Search

The issue of unmet equal variance assumption in multi-factor ANOVA has been addressed in the literature with several methods, and parametric bootstrap (PB) has been found in the one-way and two-way cases to outperform other methods. We extend previously developed PB procedures for one- and two-way ANOVA, and illustrate with a three-way ANOVA model with unequal group variances (heteANOVA model). We develop a framework for working with these models, analogous to usual multi-factor ANOVA procedures, where F-tests and Tukey's simultaneous multiple comparison procedures are replaced by PB procedures. Using simulation, we compare these methods to F-tests for each step in model selection, as well as to Tukey's test for multiple comparison procedures (MCP). The results of our simulations indicate that the PB methods outperform F-tests and Tukey's test in terms of Type I error when data are unbalanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mangroves in Zanzibar are crucial to the survival of the local population, as they provide essential ecosystem goods and services. However, the actual value of mangrove products is not easily recognized. As a result, it is chiefly concluded that mangrove forests should be converted to uses that generate directly marketable products. This research sought to assess the perception and value of mangrove ecosystem services to the local communities around the Chwaka and Menai Bays. Key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and household surveys were used to collect data. The chi-squared test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the awareness and perception of mangrove ecosystem services, respectively. The results show that provisioning services were the mangrove ecosystem services most identified by the household surveys, i.e., c. 84%. Supporting, regulating, and cultural services were rated in that order by 46.2%, 45.4%, and 21.0% of the respondents, respectively. This study found that there were statistically significant differences between Chwaka, Charawe, Ukongoroni, Unguja Ukuu, and Uzi wards in terms of households' awareness of regulating services (χ2 = 6.061, p = 0.014) and supporting services (χ2 = 6.006, p = 0.014). There were no significant differences in the identification of provisioning (χ2 = 1.510, p = 0.919) and cultural (χ2 = 1.601, p = 0.901) services. Occupations did not determine the reliance on mangrove ecosystem services (χ2 = 8.015; p = 0.1554). The approach used in this study can provide policymakers and land planners with a framework for the sustainable management of the ecosystem services provided by mangroves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the Volumetric Median Diameters (VMDs), Relative Span (RS), percentage of droplets with a diameter smaller than 100 µm (V100), and percentage of drift (% drift) of four droplet classes (Fine, Medium, Coarse, and Very Coarse) were analyzedin two spray volumes (77 L.ha-1and 144 L.ha-1) employinga tank-mix of atrazine and nicosulfuron herbicides (2500 + 15 gaiha-1), usingParticle/Droplet Imaging Analyze (PDIA) and wind tunnel techniques. The experiments were performed under Completely Randomized Design, in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme (droplet classes × sprayvolumes). Data underwent analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5%, and the correlation between variables was computedconsidering Pearson's coefficient at 1% and 5%. The VMD of all droplet classes was considerably distinct in the two spray volumes. In both application spray volumes, the minimum VMD for the Coarsedropletclass classification was not attained. The highest means of RS were detectedin the spray volume of 77 L.ha-1. All treatments demonstratedsignificant differences in the analysis of V100 and % drift, with the highest means observed in the Fine droplet (144 L.ha-1) and Medium (77 L.ha-1). A negative correlation existed between VMD × V100 and VMD × % drift and a positive correlation between V100 × % drift in the two spray volumes. RS was negatively correlated with VMD and positively with V100 and % drift, in the spray volume of 77 L.ha-1. In the spray volume of 144 L.ha-1, the correlation between RSand VMD, V100, and % drift was insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of airborne-particle abrasion and MDP (methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate)-based primer treatment on the strength of resin bonds to highly translucent zirconia. Materials and Methods: Eight groups (n = 20 per group) of specimens were prepared with airborne-particle abrasion treatments (0.1-, 0.3-, or 0.6-MPa pressure) or not (untreated control) and MDP-based primer (treated) or not (untreated). Shear bond strength (SBS) tests were performed on the composite-to-ceramic bonded specimens either with or without thermocycling. After airborne-particle abrasion, the surface topography was evaluated by white light interferometry, and a phase analysis was conducted with x-ray diffraction (XRD). Surface roughness (Ra), surface energy (SE), and SBS measurements were statistically analyzed using either Tukey’s HSD or the Kruskal-Wallis test, based on applicability. Lastly, the failure mode was observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Results: Airborne-particle abrasion resulted in significantly larger Ra (p < 0.05), especially with higher treatment pressures. Treatment with MDP-based primer caused significantly higher SE and SBS than airborne-particle abrasion alone (p < 0.05), both with and without aging. Conclusion: MDP-based primer can enhance the bond strength and reduce hydrolytic aging of the bonded interface for highly translucent zirconia, exceeding the effects of airborne-particle abrasion. It is recommended that MDP-based primer treatment be applied with a composite cement containing adhesive phosphate monomer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of composite cement components and thermocycling on the bond strength of monolithic lithium-disilicate (LS2) glass-ceramic implant-supported restorations bonded to titanium (Ti) abutments. Materials and Methods: Eighty LS2 blocks were treated with five types of composite cement and primer, then divided accordingly into groups: M (Multilink hybrid abutment), G (G-CEM LinkAce), GP (G-CEM LinkAce with G-Multi PRIMER), P (Panavia F2.0), and U (RelyX U200). Half of the 16 specimens from each group were subjected to thermocycling (groups T-M, T-G, T-GP, T-P, and T-U). The tensile bond strength (TBS) of all specimens was measured using a pull-off test. The cross section of the LS2 block from which the Ti abutment was removed was examined for mode of failure. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (significance level = 0.05) were used to determine the effect of composite cement composition and thermocycling on TBS. Results: There was no difference in TBS between the five groups before thermocycling (p = 0.16). However, groups M (p < 0.001) and G (p = 0.014) showed significantly lower TBS than the corresponding thermocycled groups. Groups T-GP, T-P, and T-U did not show significant changes in TBS after thermocycling (p > 0.05). All failures occurred at the interface between the composite cement and Ti abutment and not between the cement and the LS2 block. Conclusion: Thermocycling can reduce the bond strength between the composite cements and Ti abutment. The composite cements containing 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) or methacrylate phosphate ester monomers stabilize bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Using the microshear bond strength (μSBS) test, this study investigated the bond strength between a hybrid ceramic and the extrinsic characterization layer after different ceramic surface treatments. Materials and Methods: Hybrid ceramic blocks (Vita Enamic, Vita Zahnfabrik) were sectioned and randomly divided into 4 groups (N = 120) according to the surface treatment and aging (n = 15): P: polishing; E: acid etching with HF; A: aluminum oxide blasting; S: self-etching ceramic primer. The specimens were silanized, then cylinders of light-curing characterization material (Vita Enamic Stain, 1.6 mm diameter x 2 mm height) were fabricated, followed by glazing. The specimens were subsequently immersed in distilled water for 24 h and subjected to the μSBS test using a universal testing machine (load cell 0.5 mm/min, 50 kgf) or tested after thermocycling for 10,000 cycles in water (5ºC–55ºC). After treatment, the specimen surfaces were analyzed using SEM, with failure types defined as adhesive, predominantly adhesive, or cohesive. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Results: The most frequent failure type was predominantly adhesive between ceramic and the characterization layer. There were statistically significant differences between the surface treatments (p < 0.05). Thermocycling did not lead to statistically signifcant different results (p > 0.05). For groups P and A, a sharp decrease in SBS was observed. Conclusion: The absence of surface treatment drastically reduced the microshear bond strength between the ceramic and the characterization layer. Conditioning with 5% hydrofluoric acid for 60 s is the most suitable treatment for adhesion of the characterization layer to hybrid ceramic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To three-dimensionally evaluate the interfacial gap of bulk-fill resin composites applied in deep Class-I restorations with different layering techniques and curing modes. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six (n = 96) samples were prepared with standardized deep Class-I cavities and adhesive procedures. Four materials were tested: SDR (SDR), SonicFill2 (SF), Admira Fusion X-Tra (AFXT), Filtek Supreme XTE (FS). Four subgroups (n = 6) were created according to layering and curing techniques: 2+2mm increments with soft start curing (SG1), 2+2 mm with conventional curing (SG2), a 4-mm increment with soft start curing (SG3), a 4-mm increment with conventional curing (SG4). All samples underwent micro-CT scans; afterwards, voids surrounding the restorations automatically underwent a thresholding procedure (Mimics, Materialise; Geomagic Studio 12, 3D Systems) to analyze the 3D interfacial gap. Statistical analysis was performed using three-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (significance p < 0.05). Results: Statistically significant differences were reported between materials, layering techniques and their interaction. No statistically significant differences were reported for polymerisation mode. Bulk-fill materials showed average interfacial gap volumes ranging from 0.031 mm³ to 0.200 mm³, while FS showed volumes ranging from 0.416 mm³ to 1200 mm³. Conclusions: All bulk-fill materials performed statistically significantly better than did FS (p < 0.05), with no statistically significant differences between them. Curing mode did not influence interfacial gap volume in any group (p > 0.05), while bulk-filling vs layering influenced the volume of interfacial gaps only in the FS group, which performied better when incrementally applied. Regarding gap localisation, the floor of the cavity was the area with the highest likelihood of gaps in all samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of ethylene-diamine-tetra acetic acid (EDTA) on bond strength (BS) and nanoleakage (NL) of fiber posts bonded into root canals. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two single roots were endodontically treated and divided into six groups (n = 12), according to the combination of the following factors: surface treatment (no irrigation [control], 17% EDTA, or 24% EDTA), and composite cement applied with an adhesive used in a self-etch mode (Single Bond Universal/RelyX Ultimate [SB], 3M Oral Care; Ambar Universal/Allcem [AM], FGM). After fiber post cementation, six 1-mm-thick disks were obtained for each root. Push-out bond strength (BS) was evaluated using 8 specimens per group, and the other 4 specimens were used to examine nanoleakage (NL). Data from BS and NL of each adhesive were evaluated by two-way ANOVA (surface treatment vs root region) and Tukey's test (a = 0.05). Results: The application of 17% and 24% EDTA did not influence the bond strengths of either adhesive. In general, the application of 17% and 24% EDTA increased NL values for both adhesives. Conclusion: Pre-treatment with different concentrations of EDTA was not able to improve the adhesion of fiber posts into root canals with universal adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of superimposition of customized abutment library data onto scanned abutment data according to the extent of the scanning area.Materials and Methods: A patient model was fabricated by a 3D printer (Probo, DIO Implant), and a customized abutment was fabricated using a four-axis milling machine (ARUM 4X-100, Doowon). The customized abutment library data were generated using a laboratory scanner (E3, 3Shape) for superimposition after intraoral scanning. A cone-shaped structure was embedded into the library data at the center of the connection part. The customized abutment was placed on the model, and the model was scanned using a laboratory scanner to produce reference data. Three different test group datasets were generated using intraoral scanner and computer-aided design software: (1) fully scanned customized abutment; (2) insufficiently scanned proximal surface; and (3) insufficiently scanned margin, assuming challenging intraoral conditions. The library data were superimposed onto each test group; thereafter, the distance and angle between the reference and test group data were analyzed by using the embedded cone. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Tukey test for multiple comparisons.Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the mean distance and angle of the test group data (with three different scanning areas) and the reference data.Conclusion: The superimposition technique can be used clinically, not only when the scan is complete, but also when the proximal surface and margin of the customized abutment have been scanned incompletely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the influence of the etching strategy of universal adhesives on bond degradation to sound and artificially-induced caries-affected dentin. Materials and Methods: The universal adhesives (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive; All-Bond Universal; Prime&Bond Elect) and adhesives used as controls (Adper Single Bond 2 and Clearfil SE Bond) were applied to sound and artificially-induced caries-affected bovine dentin. Microtensile bond strength was evaluated immediately (24 h) and after one year of water storage (1 year). Representative specimens were also prepared to assess nanoleakage. Bond strength data (MPa) were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's test (α = 0.05), considering each substrate separately. Results: Bonding degradation was observed for all universal adhesives on caries-affected dentin, irrespective of the etching strategy. On sound dentin, bonding degradation was observed when adhesives were used on the etchand-rinse strategy. Conclusion: The universal adhesives were not capable of maintaining bond stability over time on caries-affected dentin. The self-etch strategy seems better able to maintain the durability of adhesive interfaces created on sound dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of pretreatment with different crosslinking agents on glass-fiber-post adhesive luting. Materials and Methods: Single-rooted human teeth (n = 20) were randomly assigned to four groups: proanthocyanidins (PA) from grape-seed extract, cardol and cardanol (separated from cashew nut-shell liquid) and negative control (hydroethanolic solution). The solutions were applied on 37% phosphoric acid-etched dentin for 60 s. Glassfiber posts were cemented using a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, 3M Oral Care) and composite cement (RelyX ARC, 3M Oral Care). Slices for the push-out bond strength test were cut and tested after 24-h or 6-month storage in distilled water. The dentin underlying the adhesive layer was analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy to evaluate vibrational formation of collagen crosslinks. Three additional slices per group were also made and the adhesive in-situ degree of conversion (DC) was analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results: No statistically significant changes in bond strength were found over time for any of the groups, except with cardol, which increased bond strength (8.4 ± 3.9 MPa at 24 h to 15.0 ± 2.9 MPa after 6 months, p < 0.001) after aging. The formation of peaks at 1117 cm-1 and 1235 cm-1 showed the presence of collagen crosslinks for all three biomodification agents. The DC outcomes showed no statistically significant differences between groups (p = 0.514). Conclusion: Biomodification agents did not impair adhesive polymerization. Cardol demonstrated a positive influence on intraradicular dentin bonding for glass-fiber post luting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of inclusion of two dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) concentrations in simplified etch-andrinse adhesives on dentin bonding durability after three years of water storage. Materials and Methods: Forty-two caries-free third molars were divided into six experimental groups (n = 7) according to the following factors: 1) adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2 [SB], 3M Oral Care; Prime&Bond 2.1 [PB], Dentsply Sirona); 2) concentration of DMSO (control group: 0.0% DMSO; addition of 0.2% DMSO [0.2] and 2% DMSO [2.0]). After completing restoration, specimens were stored in water (37°C) for 24 h, sectioned into adhesive-dentin sticks (0.8 mm²), tested for microtensile bond strength (μTBS) at 0.5 mm/min, and examined for nanoleakage (NL) using SEM immediately thereafter or after three years of water storage. Data were subjected to a three-way repeatedmeasures ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05) for each property evaluated. Results: After three years of water storage, for both adhesives, the incorporation of 2% DMSO maintained the μTBS when compared to immediate μTBS (p > 0.05). In general, SB resulted in a statistically significantly higher mean of μTBS compared to PB, independent of the DMSO concentration after water storage (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the amount of NL was lower and practically limited to the hybrid layer given the concentrations of 0.2% and 2% DMSO for both tested adhesives after three years. Conclusion: The incorporation of DMSO in simplified etch-and-rinse adhesives maintains the long-term stability of the dentin bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of the design of the light-curing unit (LCU) and mouth opening on the properties of bulk-fill resin-based composites (RBCs). Materials and Methods: Eighty molars received a mesio-occlusal-distal preparation and were restored using two different bulk-fill RBCs, Opus Bulk Fill APS (FGM) and Filtek Bulk Fill One (3M Oral Care), using two different designs of LCU, straight (Valo Cordless [Ultradent]) and angled (Radii-Cal [SDI]). Two mouth openings of 25 and 45 mm at the incisors were used. Forty samples were sectioned mesiodistally. One half was immersed in tetrahydrofuran to examine the effect of the solvent on the RBCs (SE), and the other half to measure the degree of conversion (DC) in proximal and occlusal boxes using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The other 40 samples were subjected to thermomechanical fatigue and immersed in silver nitrate to examine the gingival margin integrity (GMI) using SEM. The irradiance (mW/cm2) and emission spectrum (mW/cm2/nm) from the LCUs were measured using a MARC Resin Calibrator (BlueLight Analytics). DC data were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's test; SE and GMI were analyzed by an ANOVA on Ranks and Dunn test (a = 0.05). Results: The DC values were similar in the occlusal and proximal boxes when using Valo Cordless, irrespective of RBC and the mouth opening used. Lower DC values were measured in proximal boxes when using Radii-Cal. The mouth opening had a greater effect on the irradiance delivered by Radii-Cal. Radii-Cal with 25-mm mouth opening had greater SE and GMI values, whereas the SE and GMI values obtained with Valo Cordless were unaffected by mouth opening. Conclusion: The choice of LCU did not influence the properties of tested bulk-fill RBCs when the 45-mm mouth opening was used. However, when using the 25-mm mouth opening, the choice of LCU did influence the properties of the RBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the effect of the varnish type, application time and surface polishing on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a universal adhesive in healthy and demineralized bovine enamel. Materials and Methods: 432 bovine primary central incisors were assigned to 18 groups according to enamel mineralization [healthy and demineralized], topical varnish [Clinpro White Varnish (CWV; 3M Oral Care) and Profluorid (PFV, Voco)], remineralization time [24 h or 21 days] and polishing or not of the enamel surface. Adhesion was tested using Futurabond M (Voco)+ and GrandioSO (Voco). Sheer bond strength (SBS) was measured and the fracture mode studied. The statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, and Pearson's chi-squared test. Results: In healthy bovine enamel, CWV reduced SBS at 24 h and 21 days; polishing significantly improved SBS. PFV increased SBS in healthy enamel at 21 days and demineralized enamel at 24 h and 21 days; polishing had no effect on SBS. The application time and polishing of the enamel surface affected the behavior of varnishes with respect to SBS. There was a correlation between the type of fracture and the degree of mineralization as well as the timepoint of varnish application. Conclusions: Remineralization of demineralized enamel with fluoride varnishes permits the recovery of the bond strength obtained in healthy enamel. Of the two varnishes studied, PFV had the highest SBS and more uniform behavior, regardless of the application timepoint, degree of mineralization, and surface treatment of the enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of composite resin polymerization shrinkage stress on the stress distribution in the implant-supported crown-access hole, and on the bond strength between the ceramic and composite resin. Materials and Methods: A 3D model of a ceramic crown, in which the access hole was filled with composite resin (conventional or bulk-fill), was used to evaluate the stress distribution in the access hole using finite element analysis. The contacts were considered bonded and the polymerization shrinkage was simulated based on the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of each resin. The push-out test (1 mm/min, 100 kgf) was performed on perforated lithium disilicate samples filled with conventional or bulk-fill resins to validate the stress data of the bond strength. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used to analyze the bond strength data, with a set at 5%. Results: Conventional resin showed the worst stress distribution and highest displacement values, von Mises stress, maximum principal strain, maximum principal stress, and maximum shear stress vs the bulk-fill resin. Statistically significantly greater bond strength was observed for bulk-fill (13.40 ± 5.59 MPa) than the conventional resin (8.70 ± 3.02 MPa). Conclusion: Comparing both materials tested in the present study, the use of bulk-fill composite resin to seal the screw-access hole is suggested to reduce the stress concentration and increase bond strength to the ceramic crown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated repair protocols of a non-aged and aged bulk-fill composite in terms of bond strength and leakage.Materials and Methods: Ninety-six bulk-fill resin specimens were constructed; half were submitted to thermocycling. Specimens were divided into six groups (n = 16) according to the repair treatments: CG: no repair (control group); Ad: adhesive; DbAd: abrasion with diamond bur + adhesive; SbAd: sandblasting + adhesive; DbSiAd: abrasion with diamond bur + silane + adhesive; and SbSiAd: sandblasting + silane + adhesive. Resin blocks were bonded to the treated surfaces to simulate repair, and the specimens were submitted to microtensile bond strength testing. The failure area was evaluated under a stereomicroscope (40X magnification), and leakage after specimen immersion in silver nitrate solution for 24 h was evaluated under a microscope (200X magnification). Three-way ANOVA (surface treatment, chemical agent, aging) and Tukey's test were performed.Results: Ad and DbAd groups showed the lowest bond strengths, while Ad was the only group negatively influenced by aging. The other groups were statistically similar to the CG in both conditions. All groups exhibited leakage, but groups without silane presented a greater percentage of leakage, mainly when diamond burs were used. Thermocycling did not influence leakage, nor did surface treatment in groups with silane.Conclusion: For composite repair, the use of silane is recommended, mainly when diamond burs are used as a mechanical surface treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the effect of the application of different electric currents on dentin bonding and resin infiltration of self-etching and etch-and-rinse adhesives. Materials and Methods: Two hundred four sound third molars were selected and divided in groups according to the adhesive (self-etch [CSE, Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray Noritake], universal [SBU, Single Bond Universal, 3M Oral Care], and etch-and-rinse [SB2, Adper Single Bond 2 (SB2), 3M Oral Care]) and electrical current used (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 µA). Light curing was performed for 10 s with an LED-curing unit at 1000 mW/cm2. Composite blocks were constructed of nanofilled composite in increments of 2 mm, which were light cured for 20 s. Specimens were sectioned into sticks with a cross-sectional area of ~1 mm2 and stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h. Microtensile bond strength (µTBS) testing (n = 8) was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure. The bonding quality (n = 2) of adhesives applied with or without 35-µA electric current was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bond strengths were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (a = 0.05). Results: CSE presented the highest µTBS for all electrical currents tested. For CSE and SBU, electrical currents from 0-20 µA showed the lowest µTBS. Electrical currents from 0-10 and 20-25 µA yielded the lowest µTBS for SB2. CSE and SB2 applied under 35 µA showed a greater number of resin tags in dentin tubules. Fluorescein penetration into the hybrid layer was found for SBU applied without electric current. Conclusion: The application of adhesives using 35-µA electric current improved the bond strength and quality of the adhesive interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of type and viscosity of composite resins used for root reinforcement in the adhesion of glass-fiber posts to flared root canals. Materials and Methods: The crowns of 78 uniradicular permanent teeth were removed and the teeth were endodontically treated. After one week, the roots were prepared for root reinforcement and randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 13): positive control group ([PCG] the root canals were not enlarged), negative control group ([NCG] root canals were enlarged, no reinforcement), and in the remaining 4 groups, root canals were enlarged to receive root reinforcement according to a combination of the factors composite resin type (bulk-fill or conventional) and viscosity (flowable or regular). After fiber post cementation, six slices were obtained from each root (2 each from the cervical, middle, and apical thirds). For each group, 7 teeth underwent push-out bond strength testing, and 6 teeth were evaluated for nanoleakage and Vickers microhardness. Bond strength and nanoleakage data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05), and microhardness data to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: The root reinforcement groups with regular and flowable bulk-fill composite resins showed statistically superior adhesion results (higher bond strength and less nanoleakage) compared to the negative control in all root regions. Microhardness values were higher in the cervical third followed by the middle third. Conclusion: Regular or flowable bulk-fill composite resins should be chosen for root reinforcement of flared root canals prior to fiber post cementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of 17% EDTA, 10% citric acid (CA), and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) activated with a rotary microbrush (CanalBrush) on root dentin microhardness, roughness, and epoxy-based sealer bond strength.Materials and Methods: One hundred sixty single-rooted bovine incisors were instrumented and divided into 8 groups according to treatment: 1. 17% EDTA; 2. 17% EDTA+2% CHX; 3. 10% CA; 4. 10% CA+2% CHX; 5. 17% EDTA with CanalBrush; 6. 17% EDTA+2% CHX with CanalBrush; 7. 10% CA with CanalBrush; and 8. 10% CA+2% CHX with CanalBrush. Ten roots in each group were split into halves and submitted to microhardness and roughness analyses (n = 10). Following endodontic filling with AH Plus sealer, 10 roots in each group underwent push-out bond strength testing (n = 10). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05).Results: All groups had similar microhardness values (p > 0.05) which was higher in the apical third than in the middle and cervical thirds (p < 0.05). The CanalBrush groups had higher roughness than the no-activation groups (p < 0.05), with significantly higher roughness in the cervical third than in the apical third (p < 0.05). All groups exhibited similar bond strength (p > 0.05), with the cervical third being higher, followed by the middle and apical thirds (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Microbrush activation had a direct impact on dentin roughness and did not influence the dentin microhardness or the retention of epoxy-based sealer to the root canal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of pre-treatment air abrasion of surfaces using bioactive glass 45S5 on the progression of erosion in bovine enamel induced by a common soft drink.Materials and Methods: Twelve intact bovine incisors were selected and 24 enamel samples were prepared and randomly assigned to two groups (n = 12): 1. control group, no anti-erosive treatment; 2. experimental group: samples were air abraded with bioglass 45S5 before the erosive challenge. The enamel samples were submitted to erosive cycling using a common soft drink. Enamel surface loss was evaluated using optical profilometry; surface microhardness and roughness changes were determined using Vickers method and Vertical Scanning Interferometry, respectively. In addition, SEM observations and EDS analysis were performed to detect any alterations in surface morphology and mineral content. The data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test at a significance level of α = 0.05.Results: The experimental group exhibited less (18.7%) surface loss than did the control group (p < 0.05), while also presenting a statistically significantly smaller decrease in surface microhardness compared to the control group after erosive cycling (p < 0.05). However, neither group showed a statistically significant change in surface roughness (p > 0.05). After the treatments, changes in surface morphology and mineral content of enamel were observed.Conclusions: Surface pre-treatment using air abrasion bioglass 45S5 may help prevent enamel erosion induced by excessive consumption of soft drinks. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm the effectiveness of this method and its clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of surface conditioning methods and aging on the repair bond strength between resin composite and nanoceramic CAD/CAM resin. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four blocks of nanoceramic CAD/CAM resin (NCR) (Lava Ultimate, 3M Oral Care) (10 x 5 x 2 mm3) and resin composite (Filtek Z350, 3M Oral Care) (RC) were made, embedded in acrylic resin, polished (#600, #800, #1200) and randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 12 each) according to surface conditioning methods (air abrasion with 30-μm CoJet [CJ] or air abrasion with 50-μm Al2O3 [AB]) and aging prior to repair (without aging, 24 h in water at 37°C; with aging 6 months in water at 37°C). The blocks were air abraded (20 s, 2.5 bar, 10 mm) using a standardized device. A layer of adhesive resin (Scotchbond Universal) was applied (20 s) and photopolymerized for 20 s. RC cylinders (Ø = 2 mm; h = 2 mm) were then bonded to the NCR substrates using a Teflon matrix and photopolymerized for 40 s. All specimens were thermocycled (10,000 cycles, 5°C-55°C) and submitted to the shear bond test (50 kgf, 0.5 mm/min) to measure repair strength. Data (MPa) were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Failure analysis was performed using stereomicroscopy (20X). Results: ANOVA revealed a significant effect of only the "material" factor (p = 0.00). The group NCR6mCJ presented bond strengths (29.37 ± 5.41) which were significantly higher than those of the NCR24hCJ (20.88 ± 5.74) and RC groups (p < 0.05). The group RC24hCJ (19.71 ± 4.21) presented the lowest shear bond strength (p < 0.05). Failure analysis revealed predominantly type B mixed failures (adhesive+cohesive in the substrate material) except for the groups NCR24hCJ and NCR6mAB, where mainly type C failure (adhesive+cohesive at the RC) was observed. Conclusion: Air abrasion with Al2O3 particles or silicatization with CoJet followed by adhesive resin application are effective surface conditioning methods for the repair of nanoceramic CAD/CAM resin with resin composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of application protocol on the shear bond strength (SBS) and nanoleakage of simplified adhesives over 18 months. Materials and Methods: 810 dentin slices were obtained from 405 caries-free human molars. They were randomly assigned to 54 experimental groups resulting from the combination of "adhesive" (Adper Scotchbond 1XT [S1XT], Solobond M [SM], Scotchbond Universal Adhesive in etch-and-rinse mode [SUER] and self-etch mode [SUSE], Adper Easy Bond [EB], Clearfil S3 Bond Plus [CS3]), "application protocol" (manufacturer's instructions [MI], two extra layers of adhesive [EL], hydrophobic resin layer [HL]), and "aging time" (24 h [24H], 6 months [6M], and 18 months [18M] in water). SBS tests were carried out using a Watanabe device followed by failure mode analysis. For the nanoleakage study, specimens from 54 additional molars were prepared as previously described, immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate, and evaluated with SEM. SBS data were analyzed with ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc tests; failure mode data were analyzed using chi-squared tests (α = 0.05). Nanoleakage data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by LSD tests (α = 0.05). Results: After 18M, S1XT and SUSE achieved the highest mean SBS (p < 0.05). Regarding the application protocols, EL and HL provided higher mean SBS than those obtained with MI (p < 0.05). HL resulted in the highest mean SBS and the lowest mean nanoleakage after 18M. Conclusion: Simplified adhesives may need an extra hydrophobic resin layer to achieve a stable and durable adhesive interface. The self-etch approach should be recommended for the universal adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength of dentine/self-adhesive resin cement interface after several treatments on a dentine surface.Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight human molars were selected and divided into four groups: no treatment (control (C)); 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX); 25% polyacrylic acid (PA); and 23 ppm dispersive solution of silver nanoparticle (SN). Prepolymerised TPH resin composite (Dentsply) blocks were luted on the dentine surface using RelyX U200 self-adhesive resin cement (3M ESPE). Microtensile bond strength was measured (MPa) in a universal testing machine 24 h and 6 months after the bonding process. The fractured specimens were examined in an optical microscope and classified according to the fracture pattern. A representative sample of each group was observed by scanning electronic microscope. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test to compare the mean among the groups (p <0.05).Results: The highest microtensile bond strength values after 24 h were found for the PA group (13.34 ± 6.36 MPa), with no statistically significant difference for the C group (9.76 ± 3.11 Mpa). After 6 months, the highest microtensile bond strength values were found for the C group (9.09 ± 3.27 Mpa), with statistically significant difference only for the CHX group (2.94 ± 1.66 MPa). There was statistically significant difference only for the PA group when comparing the periods studied. Regardless of the surface treatment applied, there were more adhesive failures in both periods of time.Conclusion: Dentinal pretreatment with PA, as well as use of SN before the bonding procedure of self-adhesive resin cement to dentine, may be alternative bonding protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of surface treatments and aging on the bond strength of composite cement to a novel CAD/CAM nanohybrid composite. Materials and Methods: Microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of a dual-curing composite cement (Bifix QM; BQ) to three CAD/CAM restorative materials (Grandio [GR], Vita Enamic [VE], and Lava Ultimate [LU]) was evaluated after different surface treatments. The surfaces of specimens received the following treatments: control (no treatment), sandblasting (SB), SB + silane (Ceramic Bond; CB), hydrofluoric acid (HF), HF + CB, TiF4 2 wt/v%, TiF4 2 wt/v% + CB, TiF4 4 wt/v%, and TiF4 4 wt/v% + CB. Half of the specimens in each group were aged. Surface topography and surface roughness were evaluated. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA and Tukey's test. The Weibull analysis was conducted on µTBS data of aged groups. Results: The µTBS was significantly affected by the type of CAD/CAM material, type of treatment, and aging (p < 0.001). Silane application significantly improved the µTBS (p < 0.05). The µTBS decreased significantly with aging (5000 thermocycles) (p < 0.05). BQ cement resulted in the highest µTBS to GR treated with TiF4 F 2% wt/v + CB compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Aged GR/BQ treated with TiF4 F 2% wt/v + CB had the highest predicted µTBS (19 MPa). Conclusion: TiF4 2% wt/v followed by silane application enhanced the adhesion of GR/BQ and LU/BQ systems. On the other hand, HF surface treatment followed by silane application improved the adhesion of the VE/BQ system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate 1. the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and in situ degree of conversion (DC) of adhesives applied using two bonding strategies after silver diamine fluoride (diamine) application on carious dentinal lesions, and 2. dentin etching patterns using SEM and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Materials and Methods: Human molars were randomly divided into 12 experimental groups according to: 1. application of a silver diamine fluoride solution (carious dentinal lesion without silver diamine fluoride treatment [control], with 12% silver diamine fluoride [diamine 12%] or 38% silver diamine fluoride [diamine 38%]); 2. adhesives (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick [CUQ] and Scotchbond Universal [SBU]); 3. adhesive strategy (etch-and-rinse [ER] and self-etch [SE]). After restoration, the specimens were sectioned and submitted to µTBS testing. Sticks from each tooth were used for DC evaluation. To examine the changes induced by diamine before and after phosphoric acid treatment, SEM/EDX analysis was performed. Data from the µTBS and DC tests were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: Both concentrations of diamine resulted in a statistically significantly higher mean µTBS compared to the control (p < 0.0001). Diamine 38% showed a statistically significantly higher mean µTBS for both adhesives in SE mode compared to diamine 12% (p < 0.0001). The application of diamine to carious dentinal lesions did not significantly influence the mean DC values for either adhesive (p = 0.72). SBU showed a higher mean DC compared to CUQ (p = 0.03). After diamine treatment, there was an increase in the Ca peak intensity and the presence of residual silver ions mainly when diamine 38% was applied along with the SE approach. Conclusion: Independent of the adhesive application approach, the use of diamine may be a promising alternative to increase µTBS without jeopardizing the DC of the two adhesives in carious dentinal lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate interfacial gap and fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary premolars, restored with different glass-fiber reinforced materials. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four extracted intact premolars were endodontically treated and MOD cavities prepared. Specimens were divided into 7 groups (n = 12 for each) as follows: sound teeth (G1); no restoration (G2); direct composite restoration with fiber-reinforced composite (everX Posterior GC) (G3); direct composite restoration (Filtek Supreme XTE, 3M Oral Care; "FSXTE") (G4); a horizontal layer of high-viscosity flowable composite (G-ænial Flow, GC) was placed on the pulp chamber floor, 10 mm x 3 mm glass fibers (everStick NET, GC) were inserted into the cavity (G5); same procedure as in group 5 except the direct restoration was made incrementally with FSXTE (3M Oral Care) (G6); composite overlays were placed (G7). Specimens were scanned with micro-CT to evaluate 3D interfacial gaps before and after chewing simulation using Mimics software to calculate voids between restoration and tooth (dentin and enamel). These data (in mm³) were collected for statistical analysis. Thereafter, specimens were loaded to fracture using a universal testing machine. Maximum breaking loads were recorded in Newton (N). The data obtained were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results: ANOVA showed that horizontal glass-fiber insertions statistically significantly reduced interfacial gaps after chewing simulation. No differences in fracture resistance were found between Filtek Supreme XTE and everX Posterior; moreover, glass-fiber insertion did not significantly improve fracture resistance in either case. Composite overlays achieved significantly better fracture toughness than did direct restorations. Conclusions: For the direct restoration of endodontically treated premolars, the insertion of glass fibers into direct composite restorations was unable to guarantee a significant increase in the fracture resistance or a significant change in the fracture pattern. However, it significantly reduced interfacial gap volume after cycling fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on the fate of micronutrients in plant tissue and total uptake from soil upon exposure to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) is meager. Hence, this field study was conducted in open top field chambers to investigate the effects of elevated CO2 and applied nitrogen (N) on partitioning and uptake of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in soybean crop under two CO2 and four N levels during 2016 and 2018 crop seasons. The two CO2 concentrations were ambient and elevated (∼550 µmol mol−1). Nitrogen treatments included application at 0, 50, 100, and 150% of the recommended dose. Significant effects of CO2 and N were observed on grain yield, biomass and uptake of the four micronutrients. Seed Fe concentration was significantly increased by 12% under CO2 enrichment. Tukey's post-hoc test revealed significantly higher grain yield, biomass and uptake of micronutrients in seed and straw under CO2 elevation and at higher N application. Uptake of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn increased by 53, 42, 36, and 41%, respectively, in seed and by 25, 26, 31, and 18% in straw under elevated CO2. Total uptake of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn increased by 39, 38, 34, and 29%, respectively. Nitrogen at 100% level enhanced uptake of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn by 25, 20, 32, and 28%. The study bears implications in micronutrient management for sustaining soil health under changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare dual-source dual-energy CT enterography (dsDECTE) obtained iodine density (I) (mg/mL) and I normalized to the aorta (I%) with Crohn's disease (CD) phenotypes defined by the SAR-AGA small bowel CD consensus statement. Methods: Fifty CD patients (31 male, 19 female; mean [SD] age: 50.4 [15.2] years) who underwent dsDECTE were retrospectively identified. Two abdominal radiologists assigned CD phenotypes: no active inflammation (group-2), active inflammation without (group-3) or with luminal narrowing (group-4), stricture with active inflammation (group-5), stricture without active inflammation (group-1), and penetrating disease (group-6). Semiautomatic prototype software was used to determine the median I and I% of CD-affected small bowel mucosa for each patient. The means of the I and I% medians were compared among 4 groups ("1 + 2", "3 + 4", "5", "6") using one-way ANOVA (significance level 0.05 for each outcome) for each outcome individually followed by Tukey's range test for pairwise comparisons with adjusted p-values (overall alpha = 0.05). Results: Mean [SD] I was 2.14 [1.07] mg/mL for groups 1 + 2 (n = 16), 3.54 [1.71] mg/mL for groups 3 + 4 (n = 15), 5.5 [3.27] mg/mL for group- "5" (n = 9), and 3.36 [1.43] mg/mL for group-"6" (n = 10) (ANOVA p =.001; group "1 + 2" versus "5" adj-p =.0005). Mean [SD] I% was 21.2 [6.13]% for groups 1 + 2, 39.47 [9.71]% for groups 3 + 4, 40.98 [11.76]% for group-5, and 35.01 [7.58]% for group-6 (ANOVA p <.0001; groups "1 + 2" versus "3 + 4" adj-p <.0001, group "1 + 2" versus "5" adj-p <.0001, and groups "1 + 2" versus "6" adj-p =.002). Conclusion: Iodine density obtained from dsDECTE significantly differed among CD phenotypes defined by SAR-AGA, with I (mg/mL) increasing with phenotype severity and decreasing for penetrating disease. I and I% can be used to phenotype CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research evaluated the importance of a preliminary general analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the interpretation of data from factorial experiments under total nullity. For this, we evaluated the familywise type I error rate (accumulated FWER) of the F test for the unfolding of factorial ANOVA and factorial ANOVA on ranks, which were compared with the FWER for the global effect of treatments. In addition, we evaluated the FWER of the Tukey’s test under total nullity for factorial experiments in the presence or absence of preliminary ANOVA protection (omnibus F test). The study was conducted by simulating data from 2,000 experiments, which were separated into four representative agricultural research scenarios. For both the parametric factorial ANOVA and the non-parametric factorial ANOVA, the FWER significantly exceeded the nominal level of 5%, even under total nullity. While the tests that control the total FWER in the factorials are not being used, the factorial ANOVA should not be performed without the preliminary ANOVA F test showing a significant effect. This, of course, does not apply to tests that are not multiple comparisons, such as Bonferroni, Dunn-Sidak and others, which do not need ANOVA protection. The same recommendation applies to the factorial ANOVA on ranks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of theaflavins [TFs] on the process of dentin erosion and investigation the potential mechanism. For erosion kinetics of the dentin, 7 experimental groups (n = 5) treated with 10% ethanol [EtOH] (negative control) are erosion for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 d erosion cycles (4 cycles/d). For the effect of TFs on dentin erosion, 6 experimental groups (n = 5) were treated with 1% epigallocatechin gallate [EGCG], 1% chlorhexidine [CHX], 1%, 2%, 4%, and 8% TFs for the 30 s and then subjected to erosion cycles (4 cycles/d for 7 d). The erosive dentin wear (μm) and surface morphology were evaluated and compared by laser scanning confocal microscope and scanning electron microscopy. The matrix metalloproteinase inhibition effects of TFs were investigated using in situ zymography and molecular docking. TFs-treated collagen was investigated by ultimate microtensile strength, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and molecular docking. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey's test (P < 0.05). The TFs-treated groups (7.56 ± 0.39, 5.29 ± 0.61, 3.28 ± 0.33, and 2.62 ± 0.99 μm for 1%, 2%, 4%, and 8% TFs) had significantly lower erosive dentin wear than the negative control group (11.23 ± 0.82 μm), and the effect was concentration-dependent at low concentrations (P < 0.05). TFs inhibit matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]. Moreover, TFs crosslink dentin collagen and cause hydrophilic changes in dentin collagen. TFs preserve organic matrix within the demineralized dentin by inhibiting MMP activity and simultaneously improving collagen's resistance to enzymes, both of which contribute to preventing or slowing down the progression of dentin erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess hepatoprotective effect of Tecomella Undulata bark extract on acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats as compared to N-Acetylcysteine. Study Design: Experimental Comparative Study. Setting: Bahria University Medical & Dental College Karachi in collaboration with Basic Medical Sciences Institute Karachi. Period: March 2020 till August 2020. Material & Method: Study included 56 Albino rats divided in four groups with 14 animals in each group. Group A was control, Group B was induced hepatotoxicity by giving Acetaminophen 500 mg as a single dose, Group C was given N-Acetylcysteine 140mg/kg intraperitoneally for 6 days and Group D was given Tecomella bark extract 200mg/kg for 15 days after acetaminophen induced liver damage. Their blood samples were collected and sent for hepatic enzyme levels. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23. One way ANOVA was applied. For multiple comparison post hoc tukey's test was used. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Result: The mean Serum AST, ALT and ALP levels were increased in Group-B, however, Group-D showed significant reduction in hepatic enzyme levels as compared to Group-C. Tecomella bark extract showed hepatoprotective effect by reducing hepatic enzyme levels in acetaminophen induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Conclusion: Thus Tecomella plant extract could act as an alternative antidote to N-acetylcysteine in acetaminophen induced hepatic damage in albino rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common wisdom that luck plays a role in sports, along with skill. However, there is no consensus among researchers on what constitutes luck. One strand of the literature studied randomness in sports, most of which did the analysis at the levels of pitch actions, or at the match level. There is no empirical study to assess the role of luck in the determination of rank positions in football (soccer) leagues. In this paper, we define X-factor as unforeseen and unaccounted factors and quantify it as the difference between actual and predicted values of performance or outcome variables. For league football, we have perceived the difference between actual and expected goal difference as the X-factor effect in performance, and the difference between actual and expected points as the X-factor effect in outcome. Further, we have ideated that a plausible role of luck cannot be ruled out if the X-factor effect on outcome is significant while that on performance is not. Conducting analyses of variance on observations from seven seasons (2014–15 to 2020–21) in the top tier leagues of England, Spain, Germany, Italy, and France, we detected the presence of a significant and systematic X-factor effect. We have studied the role of luck using Tukey's HSD test. In general, luck does not play any significant role in determining the rank positions in league football. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Root canal obturation is performed by gutta-percha cones and sealer. Therefore, these materials, specially sealers, must be biocompatible. This study investigated the cytotoxicity and mineralization activity of two calcium silicate-based sealers (Endoseal MTA and Ceraseal) and an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH26). Materials and Methods. In this experiment, the cytotoxicity of Endoseal MTA, Ceraseal, and AH26 on human gingival fibroblast cells was examined using Methyl-Thiazol-Tetrazolium assay at time intervals of 24, 48, 72, and 120 hr. The mineralization activity of sealers was evaluated by Alizarin red staining assay. Prism, ver.3, software was used to perform statistical tests. One-way analysis of variance analysis, followed by Tukey's test, was used to determine the group differences. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. Cytotoxicity of sealers decreased gradually (P < 0.0001). AH26 showed the highest level of cytotoxicity (P < 0.001). In terms of cytotoxicity, no considerable differences were observed between the two-calcium silicate-based sealers (P > 0.05). AH26 showed the lowest mineralization activity (P < 0.0001). Among the calcium silicate-based sealers, mineralization and formation of calcium nodules were more frequently observed in the Endoseal MTA group (P < 0.001). Conclusion. The examined calcium silicate-based sealers had less cytotoxicity and higher mineralization activity than the resin-based sealer (AH26). There was negligible difference between the cytotoxicity of the two-calcium silicate-based, but the cell mineralization caused by Endoseal MTA was higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: determining the appropriate rehabilitation protocol is essential to influence the correction of flat feet, e.g., by activating the intrinsic muscles of the foot. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the impact of the exercises activating the intrinsic foot muscles for postural control in children with flat feet, with normal and excessive body weight. Methods: Fifty-four children aged 7 to 12 were enrolled in the research. Forty-five children were qualified for the final evaluation. Each child in the experimental group was demonstrated an appropriate technique for performing a short foot exercise without compensation by extrinsic muscle. The participants then performed a supervised short foot training session once a week and on other days of the week under the supervision of caregivers for 6 weeks. Flat feet were scored on the foot posture index scale. A postural test was evaluated with a Biodex balance system SD. Statistical significance in the foot posture index scale and postural test were evaluated using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: according to the six indices of the foot posture index scale, five indicators showed statistically significant improvement after rehabilitation. At the 8–12 platform mobility level, it was revealed that the excessive body weight group had significant improvements in the overall stability index and medio-lateral stability index, with eyes closed. Conclusion: our results indicate that a 6-week rehabilitation program based on the activation of the intrinsic muscles of the foot resulted in an improvement in the foot position. This, in turn, affected balance control, especially in children with excess body weight in conditions of closed eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the duration of the main phenological stages, plant growth development, yield, and cone quality of hop cultivars grown under artificial light (17 h per day) during vegetative development (early season) in a subtropical climate region. The study was conducted in Palotina, Paraná, Brazil (24° S), during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The plants were cultivated in a 5.5 m high trellis system with artificial light supplementation during vegetative development. The hop cultivars Hallertau Mittelfrüher, Mapuche, Northern Brewer, Spalter, and Yakima Gold were used in the treatments. The duration of the phenological stages, vegetative growth (plant height, fresh mass of the plants, number of lateral branches per plant), components of productive yield (number of cones per side branch, number of cones per plant, fresh mass, length, and width of the cone, production of fresh cones per plant, and yield), and chemical components of the cones (alpha- and beta-acid contents, and essential oil concentrations) were recorded. The duration of the phenological stages was visually evaluated, and plant growth was analyzed using non-linear log-logistic regression. The remaining data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared using Tukey's test. The data were also subjected to multivariate analysis using the principal components test, correlation analysis, and hierarchical grouping. The cultivar Mapuche was considered an early hop in both seasons, and the cultivars Spalter and Yakima Gold were considered early cultivars in the second season. In both seasons, the productive yield components were positively correlated with the precocity of the cultivars, in which Mapuche in the 2021 season and Mapuche, Spalter, and Yakima Gold in the 2022 season had the highest mean of the number of cones per side branch and per plant, production per plant, and productivity. The cultivar Yakima Gold had a positive correlation with the chemical quality of cones, alpha and beta acid contents, and essential oil concentrations, for both seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polylactic acid (PLA) has gained considerable attention as an alternative to petroleum-based materials due to environmental concerns. We fabricated implant models with fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers using PLA, and the accuracies of these PLA models were compared with those of plaster models made from silicone impressions and resin models made with digital light processing (DLP). A base model was obtained from an impact-training model. The scan body was mounted on the plaster, resin, and PLA models obtained from the base model, and the obtained information was converted to stereolithography (STL) data by the 3D scanner. The base model was then used as a reference, and its data were superimposed onto the STL data of each model using Geomagic control. The horizontal and vertical accuracies of PLA models, as calculated using the Tukey–Kramer method, were 97.2 ± 48.4 and 115.5 ± 15.1 μm, respectively, which suggests that the PLA model is the least accurate among the three models. In both cases, significant differences were found between PLA and gypsum and between the PLA and resin models. However, considering that the misfit of screw-retained implant frames should be ≤150 µm, PLA can be effectively used for fabricating implant models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phototherapy plays a key role in wound healing and tissue regeneration. The use of lasers has the potential to become an effective and minimally invasive treatment in periodontal and peri-implant disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three laser wavelengths with the combination of parameters such as power density and energy density on human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) in vitro culture. Isolated cells were seeded in 96-well plates with culture medium (DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). After 24 h cells were irradiated (1064, 980 and 635 nm, various energy density value). After 24, 48 and 72 h, cells were evaluated for viability. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test. We found the best outcomes for hGFs irradiated with laser 1064 nm for all combinations of power output (50/400/1000 mW) and energy dose (3/25/64 J/cm2) after 48 h and 72 h compared with control group. Cell viability increase ranged from 0.6× (3 J/cm2, 50 mW) to 1.3× (64 J/cm2, 1000 mW). Our findings indicate that the appropriate use of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) can increase the proliferation rate of cultured cells. The use of LLLI can be extremely useful in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective : To evaluate the thermocycling effect of 3D-printed resins on flexural strength, surface roughness, microbiological adhesion, and porosity. Materials and methods: 150 bars (8 × 2 × 2 mm) and 100 blocks (8 × 8 × 2 mm) were made and divided into 5 groups, according to two factors: "material" (AR: acrylic resin, CR: composite resin, BIS: bis-acryl resin, CAD: CAD/CAM resin, and PRINT: 3D-printed resin) and "aging" (non-aged and aged – TC). Half of them were subjected to thermocycling (10,000 cycles). The bars were subjected to mini-flexural strength (σ) test (1 mm/min). All the blocks were subjected to roughness analysis (Ra/Rq/Rz). The non-aged blocks were subjected to porosity analysis (micro-CT; n = 5) and fungal adherence (n = 10). Data were statistically analyzed (one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA; Tukey's test, α = 0.05). Results: For σ, "material" and "aging" factors were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). The BIS (118.23 ± 16.26A) presented a higher σ and the PRINT group (49.87 ± 7.55E) had the lowest mean σ. All groups showed a decrease in σ after TC, except for PRINT. The CRTC showed the lowest Weibull modulus. The AR showed higher roughness than BIS. Porosity revealed that the AR (1.369%) and BIS (6.339%) presented the highest porosity, and the CAD (0.002%) had the lowest porosity. Cell adhesion was significantly different between the CR (6.81) and CAD (6.37). Conclusion: Thermocycling reduced the flexural strength of most provisional materials, except for 3D-printed resin. However, it did not influence the surface roughness. The CR showed higher microbiological adherence than CAD group. The BIS group reached the highest porosity while the CAD group had the lowest values. Clinical relevance: 3D-printed resins are promising materials for clinical applications because they have good mechanical properties and low fungal adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the effect of photoactivated riboflavin (RF) on demineralized dentin of the primary molars. Fifty primary molars were selected for the study. The specimens were divided into five groups based upon the remineralization of dentin with photoactivated 0.1% RF. In Group I (n = 20), dentin remineralization was done with photoactivated 0.1% RF for 30 s, in Group II photoactivated 0.1% RF for 60 s. In Group III (positive control), dentin remineralization was done with remineralization solution. In Group IV (negatif control) only used distilled water. Surface Microhardness analysis (SMH) was evaluated using Vickers microhardness tester (EmcoTest, Duravision 20 G5, Vickers, DV250539, Mechanical Instrument Hardness Tester, Germany). D-Light Pro offers a unique Detection Mode based on near-UV light only. Data was analyzed with One way ANOVA test, Tukey's test, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test, Dunn test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. The SMH values of test groups were significantly higher than those of the negative control group (p = 0.01). The %SMHR values of Group III was significantly higher than Group I and II. The comparison between groups showed no statistically significant differences in %SMHR among Groups I with Group II and IV (p> 0.05). According to the findings of this study; we concluded that Riboflavin have a significant effect on demineralizated dentine. The remineralization effect of riboflavin on demineralized dentin needs to be relevant to further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Plaque formation increases when mechanical disruption occurs in the oral cavity's self-cleaning systems during fixed orthodontic therapy. Hence, it is imperative that oral prophylaxis must be performed with more care in orthodontic patients. This can be efficiently done with the help of toothbrushes. There are various types of toothbrushes such as regular, orthodontic and electric toothbrushes which are most commonly used by patients to maintain proper oral hygiene and prevent plaque accumulation. Aim: To identify which toothbrush has the best cleaning efficiency, when used around orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted in the laboratory set-up at Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The study was conducted for a period of two weeks from 17th January 2022 to 30th January 2022, and used 24 permanent premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes which were divided into three groups: regular, orthodontic and electric toothbrushes. There were eight tooth samples in each group. Following premolar bracket bonding, a biofilm was formed around the teeth using E.faecalis culture in-vitro for three days. The samples were then carefully removed and treated with a disclosing agent before being put through a brushing simulation. The "Plaque index for Orthodontic Patients" (PIOP) index was used to estimate plaque scores before and after brushing based on how much biofilm was remaining on the tooth surfaces. Oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Post-hoc tests were used to determine the statistical significance. Results: The mean plaque scores after simulation in the toothbrush groups were 3±0.75 (regular), 1.75±0.70 (orthodontic) and 2.37±0.74 (electric). There was a statistically significant difference in mean plaque scores between groups as determined by one-way ANOVA {F(p=0.008)}. A Tukey's Post-hoc test revealed that the cleaning efficacy of orthodontic toothbrushes was statistically significant compared to the other two groups. Conclusion: The orthodontic toothbrushes produced a statistically greater level of tooth-cleaning effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe the fabrication of a novel dental composite by surface modification of silica fillers with polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and assess surface coverage of fillers and the effect of different concentration of modified fillers on degree of conversion, flexural strength, polymerization shrinkage, water sorption and solubility, viscosity and thermal expansion of the formulated composites. In this experimental study, aminosilane derivative of PEEK was synthesized and grafted to the silica filler surface, then evaluated using a fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Silica-PEEK fillers were then mixed with Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin base in 10, 30, and 50 wt%. The most relevant physico-chemical properties were evaluated and compared with a control composite resin group containing conventional 3-(methacryloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) modified fillers. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test. (α = 5%). The experimental composite with 30% modified fillers showed highest flexural strength and degree of conversion (DC) (p < 0.05), and comparable polymerization shrinkage and viscosity to the control composites (p > 0.05). After thermocycling, the composite with 30% modified fillers showed the lowest solubility and water sorption (p < 0.05). Surface modification of silica fillers with PEEK polymer significantly increases the resistance of the filler–matrix interface to hydrolysis. The above mentioned intervention can improve mechanical properties of the composite and may be considered as a promising protocol to reduce the failure of dental composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Argentinian Horticulture / Horticultura Argentina is the property of Revista Horticultura Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To evaluate the cytotoxicity of co‐initiators of polymerization and its influence on cytokine release from human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Cells were isolated from the dental pulp of sound human third molars. The co‐initiators dimethylaminoethyl amine benzoate—(EDAB), 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA); 2‐Ethylhexyl 4‐(dimethylamino)benzoate (EHA) and bis(4‐methyl phenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate (BPI) were diluted in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at different concentrations. In this way, experimental groups and one control (without treatment) were obtained. hDPCs (10 × 104 cell per well) were seeded on 96 well plates and incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 48 h. After this, the cells were exposed to different concentrations of co‐initiators cited for 24 h. After this time, the culture medium was removed, and the mitochondrial metabolism was evaluated by MTT assay, cell death by flow cytometry, and cytokine released (IL‐1β, IL6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and TNF‐α) was analyzed by MAGPIX assay. The data were analyzed by ANOVA one‐way and Tukey's test. EHA, DMAEMA, and EDAB did not reduce the mitochondrial metabolism. BPI presented high toxicity with remarkable reduction (80%) after exposure to 1 mM. The cell death of all test groups was similar to control. After 24 h treatment, the IL‐8 was up‐regulated by all compounds, while IL‐6 was upregulated after exposure to EHA and downregulated after DMAEMA stimulation. BPI, EHA, EDAB, and DMAEMA can trigger an initial inflammatory response, upregulating the IL‐8 secretion in hDPCs in a compound‐concentration‐dependent manner; however, this was not accompanied by major cytotoxic effects at cell death or mitochondrial‐metabolism levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different denture cleansing solutions (DCSs) on the retention of Locator and Locator R-Tx attachment systems of implant retained overdentures (IRO). Methods. Two part acrylic resin blocks were fabricated, upper part contained metal housing and plastic inserts and lower part contained implant analogs and abutments. Eighty pink plastic inserts (40/attachment, 10/solution) were immersed in Corega, Fittydent, sodium hypochlorite, and water for a time simulating upto 1-year of clinical usage. Acrylic blocks were held on a universal testing machine for a pull-out test to record the dislodgement force. Measurements were conducted after 6 months (T1) and 12 months (T2). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test was used to analyze the results (α = 0.05). Results. For both attachments, retention significantly decreased after immersion in different solutions at T2 P < 0.001 . Locator R-Tx attachment in NaOCl showed a significant decrease in retention compared with other solutions at T1. At T2, there was a significant decrease in retention for all DCS compared with water P < 0.001 . Locator R-TX showed higher retention values per solution compared to Locator attachment P < 0.001 . In terms of retention loss %, NaOCl recorded the highest (61.87%) loss, followed by Corega (55.54%) and Fittydent (43.13%), whereas water demonstrated the best retention (16.13%) in both groups. Conclusion. Locator R-TX has better retention with different DCS immersion. The loss of retention varied with different types of DCS and NaOCl recorded the highest retention loss. Therefore, denture cleanser selection must be guided by the type of IRO attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. This study aimed to compare the fracture resistance (FR) of severely damaged primary anterior teeth restored with five different post and core systems. Materials and Methods. This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 60 extracted primary maxillary central incisors. The teeth were horizontally sectioned at 1 mm above their cementoenamel junction (CEJ), underwent pulpectomy, and their root canals were filled with Metapex paste. After post space preparation and sealing of root fillings with light-cure glass ionomer (1 mm thickness), the teeth were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 12) of (1) glass fiber post and everX composite (reinforced with short fibers), (2) glass fiber post and bulk-fill composite, (3) everX composite post and core, (4) bulk-fill composite post and core, and (5) Filtek conventional composite post and core. The teeth underwent 5,000 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C, and their FR was measured in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min, 148°). The mode of failure was also determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 0.05 level of significance. Results. The FR was the highest in fiber post and everX composite, and the lowest in Z250 conventional composite post and core group (P < 0.001). The FR of fiber post and everX composite group was significantly higher than that of everX composite post and core (P = 0.04), bulk-fill composite post and core (P = 0.001), and Z250 composite post and core (P < 0.001) groups. The frequency of repairable fractures was the highest in glass fiber post plus everX composite (91.66%) and the lowest in Filtek conventional post and core group (66.66%) (P > 0.05). Conclusion. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the results showed that restoration of severely damaged primary maxillary central incisors with glass fiber post and everX composite reinforced with short fibers enhanced their FR, and increased the chance of reparability in case of restoration fracture. This technique may be recommended for the restoration of primary anterior teeth since it is simple and saves time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to synthesize and characterize polymeric scaffolds of Chitosan/Xanthan/Hydroxyapatite-Graphene Oxide nanocomposite associated with mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative dentistry application. The chitosan-xanthan gum (CX) complex was associated with Hydroxyapatite-Graphene Oxide (HA-GO) nanocomposite with different Graphene Oxides (GO) concentration (0.5 wt%; 1.0 wt%; 1.5 wt%). The scaffolds characterizations were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle. The mechanical properties were assessed by compressive strength. The in vitro bioactivity and the in vitro cytotoxicity test (MTT test) were analyzed as well. The data was submitted to the Normality and Homogeneity tests. In vitro Indirect Cytotoxicity assay data was statistically analyzed by ANOVA two-way, followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Compressive strength and contact angle data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). XRD showed the presence of Hydroxyapatite (HA) peaks in the structures CXHA, CXHAGO 0.5%,1.0% and 1.5%. FT-IR showed amino and carboxylic bands characteristic of CX. Raman spectroscopy analysis evidenced a high quality of the GO. In the TGA it was observed the mass loss associated with the CX degradation by depolymerization. SEM analysis showed pores in the scaffolds, in addition to HA incorporated and adhered to the polymer. Contact angle test showed that scaffolds have a hydrophilic characteristic, with the CX group the highest contact angle and CXHA the lowest (p < 0.05). 1.0 wt% GO significantly increased the compressive strength compared to other compositions. In the bioactivity test, the apatite crystals precipitation on the scaffold surface was observed. MTT test showed high cell viability in CXHAGO 1.0% and CXHAGO 1.5% scaffold. CXHAGO scaffolds are promising for regenerative dentistry application because they have morphological characteristics, mechanical and biological properties favorable for the regeneration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The physiological effects and cellular mechanism of 25‐hydroxycholesterol (25‐HC), which is an oxysterol synthesized from cholesterol by cholesterol‐25‐hydroxylase (CH25H) expressed under inflammatory conditions, are still largely unknown during odontoclastogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate 25‐HC‐induced odontoclastogenesis and its cellular mechanisms in odontoblast‐like MDPC‐23 cells. Methodology: To investigate 25‐HC‐induced odontoclastogenesis of MDPC‐23 cells and its cellular mechanism, haemotoxylin and eosin staining, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, dentine resorption assay, zymography, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, immunocytochemistry, and nuclear translocation were performed. The experimental values are presented as mean ± standard deviation and were compared using analysis of variance, followed by post hoc multiple comparisons (Tukey's test) using SPSS software version 22 (IBM Corp.). A p‐value <.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Lipopolysaccharide or receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) induced the synthesis of 25‐HC via the expression of CH25H in MDPC‐23 cells (p <.01). Multinucleated giant cells with morphological characteristics and TRAP activity of the odontoclast were increased by 25‐HC in MDPC‐23 cells (p <.01). Moreover, 25‐HC increased dentine resorption through the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases in MDPC‐23 cells. It not only increased the expression of odontoclastogenic biomarkers but also translocated cytosolic nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) to the nucleus in MDPC‐23 cells. Additionally, 25‐HC not only increased the production of ROS (p <.01), expression of inflammatory mediators (p <.01), pro‐inflammatory cytokines, receptor activator of NF‐κB (RANK), and RANKL but also suppressed the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in MDPC‐23 cells. In contrast, CDDO‐Me, a chemical NF‐κB inhibitor, decreased TRAP activity (p <.01) and downregulated the expression of the odontoclastogenic biomarkers, including RANK and RANKL, in MDPC‐23 cells. Conclusion: 25‐HC induced odontoclastogenesis by modulating the RANK–RANKL–OPG axis via NF‐κB activation in MDPC‐23 cells. Therefore, these findings provide that 25‐HC derived from cholesterol metabolism may be involved in the pathophysiological etiological factors of internal tooth resorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) is a serious polyphagous pest of cotton including other crops. To consider the necessities of growing world population, the use of pesticides have been increased which have resulted insect resistance besides several side effects. Dusky cotton bug (DCB) like other pests also showed resistance to most of the pesticides. To overcome the adverse effects of pesticides, scientists have diverted their attention to develop an ecofriendly approach to combat harmful pest. Nanotechnology is considered as an alternative and an innovative technique for pest control strategy. In the current study characterizations of Azadirachta indica based green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AiAgNPs) have been carried out to investigate the toxicity against 4th, 5th nymphal instars and adult DCB. The AiAgNPs were synthesized by standard protocol and characterized by using various techniques like UV-Vis spectrum, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectrometer, Scanning as well as Transmission Electron Microscopy which confirmed the AiAgNPs biosynthesis. Tukey's HSD test revealed that AiAgNPs nanoformulation at 1250 ppm showed maximum mortality against DCB 4th instar (38.42, 69.21 and 91.95%) followed by 5th instar (34.14, 60.98 and 84.40%) and adult (27.76, 53.88 and 83.15%) post exposure period of (24,48 and 72 h) respectively for each DCB stage as compared to other concentrations used. Probit analysis showed LC50 of tested AiAgNPs 376.04, 485.60 and 560.23 for the 4th, 5th nymphal instars and adult DCB respectively after 72 h post exposure which was positively correlated with older one. The biogenic AiAgNPs proved to be most effective compound and can be used successfully ecofriendly way in IPM program for the management of dusky cotton bug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]