta, and Ni) with ceramic layers formed as a result of combustion of reaction tapes rolled from Ti + 0.65C, Ti + 1.7B, and 5Ti + 3Si powder mixtures. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis are applied to study the microstructure, elemental composition, and phase composition of multilayer composites obtained by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. The effect of synthesis conditions (initial temperature and applied pressure) and the initial structure of the samples on various parameters (combustion wave front propagation velocity, microstructure, phase composition, and strength properties) of the resulting layered materials is revealed. It is shown that compounds of metal foils and reaction tapes rolled from powder mixtures during combustion are ensured due to reaction diffusion, mutual impregnation, and chemical reactions occurring in the reaction tapes and on the surface of metal foils. The strength properties of the resulting materials (up to 275 MPa at 25°C and up to 72 MPa at 1100°C) are determined using a three-point loading scheme. The results of this study can contribute to the development of structural materials operating under extreme conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En l'última dècada, la traducció automàtica (TA) ha augmentat la seva presència no només en el sector de la traducció sinó també en el conjunt de la societat, en part pels bons resultats de qualitat obtinguts per la traducció automàtica neuronal (TAN). Actualment, els models massius de llenguatge (MML) com ara GPT (Generic Pre-trained Transformer) poden generar text sobre una infinitat de temes diferents i també traduir documents tenint en compte un context més ampli. Tot i així, per a idiomes estretament relacionats, com ara l'espanyol i el català, la traducció automàtica basada en regles (TABR) s'utilitza diàriament per traduir milers de paraules. Aquest article estudia la TAN, TABR i GPT del castellà al català, dues llengües romàniques amb una estructura molt semblant en les quals els sistemes de TABR han demostrat un bon rendiment. Utilitzem un challenge test set centrat en la resolució d'anàfores, específicament els pronoms febles, un grup de pronoms que no tenen una correlació directa entre les dues llengües. Com que els models de TABR només tenen en compte la informació a nivell de frase, només estudiem les aparicions intraoracionals. L'objectiu és avaluar un fenomen sintàctic complex que ens pot ajudar a entendre quin dels tres sistemes tradueix més bé els elements contextuals. Els resultats mostren que els dos models GPT provats són els que produeixen el nombre més baix d'errors, seguit dels sistemes de TAN. Tot i així, el nombre de traduccions errònies en el millor sistema és del 47%, cosa que contrasta amb els bons resultats d'avaluació generals que s'obtenen per a aquest parell de llengües.

SnO2 and tantalum doped SnO2 (TTO) thin films were prepared using reactive hollow cathode gas flow sputtering (GFS) on glass substrates. An in-situ heating process under vacuum preceded the sputtering. The resistivity of the tin oxide films was reduced to a remarkable low of 2.02 × 10−3 Ω cm, with a carrier concentration of 2.55 × 1020 cm−3 and a mobility of 12.11 cm2V−1s−1. As the substrate temperature increased, the film resistivity decreased. Notably, at a substrate temperature of 270 °C, the effect of Ta doping on the film resistivity and carrier concentration was significantly stronger compared to higher temperatures. Elevating the substrate temperature and Ta doping resulted in a lower refractive index (n). This effect was consistently strong at higher temperatures, attributed to the higher film-free carrier concentration (4.54 × 1020 cm−3) compared to lower temperatures (2.35 × 1020 cm−3). The film's structure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The preferred direction of film growth was discussed. The successful and reproducible fabrication of tin oxide films underscores the advantages of gas flow sputtering (GFS) technology. GFS offers stable operating conditions across various oxygen flow levels without requiring target oxidization control, as is required in magnetron sputtering when managing gas status and film quality.

Currently, generalized therapy for traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is lacking. Various strategies have been developed to protect and regenerate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after TON. Intravitreal injection of supplements has been approved as a promising approach, although serious concerns, such as low delivery efficacy and pain due to frequent injections, remain. In this study, we tested an injectable thermosensitive hydrogel drug delivery system engineered to deliver ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA). The results of rheological studies showed that the prepared drug-loaded hydrogel possessed a suitable mechanical modulus of ∼300 Pa, consistent with that of vitreum. The hydrogel exhibited thermosensitive with sustained drug release performance. In vitro co-culture of the CNTF-loaded hydrogel system with primary RGCs also induced significant axon regeneration, with 38.5% increase in neurite length, indicating the regenerative response of the thermosensitive hydrogel drug delivery system. A Sprague-Dawley rat optic nerve crush model was constructed and applied to determine the neuroprotective and regenerative capacities of the system. The results demonstrated that a single intravitreal injection of the drug-loaded hydrogel (PLGA-PEG-PLGA + TA or PLGA-PEG-PLGA + CNTF) significantly increased RGC survival at both 14 and 28 days. The RGC survival rate was 31.05 ± 1.41% for the drug-loaded hydrogel system (the control group was 16.79 ± 1.50%) at Day 28. These findings suggest that the injectable drug-loaded thermosensitive hydrogel delivery system is a promising therapeutic tool for treating optic nerve degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon export from mangrove forests to the oceans partly acts as a sink for atmospheric CO2, exceeding the rate of carbon burial in mangrove soils. Primary production in ecosystems adjacent to mangroves may prevent degassing and enhance further carbon export from mangroves to the oceans. In this study, we continuously monitored carbonate chemistry parameters (pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA)) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a tidal flat adjacent to a fringe mangrove forest over a spring-neap tidal cycle. Mean pCO2 during the entire period was 923 ± 318 μatm, and the export of TA, DIC, and DOC from the mangroves to the ocean was 36 ± 26 mmol m−2 d−1, 42 ± 39 mmol m−2 d−1, and 10 ± 9 mmol m−2 d−1, respectively. Semi-monthly pCO2 variations in the mangrove front were controlled by the tidal level during spring tide and by photosynthesis and respiration on the tidal flat during neap tide. This means that during neap tide, photosynthesis on the tidal flat offset the increase in pCO2 caused by the porewater export from the mangrove soil. The DIC/TA export ratio in this study was 1.17 ± 0.08, which was lower than the global average of 1.41 ± 1.39, indicating that the tidal flat adjacent to the mangrove forest may act as a buffer zone to mitigate the increase in pCO2, resulting in much of the exported DIC being stored in the ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monochromatic Cr Kα radiation (5414.8 eV) has been used to acquire XPS and Auger data on sputtered Ta and Ta2O5 samples. Survey data, high-resolution scans of all observed photoelectron peaks, and high-resolution scans of Auger lines are presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the high production of apples in Poland, the priority actions include increasing their export volume. The main objective of the presented research was to maintain sufficient firmness in the apple cultivar Gala Schniga® SchniCo Red(s) transported to distant markets immediately after harvest or after long-term storage under ULO conditions (1.2% CO2 and 1.2% O2). In the study conducted during the 2021/2022 storage season on apples from the experimental orchard of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS; Warsaw-52°14′ N, 21°1′ E), the effect of the pre- and post-harvest application of 1-MCP, harvest date, and simulated transport duration on the quality of apples in target retail trading conditions was evaluated. Apples collected on a given harvest date were divided into four samples: control (without the use of 1-MCP), Harvista™-sprayed, SmartFresh™-treated, and Harvista™-sprayed + SmartFresh™-treated. Immediately after harvest and after 9 months of storage, the apples were packed in boxes and stored at 1 °C for 6 and 8 weeks (simulated transport conditions). Directly after the simulated transport and after an additional 7 and 14 days at 25 °C (handling conditions in hot countries), the following parameters were determined: firmness, SSC, TA, and ethylene production. The study noted a significant effect of the use of 1-MCP, harvest time, and simulated transport period on all tested parameters. Apples from trees sprayed with Harvista™ maintained a firmness of >55 N for 14 days of shelf-life only if they were harvested at the optimal date and transported immediately after harvest, and if their shipping lasted 6 weeks. Such firmness could be preserved after 8 weeks of the transport of SmartFresh™-treated apples harvested at the optimal date, and of Harvista™-sprayed + SmartFresh™-treated apples harvested at a delayed date. In the latter combination, apples also maintained the desired firmness after 9 months of storage + 6 weeks of transport regardless of the harvest date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in en belirgin vasıflarından birisi, edebî ve belâğî açıdan i’câz düzeyinde ilahi bir kitap oluşudur. Kur’ân’ın i’câzıyla ilgili erken dönem çalışmaları, daha ziyade onun bu yönüyle ilgilidir. Bulunduğu dönemin genel yapısına uygun olarak İbn Kuteybe, çeşitli açılardan Kur’ân’ın bir savunusu niteliğinde olan Te’vîlü Müşkili’l-Kur’ân isimli eserinde çok sayıda âyeti Arap dilbilimi ve retoriği açısından incelemektedir. Müellifin, eserdeki asıl gayesinin Kur’ân’da çelişki ve dilsel hatalar olduğu iddialarına edebî ve belâğî açıdan cevap vermek olduğu düşünüldüğünde, eserin i’câz açısından incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Buradan hareketle eserde geçen konu başlıkları ve eserin sistematiği dikkate alınarak İbn Kuteybe’nin i’câzu’l-Kur’ân ilmine ne tür katkıları olduğu tespit edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Hicrî dördüncü asırda müstakil bir ilim hüviyetini elde eden i’câzu’l-Kur’ân ilminin ilk nüvelerinin erken dönemlerden itibaren oluşmaya başladığı görülmektedir. Hicrî ikinci asırda âyetleri çeşitli açılardan araştırma konusu yapan eserlerde, Kur’ân’ın edebî i’cazıyla ilgili işaretlerin varlığı da bu tespiti desteklemektedir. Özellikle âyetleri dil bilimsel açıdan inceleyen eserlerde sistematik olmamakla birlikte, âyetler üzerinde yapılan retorik analizlerde Kur’ân’ın i’câzıyla ilgili somut bilgiler bulunmaktadır. İ’câzu’l-Kur’ân ilmi açısından henüz teşekkül süreci olarak değerlendirilebilecek bu evre, söz konusu ilme temel teşkil etmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Hicrî üçüncü asra gelindiğinde ise benzer durumun devam ettiği, i’câzu’l-Kur’ân’ın henüz müstakil bir ilim hüviyetini elde etmediği görülmektedir. Ancak bir önceki dönemden farklı olarak bu dönemde telif edilen eserlerde, Kur’ân’ın i’câzına temel oluşturacak edebî ve belâğî kavramlar ile bunlarla ilişkili bilgilerin biraz daha belirginleştiği ifade edilebilir. Özellikle âyetlerin edebî ve belâğî hususiyetlerini önceleyen eserler, bir sonraki asırda bağımsız olan bu ilmin gelişim sürecine kaynak teşkil etmişlerdir. Şüphesiz bunlar arasında muhteva açısından oldukça zengin olmakla birlikte daha ziyade Arap dili temelinde inşa edilen Te’vîlü Müşkili’l-Kur’ân’ın ayrı bir yeri vardır. Söz konusu eseri bu alanda öne çıkaran başlıca faktör, i’câzın gerek teorik gerekse uygulama açısından henüz başlangıç evresinde olduğu hicrî ikinci asır ile bağımsız bir ilim formuna dönüştüğü dördüncü asır arasında köprü işlevi görmesidir. Kendisinden sonra telif edilen i’câzu’l-Kur’ân’la ilgili ilk eserlerin temel kaynakları arasında yer alması da buna delalet etmektedir. Genelde erken dönem tefsir çalışmaları özelde i’câz çalışmaları açısından Te’vîlu Müşkili’l-Kur’ân’ı bulunduğu dönemde öne çıkaran başlıca faktörlerden biri, zahiren müşkil addedilen çok sayıda âyetle ilgili retorik tahlillere yer vermesidir. Bunların hatırı sayılır kısmının Kur’ân’ın edebî i’câzıyla ilgili olduğu dikkate alındığında, eserin i’câzu’l-Kur’ân ilmi açısından önemi kendiliğinden ortaya çıkmaktadır. İbn Kuteybe’ye göre, Arapçanın edebî incelikleri Kur’ân-ı Kerim’de en mükemmel bir biçimde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bununla birlikte kendine özgü mecâz üslubuyla Arapçanın diğer dillerden üstün olduğu fikri, onun i’câz yaklaşımının diğer bir boyutunu oluşturmaktadır. Zira bu noktadan hareketle kutsal kitaplardan farklı olarak Kur’ân’ın başka bir dile tercümesini mümkün görmemektedir. Onun bu düşüncesi ayrıca, i’câz perspektifinin son derece kapsamlı olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Her ne kadar teorik izahlara çok fazla girmese de mecâz, istiâre, maklûb, hazf, ihtisâr, tekrâr, ziyâde, kinâye, ta’rîd vb. konu başlıkları altında yer verdiği örnek âyetler üzerinde yaptığı tahlillerde i’câza dair somut bilgiler görmek mümkündür.

Background and purpose: The distinction of tannic acid (TA) in the presence of other analogues, i.e., gallic acid (GA), dopamine (DA), glucose (Glu), and fructose (Fruc), containing vicinal diols, has long been a significant yet challenging task due to their similar chemical structures and minuscule levels. Methods: Here, the integration of 3‐aminophenyl boronic acid‐modified fluorescein isothiocyanate (3‐APBA‐FITC) for pH‐dependent ultrasensitive and selective detection of TA in wines was proposed. By performing fluorescence signal off and pH‐dependent boronate‐ester bond synthesis, the suggested probe may specifically identify TA. Results: The as‐prepared 3‐APBA‐FITC designed probe had shown ultrahigh sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.151 μM. Finally, in detecting TA in artificial wine with a recovery between 92.49‐93.05 % and a relative standard deviation of no more than 2.0 %, the designed strategy has been successfully applied. Conclusion: Therefore, the envisaged sensing strategy can be an interesting option for discerning detection of diols containing analytes in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Ta content (2.72wt.%, 3.10wt.% and 4.00wt.%) on the solidification characteristics and mechanical properties of directionally solidified DZ411 Ni-based superalloys were investigated. It is found that the content of Mo decreases with the increase of Ta in liquid phase after directional solidification, indicating the addition of Ta can reduce the element segregation in alloys. The primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings (PDAS and SDAS) of the DZ411 alloy increase with the addition of Ta, which are consistent with the models by Hunt and Wagner. The increase of PDAS and SDAS can provide enough space for the growth of tertiary dendrite arms, which hinders the growth of unfavorably oriented primary dendrites. As a result, the addition of Ta facilitates the growth of favorably oriented dendrites. More MC carbides and γ-γ' eutectics are formed in the interdendritic regions, which is attributed to the segregation of Ta in the liquid phase. Furthermore, the degree of supersaturation of W, Mo in γ matrix increases with the increase of Ta, thus, the addition of Ta promotes the formation of TCP phase. The addition of Ta also increases the microhardness in both the primary dendrite and interdendritic regions of the alloy, and the microhardness of the primary dendrite is closer to that in interdendritic regions with the increase of Ta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the oxidation resistance of the Ta substrate, a novel two-step process including molten salt electrodeposition (Na 2 WO 4 -WO 3 system) and halide activated pack cementation was adopted to prepare a WSi 2 –TaSi 2 coating on tantalum substrate. During the electrodeposition process, dense tungsten coatings were fabricated at current densities of 30 mA/cm2, 40 mA/cm2 and 50 mA/cm2. It was observed that the grain size exhibited a log-normal distribution. When the current density was 40 mA/cm2, the grain size and flattest surface of the tungsten coating reached 9.50 ± 0.23 μm and 6.792 μm, respectively. When performing the static oxidation test, the WSi 2 –TaSi 2 coating could effectively protect the Ta substrate oxidized at 1600 °C for 30 h. This is attributed to the presence of dense SiO 2 and Ta 2 O 5 , which acted as a protective layer and suppressed the further penetration of oxygen. Furthermore, due to the matching thermal expansion coefficient between each layer and the sealing ability of semi-molten SiO 2 , the four-layer SiO 2 –W 5 Si 3 –WSi 2 –Ta 5 Si 3 coating could successfully pass 721 thermal shock tests from 1600 °C to room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the effect of polymer assisted deposition of tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) coating on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes on the biological activity of mouse bone forming precursor cells, MC3T3-E1 cells. Methods Three sets of samples were prepared, including Ta/TiO2 nanotubes (the Ta/NT group), Ta2O5/pure titanium (the Ta2O5/PT group) and Ta2O5/ TiO2 nanotubes (the Ta2O5/NT group). The Ta2O5/PT group and the Ta2O5/NT group were prepared by polymer-assisted deposition. The three sets of samples were characterized and tested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the surface morphology. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze surface element composition, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to detect surface compounds. MC3T3-E1 cells were selected to explore the effect of three groups of samples on cell biological activity. Fluorescence microscope was used to observe the adhesion of cytoskeleton and nucleus. Cell activity was determined by CCK-8 method. Cell alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was detected. Calcium deposition was detected by alizarin red staining and semi-quantitative analysis. The expression levels of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), ALP, osteocalcin (OCN) and osteopontin (OPN) were detected by real-time PCR. Results SEM images showed that on the surface of the Ta2O5/NT group, the TiO2 nanotube substrate was covered with a sheet-like, banded cross-linked micro-nano Ta2O5 coating structure. XRD showed that the TiO2 nanotubes in the Ta2O5/NT group presented a trace of demineralized titanium and rutile crystal structure. Compared with the Ta/NT group, the Ta2O5/NT group and the Ta2O5/PT group showed higher cell density, larger cytoskeletal mass and filamentous structure, more crosslinking and clusters, higher cytoskeletal tension and higher cell activity. The semi-quantitative analysis of alizarin red staining samples showed that calcium deposition decreased successively in the Ta2O5/NT group, the Ta/NT group and the Ta2O5/PT group (P＜0.01). The ALP activity, calcium deposition and ALP, OCN and OPN mRNA contents on day 7 and 14 were decreased successively in the Ta2O5/NT group, the Ta/NT group and the Ta2O5/PT group, and the BMP-2 mRNA content on day 14 in the Ta2O5/NT group was the highest in the three groups (P＜0.05). Conclusion Ta2O5/TiO2 nanotube composite coating can promote the adhesion of MC3T3-E1 cells, the expression of mineralization and osteogenic genes, and enhance the activities of cell and ALP, which is conducive to the play of biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The six elements of lithium, beryllium, niobium, tantalum, rubidium and cesium in rare polymetallic ores often coexist together. Beryllium minerals are mostly difficult to be completely dissolved by acid, while niobium and tantalum are easy to be hydrolyzed. The accurate determination of these elements requires a variety of methods and complicated analysis process. In this paper, a method for simultaneous determination of lithium, beryllium, niobium, tantalum, rubidium and cesium in rare polymetallic ores by microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was established by investigating the holding time and the amount of extraction solution after microwave digestion. The results showed that the samples could be completely dissolved by holding for 30 min, and completely extracted by 10 mL of hydrofluoric acid (1 + 1) and 3 drops of hydrofluoric acid. The mass spectrum signals of each element showed a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 0--20 jug/mL, and the correlation coefficients (r) were above 0.999 9. The microwave digestion method and the electrothermal plate digestion method were used to determine the six rare polymetallic ores of national first-class standard substances respectively. The results showed that the determination of beryllium by the electrothermal plate digestion method was obviously low, and the determination results of each element by the microwave digestion method were within the error range of the recognized value. The detection limits were 3. 0--10. 0 jng/g, the test range was 0. 001%--4. 3%, and the relative standard deviation RSD (w=12) was 0. 32%--12. 5%. The quality parameters meet the requirements of geological and mineral experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Takayasu arteritis is a rare large vessel vasculitis with an incidence of 1 to 3 per million. This disease typically involves the aorta and its primary branches but has been found to involve the coronary arteries in 7% to 9% of cases. We highlight the need for prompt diagnosis and treatment. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).

The subfamily Luciolinae Lacordaire, 1857, a group of flashing fireflies, is composed of approximately 400 described species in the world. Though the taxonomy of this group has been fairly well established in Southeast (SE) Asia and the Australopacific Region, there is scope of gathering further information regarding taxonomic knowledge on this group from India. Until now, 32 Luciolinae species from nine genera have been reported from India, which is only about 8% (32 out of 400) of the world Luciolinae fauna. With this in mind, several faunistic surveys were conducted in Odisha and West Bengal States of India to explore the firefly fauna of the two States.The faunistic surveys conducted in the Odisha and West Bengal States of India have revealed six new distributional records of Luciolinae firefly species belonging to the genera Abscondita Ballantyne, Lambkin & Fu 2013, Asymmetricata Ballantyne 2009, Pteroptyx Olivier 1902 and Sclerotia Ballantyne 2016 in the two States, earlier which were recorded from other States of India. Of the already recorded species, Abs. perplexa is recorded for the first time from both the States, whereas Abs. chinensis, Asy. ovalis and Scl. aquatilis present new records for Odisha State and Pt. malaccae and Scl. substriata for West Bengal State. The newly-recorded taxa are presented with their examined materials, diagnoses and brief biological notes. Some more distinguishing characters were added for the male genitalia of Abs. perplexa and Asy. ovalis. Further, a checklist of Luciolinae firefly species already recorded from India is also presented.

A modern method of anchorage provision, orthodontic mini-implants appear to provide a number of advantages for both complex and anchorage-demanding orthodontic cases. This review aimed to collect data about the risk of fracture of the mini-implants in orthodontics. The main topic in the mini-implant studies is addressed to the risk of fracture because of the inappropriate selection of mini-implants from the point of view of diameter, length, type of alloy, or insertion angle.

Wenjie Liu,&ast; Lichun Yang,&ast; Jiewei Liu Cataract Department, Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jiewei Liu, Email jieweiliu1967@163.comPurpose: This study aimed to evaluate the changes in posterior corneal astigmatism after cataract surgery and provide a theoretical basis to accurately evaluate the total corneal astigmatism (TA) to be corrected before toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.Patients and Methods: Sixty-two patients (89 eyes) who underwent phacoemulsification combined with toric IOL implantation (AcrySof IQ Toric SN6AT2-T9) at Shanxi Eye Hospital between January 2017 and September 2018 were enrolled. Surgically induced astigmatism of the posterior cornea (SIAPA) was analysed using vector analysis during pentacam examination.Results: The vector variances of keratometric astigmatism (KA), TA, and posterior corneal astigmatism (PA) preoperatively and postoperatively in the “with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism” group and “overall patient” group were statistically significant (P < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed between surgically induced KA (SIAKA) and surgically induced astigmatism of the total cornea (SIATA) for all patients, including those with WTR astigmatism. For all patients, SIAKA was less than SIATA by 0.05 ± 0.21 D, and for patients with WTR astigmatism, SIAKA was less than SIATA by 0.09 ± 0.22 D. For patients in the “against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism” group, there were no statistically significant differences between SIAKA and SIATA, although SIAKA was greater than SIATA by 0.03 ± 0.18 D. When PA ≤ 0.4 D or KA ≤ 2.0 D, SIAPA can be ignored. However, when PA > 0.4 D or KA > 2.0 D, ignoring SIAPA caused by cataract surgery incision will cause SIAKA in patients with WTR astigmatism to underestimate SIATA, while SIAKA in patients with ATR astigmatism will cause an overestimation of SIATA.Conclusion: SIA on the posterior corneal astigmatism may have a significant role on more precise planning of toric IOL implantation, especially in cases with higher preoperative anterior or posterior corneal astigmatism.Keywords: surgically induced astigmatism, SIA, posterior corneal astigmatism, PA, keratometric astigmatism, KA, total corneal astigmatism, TA