1. Anti-platelet role of Korean ginseng and ginsenosides in cardiovascular diseases
- Author
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Minki Kim, Muhammad Irfan, and Man Hee Rhee
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,MKK4, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 ,Ginsenosides ,Syk, spleen tyrosine kinase ,PPD, protopanaxadiol ,AA, arachidonic acid ,Review ,vWF, von Willebrand factor ,Pharmacology ,ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ginseng ,0302 clinical medicine ,MLC, myosin light chain ,lcsh:Botany ,Medicine ,PAR, proteinase-activated receptor ,TS, total saponin ,AC, adenylyl cyclase ,media_common ,GPVI, glycoprotein VI ,[Ca2+]i, intracellular calcium ion ,PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ,lcsh:QK1-989 ,cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate ,IC50, half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration ,Ginsenoside ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,IP3, inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate ,JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase ,Nutraceutical ,Biotechnology ,Drug ,Korean ginseng ,ATP, adenosine triphosphate ,media_common.quotation_subject ,CRP, collagen-related peptide ,aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) ,World health ,03 medical and health sciences ,PT, prothrombin time ,PKC, protein kinase C ,Antiplatelet ,TxAS, thromboxane-A synthase ,Platelet activation ,ASA, acetylsalicylic acid ,PAF, platelet-activating factor ,TxB2, thromboxane B2 ,business.industry ,cPLA2α, cytosolic phospholipase A2α ,PLA2, phospholipase A2 ,Synergism ,TxA2, thromboxane A2 ,PPT, protopanaxatriol ,Anti platelet ,ADP, adenosine diphosphate ,COX, cyclooxygenase ,030104 developmental biology ,CSF, crude saponin fraction ,Complementary and alternative medicine ,chemistry ,ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinase ,Structural modification ,TxR, thromboxane receptor ,Akt, protein kinase B ,PLCγ2, phospholipase C gamma-2 ,PKG, protein kinase G ,SFK, Src family kinase ,PKA, protein kinase A ,business ,VASP, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein ,MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase - Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases prevail among modern societies and underdeveloped countries, and a high mortality rate has also been reported by the World Health Organization affecting millions of people worldwide. Hyperactive platelets are the major culprits in thrombotic disorders. A group of drugs is available to deal with such platelet-related disorders; however, sometimes, side effects and complications caused by these drugs outweigh their benefits. Ginseng and its nutraceuticals have been reported to reduce the impact of thrombotic conditions and improve cardiovascular health by antiplatelet mechanisms. This review provides (1) a comprehensive insight into the available pharmacological options from ginseng and ginsenosides (saponin and nonsaponin fractions) for platelet-originated cardiovascular disorders; (2) a discussion on the impact of specific functional groups on the modulation of platelet functions and how structural modifications among ginsenosides affect platelet activation, which may further provide a basis for drug design, optimization, and the development of ginsenoside scaffolds as pharmacological antiplatelet agents; (3) an insight into the synergistic effects of ginsenosides on platelet functions; and (4) a perspective on future research and the development of ginseng and ginsenosides as super nutraceuticals. Keywords: Antiplatelet, Ginsenosides, Nutraceutical, Structural modification, Synergism
- Published
- 2020