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Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and is invariably fatal unless treated. Current therapies present limitations in their application, parasite resistance, or require further clinical investigation for wider use. Our work, informed by previous findings, presents novel 4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-6-arylpyrimidine derivatives with promising antitrypanosomal activity. In particular, 32 exhibits an in vitro EC50 value of 0.5 µM against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, and analogues 29, 30 and 33 show antitrypanosomal activities in the

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionPeople living with MND (PlwMND) are at risk of altitude-related hypoxia during flight. The Hypoxic Challenge Test (HCT) determines whether in-flight oxygen is required but can be expensive and inaccessible. To assist with travel recommendations, we investigated the relationship between altitude simulation-induced hypoxemia and baseline lung function.Retrospective audit of clinical database of PlwMND who had HCT and lung function. Pearson’s correlation assessed relationships between oxygen saturation at altitude (AltSpO2) and lung function. Univariate logistic regression analysis and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves determined associations between lung function and HCT pass or fail.Between 2004–2023, 50 PlwMND were identified (median (IQR) diagnosis to HCT = 11.6 (16.9) months, mean ± SD forced vital capacity (FVC) = 2.4 ± 0.9 liters). Ten patients dropped below 85% SpO2 during testing (HCT fail). Baseline SpO2 was associated with AltSpO2 (r = 0.64) and predicted HCT pass or fail (OR 2.0 [95% CI 1.2–3.4], area under ROC curve (AUC) =0.8 [0.6–1.0]), as did FVC (AUC = 0.8 [0.6–0.9]). PlwMND with a FVC > 2.7L or a resting SpO2 > 97% are likely to pass HCT, whereas all those with FVC < 1L and SpO2 < 92% failed.PlwMND with FVC >2.7L or SpO2 >97% are unlikely to require oxygen or ventilatory supports for airline travel. A FVC below 2.7L will require a HCT to confidently determine HCT outcome, with testing still required for FVC <1L or baseline SpO2 <92%, to provide evidence to the airlines for in-flight respiratory support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), including leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and schistosomiasis, impose a significant public health burden, especially in developing countries. Despite control efforts, treatment remains challenging due to drug resistance and lack of effective therapies. Objective: This study aimed to synthesize the current research on the combination therapy and phytochemical-loaded nanosystems, which have emerged as promising strategies to enhance treatment efficacy and safety. Methods/Results: In the present review, we conducted a systematic search of the literature and identified several phytochemicals that have been employed in this way, with the notable efficacy of reducing the parasite load in the liver and spleen in cases of visceral leishmaniasis, as well as lesion size in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Furthermore, they have a synergistic effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense rhodesain; reduce inflammation, parasitic load in the myocardium, cardiac hypertrophy, and IL-15 production in Chagas disease; and affect both mature and immature stages of Schistosoma mansoni, resulting in improved outcomes compared to the administration of phytochemicals alone or with conventional drugs. Moreover, the majority of the combinations studied demonstrated enhanced solubility, efficacy, and selectivity, as well as increased immune response and reduced cytotoxicity. Conclusions: These formulations appear to offer significant therapeutic benefits, although further research is required to validate their clinical efficacy in humans and their potential to improve treatment outcomes in affected populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myiasis is a disease caused by fly larvae from the Diptera order settling in various tissues and organs of humans or animals. To report the diagnosis of myiasis larvae invading the oral and nasal cavities of patients in the management of intensive care units and to draw attention to the poor hygiene situation. A 78-year-old male patient diagnosed with cancer and a 93-year-old male patient diagnosed with ischemic cerebrovascular disease were followed up in the intensive care unit. On the 21st day of the cancer patient's hospitalization, eight larvae were removed from the oral cavity. In the first month of the other patient's hospitalization, six larvae were seen in the patient's nasal osteum near the feeding tube. A clinical diagnosis of myiasis was made and the larvae were initially manually removed for treatment, followed by medication. In conclusion, myiasis is a rare condition, but good hygiene, correct diagnosis, and treatment are necessary to prevent further harm to those who have risk factors such as immunosuppression, poor hygiene, malnutrition, diabetes, and peripheral vascular disease, particularly those who are hospitalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the opening of diplomatic relations in the 1990s, South Africa gifted 20 southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) to Kenya. The species is not indigenous to Kenya, and management of the introduction was not clearly addressed in the legislation. Responsibility was left to the private sector and local authorities. Ten of the animals were introduced to land contiguous with the Maasai Mara National Reserve, an area with tsetse-trypanosomiasis challenges, and with rare cases of human sleeping sickness. Mortalities had been previously documented when indigenous naïve black rhinoceros were introduced to areas with tsetse; hence there was no consensus on the management of this introduction. Feasibility was only explored once before with the introduction of two animals in a monitored and managed translocation from Lewa Downs, Laikipia in 1992-1994. Ultimately, Kenyan experts were co- opted to address risk after trypanosomiasis occurred in many animals. Unfortunately, this finding was followed by gradual mortalities of most rhinoceros with only a few being saved by removal to highland private sanctuaries. This event was complicated by many factors. Samples were only sporadically collected, and mainly from sick animals. With no clear responsibility by government agencies, a collaboration between veterinarians and researchers resulted in characterization of the disease challenge, and when invited, assessment of health status. Laboratory diagnostics revealed common and sometimes severe infections with Trypanosoma brucei, a normally infrequent trypanosome. Infection was associated with disturbances in erythropoiesis, especially anemia. Symptoms varied from sudden death associated with intestinal atony, to a semiparalyzed animal that was partially responsive to treatment for trypanosomes. This event should be used as a caution to future movements of this species that are planned or ongoing in Africa, for conservation or other purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Murine Trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by the blood protozoan Trypanosoma lewisi in rats, with the transmission process mediated by the flea species Xenopsylla cheopis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus. Cases of trypanosomiasis have been documented due to Trypanosoma lewisi infecting rats and humans in various countries. Diagnosis of T. lewisi is typically conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which amplifies target DNA using specific primers. One such target gene for detection is the Internal Transcribed Spacer-1 (ITS1). Subsequent sequencing of PCR products enables analysis of genetic variation employing parameters such as nucleotide composition, genetic distance, and phylogenetic analysis with MEGA software. Test results based on percent identity values indicated a 98.51% homology of blood samples with the Chinese strain of T. lewisi (FJ011094.1), demonstrating genetic variation. Phylogram reconstruction revealed that samples 18, 19, and 37 of T. lewisi exhibit very close intraspecies relationships with T. lewisi from NCBI genebank with genetic distance ranging from 0.007 to 0.01. While the closest interspecies relationship was found with T. cruzi (KT305857.1) with a genetic distance of (d = 0.61). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerol, a versatile and ubiquitous compound, plays a vital role in a plethora of metabolic pathways in both prokaryotes and eukarotyes. Relatively few glycerol analogues have previously been explored for their use as glycerol kinase inhibitors, in addition to their therapeutic potential, however their use as (pro)‐drugs in the context of parasitic diseases such as trypanosomiasis is unreported. The literature on glycerol metabolism and particular its synergic anti‐profilation behaviour with salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) in Trypanosoma brucei is extensive. However, utiliation of glycerol analogues has not been explored as possible superior combinatory compounds. This report describes the synthesis of various glycerol analogues and their subsequent biochemical pheotypic analysis for their effect on lipid metabolism and their possible synergic activity with SHAM on Trypanosoma brucei. The glycerol analogues caused morphological changes;, including detached flagella, cytokinesis defects and ‘big‐eye’ phenotype. All four compounds either matched or marginally increased the toxicity of SHAM when used in combination against Trypanosoma brucei. However, the compounds exhibited mostly an antagonistic relationship with SHAM rather than synergistic. This research highlights the potential of small molecule glycerol analogues for their combination use with SHAM for the treatment of parasitic disease, such as trypanosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic infection caused by various Trypanosoma species, poses a significant threat to global livestock, affecting both human health and economic sectors. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, focusing on key ruminant species, including camels, cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 blood samples, comprising 48 samples from each animal species (camel, cattle, buffaloes, goat, and sheep) were collected from three districts in Southern Punjab. The collected samples were subjected to thin smear microscopy, DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The molecular characterization was conducted using the TBR primer set, which targeted repeated satellite DNA regions and the cytochrome oxidase II gene of T. evansi. Results: About 22.08% (53/240) of overall samples were positive for trypanosomiasis, with prevalence rates being 23.75% (19/80), 21.25% (17/80), and 21.75% (17/80) for districts Muzaffargarh, Lodhran, and Bahawalpur, respectively. 5.83% (14/240) of samples tested for T. evansi using PCR were positive in the districts of Muzaffargarh 7.50% (6/80), Lodhran 5.00% (4/80), and Bahawalpur 5.00% (4/80). Among the animals tested, camels had the highest positivity rate. The microscopic examination confirmed infection rates of 45.83% (22/48) for camels, 18.75% (9/48) for cattle, 8.33% (4/48) for buffaloes, 18.75% (9/48) for goats, and 18.75% (9/48) for sheep (p < 0.001). PCR results did not reveal substantial differences (p < 0.05) in prevalence: camels 12.50% (6/48), cattle 6.25% (3/48), buffaloes 0% (0/48), goats 8.33% (4/48), sheep 2.08% (1/48); while distinct disparities were detected district-wise: Muzaffargarh 23.75% (19/80), Lodhran 21.25% (17/80), and Bahawalpur 21.25% (17/80). The PCR results for these districts were insignificantly different: 7.50% (6/80), 5% (4/80), and 5% (4/80). The microscopic infection rate in camels from Bahawalpur was 56.30% (9/16). The microscopic analysis in Buffaloes reported a 6.30% (1/16) infection rate, but PCR results indicated no infections (0%) in any district. A significant difference (p < 0.001) in identifying Trypanosoma species was found between positively and negatively tested animals in both microscopic and PCR methods. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the necessity of regularly using PCR-based screening for its superior sensitivity and specificity over traditional microscopy. The varying occurrence of trypanosomiasis among districts reflects the intricate nature of this diseases epidemiology in the region. Reducing economic losses from trypanosomiasis in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, requires targeted interventions, such as vector control measures and farmer education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trypanosoma evansi, the hemoflagellate pathogen that causes "surra," is a protozoan that infects the widest variety of mammals worldwide, primarily horses, camels, dogs, and wild animals. Cases of canine trypanosomiasis caused by T.evansi have been reported in the Brazilian pantonal region. This study determined the prevalence of T.evansi and investigate risk factors. The study used blood samples from dogs in the municipality of Barão de Melgaço in the pantonal of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The owner was given a structured epidemiological questionnaire containing information about the risk factors. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect T.evansi DNA using species-specific oligonucleotides TevF and TevR of the gene encoding a 227-bp portion of the glycoprotein of the variant surface (VSG) T.evansi Rode Trypanozoon (RoTat) 1.2. Two (prevalence of 0.5%) genetic materials of T.evansi were reported in the403 samples. Although, no risk factor was associated with infection (P > 0.05), proximity to vegetation and streams, as well as the presence of tabanids, rodents, and marsupials, which are factors in the occurrence of infection, were observed in positive dogs, implying that the municipality of Barão de Melgaço has epidemiological characteristics that allow canine infection by T.evansi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Trypanosomiasis is an infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Trypanosome and primarily transmitted by tsetse flies. This study aimed to determine the density of tsetse flies and the rate of trypanosome infection in the Bedele and Dabo Hana districts of the Buno Bedele Zone in Ethiopia. Results A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to February 2023 to catch tsetse flies, determine tsetse density, and estimate the trypanosome infection rate. We used 100 traps (40 NGU, 30 pyramidal, and 30 biconical) to catch the flies. The following standard procedures were followed to identify the specific trypanosome species in the collected tsetse flies: The flies were dissected, and the salivary glands were removed. We placed the salivary glands in a drop of saline solution on a microscope slide. A coverslip was placed over the salivary glands, the slide was examined under a microscope, and the trypanosomes were identified based on their morphology. A total of 3,740 tsetse flies were captured from 100 traps, resulting in an overall apparent density of 18.7 flies per trap per day. Within the study area, only one species of tsetse fly, Glossina tachinoides, was identified. Of the 1,320 dissected Glossina tachinoides, 1.82% were found to be infected with trypanosome parasites. Among these infections, 58.33% were attributed to Trypanosoma congolense, while the remaining 41.67% were caused by Trypanosoma brucei. The infection rate of trypanosomes was significantly higher in female tsetse flies (87.5%) as compared to male flies (12.5%). Furthermore, a significantly higher infection rate was observed in flies older than 20 days (83.33%) and in hunger stage 1 flies (58.33%) compared to hunger stages 2, 3, and 4. Conclusions This study highlights the necessity of implementing control and suppression measures targeting the vector (tsetse flies) and the parasite (trypanosomes) to effectively manage and prevent pathogenic animal trypanosomiasis.

Background and Aim: Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic infection caused by various Trypanosoma species, poses a significant threat to global livestock, affecting both human health and economic sectors. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, focusing on key ruminant species, including camels, cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 blood samples, comprising 48 samples from each animal species (camel, cattle, buffaloes, goat, and sheep) were collected from three districts in Southern Punjab. The collected samples were subjected to thin smear microscopy, DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The molecular characterization was conducted using the TBR primer set, which targeted repeated satellite DNA regions and the cytochrome oxidase II gene of T. evansi. Results: About 22.08% (53/240) of overall samples were positive for trypanosomiasis, with prevalence rates being 23.75% (19/80), 21.25% (17/80), and 21.75% (17/80) for districts Muzaffargarh, Lodhran, and Bahawalpur, respectively. 5.83% (14/240) of samples tested for T. evansi using PCR were positive in the districts of Muzaffargarh 7.50% (6/80), Lodhran 5.00% (4/80), and Bahawalpur 5.00% (4/80). Among the animals tested, camels had the highest positivity rate. The microscopic examination confirmed infection rates of 45.83% (22/48) for camels, 18.75% (9/48) for cattle, 8.33% (4/48) for buffaloes, 18.75% (9/48) for goats, and 18.75% (9/48) for sheep (p < 0.001). PCR results did not reveal substantial differences (p < 0.05) in prevalence: camels 12.50% (6/48), cattle 6.25% (3/48), buffaloes 0% (0/48), goats 8.33% (4/48), sheep 2.08% (1/48); while distinct disparities were detected district-wise: Muzaffargarh 23.75% (19/80), Lodhran 21.25% (17/80), and Bahawalpur 21.25% (17/80). The PCR results for these districts were insignificantly different: 7.50% (6/80), 5% (4/80), and 5% (4/80). The microscopic infection rate in camels from Bahawalpur was 56.30% (9/16). The microscopic analysis in Buffaloes reported a 6.30% (1/16) infection rate, but PCR results indicated no infections (0%) in any district. A significant difference (p < 0.001) in identifying Trypanosoma species was found between positively and negatively tested animals in both microscopic and PCR methods. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the necessity of regularly using PCR-based screening for its superior sensitivity and specificity over traditional microscopy. The varying occurrence of trypanosomiasis among districts reflects the intricate nature of this diseases epidemiology in the region. Reducing economic losses from trypanosomiasis in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, requires targeted interventions, such as vector control measures and farmer education.

African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is one of the major constraints to animal health and production in sub-Saharan Africa. To inform AAT control in Uganda and help advance along the progressive control pathway (PCP), we characterized AAT prevalence among eight host species in Uganda and explored factors that influence the prevalence variation between studies. We retrieved AAT prevalence publications (n = 2232) for Uganda (1980-2022) from five life sciences databases, focusing on studies specifying AAT detection methods, sample size, and the number of trypanosome-positive animals. Following PRISMA guidelines, we included 56 publications, and evaluated publication bias by the Luis Furuya-Kanamori (LFK) index. National AAT prevalence under DNA diagnostic methods for cattle, sheep and goats was 22.15%, 8.51% and 13.88%, respectively. Under DNA diagnostic methods, T. vivax was the most common Trypanosoma sp. in cattle (6.15%, 95% CI: 2.91-10.45) while T. brucei was most common among small ruminants (goats: 8.78%, 95% CI: 1.90-19.88, and sheep: 8.23%, 95% CI: 4.74-12.50, respectively). Northern and Eastern regions accounted for the highest AAT prevalence. Despite the limitations of this study (i.e., quality of reviewed studies, underrepresentation of districts/regions), we provide insights that could be used for better control of AAT in Uganda and identify knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to support the progressive control of AAT at country level and other regional endemic countries with similar AAT eco-epidemiology.

Tubulin and microtubules (MTs) are potential protein targets to treat parasitic infections and our previous studies have shown that the triazolopyrimidine (TPD) class of MT-active compounds hold promise as antitrypanosomal agents. MT-targeting TPDs include structurally related but functionally diverse congeners that interact with mammalian tubulin at either one or two distinct interfacial binding sites; namely, the seventh and vinca sites, which are found within or between α,β-tubulin heterodimers, respectively. Evaluation of the activity of 123 TPD congeners against cultured Trypanosoma brucei enabled a robust quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model and the prioritization of two congeners for in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK), tolerability and efficacy studies. Treatment of T. brucei-infected mice with tolerable doses of TPDs significantly decreased blood parasitemia within 24 h. Further, two once-weekly doses at 10 mg/kg of a candidate TPD significantly extended the survival of infected mice relative to infected animals treated with vehicle. Further optimization of dosing and/or the dosing schedule of these CNS-active TPDs may provide alternative treatments for human African trypanosomiasis.

Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are blood‐feeding insects that transmit the protozoan parasites Leishmania spp. and various arboviruses. The Balkan region, including the Republic of Kosovo, harbours a diverse sand fly fauna. Vector species of Leishmania infantum as well as phleboviruses are endemic; however, recent data are scarce. We performed a cross‐sectional study to update the current sand fly distribution in Kosovo and assess biological as well as environmental factors associated with sand fly presence. CDC light trapping was conducted at 46 locations in 2022 and 2023, specifically targeting understudied regions in Kosovo. Individual morphological species identification was supported by molecular barcoding. The occurrence data of sand flies was used to create distribution maps and perform environmental analyses, taking elevation, wind speed and climate‐related factors into account. In addition, PCR‐based blood meal analysis and pathogen screening were conducted. Overall, 303 specimens of six sand fly species were trapped, predominated by Phlebotomus neglectus (97%). Barcodes from eight of nine known endemic sand fly species were obtained. Combining our data with previous surveys, we mapped the currently known sand fly distribution based on more than 4000 specimens at 177 data points, identifying Ph. neglectus and Ph. perfiliewi as the predominant species. Environmental analyses depicted two geographical groups of sand flies in Kosovo, with notable differences between the species. In total, 223 blood meals of five sand fly species were analysed. Of seven identified host species, the predominant blood meal source was observed to be cattle, but the DNA of dogs and humans, among others, was also detected. This study assessed biological as well as ecological factors of sand fly occurrence, which should help better understand and evaluate potential hot spots of disease transmission in Kosovo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extensive attention has been devoted to studies of Trypanosoma lewisi in rodents ever since it became recognised as a zoonotic pathogen known as atypical human trypanosomiasis. Regrettably, although T. lewisi infections of small mammals remain significant public health concerns for humans, there is a lack of comprehensive study in Indonesia. Aim: The aim of the study was to detect T. lewisi from rodents residing in the densely populated residential regions along the coastal areas of Banyuwangi Sub District. Methods: A total of 169 rodents were captured across three villages of Kampung Mandar, Lateng and Kepatihan, using rat single live traps. After being euthanized and identified, the blood samples were collected from each rodent via cardiac puncture. Subsequently, the samples were subjected to native (direct blood microscopic examination), microscopic blood smear examination, and molecular analyses utilizing TRYP1S-TRYP1R (623 bp) and LEW1SLEW1R (220 bp). Results: The results demonstrated that two species of rodents were successfully captured: Rattus norvegicus (65.68%) and Rattus tanezumi (34.32%). Based on the native and microscopic blood smear examinations, the prevalence of T. lewisi across three villages was 23.08% and 24.26% for molecular analysis employing both primers, respectively. The highest prevalence was found in Kampung Mandar Village (31.18%), followed by Kepatihan (16.67%) and Lateng Villages (15.71%). Conclusion: Statistical analysis revealed that T. lewisi was more prevalent in R. tanezumi compared to R. norvegicus. In terms of sex, no statistically significant distinction was observed between female and male infected rodents of either species (p > 0.05), indicating both species can serve as a source of T. lewisi for humans in the surveyed villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diseases caused by insect-borne protozoan parasites, namely malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, range from subclinical infections to severe illnesses in various hosts, including immunocompetent humans, with a profound impact on public health and economies worldwide. In addition to their usual hemolymphatic invasion and dissemination within the mammalian host, insect-borne protozoan parasites can colonize noncanonical tissues. Cumulative research has shed light on the diverse and complex effects of these pathogens on the respiratory system, which have been largely overlooked. These findings provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of insect-borne protozoan infections and have the potential to impact the development of innovative approaches for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and interruption of the chain of transmission of these devastating diseases. The protozoan parasites Plasmodium , Leishmania , and Trypanosoma are transmitted by hematophagous insects and cause severe diseases in humans. These infections pose a global threat, particularly in low-resource settings, and are increasingly extending beyond the current endemic regions. Tropism of parasites is crucial for their development, and recent studies have revealed colonization of noncanonical tissues, aiding their survival and immune evasion. Despite receiving limited attention, cumulative evidence discloses the respiratory system as a significant interface for host–pathogen interactions, influencing the course of (co)infection and disease onset. Due to its pathophysiological and clinical implications, we emphasize that further research is needed to better understand the involvement of the respiratory system and its potential to improve prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and interruption of the chain of transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for new drugs to treat human infections is a global health concern. Diseases like tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, amoebiasis, and AIDS remain significant problems, especially in developing countries like Mexico. Despite existing treatments, issues such as resistance and adverse effects drive the search for new alternatives. Herein, we introduce the NUATEI research consortium, made up of experts from the Institute of Biomedical Research at UNAM, who identify and obtain natural and synthetic compounds and test their effects against human pathogens using in vitro and in vivo models. The consortium has evaluated hundreds of natural extracts and compounds against the pathogens causing tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, amoebiasis, and AIDS, rendering promising results, including a patent with potential for preclinical studies. This paper presents the rationale behind the formation of this consortium, as well as its objectives and strategies, emphasizing the importance of natural and synthetic products as sources of antimicrobial compounds and the relevance of the diseases studied. Finally, we briefly describe the methods of the evaluation of the compounds in each biological model and the main achievements. The potential of the consortium to screen numerous compounds and identify new therapeutic agents is highlighted, demonstrating its significant contribution to addressing these infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the problem of the tsetse fly and the trypanosomiasis disease it conveys as a transforming multispecies assemblage in colonial Zambia from the late nineteenth century until 1959. Based on archival research, it analyses the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans) as a moving target; not only a mobile and elusive insect but also a moving field of knowledge bringing multiple stakeholders into dialogue. It shows that tsetse control and wildlife conservation emerged together in colonial Zambia, in conflicting but also synergising ways, and that the association of large mammals to G. morsitans laid the ground for their classification as killable or preservable species. In the crossed influence of diverse regional colonial expertise, the article finds that the complex multispecies relations between the tsetse fly, the trypanosomes, wildlife, vegetation, humans and cattle, mediated and enacted by colonial experts and others, shaped institutions, policies and landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the molecular docking model was used to investigate the antitrypanosomal inhibitory potential of Parkia biglobosa. Twenty-eight different compounds were identified as potential candidates; however, the returned binding energy (kcal/mol) suggested four suitable candidates (beta-sitosterol, epi-gallocatechin, epi-catechin-3-O-gallate, catechin and taraxerone). The antitrypanosomal activity of these compounds was investigated using a molecular docking assay against two proteins from T. brucei brucei, namely arginine kinase 3 (Accession No. EAN76668.1) and trans-sialidase (AlphaFold ID: AF-Q57YTZ-F1). Using the SwissAdme server (SwissADME), all herbal substances were screened in silico for drug-likeness according to the guidelines of Lipinsk, Egan and Veber. Molecular docking was performed to identify putative binding orientations and binding energies (BE) of drugs at the selected binding domains of trans-sialidase and arginine kinase 3 using Auto Dock Vina in the open-source Python Prescription 0.8 program. The returning binding energy (kcal/mol) of P. biglobosa's druglike compounds indicates that they bind well to the active sites of both proteins. However, additional investigation is needed to test P. biglobosa in vitro or in vivo to see if it may be used as an effective and less expensive drug because it is a more accessible plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lelna people of Zuru, Kebbi State, North-western Nigeria, predominantly prefer the use of medicinal plants as viable treatments against different ailments, including trypanosomiasis, as the area is endowed with viable medicinal plants, despite a gradual decrease in the traditional knowledge of usage. This study seeks to document medicinal plants used for the treatment of trypanosomiasis among lelna people. A survey was conducted from October 2021 to January 2022 among the lelna tribes. Information was collected from 104 respondents using the purposive sampling technique and interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. The survey documented 34 medicinal plant species belonging to 31 genera and 20 families. The highest fidelity level and relative frequency of citation of commonly mentioned plants were observed for Rogeria adenophylla J. Gay and Ricinus communis Linn. Fabaceae family, represented by 8 species, appears to be the most commonly utilized family. The most frequently cited species were wild-derived trees or shrubs and most herbal remedies were mainly prepared by decoction (45%) and administered orally (100%). Leaves (39%) and stem bark (16%) accounted for the highest proportion of the biological parts of plants used in remedy preparation. Parasitic diseases presented the highest informant consensus factor (ICF = 0.68) among the cited species. This study has documented potential traditional medicinal plant species for treating trypanosomiasis in Zuru, Kebbi State. Pharmacological studies to identify the active principles of the cited species are required to validate their uses and unveil new potential trypanoside agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To find new compounds for future development of anti-Trypanosoma drugs, we investigated cyanobacteria for secondary metabolites that kill trypanosomes, the parasites causing trypanosomiasis. Crude methanolic extracts of four cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa EAWAG198, Microcystis flos-aquae UTEX 2677, Microcystis wesenbergii NIES-104, and Oscillatoria sp.) were prepared and tested on Trypanosoma brucei brucei for trypanosome-killing activity. The most active crude extract was fractionated by liquid column chromatography. Trypanocidal fractions were identified by incubating each fraction with trypanosomes and monitoring parasite death under 400× microscopic magnification. A crude extract of M. flos-aquae was also used to treat rats infected with T. b. brucei. The crude extract of M. flos-aquae exhibited the highest in vitro trypanocidal activity, with percentage inhibitions of 98.44 and 42.18% at 2.5 and 0.3125 mg mL-1, respectively, and an IC50 value of 0.414 mg mL-1. The most active fraction E exhibited the highest in vitro activity against the parasite, with a percentage inhibition of 74.21 % at 0.625 mg mL-1 and an IC50 value of 0.299 mg mL-1. The active sub-fraction of E (Es) exhibited 76% inhibition at the same concentration. Interestingly, the crude extract of M. flos-aquae also suppressed parasite proliferation in treated animals and improved the weight and PCV of rats treated with dosages above 60 mg kg-1 body weight. The GC/MS profile of fraction Es revealed the presence of Cedran-diol, Ethyl-5-(furan-2-yl)-1,2-oxazole-3-carboxylate,5-amino-1-tetrazolylacetic acid, 2-amino-4-(2-methylpropanyl)-pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid, and others. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that cyanobacteria could be considered promising sources of lead compounds for the development of new trypanocidal drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chagas disease is a complex clinical entity caused by a protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted by the bite of infected triatomines. The objective of this study was to establish the distribution of vector species of T. cruzi according to all the geopolitical regions of Ecuador. This narrative review was conducted from December 2022 to July 2023 by searching the following databases: PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Scielo, Latindex, and Dialnet. Also, websites of international and national health organizations: WHO and PAHO, Epidemiological Gazette of Ecuador, SIVE-ALERTA, Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador, and national repositories of theses generated by Ecuadorian universities. In the Coastal region, T. dimidiata was found as the predominant vector (83%), followed by Panstrongylus howardi, P. chinai and P. geniculatus, all with the same percentage of circulation (33%) and Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (17%). In the Andean region, the most important species was R. ecuadoriensis in the Province of Loja (59%). The province of Orellana (Amazon region) had the highest value of R=0.471 and greater species diversity (P. geniculatus, P. lignarius, R. robustus, R. pictipes, R. pallences, R. barreti, E. cuspidatus, E. mucronatu). Currently, the circulation of 4 genera and 17 species of triatomines is reported in Ecuador. It is necessary to expand the collection sites in different regions to update the geographical distribution of triatomine species circulating in Ecuadorian territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Cattle trypanosomiasis imposes significant economic burdens on the global livestock industry. The causative agents of this disease belong to the protozoan Trypanosoma genus. This study aims to perform detection (parasitological and molecular) and genetic characterization to analyze Trypanosoma spp. in cattle from 15 municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, focusing on the 18S rDNA and Cathepsin-L (CatL) gene of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma theileri. A total of 389 blood samples from 15 dairy cattle farms in the state of Rio de Janeiro were collected, and DNA was extracted for subsequent PCR amplification of Trypanosoma spp. 18S rDNA and CatL genes. The resulting amplicons underwent sequencing and alignment for phylogenetic analysis, with comparisons made to GenBank isolates. Concerning parasitological analysis, blood smears presented 4.4% of positive cattle (n=17/389) for T. vivax and did not show any trypomastigote forms of T. theileri. The absolute frequency of Trypanosoma spp. through molecular detection targeting 18S rDNA was 11.6% (45/389). However, when performing species-specific PCRs, the T. vivax frequency, determined through CatL gene PCR, was 12.8%, and the T. theileri frequency was 3.6%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA revealed low diversity among T. vivax sequences, suggesting potential host segregation. This study emphasizes the high frequency of positive samples by PCR when compared to direct parasitological exams. Additionally, T. vivax phylogeny targeting 18S rDNA hints at sequence clustering related to host species. Importantly, this investigation unveils, for the first time in Rio de Janeiro’s cattle, the circulation of T. theileri lineage ThI, encompassing genotypes IIB and IF. This discovery expands our understanding of this parasite’s geographical distribution and genetic diversity.

The rise of African trypanocide resistance (ATr) is influenced by various factors such as evolutionary changes in the pathogen, the presence of resistance genes in the population, poor policy decisions, limited private-public partnerships to engage local communities, and insufficient funding for the development of new drugs over the past sixty years. These challenges have been exacerbated by the inadequate implementation of drug liberalization policies in the mid 20th century, leading to poor pharmacovigilance practices for veterinary drugs in low and middle income countries (LMICs). One health (OH), a disease management framework, provides practical solutions for addressing ATr, drawing on its success in managing previous epidemics like avian influenza in 2004 and the recent COVID-19 pandemic, where institutional collaborations were rapidly established. To combat ATr, OH initiatives involving both international and local partners at the policy and grassroots levels are crucial to generate community interest. The importance of political commitment, media involvement, and nongovernmental organizations cannot be overstated, as they are essential for resource mobilization and long-term sustainability in LMICs.

Background Neglected tropical diseases are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in low-income populations. International efforts have reduced their global burden, but transmission is persistent and case-finding-based interventions rarely target asymptomatic individuals. Methods We develop a generic mathematical modeling framework for analyzing the dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian sub-continent (VL), gambiense sleeping sickness (gHAT), and Chagas disease and use it to assess the possible contribution of asymptomatics who later develop disease (pre-symptomatics) and those who do not (non-symptomatics) to the maintenance of infection. Plausible interventions, including active screening, vector control, and reduced time to detection, are simulated for the three diseases. Results We found that the high asymptomatic contribution to transmission for Chagas and gHAT and the apparently high basic reproductive number of VL may undermine long-term control. However, the ability to treat some asymptomatics for Chagas and gHAT should make them more controllable, albeit over relatively long time periods due to the slow dynamics of these diseases. For VL, the toxicity of available therapeutics means the asymptomatic population cannot currently be treated, but combining treatment of symptomatics and vector control could yield a quick reduction in transmission. Conclusions Despite the uncertainty in natural history, it appears there is already a relatively good toolbox of interventions to eliminate gHAT, and it is likely that Chagas will need improvements to diagnostics and their use to better target pre-symptomatics. The situation for VL is less clear, and model predictions could be improved by additional empirical data. However, interventions may have to improve to successfully eliminate this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentamidine and melarsoprol are primary drugs used to treat the lethal human sleeping sickness caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Cross-resistance to these two drugs has recently been linked to aquaglyceroporin 2 of the trypanosome (TbAQP2). TbAQP2 is the first member of the aquaporin family described as capable of drug transport; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of TbAQP2 bound to pentamidine or melarsoprol. Our structural studies, together with the molecular dynamic simulations, reveal the mechanisms shaping substrate specificity and drug permeation. Multiple amino acids in TbAQP2, near the extracellular entrance and inside the pore, create an expanded conducting tunnel, sterically and energetically allowing the permeation of pentamidine and melarsoprol. Our study elucidates the mechanism of drug transport by TbAQP2, providing valuable insights to inform the design of drugs against trypanosomiasis. Pentamidine and melarsoprol are drugs used to treat sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei. Here, authors present cryo-EM structures of TbAQP2 with molecular dynamic simulations, revealing mechanisms shaping substrate specificity and drug permeation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of a sensitive diagnostic test for trypanosomasis in animals may hamper epidemiological data and control program implementation. This study aimed to detection of Trypanosoma evansi in rabbits that experimentally infected by this parasite which identified from camels of iraq by polymerase chain reaction. A study was conducted on 24 males rabbit divided into two groups (12 rabbits for each group). The first group was injected intra peritoneal (i/p) with 0.5 ml containing 1x105 trypanosome. The second group injected with distilled water and considered as control. At 7 and 10 days post infection, blood sample were collected from these rabbits. White blood cells count was conducted after 14 and 28 days post infection. The results showed that the 18S RNA and RoTat 1.2 genes related to T. evansi were identified .Furthermore,there was significant elevation of Neutrophils,Monocytes,Lymphocytes,Eosinophil and Basophils in infected rabbits compared with the control group. From this study we can conclude that PCR is a sensitive and effective technique for diagnosis of T.evansi through using 18S RNA and RoTat 1.2 genes. In addition,WBC count was significantly elevated in an infected rabbits compared to the control. Whereas,Lymphocyte was significantly higher in control group compared with infected group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cameroon Academy of Sciences Journal is the property of Cameroon Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over a hundred years ago after the discovery of Chagas disease (CD) in Brazil, the World Health Organization estimates a number of 6 to 7 million people infected by Trypanosoma cruzi worldwide. Therefore, the goal of this work was to identify variables related to the spread of infection by T. cruzi in humans living in rural areas, seeking predictor variables. A systematic review of the literature has been conducted, with a search in the Scopus platform, using the search string "Chagas disease" and "rural", resulting in 85 valid and analyzed scientific studies (1977 and 2022). Twenty-seven predictor variables have been acquired, and 19 of them have been grouped, such as: socioeconomic and educational, housing, environmental, sanitary, and cultural; and 8 variables related to T. cruzi seropositive individuals. The predictor variables yielded significant results (p-value < 0.05) in 59.5% of the cases (195/328), with a median of 66.7%. In other words, studies relating to 50% of the 27 variables showed significance equal to or greater than 66.7% of the time. The independent variables with the highest proportion of significant data (p-value < 0.05) were Education (87.6%), Intradomicile building (70%), Domestic animals (69.6%), and Triatomines (69.2%) in the households. Some variables reached 100%; however, few articles were found, indicating the need for further research, especially for Sanitation and Culture. It has been concluded that, in the several contexts found, the social vulnerability and lack of information led the individual to living in environments where inhabitability is inadequate, to perform limited work activity and develop habits and behaviors which impair them in an environmental insalubrity situation, favorable to the access of vectors and pathogens of anthropozoonoses such as CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite advancements in implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) technology, sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a persistent public health concern. Chagas disease (ChD), prevalent in Brazil, is associated with increased ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) events and SCD compared to other cardiomyopathies. Methods: This retrospective observational study included patients who received ICDs between October 2007 and December 2018. The study aims to assess whether mortality and VT/VF events decreased in patients who received ICDs during different time periods (2007–2010, 2011–2014, and 2015–2018). Additionally, it seeks to compare the prognosis of ChD patients with non‐ChD patients. Time periods were chosen based on the establishment of the Arrhythmia Service in 2011. The primary outcome was overall mortality, assessed across the entire sample and the three periods. Secondary outcomes included VT/VF events and the combined outcome of death or VT/VF. Results: Of the 885 patients included, 31% had ChD. Among them, 28% died, 14% had VT/VF events, and 37% experienced death and/or VT/VF. Analysis revealed that period 3 (2015–2018) was associated with better death‐free survival (p =.007). ChD was the only variable associated with a higher rate of VT/VF events (p <.001) and the combined outcome (p =.009). Conclusion: Mortality and combined outcome rates decreased gradually for ICD patients during the periods 2011–2014 and 2015–2018 compared to the initial period (2007–2010). ChD was associated with higher VT/VF events in ICD patients, only in the first two periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folk medicine is widely used in Angola, even for human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) in spite of the fact that the reference treatment is available for free. Aiming to validate herbal remedies in use, we selected nine medicinal plants and assessed their antitrypanosomal activity. A total of 122 extracts were prepared using different plant parts and solvents. A total of 15 extracts from seven different plants exhibited in vitro activity (>70% at 20 µg/mL) against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense bloodstream forms. The dichloromethane extract of Nymphaea lotus (leaves and leaflets) and the ethanolic extract of Brasenia schreberi (leaves) had IC50 values ≤ 10 µg/mL. These two aquatic plants are of particular interest. They are being co-applied in the form of a decoction of leaves because they are considered by local healers as male and female of the same species, the ethnotaxon "longa dia simbi". Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the identification of eight active molecules: gallic acid (IC50 0.5 µg/mL), methyl gallate (IC50 1.1 µg/mL), 2,3,4,6-tetragalloyl-glucopyranoside, ethyl gallate (IC50 0.5 µg/mL), 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-β-glucopyranoside (IC50 20 µg/mL), gossypetin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside (IC50 5.5 µg/mL), and hypolaetin-7-O-glucoside (IC50 5.7 µg/mL) in B. schreberi, and 5-[(8Z,11Z,14Z)-heptadeca-8,11,14-trienyl] resorcinol (IC50 5.3 µg/mL) not described to date in N. lotus. Five of these active constituents were detected in the traditional preparation. This work provides the first evidence for the ethnomedicinal use of these plants in the management of sleeping sickness in Angola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trypanosoma evansi is a widespread hemoprotozoa that causes trypanosomiasis in both livestock and wildlife. One of the susceptible animals is the Sumatran elephant, which is included in the endangered species category. The infection of this parasite often develops into chronic and sub-clinical forms in elephants, therefore it may become unnoticed and hard to diagnose. This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the infection of T. evansi in semi-captive Sumatran elephants in Way Kambas National Park, Indonesia, using various diagnostic tests. The prevalence of T. evansi in a total of 53 Sumatran elephants was estimated using a card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT) in 2016. A longitudinal study was later conducted in 2019 using Giemsa stained blood smear (GSBS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that 26.4% of samples (14/53) were positively detected by both CATT in 2016 and PCR in 2019, while GSBS was unable to detect the parasites in all samples. Furthermore, four individuals were confirmed to have persistent infections. This study concluded that the ability of CATT and PCR were more convincing over GSBS for the diagnosis of subclinical trypanosomiasis in Sumatran elephants. However, it is recommended to use a combination of CATT as a screening tool and PCR as a confirmatory test for reliable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de Caracas is the property of Academia Nacional de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Virtual screening a collection of ~ 25,000 ChemBridge molecule collection identified two nitrogenous heterocyclic molecules, 12 and 15, with potential dual inhibitory properties against trypanosomal cruzain and rhodesain cysteine proteases. Similarity search in DrugBank found the two virtual hits with novel chemical structures with unreported anti-trypanosomal activities. Investigations into the binding mechanism by molecular dynamics simulations for 100 ns revealed the molecules were able to occupy the binding sites and stabilise the protease complexes. Binding affinities calculated using the MM/PBSA method for the last 20 ns showed that the virtual hits have comparable binding affinities to other known inhibitors from literature suggesting both molecules as promising scaffolds with dual cruzain and rhodesain inhibition properties, i.e. 12 has predicted ΔGbind values of − 38.1 and − 38.2 kcal/mol to cruzain and rhodesain, respectively, and 15 has predicted ΔGbind values of − 34.4 and − 25.8 kcal/mol to rhodesain. Per residue binding free energy decomposition studies and visual inspection at 100 ns snapshots revealed hydrogen bonding and non-polar attractions with important amino acid residues that contributed to the ΔGbind values. The interactions are similar to those previously reported in the literature. The overall ADMET predictions for the two molecules were favourable for drug development with acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles and adequate oral bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trypanosomiasis in camels is a worldwide major clinical problem. The objective of this review was to present analysis of comprehensive studies on camel trypansomiasis in the Gulf region through meta-analytical investigation. This meta-analysis was conducted according to the rules of PRISMA. Data were extracted after complete search; then finally eligible articles were identified. Using comprehensive meta-analysis software program, the data were analyzed. The results of meta-analysis were effect size, confidence intervals (CI), heterogeneity, and publication bias. Out of 11720 camels in 18 accepted studies, 3177 were proved to be infected with T. evansi (27.1 %). At random, and fixed effects, a Z-value of -6.195 (P-value = 0.000) -30.186 (P-value = 0.000) was recorded, respectively. The Q-value (894.96), I-squared (98.038), and P- value (0.000) are the final heterogeneity variables. Additionally, the Tau-squared is 0.619 with a 0.39 Standard Error. Egger's linear regression test for asymmetry did not indicate publication bias, Intercept (-4.95), 95% confidence interval (from -9.91 to -0.07), t-value (2.27), and df = 16.00. The 1-tailed P-value (recommended) is 0.018, and the 2-tailed P-value is 0.036. The outcome of Kendall's tau with continuity correction (-0.313), with a 1-tailed P-value (recommended) of 0.030 and 2 -tailed P-value of 0.060. Duval and Tweedie's trim-and-fill method (no studies trimmed) resulted in an adjusted correlation from -0.718 to -0.630 (95% CI). In conclusion, the present results indicate that camel trypanosomiasis is a common infection in Gulf countries. Therefore, strict prevention and control policies should be formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camel Trypanosomiasis, or Surra, or El Debab as better known, caused by Trypanosoma evansi constitutes an economically important disease that affects the health and production of camels. Two-hundred and ninety-five samples from camels of different ages and sexes were collected from five geographic locations in Egypt (Behera, Cairo, South Sinai, Matrouh, Halayeb and Shalateen). Giemsa-stained smears that were prepared from blood samples were examined microscopically, while PCR coupled with DNA sequencing was applied for molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis. Microscopic and molecular findings revealed a prevalence of 0.34% and 50.51% in the examined camels through stained blood smears and PCR techniques, respectively. T. evansi is enzootic in Egypt, and the PCR technique could preferably be applied in surveillance studies as a more sensitive detection method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human African trypanosomiasis is the third disease with most mortalities among the neglected tropical diseases. The absence of vaccines and the development of parasite resistance have necessitated the quest for new affordable and safe treatment options for the disease.This study aims to assess the potential of Uvaria ovata as an alternative new and safer antitrypanosomal therapeutics. Methods: Antitrypanosomal efficacies of extracts and fractions of U. ovata were determined by the Alamar Blue cell viability assay against Trypanosoma brucei brucei GUTat 3.1. Molecular docking was used to suggest the mechanism of action of the extracts and fractions by docking the curated compounds present in the plant against farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) enzymes. Results: Antitrypanosomal activities (IC50, μg/mL) obtained were within the range of 0.12–4.40, exceeding that of the standard suramin (4.96). A total of 17 known compounds from U. ovata that did not violate Lipinski’s rule of five with negligible toxicity produced molecular docking results against FPPS and ODC enzymes. Within the FPPS interaction landscape, mannosamine emerged as the most promising lead, with a binding energy of −6.4 kcal/mol and a predicted Ki value of 20.12 µM. With respect to ODC, 15 compounds exhibited binding affinities ranging from −4.6 to −6.3 kcal/mol, exceeding that of the known inhibitor allicin (−4.5 kcal/mol). Conclusion: This is the first report of the antitrypanosomal activity and mode of action suggestion of U. ovata. The study sets the foundation for further exploration and validation of the therapeutic prospect of U. ovata in the fight against trypanosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tsetse flies, the sole biological vectors of trypanosomiasis, are predominantly controlled using visual traps and targets baited with attractant lures. Formulation of the lures is informed by compositions of odors from vertebrate hosts preferred by specific tsetse species. However, there are no effective lures for Glossina austeni, a major vector of trypanosomiasis along eastern-coastal region of Africa. Formulation of the lure can be informed by knowledge of G. austeni, preferred vertebrate hosts. We thus sought to understand these hosts by assessment of putative bloodmeal sources of this tsetse fly in Arabuko Sokoke National Reserve where this species is naturally present. We sampled tsetse flies using NGU traps, isolated non-teneral G. austeni flies based on their feeding status, and identified vertebrate source of bloodmeals in their midgut contents using vertebrate 16S rRNA-PCR High-Resolution Melting analysis. We analyzed the relative vertebrate species frequencies in the bloodmeals using Fisher's exact tests. Overall, we trapped 122 flies, most of which (66.39%) were non-teneral, among which we successfully identified the vertebrate bloodmeals in 30 samples. Specifically, we detected putative suni antelope (Neotragus moschatus), harnessed bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle (Bos taurus) derived bloodmeals. Putative suni antelope bloodmeals were significantly more frequent (63.22%), than those of the harnessed bushbuck (23.33%), buffalo (10.00%) or cattle (3.33%) (p < 0.05 Fisher's exact tests) among the samples analyzed. Suni antelope thus appears to predominate vertebrate bloodmeal source for G. austeni in the reserve, coincident with findings reported elsewhere, and is therefore a viable candidate for bioprospecting for G. austeni responsive attractants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a significant global health problem. Additionally, anti-protozoan treatments are toxic, and their therapeutic regimens require prolonged treatment times and high concentrations of the drugs. Additionally, multi-resistant protozoan strains represent an important global emergency that must be addressed. For these reasons, global efforts are being made to identify new drug candidates that are capable of combating these kinds of diseases. This systematic review shows that 5-nitroimidazole derivatives have been successfully used against neglected tropical protozoan diseases (NTPDs), with a specific focus on three diseases: malaria, leishmaniasis, and human trypanosomiasis. Some nitroimidazole derivatives have been repurposed, and an important group of new drugs is available for the treatment of NTPDs. Finally, we address 5-nitroimidazoles using chemoinformatics and medicinal chemistry tools to describe the most recent and promising 5-nitroimidazole derivatives associated with anti-protozoal activity using their published in vitro and in vivo data. We show that 5-nitroimidazoles offer a broader spectrum of activity against a variety of protozoal pathogens. More importantly, these compounds demonstrate a significantly reduced systemic toxicity compared to other nitroimidazoles. This makes them a more favorable option in the treatment of protozoal infections, particularly in scenarios where the patient's tolerance to drug side effects is a critical concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the in vitro trypanocidal activity of lemon grass(Cymbopogon citratus) methanolic extract against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and its bio infectivity in an in vivo study using male albino rat as the experimental animal. Five treatment levels were applied (0.002mg/ml, 0.02mg/ml, 0.2mg/ml, 2.0mg/ml and 0.0mg/ml). Trypanosome was inactive at all treatment levels of lemongrass. PCV was statistically the same at all exposure times whereas the control mice had significantly lower PCV than all treated mice apart from the control, all other treatments gave similar PCV results, but the highest grand mean value (51.87%) was obtained at 0.02mg/ml while week 4 recorded the highest value (51.53%). All treatment levels had equal effects on the mice's rectal temperature, but exposure time had significant effects on the temperature parameter where the grand mean temperature readings significantly varied from 35.55oC in week 2 to 37.47oC in week 5. The weight of mice varied significantly with both treatment (F=16.01, p<0.05) and time (F=5.10, p<0.05) factors. The highest mean weight recorded was 38.37±2.46g at 2.0mg/ml treatment in week 5 thus, the weight of mice increased as lemon grass treatment concentration and exposure time increased. Treatment concentrations significantly affected mice PCV and weight where the control level had the lowest values for these physical parameters. Also, exposure time significantly affected both the temperature and weight of mice. A general fluctuation but decline in feed intake was observed in mice at different treatment levels of methanolic extracts of lemon grass from weeks 1-7. A strong positive significant correlation exists between PCV and feed intake (r= -0.930, p<0.05) as well as between rectal temperature and weight of mice (r= -0.948, p<0.05). PCV and weight had a strong positive correlation though insignificant (r= 0.728, p>0.05). Therefore, lemon grass extract showed trypanocidal efficacy in the control of trypanosomiasis in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multi-factorial reasons are an induction to cause cancer. Different infections and infestations with viruses, bacteria, and parasites have been detected for many years to be related to human carcinogenesis. Purpose: The study aimed to review all ideas of tumor carcinogenesis and its associations with parasitic infections and infestations. Methods: We reviewed several articles (published and imprinted) by selecting, extracting, and synthesizing data about the relationship between cancers and parasites. Results: Several helminths infections as schistosomiasis, are highly carcinogenic agents for bladder cancer, whereas trypanosomiasis has a bi-model role in cancer development. Leishmaniasis may be a cause of hepatocarcinoma, skin cancer, and lymphomas. In addition, malaria appears to be causative in the carcinogenesis of some cancers; as Burkitt lymphoma. Also, data from previous studies suggested that Strongyloides stercoralis may be a relevant co-factor in lymphomas. Conclusion: There are different mechanisms of parasitic infection to be enhancing in carcinogenesis of cancer in human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]