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The effects of climate change may manifest themselves in different ways, but when it comes to coastal tourism, extreme temperatures, which are the unavoidable consequences of climate change, come to the fore. The study examined the changes that extreme temperatures can make on major coastal tourism destinations by using such indices as hot summer days, tropical nights, combined hot days and tropical nights, and days with dangerous apparent temperature (> 40.6 °C). Under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, increases in these indices are expected for Antalya, Aydın, Balıkesir, İzmir, and Muğla on the Turquoise Coast in the near (2021-2050) and distant (2071-2100) future. The projections based on both scenarios indicate that there might be a rise in the number of hot summer days, tropical nights, and days exceeding the critical human thermal comfort conditions on the Turquoise Coast. Expected increases may reach the highest values under the pessimistic scenario at the end of the century. The increase in these indices caused by rising temperatures may adversely affect the tourism sector due to changes in tourism demands, destinations, and seasonal shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Abant Social Sciences / Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Journal of Abant Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kultur Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the water quality in the Lunar-Lubha River in Meghalaya, India. The study reveals that the river undergoes a color change during the winter season, but the blue color is likely an illusion caused by light scattering rather than the actual color of the water. The analysis of the river water and sediment shows high levels of iron and alumina, indicating potential water quality issues. The study also highlights the impact of mining activities on water quality, with acid mine drainage contributing to the presence of iron and sulfate. The findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and addressing water pollution in the Lunar-Lubha River. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Phosphate materials based on Turquoise composition CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8•4H2O were prepared using aqueous solutions. The light blue or green powders were obtained by heating at 500 or 700 ºC. To obtain artificial Turquoise pellets, these were sintered by the hydrothermal hot press method at 150 ºC. The amount of water, pressure, and milling as pretreatment were studied. Molded pellets were also prepared using oil as the solvent. The resulting pellets were evaluated in terms of density and hue. In addition, the effects of post-treatment, such as heating and beeswax coating, were also examined. There were several methods to improve the density of the molded product, including increasing the amount of solvent, increasing the pressure, using castor oil, and powder refining as a pretreatment. Castor oil and beeswax coating were also methods to improve product brightness. The pellets obtained in this study showed water resistance.

The document titled "Literature of Interest" is a compilation of recent articles and studies related to gemology and mineralogy. It covers a wide range of topics including the characteristics and origins of gemstones, spectroscopic analysis of minerals, and identification of raw materials and imitations. The document also includes articles on cultural heritage, such as the identification of archaeological glyptics and the historical significance of gemstone mines. Additionally, there are articles on diamonds, gem localities, and various other topics related to gemstones and minerals. The document concludes with sections on organic/biogenic gems, news press articles, and compilations of images, gem news, and lab notes. [Extracted from the article]

Two types of turquoise, including homogeneous Cu-rich turquoise and oscillatory zoned turquoiseplanerite series, are recognized in association with quartz-barite veins hosted by Cambrian carbonaceous slates from western Hubei Province of China. Combined fluid inclusion and Raman micro-spectroscopic data reveal that turquoise-bearing barite-quartz veins contain three types of fluid inclusions (pure CH4-N2, carbonic-aqueous, and aqueous), suggesting the responsible fluid is of carbonic-aqueous composition with low oxygen fugacity. Pressure-corrected homogenization temperatures in quartz and barite show a range from 325 to 485 °C and 186 to 391 °C, respectively. Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen isotopic data suggest that the mineral-forming fluids have a mixed metamorphic-organic affinity, in which the fluids have δ18O and δD values of 15.0 to 18.8‰ and –111 to –93‰, respectively. Generally, the formation of quartz-barite-turquoise veins could be triggered by prior metamorphic devolatilization, followed by the interaction of fluids with country rocks enriched in carbonaceous material, which resulted in the leaching of Cu, Fe, P, and Al from chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite, monazite, xenotime, apatite, feldspar, and muscovite in the wall rocks. Decomposition of the organic matter in the carbonaceous slates, caused by regional metamorphism and deformation, could also promote the concentration and transportation of necessary metals for the turquoise. Thus, we propose a new model and suggest that the turquoise gem deposits in western Hubei Province of China belong to the non-magmatic hydrothermal vein type deposit, not the previously proposed supergene origin. The turquoise-forming fluids were characterized by the coexistence of two immiscible fluids of non-magmatic affinity (i.e., moderate to high-temperature and low-salinity aqueous fluid and pure CH4-N2 fluid formed by interaction with carbonaceous slates). The bluish green homogeneous turquoise in the metamorphic quartz-barite-turquoise veins evolved toward the turquoise-planerite solid solution series as the metal-leaching capability of the aqueous fluids decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract ‘Fingerprint’ identification is the key to turquoise provenance studies, but previous studies have met with limited success in China. Turquoises in China mainly occur in altered sedimentary rocks and are formed by weathering, leaching and sedimentation. This paper evaluates the potential for sedimentary environment sensitive elements to be used to distinguish between turquoise deposits in China. In this paper, the ratios of V/Mo, Ce/Ce*, Ni/Co, Sr/Ba, Tl/Ga, Li/Ba and V/Cr were calculated for turquoise of different origins. Our results show that these parameters when used alongside Ga concentration permit effective discrimination between turquoise sources in China. This approach brings to light a new means of analyzing trace element databases and an untapped wealth of information that can be used for future turquoise provenance studies.

'Fingerprint' identification is the key to turquoise provenance studies, but previous studies have met with limited success in China. Turquoises in China mainly occur in altered sedimentary rocks and are formed by weathering, leaching and sedimentation. This paper evaluates the potential for sedimentary environment sensitive elements to be used to distinguish between turquoise deposits in China. In this paper, the ratios of V/Mo, Ce/Ce*, Ni/Co, Sr/Ba, Tl/Ga, Li/Ba and V/Cr were calculated for turquoise of different origins. Our results show that these parameters when used alongside Ga concentration permit effective discrimination between turquoise sources in China. This approach brings to light a new means of analyzing trace element databases and an untapped wealth of information that can be used for future turquoise provenance studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsampling elemental analysis is widely used for gemstone and mineralogy traceability. Using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics, the contents of 56 elements in turquoise samples from 5 distinct producing areas in 3 nations were measured. An origin identification model for turquoise samples from various producing areas was established through random forest importance analysis, principal component analysis, and linear discriminant analysis. When combined with random forest importance screening, the traceability efficiency of principal component analysis is significantly improved. Moreover, by taking 48 elements as characteristic variables and introducing them into the discriminant model, a Fisher discriminant model for identifying the origin of turquoise was successfully established. The effective element fingerprint information of turquoise species is closely related to the species origin, and the accuracy of cross-validation reaches 99.5%, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed model for the identification of the origin of turquoise samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The museum collection includes the largest and most comprehensive collection of rough-and-cut samples from turquoise mines around the world and is therefore an important reference library for the identification and comparison of turquoise specimens. A 25-kilogram nugget of Iranian turquoise gifted to the museum is particularly noteworthy, while nearby there is a portrait of a Croatian duke wearing a belt and necklace, both richly inlayed with turquoise. THE TURQUOISE MUSEUM in Albuquerque, New Mexico, is a family-owned and -operated institution committed to promoting greater understanding and appreciation of turquoise. [Extracted from the article]

Turquoise is a well-known gemstone that has been used in artefacts across many cultures throughout history. However, due to its porosity it is often treated to enhance its color and beauty. One appreciated treatment is the patented Zachery process, although its details remain publicly undisclosed. Previous studies indicated that only a high K content distinguishes Zachery-treated from natural turquoises. In this study, natural and Zachery-treated turquoise samples from the famous Kingman mine, Arizona, USA, were analysed by means a multi-methodological approach, including standard gemological testing, electron microprobe (EMPA), scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM–EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform InfraRed (FTIR), non-destructive External Reflection-Fourier-Transform InfraRed (ER-FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray computed microtomography (μCT). The results revealed new chemical–mineralogical and microstructural features that distinguish the Zackery-treated from the natural turquoise: higher specific gravity and lower porosity, associated with high and uneven concentrations of Cu, K and Na, the occurrence of tenorite (CuO), the presence and extension of reaction edges in the entire volume are distinctive of treated samples. Moreover, Cu-rich seeds and feldspar crystals may be interpreted as additional components used during the treatment. The hypothesis is that the Zachery treatment induces the re-crystallization of a new turquoise-like phase, which differs from the natural one from a chemical and microstructural point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planerite, aheylite and faustite are minerals of the turquoise group. They were found in samples from the Chala deposit, Spahievo Ore Field. The samples consist of a small crystalline mass of the investigated mineral phases among quartz. Single spherulites up to 2 mm in size and aggregates of spherulites with a yellowish-greenish color are observed in small cavities. Transparent, colorless wavellite crystals and aggregates are crystallized on spherulites. For the first time in Bulgaria, the presence of aheylite was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turquoise is one of the key ingredients in some magical Tibetan medicines, and its quality and content directly affect the medicine's effectiveness. In this paper, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology was first applied to detect the raw materials of Tibetan medicine. The traditional data analysis methods could not meet the practical requirements of modern Tibetan medicine factories due to matrix effects. The concept of correlation coefficient (ρ) in pattern recognition technique was introduced as an evaluation index, and the model was established based on the intensities of the four characteristic Al and Cu spectral lines of the samples for different contents of turquoise, which was applied to estimate the contents of turquoise in the samples to be tested. We detected the LIBS on 126 samples of raw ore from 42 areas in China and evaluated the turquoise content using self-developed software with an error of <10%. This paper's technical testing process and methods can also be applied to test other mineral compositions and provide technical support for modernizing and standardizing Tibetan medicines. Graphical Abstract This is a visual representation of the abstract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Bingol University / Rectorate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica / Yanshi Kuangwuxue Zazhi is the property of Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction The Neyshabour Turquoise Mine is located at 55 km North West of Neyshabour in latitude of E58◦, 23ꞌꞌ and longitude of N36◦, 23ꞌꞌ. This area is situated at the Cenozoic continental magmatic arc in the north of Sabzevar ophiolite sequence and extends to Binalood Mountains (Spies et al., 1983; Karimpour and Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, 2013). Rock units consist of Eocene intermediate volcanic and intrusive bodies and breccia's which are the country rock of ore deposits in the Firouzeh area (Mohammad Nejad et al., 2011a). The Turquoise Mine was suggested as the first Iron Oxide Cu-Au-U-LREE mineralized system in Iran (Karimpour et al., 2012). The turquoise was formed on the oxidation zone of this deposit. The mining procedure operates as underground mining and mine wastes that were recycled for extraction of turquoise were released in the vicinity of the mine area and the surrounding Madan village. High radiometric anomaly of Uranium and Thorium has been reported in the Firouzeh area (Karimpour and Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, 2013). The aim of this study is to study the gamma radioactivity of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in different parts of this area (tunnels, rock units, mine waste, habitations and water resources) and to determine the origin of gamma radioactivity by gamma spectroscopy implement via portable gamma scintillation system (MCA) with sodium iodide NaI (Tl) detector. Results The total average natural gamma radioactivity in the mine tunnels was measured to be 98.31 cps. The average gamma radioactivity associated with 238U in the tunnels was 5.2 cps. The average gamma radioactivity associated with 232Th (1.4 cps) in all samples from the tunnels is less than 238U. Highest natural gamma radioactivity associated with 40K was measured in the mine tunnels. Trachyte rock units and the Limonitic soils had the maximum natural total gamma radioactivity and andesite unit shows the least values. The high concentration of these elements in limonitic soils was formed by adsorption of radioactive cations by Fe Oxides. The lowest gamma radioactivity was determined in andesite rock units, coarse grain alluvium and coarse grain soils. Mine wastes from the turquoise mine are explored again by villagers and this might cause exposure to additional dose in this way. The average total gamma radioactivity is 75.26 cps in mine wastes. The highest and lowest gamma radioactivity in the mine waste was associated with 40K and 232Th, respectively. There is a high gamma radioactivity in homes that have been made by local raw materials. Average total gamma radioactivity in rural houses is 83.73 cps. The maximum and minimum total gamma radioactivity was associated with 40K and 232Th, respectively. There is high natural gamma radioactivity in mine drainage waters and springs that which occur on marl unit. The mine tunnels had the most gamma radioactivity and stream sediments show the lowest gamma radioactivity in different samples in the area. 238U, 232Th and 40K radio activities have strong positive relationships and they probably have a similar source. 40K has the most gamma radioactivity in this region. Therefore, trachytic rocks are the source of natural gamma radioactivity in the studied area. Based on mineralogical studies on Neyshabour turquoise mine (Mansouri Gandomani et al., 2020), there are no radioactive elements in Turquois mineral. There are not reliable statistics on occupational diseases and cancer among miners because these patients are sent to Mashhad hospitals or migrate from this area. However, the number of people infected by lung disease such as pneumoconiosis and silicosis is growing and many pensioners and old miners are suffering from different forms of cancer such as cancer of digestive and respiratory systems. The average number of victims of cancer in the Madan village (next to the turquoise mine) is more than other habitants in the Neyshabour area. Although development of cancer is related to several factors, but exposure to radioactivity in job conditions, geological features, presence of radiogenic radon gas in water and air of the area, and presence of 238U, 232Th and 40K in geological formations in the region suggest that radioactive emissions could be considered as the key factors contributing to cancer in this region. Discussion The average level of natural total gamma radioactivity associated with 238U, 232Th and 40K in the Neyshabour turquoise mine area was 87.78 cps. Mine tunnels, houses, mine wastes and geological outcrop have the highest natural total gamma radioactivity, respectively. Trachyte rocks unit has the highest natural gamma radioactivity and andesite coarse-grained clastic sediments display the lowest values. 40K has the most total gamma radioactivity in the study area. Trachytic rocks are the source of natural gamma radioactivity in this region. The radioactivity of 238U, 232Th and 40K in geological formations can be considered as a main factor contributing to cancer.

The article offers information on the success of Out of Our Mines at the AGTA show, where they showcased a variety of mainly American stones, particularly turquoise and variscite from Nevada. Other topics include Richard Shull and Helen Constantine-Shull's backgrounds, their extensive lapidary and jewelry-making experience, and their ownership and operation of several turquoise and variscite claims in Nevada.

Turquoise from Hami, Xinjiang, China, is an attractive gem material of good quality and nice colour. The deposit shows good potential, although mining is currently forbidden due to the archaeological significance of the area. The turquoise typically forms in veins or as nodules with various associated minerals (i.e. woodhouseite, dawsonite, calcite, alunite, gypsum and quartz, as identified by X-ray diffraction analysis). The main chemical impurities in the turquoise are Si, Sr, Cr and V. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the turquoise crystallites commonly form compact aggregates with an imbricate arrangement, resulting in low porosity and a dense structure. The relatively high hardness of a brownish yellow variety of Hami turquoise was found to be closely related to the presence of quartz impurities. Some blue-to-green specimens display a distinctive 'raindrop' appearance due to the presence of fluorapatite, similar to turquoise from China's Hubei Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is intended to determine the symbolic meaning of turquoise in Iranian culture with the help of extralinguistic materials. Today, gemstones are not just ordinary useful minerals, because they can become the main object of complex research as a living element of a particular culture. The lack of research on this topic in the field of Iranian studies, in turn, determines the relevance of the study. The research is interdisciplinary in nature, based on the linguocultural and etymological analysis, method of interpretation. The results of the study can be used by orientalists, specialists in Iranian studies and linguists in conducting linguocultural analysis. In the article, the authors reveal that the turquoise stone has a special place in Iranian culture, as well as the fact that this precious stone is valuable as a natural mineral, and its color is associated with Iranian archetypal beliefs. In addition, the role of turquoise stone in religious discourse and its widespread usage as medicine has enhanced the status of this stone. And the analysis of the appearance of the turquoise stone, which is used as a metaphor and simile in the literary texts of Persian poets, allows a deeper understanding of the Eastern poetry.

In the Neolithic Gavà mines, variscite and turquoise were exploited for ornaments manufacturing, although some prospective pits and tunnels were dug on other similar greenish minerals such as smectite or kandite. A 3D study of the distribution of mineral phases allows us to determine the parameters involved in variscite colours. Methods are comprised of quantitative colourimetry, thin section petrography, SEM-BSE-EDS, EMPA, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry. Mapping of the mines indicates that colour is not directly dependent on depth. Although variscite from Gavà is poor in Cr3+ and V+3 compared with gemmy variscite from other localities, the deep green samples content has the highest values of Cr3+. In the case of cryptocrystalline mixtures with jarosite, phosphosiderite, or goethite, variscite tends to acquire a greenish brown to olivaceous hue. If white minerals such as quartz, kandite, crandallite, or alunite are involved in the mixtures, variscite and turquoise colours become paler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper mineral medicines are widely used in clinical practice. There are 11 kinds of copper-bearing minerals used in the treatment of diseases in Tibetan medicine: bjarosite, silane malachite, brass, malachite, turquoise, bronze, ring copper, turquoise, red copper, chlorite, copper. In this paper, the main components, processing methods, clinical uses and modern pharmacological research progress of copper-bearing minerals in Tibetan medicines were summarized by referring to the Tibetan medicine books, modern ethnic medicine monographs, current quality standards and recent literature, providing reference for the sustainable development and efective utilization of Tibetan medicine resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New materials in 85 configurations were tested relative to standard fabric Nzi traps to improve catches of tabanids based on artificial visual cues that mimic those used in nature for locating hosts or water. Colour‐fast synthetic fabrics and photo‐selective horticultural mesh were tested to facilitate insecticide impregnation and for improved durability. Many plastics were explored to document how flies react to polarized and visible vs. ultraviolet light. Lastly, sticky horizontal, linearly polarizing ground‐level shiny plastic targets were tested for capturing water‐seeking tabanids relative to traps and vertical fabric targets. Based on the capture of 281 786 female Tabanidae (Tabanus Linnaeus, Hybomitra Enderlein, Chrysops Meigen), four alternative formats provided higher catches and/or durability. They were substituting: (1) phthalogen turquoise for phthalogen blue, (2) solution‐dyed fabrics for blue and black cotton, (3) clear/white horticultural mesh for mosquito netting, and (4) clear, reflective plastic for some or all netting. A Sunbrella/BioNet fabric trap (portable) and a blue‐black Plexiglas®/netting trap (fixed applications) consistently performed best (1.5–3 × higher catches). Ground‐level targets captured many male and gravid female Hybomitra but were ineffective for Tabanus. Traps and vertical fabric or transparent sticky targets captured mainly unfed females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction In porphyry copper deposits, turquoise is considered to be a supergene oxidation product (John et al., 2010; Chavez, 2000). Based on Rezaian et al., 2003; Zarasvandi et al., 2005 and Eslamizadeh, 2004, the Aliabad index is introduced as a porphyry copper system. The first published report on turquoise events around Ali-Abad was presented by Momenzadeh et al., 1988. This area is located 57 km southwest of Yazd. Alterations often include siricitization, advanced argillization. Kaolinization and silicification have occurred frequently in the arkose and microcan glomerate of the Sangestan formation. The aim of this research study is to try to reconstruct and investigate the formation and origin of turquoise by using the latest mineralogical and geochemical data. Field evidence shows occurrence of turquoise in the form of a veinlet and nodules, with blue-green and blue-white colors. Jarosite, alunite, quartz and iron oxides are found together with turquoise. Materials and Methods A geological map of the area with a scale of 1/15000 was prepared. 35 samples of intrusive bodies, sandstones and altered rocks were selected to produce thin and polished sections. XRD and the EDS analyses were carried out at the central laboratory of Isfahan University and the University of Oklahoma, USA, respectively in order to identify the chemical composition of phases. Results Based on the studies, several chain processes have been involved in the form of turquoise: the initiator of the reactions is the formation of an oxidant environment (gossan), in which metal sulfides (Cu, Fe) in the phyllic zone of porphyry copper deposit have played a fundamental role. Turquoise has two species in this area. One is in the form of direct deposition in the veinlets, away from the alteration of the host rock and the mineralization center, and the other one is in the form of substitution. It is undeniable that the host rock with Kaolinite-sericite alteration is required for substitution. The close association of alunite-turquoise may imply that turquoise is a product of the phosphatization process of alunite. The Alunite Supergene event in the alteration zone and its accompaniment with turquoise indicates the mineral complex of advanced argillic alteration. The mineral chemistry highlighted the high percentages of aluminum concentration which is a property of minerals in advanced argillic zone. Discussion The phyllic zone has the largest part of the region's alteration (Taghipour and Mackizadeh, 2011; Moore et al., 2011). An advanced argillic zone with the presence of alunite-jarosite with turquoise is scattered inside the phyllic zone. To confirm microscopic observations, XRD and EDS analyses were used. These analyses prove the presence of the turquoise phase. In some analyses performed on the turquoise mineral phase, the presence of potassium and silicon probably indicates the transitional phase of conversion of sericite or alunite to turquoise. Pyrite in the oxidant condition has been disrupted by the effects of atmospheric water and created goethite and sulfuric acid. The produced ferric sulfate can induce dissolution of chalcopyrite. The occurrence of iron oxides and oxy-hydroxides will lead to the development of the gossan zone. Gossan's transformation, in addition to supplying copper, causes acidic fluids to continue the reaction. Under acidic conditions, the phosphate leaching from the arkose has been subjected to the following reaction: Ca5 (PO4)3OH + 5H2SO4 + 9/2O2 → 5CaSO4 2H2O + 3H3PO4 In addition to phosphate and copper, aluminum is the most important element in the structure of turquoise. Under an acidic environment, arkose feldspars and hydrolysis reactions during alteration will be used for the formation of sericite, kaolinite and gypsite. With the presence of sulfate and potassium released from the alteration of feldspars, alunite and turquoise can be formed. The alunite-turquoise paragenesis confirms formation of turquoise by alunite (Espahbod, 1976). Turquoise will be formed by the reaction of potassium, copper sulfate and anion phosphate with alunite: 8K+ + CuSO4 + 4H2PO4- + 2KAl3 (SO4)2(OH) 6 → CuAl6 (PO4)4(OH)8 4H2O + 5K2SO4 + 4H+ The hydrogen ions released in this reaction will lower the pH of the environment and cause progression of hydrolysis reactions. Finally, jarosite will be formed by the interaction of K+, sulfate and Fe3+. Based on these reactions, an aluminum-rich phase is needed for stabilizing phosphate and soluble copper.

Copyright of Journal of Economic Geology is the property of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the discussion on Turquoise being an opaque and blue to green gem material carrying the meanings of victory, triumph, and prosperity discovered in burial sites suggesting the importance of mineral in the ancient civilization's traditions .

The occurrence of nonlocal objects, raw materials, and ideas in the southwestern United States (U.S. SW) has long been recognized as evidence of interaction between prehispanic peoples of this region and those of greater Mesoamerica. Although many archaeologists have analyzed the directionality and potential means by which these objects and concepts moved across the landscape, few have assessed the degree to which Mesoamerican practices and traditional assemblages remained intact as the artifacts and ideas moved farther from their places of origin. The current study analyzes the distribution and deposition of blue-green stone mosaics, a craft technology that was well established in Mesoamerica by the Late Preclassic period (300 BC-AD 250) and spread to the U.S. SW by the start of the Hohokam Pioneer period (AD 475). We assess the spatial distribution, contextual deposition, and morphology of mosaics at sites within Hohokam Canal System 2, located in the Phoenix Basin of Arizona. We use these data to infer mosaics' social value and function within Hohokam social structure. Analyses suggest that, although the technology of mosaic making may have originated in Mesoamerica, the contexts and ways in which mosaics were used in the Hohokam regional system were decidedly Hohokam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Egyptian Archaeology is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND The Xichuan turquoise mining area in Henan Province belongs to the east extension of the turquoise metallogenic belt in the junction of Hubei and Shaanxi Provinces. A lot of turquoise artifacts have been excavated in many early archaeological sites near Xichuan. Therefore, the distribution of the Xichuan turquoises has attracted wide attention of many archaeologists. OBJECTIVES To study mineralogical characteristics of Xichuan turquoise in order to improve the mineralogical study of turquoise in different mining areas in China and provide important data support for tracing the mineral resources of early turquoise artifacts in China. METHODS Technologies including polarizing micro-scope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction were applied to study the texture and structure of turquoise. Electron probe microanalysis and back scattered electron imaging were applied to study the mineral assemblage of Xichuan turquoise. RESULTS Xichuan turquoise, ring-like, nodular and patchy granular was primarily composed of fine scaly, short columnar and lamellar microcrystalline aggregates. By comparing the microcrystalline structures of different samples, it was noted that the sizes, shapes and distributions could affect the densification and color of Xichuan turquoise. Quartz, chalcedony and iron oxide were common in the Xichuan turquoise aggregate. Svanbergite could also be observed in some samples. CONCLUSIONS By comparing the mineral assemblages of turquoise in other mining areas, it was found that Xichuan turquoise was similar to the turquoise in Hubei Province with quartz and limonite as main mineral impurities, different from the turquoise in Anhui Province with kaolinite as main mineral impurities.

The book of hours examined for this study is an illuminated Renaissance masterpiece: a small prayer book bound in enamelled gold and gemstones that was bought in 1538 by King Francis I of France as a probable gift for his niece. In 2018, it was acquired by the Louvre Museum (Paris, France) from S. J. Phillips Ltd in London, and its nearly complete history is documented here. A first gemmological analysis of the stones adorning the book was conducted on site at the Louvre in 2020. The gems consist of carnelian (two intaglios and eight cameos), rubies (27 polished pieces), turquoise (24 cabochons) and rhodolite (one faceted stone in the book's clasp that has been described as tourmaline since 1942). We suggest that most of the rubies were mined from the Mogok area of Burma (now Myanmar). Based on historical considerations, the turquoise could have originated from Persia or possibly Uzbekistan, and the carnelian from either India or Saxony. The faceted rhodolite could have originated from India or Sri Lanka, and was most likely added to the clasp in more recent times, possibly between 1842 and 1884. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Oriental Studies (Al-Farabi Kazakh National University) / Kazahskij Nacional'nyj Universitet Imeni Al'-Farabi Vestnik Seriâ Vostokovedeniâ is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)