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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to reveal the most important transversal competences for accountants on various levels in the context of Industry 4.0 in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The purpose is fulfilled by analyzing the competency requirements from job advertising using the methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics. Findings: The empirical part shows the dominance of hard finance and accounting competences, followed by data analysis and management ones. It was also revealed, that personal competences are not the crucial ones, similar to the ability to use foreign languages. Research limitations/implications: The data were collected from only one online job portal. In the future analysis of bigger data set are planned, together with identifying the barriers for competence groups and international comparative study. Practical implications: Candidates will know what to focus on while applying for the job, and employers gathered a good source of benchmark for their job advertising. Originality/value: The paper focuses on a specific set of competences for accounting jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the research was to identify employers' expectations regarding the hard and soft competencies of economics graduates. Design/methodology/approach: The research was conducted in 312 companies in the Małopolska region that employ graduates of economic studies. The survey was cross-sectional and consisted of collecting opinions directly from employers in various industries, representing companies of different sizes, as well as various institutions. Computer-assisted surveying (CAPI method) and telephone survey (CATI method) were used as research tools. The results of the study were subjected to statistical analysis. Findings: Employers consider soft competencies of economics graduates more important than hard competencies. The most desirable soft competencies are responsibility, ethical conduct, ability to organize own work and ability to communicate effectively. Among hard competencies, employers consider subject matter knowledge in marketing, accounting and finance, logistics, personnel management and information technology, IT skills (such as office packages, e.g. MS Office) and analytical skills (information and data processing, reasoning) to be the most important. For the most part, differences in the perceived importance of competencies by employers of business graduates do not depend on the size of the company, the industry, or the percentage of business graduates employed at the company. Research limitations/implications: Further research will be related to identifying the competencies required from the perspective of new challenges, such as digitization and the replacement of human labor by artificial intelligence. Practical implications: Findings from the research can help align the educational offerings of economics degree programs with current labor market expectations. In addition, the results of the research can provide valuable information for students who are planning their careers and want to know what employers expect in terms of competencies. Originality/value: The result of the research is the ranking of expected competencies according to employers, as well as the determination of the relationship between hard and soft competencies of economics graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: The article presents the results of research on the relationship between the workplace and work-life balance experienced by employees. In the article, the workplace is understood as a physical space where employees are located. The first part of the article presents the results of the analysis of the literature on the subject related to the key issues. The subsequent part focuses on presenting the opinions collected by the authors during the empirical research conducted with the use of a questionnaire among professionally active people. The subject matter of the research was the workplace of the respondents in the context of work-life balance. The experiences of the respondents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were analysed statistically. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article was to identify the relationship between work and private life experienced by employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research methods: The theoretical part of the article was created as a result of the analysis of the literature on the subject which was conducted in the period between December 2020 and April 2021. The empirical part of the article presents the results of a survey conducted with the use of a questionnaire, in which the people from a number of enterprises took part as respondents. Main findings: It was found that there is a relationship between the workplace and work-life balance experienced by employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. It should be emphasized that under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ability to achieve work-life balance has become much more difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this article is to illustrate the assessment procedure concerning the effectiveness of the inter-organisational cooperation in terms of practice represented by the creative sector companies under consideration. Design/methodology/approach: The accomplishment of the research objective was based on the hypothesis that the effectiveness of the inter-organisational cooperation between companies in the creative sector constitutes an important determinant of strengthening the competitive advantage thereof. In order to assess the effectiveness of the inter-organisational cooperation, a categorisation method has been used, which belongs to the mathematical methods of multicriteria benchmarking. Findings: The effectiveness of the inter-organisational cooperation between companies in the creative sector is an important determinant of improving their competitive advantage. Originality/value: The paper describes the effectiveness of the inter-organisational cooperation between companies in the creative sector. We identify increasing and lowering factors of the effectiveness, describe the benefits model of the inter-organisational cooperation and present the matrix of relations between the level of cooperation effectiveness and the level of competitive advantage. The article can be used by managers of the creative sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Main purpose of the article is to present the assumptions, procedures and results of the application of the categorization method, which identifies the degree of fulfilment of the distinguished functions by the assessment systems of competencies of management staff used in the practice of the surveyed enterprises. For the purposes of the article the author assumes that the assessment system of competencies of management staff is creating the complementary arrangement of formalization, diagnostic and motivational functions assessing the level of managerial competencies and inspiring the management staff to accept ethical and efficiency attitudes. Methodology/approach: The research had a regional coverage. The research covered 197 enterprises located in south-eastern Poland, operating in various industries in the Lesser Poland, Silesian and Podkarpackie voivodeships. In order to collect data, an interview method was used. It was carried out with the management staff or the managers of personal departments in the surveyed enterprises. The article presents the essence of the distinguished functions as well as assumptions, procedures and results of implementation of the categorization method which is used to identify the utility of the assessment system of competencies of management staff by determining the degree of fulfilment of the functions by systems applicable in the practice of the surveyed enterprises. Findings: Results of the research confirmed the hypothesis that the assessment systems of Polish enterprises in incomplete range allow for an overall assessment of managerial competencies. Implications: Managerial competencies, as the dynamic structure, are changing, developing or cancelling out. Therefore, these competencies should be assessed as a part of the assessment system in order to identify competency gap, which appearing can prevent execution of current tasks of the enterprise, hinder its development and constitute the barrier strengthening competitive position. Originality/value of the paper: Identifying important issues for the assessment systems of Polish enterprises help in formulating the directions of their improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]