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The study involves extracting and characterizing fibers from the Typha Domingensis Pers (TDP) plant for the development of bio-composite sheets. The mechanical extraction process yielded 9.3% fibers with a high cellulose content of 70.45 wt%. These fibers also had a thermal stability of 210 °C, making them suitable for withstanding high temperatures during the composite preparation process. Using the hand layup process, three variations of bio-composite sheets were made by mixing sodium alginate and paddy husk powder in different ratios. The sheets were then tested for the basic mechanical, absorbency, and biodegradability properties. The bio-composite sheet blend 2 (BC2), which contained 50% fibers and 50% matrix, showed the greatest tensile and flexural strengths of 242 and 292 MPa, respectively, with lower moisture absorption properties. All three bio-composite sheets exhibited 100% biodegradability. However, bio-composite 1 (BC1) showed significant biodegradability within 60 days. The study revealed that fibers from the invasive Typha domingensis Pers plant can be utilized to create biodegradable composites with desirable properties, making them suitable for use as green planters and other similar agricultural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTToxic metals cause risks to the ecological environment. Typha latifolia L. is a good candidate to clean potentially toxic metals contaminated water or soil. However, limited research investigated the impact of environmental factors (e.g., pH, soil substrate, flood duration) on metal accumulations in cattails. In this study, cattails were cultured in soils flooded with artificial wastewater with varying pH (5, 7 or 9) and different levels of Cr, Cd and Zn for four weeks to investigate the interactions between environmental conditions and metal uptake in cattails. The metal content in biomass were measured by an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer.More Zn (>10,000 mg/kg dry biomass) entered plants compared to Cd and Cr (<1,000 mg/kg dry biomass). Approximately 80% of Zn from solutions with 50 mg/L Cd, 25 mg/L Cr, 250 mg/L Zn were removed by cattails. Most Cd and Cr were sorbed onto soils. Cattails exhibited relatively consistent performance in removing metals from wastewater with initial pH of 5, 7 or 9. The pH of all the solutions ended close to neutral after 4 weeks. More research is needed to further understand the influence of environmental conditions on metal uptakes in plants to improve phytoremediation efficiency.It is the first study to evaluate metal accumulation in cattails cultured in soils flooded with artificial wastewater with varying pH and different levels of metals.This project investigated the interactions between growth conditions (e.g., pH, soil substrate, flooding) and different metal uptake in cattails, which was not conducted in previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassware industry constitutes the second most polluting industrial sector in Fez city, Morocco, owing to its high heavy metal load. The aim of this study is to examine and evaluate the performance of vertical flow constructed wetlands in treating brassware effluents using various plant species. Ten treatment systems were planted with four types of plants: Chrysopogon zizanioides, Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, and Vitex agnus-castus, while another system remained unplanted. These systems underwent evaluation by measuring various parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, sulfates, orthophosphates, total Kjeldhal nitrogen, ammonium, nitrates, nitrites, and heavy metals such as silver, copper, and nickel, using standard methods over of ten weeks. The results obtained demonstrate effectiveness of these systems. When planted with Ch. zizanioides, the systems achieved elimination rates of 83.64%, 98.55%, 91.48%, 86.82%, 80.31%, 96.54%, 98%, and 98.82% for suspended solids, ammonium, nitrites, BOD5, sulfates, orthophosphates, silver, and nickel, respectively. System with V. agnus-castus showed significant reductions in nitrate and copper, with rates of 84.48% and 99.10%, respectively. Considerable decrease in pH and electrical conductivity values was observed in all systems, with a notable difference between planted and control systems regarding effectiveness of treatment for other parameters. The novelty of this study lies in the application of constructed wetlands for the treatment of brassware effluents in the city of Fez, Morocco. Consequently, a comparison was conducted to assess the removal efficiency of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty and Vitex agnus-castus L., in comparison to Typha latifolia L. and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. These four plant species were specifically chosen for their high elimination capacity and resistance to the toxicity of the pollutants. Notably, this study represents an unexplored aspect in the existing literature. Nevertheless, T. latifolia and P. australis have been extensively utilized in constructed wetlands for treating diverse wastewaters. The findings from this study can also be extrapolated to pilot-scale constructed wetlands, offering valuable insights for the removal of pollutants from brassware wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of climate warming on the decomposition of wetland plant litter has received widespread attention. We used the litter bag method to compare and study the decomposition processes of three species of litter in the Nansi Lake wetland of China, Phragmites australis (Ph), Nelumbo nucifera (Ne) and Typha domingensis (Ty), and simulate the changes in the decomposition characteristics of litter and the structure of the fungal community under atmospheric warming (2.0 ± 0.5 °C ~ 4.0 ± 0.5 °C) using open-top chambers (OTCs). The results showed that increasing temperature significantly accelerated the decomposition process of the three species of litter and increased the beta and alpha diversities of the fungal communities at the class level. The fungal community co-occurrence network showed that the fungal community network associated with litter decomposition under warming conditions consisted mainly of symbiotic relationships, and the order of the average clustering coefficients of the three networks was 2.0 ± 0.5 °C (0.81) > 4.0 ± 0.5 °C (0.77) > control (0.57). Moderate warming increased the degree of positive correlation and clustering between fungi, thus accelerating the decomposition process of plant litter and affecting the carbon balance of wetland ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic wastewater was treated in lab-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) in sequencing batch mode to evaluate roles of aquatic plants for removing an azo dye: Reactive Yellow 86 (RY86). Under hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5 days, removal by unplanted CWs was less than 20% for RY86 of 10–50 mg/L. The CWs planted with cattail and papyrus demonstrated RY86 removal of 50–68% and 73–84%, respectively. For wastewater containing 50 mg/L RY86, removal in the unplanted CW was <12%, even under a 15 day HRT, although it was 22–71% in CWs planted with cattail and 34–81% in CWs planted with cattail, with increasing values under HRTs of 1 day to 15 days. Both cattail and papyrus grew well, extending their roots in the CWs for 90 days. RY86-decolorizing microorganisms were detected in CW effluent. Overall, RY86 removal was positively correlated with evapotranspiration in the CWs, indicating the plant uptake as the main removal mechanism. Papyrus and cattail, especially the former, are suitable plants for CWs intended to treat RY86-containing wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typha angustifolia, commonly known as narrowleaf cattail, is a marginal, semi-aquatic, herbaceous perennial species with both ecological and edible values. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of T. angustifolia was assembled using the next-generation sequencing technology. The whole cp genome was 161,597 bp in length, consisting of a large single copy (LSC, 89,119 bp) and a small single copy (SSC, 18,550 bp) separated by two copies of inverted region (IR, 26,964 bp). The genome encoded 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, four rRNA genes, with 19 duplicated genes in the IR regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that T. angustifolia is sister to Typha orientalis in the family Typhaceae. The cp genome of T. angustifolia is reported for the first time, which will provide essential and important genetic resources for future phylogenetic investigation within the genus Typha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Indian senna (Senna alexandrina Mill.) (formerly Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) is an important medicinal plant of the family Fabaceae. The leaves and pods of Indian senna yield sennosides and rhein-based laxative. Adulteration of Indian senna is a serious issue as with most of the medicinal plants used in the Indian systems of traditional medicine. The bulk of dried leaves and pods of morphologically related species, such as Cassia fistula, Senna occidentalis, Senna sophera, and Senna tora, is usually mixed with those of the Indian senna, and the admixture is used in laxative-based formulations. The present investigation is a modest attempt at developing species-specific start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism- and CAAT-box-derived polymorphism (CBDP)- based sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers for the identification and authentication of Indian senna and four adulterant species (C. fistula, S. occidentalis, S. sophera, and S. tora species). Methods: In this study, genomic DNA extracted from 44 accessions of Indian senna and four adulterant species was subjected to SCoT and CBDP PCR. The polymorphic amplicons were identified, eluted, ligated, and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5 a strain. PCR, restriction analysis, and DNA sequencing confirmed the transformed recombinant plasmid clones. Results: Post-sequencing, the sequence of the primary SCoT and CBDP primers was analyzed and extended into the unique signature sequence of the concerned accessions. This resulted in development of one SCoT-44- and two CBDP-25-based SCARs. SCoT-44 SCAR produced a signature amplicon of 287 bp for accession DCA120, and CBDP-25 SCAR yielded signature amplicons of 575 and 345 bp for accessions DCA13 and DCA119, respectively. The developed SCAR markers were validated across 48 samples (44 accessions of Indian senna and 4 adulterant species) and produced distinct amplicons in Indian senna only, while no such amplicon was observed in the other four adulterant species. Discussion: The information generated using these markers have been faithfully converted to single-locus, unequivocal, highly reproducible, and informative sequence-based SCAR markers. These markers will enable discrimination of individual plants on the basis of unique sequence-specific amplicons, which could be used as diagnostic markers to settle issues pertaining to the true identity of Indian senna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic bacteria were encapsulated using oleaster flour, which is rich in phenolic compounds and has prebiotic properties as potential. The optimum conditions required for the encapsulation of L. casei and L. acidophilus bacteria with maximum efficiency using oleaster flour were determined by central composite design–response surface methodology. As a result of the optimization process, the encapsulation efficiency for L. casei and L. acidophilus capsules was 93.66 ± 2.58% and 74.97 ± 1.34%, respectively. The capsule sizes of L. casei and L. acidophilus encapsulated with oleaster flour were determined by scanning electron microscopy to be 104.8 ± 26.3 and 95.7 ± 12.1 μm, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses showed that there was no change in the structure of the encapsulation material, oleaster flour, after encapsulation. Also, the storage stability of free and encapsulated bacteria was investigated, and it was found that the viability losses of encapsulated probiotic bacteria were less than those of free probiotic bacteria. Finally, the effect of encapsulation on bacterial viability during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was investigated, which is the main purpose of the study. While free probiotic bacteria cannot reach the intestinal environment alive after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion due to pH and enzyme effects, encapsulated L. casei and L. acidophilus bacteria largely preserved their viability, and their postdigestion viability was 39.59 ± 1.50% and 36.28 ± 0.01%, respectively. The results showed successful encapsulation of L. casei and L. acidophilus probiotic bacteria with oleaster flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia) is an important potted flowering plant or bedding plant widely used in tropical and subtropical regions. However, most Angelonia cultivars have relatively small flowers and demonstrate limited drought tolerance in rootrestricted environments such as small containers. Polyploid plants often exhibit larger flowers and enhanced drought tolerance. In this study, Angelonia 'Serena White' seeds and 'Serena Purple' seedlings were treated with 0.1% and 0.2% colchicine to induce polyploid lines, respectively. The resulting tetraploids had larger pollen and flowers, along with thicker, greener leaves distinguished by serrated edges, longer stomata, and lower stomatal density compared with diploid 'Serena White' and 'Serena Purple' plants. Both diploid and tetraploid plants subjected to a 20% volumetric water content (VWC) treatment exhibited smaller leaves, higher SPAD-502 readings, and a decreased number of flowers compared with those subjected to 40% VWC treatment. Moreover, tetraploids had higher photosynthetic rates than diploids under both 20% and 40% VWC conditions. When grown in 0.8-L containers, tetraploid plants required fewer watering events and had thicker, erect stems with larger flowers than diploids, even under a 20% VWC treatment. Colchicine-induced polyploidization presents a promising method to potentially enhance drought tolerance in angelonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shading is an environmental factor that has been little investigated regarding its effects on emergent aquatic plants. Typha domingensis Pers. is an emergent macrophyte that demonstrates some plasticity for self-shading, and as it can shade other species in the same area, the effect of shading on its traits deserves further investigation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the gas exchange, leaf anatomy, and growth of T. domingensis cultivated under increasing shading intensities. The plants were collected and propagated in a greenhouse, and the clones were subjected to four shading intensities: 0% (unshaded), 35%, 73%, and 83% shading created by black nets. Growth traits, clonal production, photosynthesis, transpiration, and leaf anatomy were evaluated. The 73% and 83% shading promoted the death of all plants, but all plants survived in the 35% and unshaded treatments. Compared with the unshaded treatment, the 35% shading treatment promoted a higher photosynthetic rate and greater transpiration, supporting increased growth and production of clones. The increase in the photosynthetic rate in the 35% shading was related to the increase in leaf area which increased the photosynthesis of the whole plant. The 73% and 83% treatments inhibited the development of photosynthetic parenchyma and stomata in T. domingensis, leading to a drastic reduction in photosynthesis and energy depletion. Therefore, T. domingensis does not tolerate intense shading, but its photosynthetic characteristics and growth are favored by mild shading, a factor that may be of great importance for its competitiveness and invasive behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane accounts for around 80% of global sugar production. However, the sugar industry is known for producing significant amounts of organic wastewater with a high COD (5000–8000 mg/L) that severely pollutes the environment. A lab-scale trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a horizontal subsurface flow wetland planted with Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis in removing pollutants from sugar industry wastewater. The wetland system was subjected to rigorous testing, operating at a high flow rate of 2.166 gallons per day and exposed to a high organic loading rate (3800 mg/L COD and 2470 mg/L BOD), as well as elevated levels of inorganic nitrogen, sulfate, and phosphate (100 mg/L, 80 mg/L, and 10 mg/L, respectively). Our findings indicate significant removal efficiencies, with the wetland system achieving removal rates of 88% for COD, 97% for BOD, 96% for total nitrogen, and 95% for sulfate. Remarkably, the system exhibited enhanced removal efficiency when exposed to domestic wastewater compared to tap water, owing to the abundance of microbial populations. Moreover, toxicity assessments conducted on the treated water revealed no adverse effects on the germination of wheat seeds and on the survival of fish over a week-long observation period. In conclusion, our study underscores the promising potential of horizontal subsurface flow wetlands as an effective and sustainable approach for mitigating the adverse environmental impacts associated with sugar industry wastewater. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in devising strategies to promote environmental sustainability and safeguard vital ecosystems in the Sindh region of Pakistan and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paludiculture (crop cultivation on wet peatlands) is an effective means to reduce carbon emissions and nutrient losses from formerly drained peatlands. However, methane (CH4) emissions and associated pathways may vary substantially between paludicultures, depending on the cultivated paludicrop. Whereas many studies have investigated diffusive CH4 emissions from paludicrops, large uncertainties exist in relation to the importance of CH4 ebullition, species-specific differences and seasonal dynamics. In this study we aimed to quantify CH4 emissions from stands of three paludicrop species, namely Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia and Azolla filiculoides. CH4 diffusive fluxes - including plant-mediated emissions - and ebullitive fluxes were studied year-round on a rewetted former agricultural peatland in The Netherlands. Additionally, we tested the effect of irrigation strategy (water table depth) and nutrient loading on CH4 emissions from stands of both Typha species. Diffusive CH4 emissions were lowest from A. filiculoides stands (average 15.4 ± 6.6 mg m-2 d-1), followed by open water (36.4 ± 6.0 mg m-2 d-1). Substantially higher diffusive emissions were measured for both Typha species, with the highest emissions in T. latifolia (187.0 ± 29.4 mg m-2 d-1). Ebullitive fluxes were generally low (< 100 mg m-2 d-1), but the highest ebullitive fluxes occurred in the A. filiculoides stand, contributing 79 % on average to its total CH4 emissions. A water table just below the peat surface substantially reduced Typha CH4 emissions, but also led to lower biomass production, compared to a flooded (+20 cm) water table. Nutrient loading increased biomass production and did not affect diffusive CH4 emissions. Our results underline that species choice substantially affects paludiculture carbon dynamics in the first phase after establishment. Quantifying both diffusive and ebullitive fluxes is of paramount importance in adequately assessing paludiculture CH4 fluxes.

Bedload sediment transport plays an important role in the evolution of rivers, marshes and deltas. In these aquatic environments, vegetation is widespread, and plant species have unique morphology. However, the impact of real plant morphology on flow and sediment transport has not been quantified. This study used model plants with real plant morphology, based on the aquatic species Phragmites australis, Acorus calamus and Typha latifolia. The frontal area of these species increases away from the bed, which leads to higher near‐bed velocity than would be predicted from depth‐average frontal area. A plant morphology coefficient was defined to quantify the impact of vertically‐varied plant frontal area. Laboratory experiments confirmed that the plant morphology coefficient improved the prediction of near‐bed velocity, near‐bed turbulent kinetic energy and bedload transport rate in canopies with realistic morphology. Plant morphology can alter transport rates by up to an order of magnitude, relative to the assumption of uniform morphology. Plain Language Summary: Aquatic vegetation is a crucial component of river, marsh and delta ecosystems. It has a significant impact on landscape evolution by altering sediment transport. Each vegetation species has a unique shape, but the impact of plant shape on sediment transport has not been previously investigated. This study explained how plant shape impacts sediment transport. Results show that differences in plant shape can change velocity and turbulence close to the channel bed, and thus alter sediment transport rate by an order of magnitude. Plants with greater vertical variation in shape, and specifically less plant volume near the channel bed, produced greater sediment transport. A parameter was defined to quantify the impact of plant shape on flow and sediment transport. By incorporating this parameter, our new model improves the prediction of sediment transport in vegetated regions. This study provides a method for describing the impact of plant shape on flow and sediment transport, which is important to the management and restoration of rivers, marshes and deltas. Key Points: Plant morphology influences the near‐bed velocity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and bedload transport rate inside emergent canopiesA new model accounts for plant morphology in the prediction of near‐bed velocity and TKE and bedload transportFor each canopy solid volume fraction, plants with greater vertical variation in frontal area produce greater bedload transport [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on assessing the effectiveness of vertical subsurface constructed wetlands (VSFCW) in purifying integrated poultry and aquaculture wastewater (PAW) in a tropical region. This evaluation encompassed the treatment of physico-chemical, heavy metal, and microbiological pollutants across three distinct climatic seasons and hydraulic retention time (HRT: 21 days). Parameters such as BOD (29.50 mg/L), COD (56.67 mg/L), Zn (2.97 mg/L), Cr (0.24 mg/L), Cu (1.78 mg/L), Pb (0.21 mg/L), total fecal coliform (866.67 cfu/mL), total coliform (1666.67 cfu/mL), E. coli (1133.33 cfu/mL), and Salmonella/Shigella (700 cfu/mL) exceeded the discharge limits for wastewater into nearby surface water bodies. Significant removal efficiencies were observed for all parameters tested in the CW planted with both Phragmites karka and Typha latifolia. The macrophytes showed similar removal efficiencies for all tested parameters, and there was no significant difference in the initial concentrations of the parameters based on the experimental season, except for microbial properties. This suggests that weather conditions did not significantly impact the concentration of physical and chemical properties in the wastewater. Consequently, this study successfully demonstrates the potential of using a VSFCW for effective treatment of PAW. Leveraging the power of nature's green allies, Phragmites karka and Typha latifolia, a Sub-surface Constructed Wetland becomes a dynamic and efficient solution. This innovative strategy not only effectively addresses the wastewater challenge but also promotes sustainability and ecological balance. By harnessing the extraordinary capabilities of these wetland plants, the integrated system showcases its potential to transform waste into a valuable resource while minimizing the environmental footprint. In a world that demands sustainable solutions, this pioneering approach paves the way for a greener future in wastewater treatment for Integrated Poultry and Aquaculture industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides information on the finding of the narrowleaf cattail Typha angustata in the delta of the Don River. In the monography "Flora of the Soviet Union," this species was understood quite broadly; its range stretched from the Danube River to the Pacific Ocean. It had not been found for a long time, so the species was referred to as synonymous to T. australis,T. domingensis, and T. angustifolia. Modern studies have revealed the presence of the species in the distributaries of the Don River. Due to isolations in the Cenozoic, resulting in the severance of the connections with the eastern and western water basins, the range was significantly reduced and the rate of evolution decreased. In the modern geological period, T. angustata is undergoing natural and technogenic elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the most impactful invasive plants are hybrids that exhibit heterosis and outperform their parent species. Heterosis can result from multiple genetic processes, and may also be more likely when parental populations are inbred. However, although outcrossing between relatives and self-fertilization both occur in many widespread plants, no study to our knowledge has investigated whether inbreeding in parental populations could help to explain heterosis in hybrid plants that have displaced their parent species. In the wetlands of southeastern Canada there is a widespread Typha (cattail) hybrid zone in which native T. latifolia (broad-leafed cattail) interbreeds with introduced T. angustifolia (narrow-leafed cattail) to produce the invasive hybrid T. × glauca. Typha reproduce through self-fertilization, outcrossing, and clonal propagation. Heterosis has been identified in T. × glauca by comparing proxy fitness measures between hybrids and parent species, but these studies did not consider the potential importance of inbreeding in parental populations. Because F1 hybrids have higher heterozygosity than their parent species, the self-fertilized offspring of hybrids should have higher heterozygosity than the self-fertilized offspring of parent species; the latter should therefore be more inbred, and potentially more susceptible to inbreeding depression (ID). We tested the hypothesis that self-fertilization leads to greater ID in the offspring of T. latifolia and T. angustifolia compared to the offspring of F1 T. × glauca. We conducted common-garden and wetland experiments using seeds from hand-pollinated plants sourced from natural populations, and quantified several fitness-related metrics in the offspring of self-fertilized versus outcrossed parent species and hybrids. Our experiments provided no evidence that inbreeding leads to ID in self-fertilized T. angustifolia, T. latifolia or T. × glauca in either a common garden or a natural wetland, and thus show that heterosis in a widespread invasive hybrid does not rely on comparisons with inbred parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant derived natural fibers have been widely investigated as alternatives to synthetic fibers in reinforcing polymers. Researchers over the years have explored many plant fibers using different extraction processes to study their physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. In this context, the present study relates to the extraction, characterization, and optimization of Typha angustata L. stem fibers. For this purpose, desirability functions and response surface methodology were applied to simultaneously optimize the diameter (D), linear density (LD); yield (Y), lignin fraction (L), and tenacity (T) of Typha stem fibers. Typha stems have been subjected to both alkali (NaOH) and enzymatic (pectinex ultra-SPL) treatments. Three levels of process variables including enzyme concentration (10, 15, and 20 ml/L) and treatment duration (10, 15, and 20 days) were used to design the experiments according to the factorial design. Experimental results were examined by analysis of variance and fitted to second order polynomial model using multiple regression analysis. The Derringer's desirability function released that the values of process variables generating optimized diameter, linear density, yield, lignin ratio and tenacity are 20 ml/L and 20 days for concentration of pectinex ultra-SPL enzyme and treatment duration, respectively. Confirmation was performed and high degree of correlation was found between the experimental and statistical values. Moreover, the morphological structure has been investigated by the scanning electron microscope, showing a crenelated structure of ultimate fiber bundles of cellulose composing the Typha fiber. Compared to Typha stem non-treated fibers (TSNTF), Typha stem combined treated fibers (TSCTF), brings to improve mechanical properties. This change in mechanical properties is affected by modifying the fiber structure showing alpha cellulose of (66.86%) and lignin ratio of (10.83%) with a crystallinity index of (58.47%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is dedicated to advancing practical and experimental knowledge within sustainable construction and enhancing community productivity, focusing on cattail schoenoplectus californicus, Cyperaceae fibers in Imbabura, Ecuador. The research aims to meticulously analyze and understand cattail fibers' physical and mechanical properties, characteristics, and potential applications through extensive laboratory testing. The study strives to contribute significantly to the ongoing discussions surrounding sustainable building materials by offering a rich repository of scientific data and insights from our in-depth investigations. Furthermore, we delve into biotechnology and biomimicry, seeking inspiration from the natural world to innovate our construction methodologies. Our exploration also encompasses the technical dimensions of a building, artisanal craftsmanship, eco-conscious design principles, and the evaluation of seismic strength within architectural, structural, and acoustical design frameworks. Through this comprehensive approach, we aspire to illuminate new pathways for employing cattail in sustainable construction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jiangsu High-Tech Fluorochemical Industrial Park in Changshu City, Jiangsu Province, is the largest fluorochemical industrial park in Asia. The occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface water and widespread local plants was investigated in Jiangsu High-Tech Fluorochemical Industrial Park. Thirty-two target PFASs were detected in dissolved-phase, particle-phase and plant samples. The concentrations of total PFASs ranged from 1650 to 8250 ng/L in the dissolved-phase samples, 132 to 6810 ng/g dw in the particle-phase samples and 25.8 to 9460 ng/g dw in different plant tissues. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), Perfluorooctanoate acid (PFOA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (6:2 FTCA) were predominant PFASs and contributed 80−91% to ΣPFAS in water samples. A total of 67 emerging PFAS were identified in all samples using nontargeted analysis. Typha orientalis showed better accumulation ability, with an average ΣPFAS concentration of 3450 ng/g dw and the highest root concentration factor (RCF) of 171. Typha orientalis, Eichhornia crassipes and Alternanthera sessilis have potential for use in PFAS phytostabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we present history and modern distribution of Typha laxmannii in Ukraine, its ecological and phytocoenotic peculiarities. It is a perennial herbaceous plant, alien species of Asian origin which is currently spreading in the country. For the first time in the flora of Ukraine T. laxmannii (under the name T. stenophylla) was recorded in 1902 in the south of Ukraine (Kherson Oblast). The species is distributed almost throughout Ukraine, but with a majority of records in the central and western parts of Ukraine. The association Typhetum laxmannii formed by this species is common for Ukraine. Depending on the ecological and geographical conditions and floristic composition, 3 following variants in this association were identified: var. typica, var. T. latifola, and var. Schoenoplectus lacustris. Phytocoenoses of this association are distributed almost throughout the whole territory of Ukraine, but the ecological optimum of the species is observed in the South of the country, in the steppe zone, on slightly saline, well-watered substrates. Based on studies conducted in Zhytomyr Oblast in 1995–2021, the expansion rate of T. laxmannii was observed – from the South to the North – in average 16.6 ± 1.09 km·year−1. From the sites of the primary penetration of the species into the region (Forest-Steppe zone), the expansion rate of it toward to the North was significantly lower (7.7–9.0 km·year−1) compared to that in the Forest zone – Ukrainian Polissia (23.4–31.9 km·year−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructed wetlands system (CWs) have been proposed as an economical, efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment technology. The aim of this paper was to provide the first published data on the efficiency of CWs for dairy wastewater treatment in Tunisia. In most CWs, good organic, total suspended solids (TSS) and nutrient removal was measured. In order to evaluate the efficiency of this process, hybrid small-scale wetland system was designed containing three horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) and one free water surface flow (FWS). A mixture of Reeds (Phragmites australis), Cattails (Typha latifolia), and Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) was planted. Several water quality parameters in both raw and treated wastewaters were monitored during the macrophytes life cycle. The average influent properties for 20 % of whey are: TSS (3040 mg/L), COD (5060 mg O2/L), BOD5 (3020 mg O2/L), TKN (79 mg N/L) and TP (32,2 mg P/L). Removal efficiencies of 99.6 % for TSS, 80 % for COD, 97 % for BOD5, 90.4 % for TKN and 99.6 % for TP were observed. The results reveal temporal variations in system performance according to macrophyte growth rates. Reeds, Cattails and Papyrus start their life cycle at the beginning of the winter and continue growing in summer. The effluent pH, TSS, COD, BOD5, TKN and TP concentrations were in compliance with both irrigation reuse and discharge regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic residues in water represent an urgent environmental challenge. To efficiently remove these residues, a low‐carbon integrated biochar synthesis method was proposed, and an optimized typha biochar (TBIK) was prepared. Compared with the biochar prepared by a conventional two‐step carbonization and activation method (TBTK), the TBIK preparation process reduced energy consumption by 43849.58 J and cut carbon dioxide emissions by 32.80%. TBIK exhibited a large surface area of 1252.40 m2/g and rapidly achieved an equilibrium removal efficiency of 99.95% within 20 min for simulated antibiotics wastewater. Furthermore, TBIK possessed more number of functional groups than TBTK, especially O‐H and C‐S groups. The adsorption stability and tolerance of TBIK in solutions with different ionic strengths and coexisting anions were examined. Characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) analyses were employed to elucidate the morphology and adsorption mechanism of the adsorbent. The microporous structure and abundance of functional groups are key to the excellent adsorption capabilities of TBIK. Thus, this integrated method for biochar production, optimized for treating antibiotic wastewater, holds significant potential for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two species of clonal Typha [T. latifolia (native) and T. angustifolia (exotic)] hybridize to form the highly invasive, heterotic (high vigor) T. × glauca in North American wetlands leading to increased primary production, litter accumulation, and biodiversity loss. Conservation of T. latifolia has become critical as invasive Typha has overwhelmed wetlands. In the field, Typha taxa identification is difficult due to subtle differences in morphology, and molecular identification is often unfeasible for managers. Furthermore, improved methods to non-destructively estimate Typha biomass is imperative to enhance ecological impact assessments. To address field-based Typha ID limitations, our study developed a predictive model from 14 Typha characters in 7 northern Michigan wetlands to accurately distinguish Typha taxa (n = 33) via linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of molecularly identified specimens. In addition, our study developed a partial least squares regression (PLS) model to predict Typha biomass from field collected measurements (n = 75). Results indicate that two field measurements [Leaf Counts, Longest Leaf] can accurately differentiate the three Typha taxa and advanced-generation hybrids. The LDA model had a 100% correct prediction rate of T. latifolia. The selected PLS biomass prediction model (sqrt[Typha Dry Mass] ~ log[Ramet Area at 30 cm] + Inflorescence Presence + Total Ramet Height + sqrt [Organic Matter Depth]) improved upon existing simple linear regression (SLR) height-to-biomass predictions. The rapid field-based Typha identification and biomass assessment tools presented in this study advance targeted management for regional conservation of T. latifolia and ecological restoration of wetlands impacted by invasive Typha taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many plants exploit the ability of animals to move in order to disperse their pollen and seeds. Despite the growing understanding of the role animals play in the reproductive lives of plants, there are few examples of amphibians contributing to these processes. We report on an Australian tree frog, Litoria fallax, interacting with and likely moving seeds of the broad‐leaved cumbungi, Typha orientalis, over short distances via external transport. Field observations revealed both juvenile and adult L. fallax individuals carrying typha seeds, which were adhered to the skin on the feet, legs, belly and dorsum. Approximately 30% of observed frogs were found to be carrying 1–14 seeds at a time. The small size and specialised fibre tufts of typha seeds, which enable them to be primarily dispersed by wind, also make them susceptible to being unintentionally picked up and transported by L. fallax as they move through aquatic environments. The moist surfaces of frogs, coupled with their presence in freshwater systems that can be dominated by typha, create favourable conditions for seed attachment. These findings highlight a previously unknown interaction between an amphibian and a plant that enables seed dispersal, supporting the need for further exploration into unexpected plant vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves of Agave angustifolia Haw. are the main agro-waste generated by the mezcal industry and are becoming an important source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, that could be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, the extraction and identification of these phytochemicals would revalorize these leaf by-products. Herein, maceration and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extractions were optimized to maximize the phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant capacity of vegetal extracts of A. angustifolia Haw. In the maceration process, the optimal extraction condition was a water–ethanol mixture (63:37% v/v), which yielded a total phenolic and flavonoid content of 27.92 ± 0.90 mg EAG/g DL and 12.85 ± 0.53 µg QE/g DL, respectively, and an antioxidant capacity of 32.67 ± 0.91 (ABTS assay), 17.30 ± 0.36 (DPPH assay), and 13.92 ± 0.78 (FRAP assay) µM TE/g DL. Using supercritical extraction, the optimal conditions for polyphenol recovery were 60 °C, 320 bar, and 10% v/v. It was also observed that lower proportions of cosolvent decreased the polyphenol extraction more than pressure and temperature. In both optimized extracts, a total of 29 glycosylated flavonoid derivatives were identified using LC-ESI-QTof/MS. In addition, another eight novel compounds were identified in the supercritical extracts, showing the efficiency of the cosolvent for recovering new flavonoid derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: In Araucaria angustifolia, the seed scale is part of the ovule, the female gametophyte presents a monosporic origin and arises from a coenocytic tetrad, and the pollen tube presents a single axis. The seed cone of conifers has many informative features, and its ontogenetic data may help interpret relationships among function, development patterns, and homology among seed plants. We reported the seed cone development, from pollination to pre-fertilization, including seed scale, ovule ontogeny, and pollen tube growth in Araucaria angustifolia. The study was performed using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray microcomputed tomography (μCT). During the pollination period, the ovule arises right after the seed scale has emerged. From that event to the pre-fertilization period takes about 14 months. Megasporogenesis occurs three weeks after ovule formation, producing a coenocytic tetrad. At the same time as the female gametophyte's first nuclear division begins, the pollen tube grows through the seed scale adaxial face. Until maturity, the megagametophyte goes through the free nuclei stage, cellularization stage, and cellular growth stage. Along its development, many pollen tubes develop in the nucellar tissue extending straight toward the female gametophyte. Our observations show that the seed scale came out of the same primordia of the ovule, agreeing with past studies that this structure is part of the ovule itself. The formation of a female gametophyte with a monosporic origin that arises from a coenocytic tetrad was described for the first time in conifers, and the three-dimensional reconstruction of the ovule revealed the presence of pollen tubes with only one axis and no branches, highlighting a new pattern of pollen tube growth in Araucariaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periploca angustifolia (Labill.) is a multipurpose xerophytic shrub in the Apocynaceae, which is widely disturbed in arid zones. This shrub is often used in programs for the rehabilitation of degraded areas, so it is essential to investigate the impact of environmental factors (drought, burial depth) on seed germination patterns. During 20 days, germination responses of seeds were determined over a wide range of constant temperatures (25 °C), polyethylene glycol PEG-6000 solutions of different osmotic potentials (0 to -1.6 MPa), and burial depths (1–8 cm). The highest germination percentages (99%) were obtained under control conditions without PEG, and increasing osmotic pressure progressively inhibited seed germination, which was about 2% at -1.6 MPa. When seeds were buried deep, there was a significant decrease in seedling emergence percentage and rate. Seedlings of P. angustifolia emerged well at depths of 1–2 cm with the highest emergence percentage of 74 and 69%, respectively. They could not emerge when the sand burial depth was higher than 4 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate wastewater treatment from the dairy industry before disposal is still lacking in the Philippines, particularly in small‐scale sectors. This limitation is due to the high cost and expertise required from conventional wastewater treatment systems. One option is using constructed wetlands, a nature‐based solution with low cost, less specialized expertise and maintenance requirements and high wastewater treatment efficiency. To further evaluate the application of constructed wetlands in the Philippines, this paper studied the wastewater from the manufacturing processes of the Dairy Training Research Institute, University of the Philippines Los Baños (DTRI‐UPLB). It is a small dairy farm inside the University with economic constraints in using a conventional wastewater treatment system. The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of using vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSFCW) planted with Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) in sand and gravel media to treat the DTRI‐UPLB effluent, using very low retention times (4 and 8 h), with daily and alternate days of wastewater feeding into the VSSFCW. The average removal efficiencies for total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand for (BOD5), total phosphorus (TP), and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) are 88.34%, 93.56%, 78.42%, and 94.63%, respectively. Moreover, alternate wastewater feeding provided a statistically significant increase in the performance of VSSFCW, while there is no statistical difference between the two retention times evaluated. Finally, it was observed that plant age significantly affects the performance of VSSFCW setup but should be explored further with longer operation times and additional nutrient uptake analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treating wastewater with low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios by constructed wetlands (CWs) is still problematic. Adding chemicals is costly and may cause secondary pollution. Configuring plant diversity in substrate-based CWs has been found to be a better way to treat low-C/N wastewater, but wastewater treatment in floating CWs needs to be studied. In this study, wastewater with C/N ratios of 5 and 10 were set in simulated floating CWs, and 9 combinations with plant species richness (SR) of 1, 3, and 4 were configured. The results showed that (1) increasing SR improved the total N mass removal (NMR) by 29% at a C/N ratio of 5 but not 10; (2) the presence of Oenanthe javanica in the microcosms increased the NMR by 13% and 20% with C/N ratios of 5 and 10, respectively; (3) increasing SR mitigated the net global warming potential (GWP) by 120% at a C/N ratio of 5 but not 10; and (4) a Hemerocallis fulva × O. javanica × Echinodorus parviflours × Iris hybrids mixture resulted in a high NMR and low net GWP. In summary, assembling plant diversity in floating CWs is an efficient and clean measure during the treatment of wastewater with a C/N ratio of 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have reported the synthesis of activated carbon (AC) from biomass cattail fiber through hydrothermal carbonization, followed by chemical activation, and its electrochemical capacitance and hydrogen storage properties. The AC exhibits a Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area (SBET) of 1597.5 m2g−1, determined from the low‐pressure N2 adsorption isotherm at 77 K using a BET‐multipoint plot. The AC sample shows a reversible hydrogen adsorption capacity of 0.25 wt.% H2 (1.25 mmol H2 g−1) at 293 K and 74 atm. The capacitance performance of AC was investigated with various conductive additives such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon black (CB), and reduced graphene‐oxide (rGO). From galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements, the as‐derived AC with polymer binder exhibits a specific capacitance (Cs) of 245.2 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and 158.1 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1. Among the investigated conductive additives, AC with CNTs in KOH electrolyte exhibit highest Cs of 326 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and 173 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1. Furthermore, the symmetrical two‐electrode device fabricated using AC with CNTs (as a conductive additive) in 1 M aq. Na2SO4 electrolyte shows a Cs of 97.2 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. The energy and power densities of the two‐electrode device were observed to be 28 kW kg−1 and 2.64 Wh kg−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ß-sitosterol (BSS) and ß-sitosterol glucoside (BSSG) were extracted from Agave angustifolia Haw bagasse using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The quantification and characterization of BSS and BSSG were performed through high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). With an extraction time of 9 seconds using MAE, a higher amount of BSS (103.6 mg of ß-sitosterol per gram of dry weight of extract) was obtained compared to BSSG (61.6 mg of ß-sitosterol glucoside per gram of dry weight of extract). MAE emerges as a promising method for the efficient recovery of ß-sitosterol (BSS) and ß-sitosterol glucoside (BSSG) from A. angustifolia bagasse. This enriches scientific knowledge regarding phytochemical extraction and holds great potential for various industries, such as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Additionally, by valorizing the by-products of the agave industry, this research contributes to the sustainable utilization of resources, aligning with the principles of green and circular economy practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (E. angustifolia L.) whole fruit ethanolic extract was investigated on common pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans). The phytochemical composition of E. angustifolia was screened by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined using the broth dilution technique. According to the results, 13 major compounds such as flavonoid, aldehyde, alcoholic and fatty acids were identified by GC/MS. In addition, the extract could inhibit the growth of all examined pathogenic strains. The MIC was 3.75 to 1.87 mg ml-1 while maximum activity was found against Staphylococcus aureus. Besides, the MBC was ranging from 7.5 to 3.75 mg ml-1. Since E. angustifolia whole fruit ethanolic extract contains phytochemical compounds and has antimicrobial potential it can be recommended as a natural active agent for application in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical knowledge gap in freshwater plant research is the lack of genetic tools necessary to answer fundamental questions about their demographic histories, adaptation and phylogenetic relationships. One example of this is Typha, a global genus of freshwater plants foundational to wetlands that also is becoming an increasingly problematic biological invader in numerous regions worldwide; although important insights have been discovered for this genus, existing markers are insufficient to answer fundamental questions about their demographic histories, adaptation and phylogenetic relationships; to identify introduced and hybrid lineages; and to examine patterns of hybridisation and introgression.We optimised a library preparation and data processing protocol to develop genome–wide nuclear and plastid resources for studying the evolutionary history, genetic structure and diversity, hybridisation, local adaptation, invasiveness, and geographical expansion dynamics of Typha.We sequenced 140 Typha samples and identified ~120 K nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that differentiate T. angustifolia, T. domingensis and T. latifolia, and retrieved their plastome sequences. We observed genetic introgression among the three species.Following a fast, straightforward and cost‐efficient genomic library preparation protocol, we produced a suite of genome‐wide resources to facilitate investigations into the taxonomy and population genetics of Typha and to advance the genomic understanding of wetland plants.The protocol described, the updated chromosome‐level genome assembly of T. latifolia, the catalogue of species‐specific SNPs, and the chloroplast sequences produced in this study comprise permanent resources that can be applied to study the genetic composition of multiple populations and hybrid zones, and will be incorporated into future studies of Typha, an ecologically important and globally invasive macrophyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zizania latifolia plants infected with the basidiomycete fungus Ustilago esculenta develop an edible stem gall, called makomotake in Japan. In our paddy fields, we often find the appearance of Z. latifolia plants that grow only vegetatively without forming stem galls. In this study, we performed PCR-based quantitative assays to investigate the temporal changes in the colonization levels of U. esculenta in various parts of Z. latifolia plants that formed and those that did not form stem galls. Throughout the cultivation period, the colonization levels of U. esculenta in plants that formed stem gall were always higher at almost all plant parts examined than those in plants that did not form stem galls. In particular, after the vegetative stage, the plants that formed stem galls showed an increasing pattern of the fungal colonization in the culm and leaf, a decreasing pattern in the culm base, and an unchanged pattern in the runner. In contrast, the fungal colonization levels in the plants that did not form stem galls consistently remained very low at all plant parts from the seedling stage and beyond. In addition, histological observation of plant tissues showed that the hyphal structures and clusters were found extensively in plants with stem gall formation but very occasionally in plants without stem gall formation. Our results suggest that high colonization levels of U. esculenta during the seedling stage and its subsequent efficient systemic proliferation in the plant are strongly associated with successful stem gall formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface treatment of cattail, a lignocellulosic renewable fiber, was investigated to determine the conditions that would reduce moisture absorption while maximizing the properties of cattail fiber‐reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Surface modification of cattail fiber was studied by treating them with 2.5, 5, and 10% of 1,6‐diisocyanatohexane (DIH) and 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) for three different immersion times (10, 20, and 30 min). DIH‐HEA treated fibers were preformed into a non‐woven mat and impregnated with unsaturated polyester resin to manufacture composite. The existence of covalent bonds on the treated fibers via NH and CN groups was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The 10% DIH‐HEA resulted in the best results; while the mean diameter of the treated fiber decreased by ~37%, the modulus and the strength of it increased by ~267 and ~151%, respectively. Equilibrium moisture regain of the treated fibers and their composites decreased by ~43% and ~40%, respectively. The tensile modulus of the composites increased by ~171%. Enhancement in tensile strength is observed but could not be quantified due to the difference in Vf and scatter in the data. SEM examination confirmed the enhancement in fiber–matrix bonding due to surface treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zizania latifolia (Z. latifolia) is a popular aquatic vegetable with various nutrients in south China, but little is known about its cultivars and growing seasons in terms of the nutritional components. This work aims to characterize the nutrients of five Z. latifolia cultivars in different growing seasons. The results showed that Z. latifolia samples differed in terms of chemical parameters, which were significantly affected by variety, growing season, and their interaction. Zhejiao No. 8, harvested in the autumn, stood out with the highest levels of vitamin C. Tangxiajiao and Zhejiao No. 1 contained the highest values of total soluble solids, reducing sugar, soluble proteins, and amino acids. Significant differences were observed between the autumn Z. latifolia and spring samples; the former were of higher quality than the latter based on hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis. Moreover, total amino acids (TAA) and glutamic acid (GLU) were selected as the key indicators for Z. latifolia comprehensive quality by multiple linear regression analysis. This study provides essential information on Z. latifolia quality characteristics corresponding to cultivars and growing seasons, which lays the foundation for promoting the quality improvement of Z. latifolia scientifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive exotic species produce impacts of different magnitudes in the environment. The colonization success of a species depends on several factors. Different research demonstrated that chill hours accumulation is one of the most important factors affecting the germination of the tree species Elaeagnus angustifolia L. This non-native species is considered invasive, even noxious, in different parts of the world, modifying terrestrial and aquatic environments. We investigate the chill hours accumulation effect on the seed germination of E. angustifolia under two soil moisture conditions (field capacity and half-field capacity). We also evaluated the survival of seedlings of the species for 240 days under the two mentioned moisture conditions. With the data obtained, we made two heat maps (one for each moisture condition) with the probability of germination of E. angustifolia in Argentina related to the natural availability of chill hours. We found that as the chill hours accumulation increased, germination of E. angustifolia increased in half-field capacity treatment and decreased in field capacity conditions. Seedling survival was 100% in both water regimes. Heat maps show the break dormancy probability of E.angustifolia seeds throughout the Argentine territory, with high potential of germination in Patagonia. In addition to contributing to the prevention of the invasion of E. angustifolia in Argentina, the information generated in our study can be helpful in other regions of the world since the significant genetic variability that the studied species presents can make its environmental distribution range unpredictable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study evaluated the treatment efficiency of municipal wastewater from Phetchaburi in Thailand in an alternated 5-day flooding and 2-day drying wetland system with two plants species, namely, Canna indica and Heliconia psittacorum. The efficiencies of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) treatment were in the ranges of 90.5% ± 4.8% and 86.9% ± 7.3% for Canna and Heliconia, respectively. Those of chemical oxygen demand (COD) treatment were in the ranges of 75.5% ± 7.9% and 75.3% ± 9.0% for Canna and Heliconia, respectively. Both plants' removal efficiencies of TN, NH4-N, and TP were greater than 40%. Lead and cadmium accumulation in both plants significantly differed between the upper and lower parts of the plants. However, the lead and cadmium accumulation in Heliconia were greater than their accumulation in Canna. Although Canna had a higher nutrient removal efficiency than Heliconia, there are many varieties of Canna in Thailand. These results indicate that the variety of Canna does not affect the nutrient removal efficiency. In conclusion, a wetland system with alternated flooding and drying conditions can be applied in communities where BOD5 and COD are the dominant wastewater pollution characteristics. Both ornamental plants are suitable absorbents for lead and cadmium, and although the accumulation is lower in Canna than in Heliconia for both heavy metals, the difference was not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption of Congo red (CR) dye from aqueous solutions is conducted in a continuous fixed-bed column by using agricultural biomass of Nelumbo nucifera leaf adsorbent. The column performance is evaluated by varying the adsorbent bed height (2.5‒5 cm), influent dye concentrations (10–50 mg L−1), and inlet flow rate (1‒5 mL min−1). Column experimental data confirmed that the breakthrough characteristics of the adsorption system are dependent on bed height, flow rate, and initial adsorbate concentration. The results show that the decolourisation efficiency and equilibrium uptake (qe) of CR decreases with increasing flow rate and increases with increasing bed height and influent adsorbate concentration. The maximum absorption efficiency (83.12%) was obtained using 5 cm bed height, 15 mg L−1 inlet adsorbate concentration, and 1 mL min−1 flow rate. The increased flow rate and initial adsorbate concentration lead to a shorter column exhaustion time. The length of mass transfer zone increased with increasing bed height. Various mathematical models are applied to column experimental data to predict the breakthrough curve and to evaluate the column capacity and kinetic constants of the models. The correlation between the experimental and theoretical data is quantified by calculating the regression coefficients for the Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models, an R2 ≥ 0.954 at various operating conditions was obtained, which shows that the trend of experimental data fits well and the overall system kinetics are limited by solid-liquid interphase mass transfer. The N. nucifera leaf fine powder adsorbent is proven to be capable of removing CR efficiently from aqueous solutions in continuous fixed-bed systems at low flow rate and higher bed depth and it can be used effectively in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rewetting drained peatlands for paludiculture purposes is a way to reduce peat oxidation (and thus CO2 emissions) while at the same time it could generate an income for landowners, who need to convert their traditional farming into wetland farming. The side effect of rewetting drained peatlands is that it potentially induces high methane (CH4) emission. Topsoil removal could reduce this emission due to the removal of easily degradable carbon and nutrients. Another way to limit CH4 emission is the choice in paludiculture species. In this study we conducted a field experiment in the coastal area of the Netherlands, in which a former non-intensively used drained peat grassland is rewetted to complete inundation (water table ~+18 cm) after a topsoil removal of ~20 cm. Two emergent macrophytes with a high potential of internal gas transport (Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia), and a free floating macrophyte (Azolla filiculoides) were introduced and intensive measurement campaigns were conducted to capture CO2 and CH4 fluxes, soil and surface water chemistry. Greenhouse gas fluxes were compared to a high-productive peat meadow as reference site. Topsoil removal reduced the amount of phosphorus and iron in the soil to a large extent. The total amount of soil carbon per volume stayed more or less the same. The salinity of the soil was in general high defining the system as brackish. Despite the topsoil removal and salinity, we found very high CH4 emission for T. latifolia (84.7 g CH4 m-2 yr-1), compared to the much lower emissions from T. angustifolia (36.9 g CH4 m-2 yr-1) and Azolla (22.2 g CH4 m-2 yr-1). The high emission can be partly explained by the large input of dissolved organic carbon into the system, but it could also be caused by plant stress factors, like salinity level and herbivory. For the total CO2 flux (including C-export), the rewetting was effective, with a minor uptake of CO2 for Azolla (-0.13 kg CO2 m-2 yr-1) and a larger uptake for the Typa species (-1.14 and -1.26 kg CO2 m-2 yr-1 for T. angustifolia and T. latifolia , respectively) compared to the emission of 2.06 kg CO2 m-2 yr-1 for the reference site. Azolla and T. angustifolia seem to have the highest potential in reducing greenhouse gas emissions after complete rewetting of drained peatlands. When considering the total greenhouse gas balance, other factors like biomass use, and storage of topsoil after removal should be considered. Especially the latter could cause substantial carbon losses if not kept in anoxic conditions. For Azolla , a follow-up study without topsoil removal would be useful, to see if the biomass production would be high while keeping CH4 emissions low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste has become a big problem for the environment globally. Biodegradable polymers are a potential replacement for plastics that can have a positive outcome both environmentally and economically. In this work, we used acid hydrolysis and alkaline treatment to extract cellulose fibers from cattails. The obtained cellulose was used as a substrate for the fabrication of cellulose film using a casting technique on plastic plates. Different concentrations of the plasticizer, glycerol, were used to prepare films for comparison, and its effects on the film's characteristics were observed. The morphology, chemical structure, and thermal stability of the cattail cellulose (CTC) films were studied using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Measurements of transparency, moisture content (MC), water solubility (MS), and water contact angle (WCA) were also performed. Introducing glycerol into the films increased the transparency, MC, and WS values, as well as the gap width between film textures. However, it resulted in a decrease in the WCA of the films, showing that the hydrophilicity of the films is increased by the addition of glycerol. The interaction between the functional groups of cellulose and glycerol was established from the ATR-FTIR and XRD data. The obtained results indicated that glycerol affected the thermal stability and the degree of crystallinity of the produced films. Accordingly, the hydrophilicity of the cellulose film was increased by increasing the glycerol content; therefore, cattail cellulose films can be used as a biodegradable alternative to plastic in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to study the accumulation of heavy metals Cadmium, Lead, Chromium, and Nickel in different aquatic plants along the Tigris River. The research focused on the seasonal variations in heavy metal uptake by Phragmites australis, Typha domingensis, Persicaria salicifolia, Azolla filiculoides, and Ceratophyllum demersum. Samples were collected from three distinct locations along the river, each characterized by varied environmental conditions. Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, the quantified metal concentrations were measured, revealing significant differences across seasons and locations. The study provides crucial insights into the dynamics of heavy metal accumulation in riverine ecosystems, underscoring the role of environmental factors and plant species in metal uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the performance of a laboratory-scale Hybrid Constructed Wetland (HCW) for industrial wastewater treatment planted with different macrophytes at different hydraulic retention times (HRT). The results revealed that the HCW planted with Phragmites australis and Lemna minor (PA/LMs), and the HCW planted with Typha latifolia and Lemna minor (TL/LMs) were able to improve the physicochemical proprieties of industrial wastewater, and were efficient enough to remove the heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ausgehend vom bereits in mehreren Gebäuden eingesetzten Typhaboard mit seinen zahlreichen umwelttechnischen und bauphysikalischen Vorteilen wurden inzwischen neue Baustoffe auf Basis von Rohrkolben entwickelt. Neben Magnesit als Bindemittel wurden mit Erfolg andere Kleber getestet, die ebenfalls nachhaltig sind und einer Kompostierung nicht im Wege stehen. Selbst unter Verwendung von Lehm können für Einsatzzwecke, die keiner besonderen Feuchtebelastung ausgesetzt sind, stabile und zugleich dämmende Platten hergestellt werden. Als Baustoff‐Neuentwicklung ist zum einen die Entwicklung eines Boards zur Aufdachdämmung zu nennen, das aufgrund einer speziellen Partikelgeometrie und ‐anordnung eine geringere Rohdichte und Wärmeleitfähigkeit besitzt. Des Weiteren wurde eine staubarme Schüttdämmung aus Rohrkolben und eine Art OSB‐Ersatz mit vergleichbaren Festigkeiten entwickelt sowie ein spezieller sehr schlanker Deckenaufbau aus Typha. Die Entwicklung eines hoch tragfähigen Holzersatzes ist ebenfalls in Arbeit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing awareness of fossil depletion, plastic pollution, and food spoilage has led to the exploration of bioresources as alternatives for producing packaging films for highly perishable food. In this study, we utilized a novel integrated process using natural‐based solvents to isolate cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin from cattail leaves, an abundant invasive plant. The process yielded cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin with recovery yields of 96.2 ± 1.2%, 92.5 ± 1.6%, and 94.3 ± 0.7% and purities of 96.3 ± 0.6%, 97.7 ± 0.9%, and 98.9 ± 0.5%, respectively. Spherical nanoparticles (60–90 nm) were synthesized through ultrasonication and their structural purity were confirmed by FTIR, XRD, and XPS analyses. These nanoparticles were incorporated as reinforcement into chitosan (C) films. Cellulose nanoparticles (CNP) and lignin nanoparticles (LNP) significantly enhanced film tensile strength (up to 27% at 1.5% loading), while hemicellulose nanoparticles (HNP) increased film elongation (up to 42%). The complex structures of HNP and LNP promoted higher free radical formation, resulting in enhanced antioxidant activity of up to 80% and 82%, respectively. LNP‐reinforced films exhibited superior antimicrobial properties due to their polyphenolic structure. Preservation tests were conducted by packaging poultry meat in the films and refrigerating it for 30 days. Poultry meat packed in LNP‐reinforced film maintained its quality within permissible limits throughout the entire 30 day period, while LDPE, plain chitosan, C‐CNP, and C‐HNP films reached consumable limits on the 5th, 10th, 15th, and 25th days, respectively. This study highlights the production of sustainable nanoparticles from invasive crops and their application in the development of active packaging films for fresh poultry meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to determine a disinfestation procedure for in vitro establishing of Agave angustifolia Haw. explants collected in the field. Design/Methodology/Approach: seven agave plants per treatment were placed in perlite to contrast six treatments; two agrochemicals (Benomyl 2 g L-1 and Actara 0.5 g L-1) and three contact times (10, 20 and 30 days). The stems of the plants were sectioned in 4-6 segments, after treatment with alcohol 80%, chlorine 30% and hydrogen peroxide 20%, to later place them in vitro. Usually there is contamination of explants mainly by bacteria, so Pursue® was used at 25 and 50%, placing 20 explants in each concentration for 1 minute. The variables evaluated were percentage of visibly healthy explants, type of contamination. Due to the difference in the number of explants, no statistical tests were performed. Results: the plants treated with Benomyl presented less contamination by fungi without considering the contact time. Bacteria were present in the different treatments used, however, in the explants with pretreated with Benomyl, 85% was obtained visibly healthy when Pursue® at 50% was used. Study limitations/Implications: other agrochemicals, such as specific bactericides are desirable to determine through their use, whether they mitigate in vitro contamination by pathogenic bacteria. Findings/Conclusions: pretreatments with agrochemicals for the in vitro establishing of plants collected from the field are necessary to increase the number of visually healthy explants. With the Pursue® product at 50%, up to 85% of explants can be obtained without the presence of fungi or bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yellow River Delta wetland boasts a diverse range of vegetation species and harbors an ecosystem that is both sensitive and fragile, so it is of great practical significance to accurately extract the vegetation information and analyze the spatial and temporal changes of this region. Based on the hyperspectral image data of Zhuhai-1, this study selected the characteristic bands through the continuum removal method. It combined these spectral attributes with index-based characteristics, utilizing the random forest algorithm to classify prevalent vegetation types while subjecting the outcomes to thorough analysis. It was shown that (1) when integrating spectral features, red edge indices, water indices, and vegetation indices to classify five distinct vegetation types in the Yellow River Delta during 2020 and 2022, the random forest classification algorithm showed higher classification accuracy, and the study achieved commendable overall classification accuracy rates and Kappa coefficients of 85.92% and 0.84, and 86.25% and 0.84, respectively. (2) In 2020 and 2022, the distribution of vegetation in the Yellow River Delta exhibited the following order: Suaeda glauca > Phragmites > Spartina alterniflora > Tamarisk > Typha orientalis Presl. With the exception of Spartina alterniflora, all categories of vegetation witnessed an increase in their distribution areas. Phragmites experienced the most significant growth, with an area expansion of 9.42%. (3) The ecological restoration and management measures taken in the Yellow River Delta have proven notably effective. The proportion of Spartina alterniflora within the vegetation decreased by 3.45%, the native vegetation showed a resurgence, the distribution pattern of vegetation communities moved toward stability, and the total area of vegetation in the study area exhibited an upward trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinization is a great threat to wetlands and freshwater ecosystems. Increased salinity can disturb native aquatic vegetation and provide an empty niche for invasion of non-native species. To understand the fate of aquatic flora under increased salinity levels, 14 dominant wetland species with different growth forms (submersed, amphibious, floating-leaved, emergent and woody/tree) were exposed to increased salinity conditions. The objective was to assess the salt tolerance threshold for each species and model their performance in response to a salinity gradient ranging from 0.2 to 20 parts per thousand (ppt). Plant growth and survival rate were analyzed using a nonlinear regression model to project sublethal salinity concentrations that would reduce biomass and visual quality of each species by 50% (LC50). Results showed that a few non-native species (alligatorweed: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., torpedograss: Panicum repens L., and Brazilian peppertree: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) survived 20 ppt salinity, whereas all other native and non-native species perished at salinity below 10 ppt. Increased salinity can suppress salt-sensitive native plants and increase the opportunity of invasion for salt-tolerant non-native species. This suggests that alligatorweed, torpedograss and Brazilian peppertree pose a more significant threat to the ecosystem if salinity levels continue to increase in freshwater ecosystems and exacerbate the encroachment of non-native species into native plant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]