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This research proposes a simple, new technique to obtain truthful answers to sensitive, categorical questions. The paired response technique (PRT) asks participants to merely report the sum of the answers to two paired questions, one baseline and one sensitive, with the answers to each question known only to the participants. The technique then statistically infers the prevalence of the sensitive characteristic and its potential drivers from the association of the baseline question with other questions in the survey. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the performance of the PRT under varying conditions. A representative survey (n = 4,649) in the Netherlands about legal and illegal purchases of prescription drugs to enhance sexual performance reveals that 17.4% of the target population has purchased medication to enhance sexual performance at least once. In contrast, in a control group surveyed with direct questioning, only 5.1% admit having done so. The great majority of these individuals opt to purchase illegally. Two further empirical applications, respectively, in the United States and the United Kingdom, show that the PRT reduces cognitive and affective costs of survey participation compared with a state-of-the-art randomized response technique for categorical questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social distancing measures are typically recommended to contain the spread of infectious diseases. To improve the public's voluntary compliance, governments and health authorities seek to publicize timely information about the pandemic. Yet social planners may exaggerate or downplay their private information about the disease's severity to elicit their preferred level of social distancing. This is because the relative weight they assign to the costs of isolation over public health may be unbalanced, and people may not fully consider how their social distancing may influence others' infection risk. Consequently, messages and claims about the pandemic may be distrusted. The author investigates whether and when communication can be fully or partially credible despite apparent incentives for misrepresentation. The author finds that a government would communicate truthfully in equilibrium if and only if the disease severity levels are not too close to each other in the public's prior belief. Nevertheless, an increasing difference between the severity levels need not enhance the credibility of communication. Greater communication credibility may hurt social welfare. Moreover, as the government becomes more concerned about the costs of social distancing, its equilibrium messages may become more or less trustworthy. The article's results can benefit social planners and users of their messages (e.g., analysts, researchers, investors). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how sixth graders' credibility evaluation self-efficacy was associated with their ability to evaluate the credibility of online texts. Students (N = 265, Mage = 12.45) worked in a web-based environment, where they read and evaluated two more credible texts and two less credible texts that required confirming and questioning the texts' credibility, respectively. Students were asked to evaluate the author's expertise, the author's benevolence, and the quality of evidence in each text. They were also asked to assess their credibility evaluation self-efficacy during the task. The structural equation model indicated that students' self-efficacy was positively associated with their ability to confirm the more credible texts but not with their ability to question the less credible texts. The instructional implications of this study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study observes content-related indicators of the editorial decisions made by fact-checkers during the 2022 Brazilian run-off election. Specifically, it aims to investigate fact-checkers' outputs regarding verification genres, scrutinized actors, types of verified falsehoods, and inspected platforms. The focus on Brazil stems from its reputation as a disinformation hub, owing to social polarization, populist communication, high social media use, low media trust, and intense WhatsApp penetration. Consequently, fact-checking agencies have proliferated within Brazil's media landscape. To provide some hints about the fact-checkers' editorial choices, we conducted a quantitative content analysis of verification articles (n = 349) published during the second round of the presidential election by four leading fact-checking organizations: Lupa and Aos Fatos (independents), Estadão Verifica (press), and AFP Checamos (global news agency). The results reveal a prioritization of combating online falsehoods (82.2%) spread by anonymous sources, as opposed to verifying public figures' statements (5.5%), a trend already observed in other media systems. Although Meta's social networks and Twitter are primarily monitored, other platforms such as TikTok, Kwai, and Telegram are increasingly gaining fact-checkers' attention. Fact-checkers predominantly scrutinized anonymous disinformation agents. Moreover, they primarily debunked falsehoods targeting the opposition, legacy media, social networking companies, and the Supreme Electoral Court. Despite the anonymity, 77.4% of the verified falsehoods were found to be beneficial to Bolsonaro, while 12% were advantageous to Lula da Silva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People can be treated unjustly with respect to the level of credibility others accord to their testimony. This is the core idea of the philosophical idea of epistemic justice. It should be of utmost interest to criminal law which extensively deals with normative issues of evidence and testimony. It may reconstruct some of the long-standing criticisms of criminal law regarding credibility assessments and the treatment of witnesses, especially in sexual assault cases. However, philosophical discussions often overlook the intricate complexities of real procedural law and its underlying considerations. In its present form, the philosophical notion of epistemic injustice provides limited insights into legal discourse; it necessitates translation and adaptation. This study contributes to this endeavor by examining the contentious issue of testimony from witnesses who have undergone trauma-focused psychotherapy. Since the 1980s, courts worldwide were troubled with cases of false accusations based on false memories generated by suggestive therapeutic interventions. As a result, such post-therapy testimonies are discounted in one way or another in many jurisdictions. However, courts are still confronted with such testimonies, and the modi vivendi legal systems have established to deal with them continue to give rise to concerns about unjust treatment of witnesses. The question is thus whether legal rules or established practices of evaluating testimony based on memories which resurfaced after psychotherapy are epistemically and legally just. The paper presents seven ways in which courts may assess such testimonies and examines them in light of epistemic and procedural justice. Some of them prima facie constitute a form of epistemic injustice because they discount testimonies to an unwarranted degree. But these injustices might be justified by overriding principles favoring defendants. Nonetheless, the idea of epistemic justice, more broadly understood, inspires two principles that may serve as a foundation for a future conception of epistemic justice adapted to the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alison Douglis argues that perjury is nothing more than a tool to facilitate court proceedings, conceptually distinct from lying. Instead, I argue that the conceptual structure of perjury and of lying match almost perfectly. Apparent mismatches do not arise as a property of perjury but as a consequence of the juridical context. I present an overview of some of the recent philosophical work on lies with focus on the problem of 'what is said' and pragmatic enrichment. I also discuss the question of whether false implicatures should be regarded as lies, the intent to deceive condition on lying, and the falsity of the statement as a condition on lying. I then turn to perjury and show that the same philosophical problems that lies give rise to are reproduced almost point by point. I show that the oath condition and the materiality condition on perjury, which would seem to provide an empirical distinction, are in fact rooted in our understanding of lies. Against Jennifer Keiser and Douglis, I argue that a cross-examination is in fact a form of conversation in Grice's sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psalm 131 employs the metaphorical imagery of an infant and mother to portray the relationship between the psalmist and YHWH. Since this imagery is critical in understanding the psalmist and the overall message of the psalm, I utilize psychoanalytical Object-Relations theory in reading the psalm. This interpretive framework offers insights into the language, structure, and movement of the psalm that might otherwise be overlooked. This essay reveals the foundational role of YHWH, particularly in relation to his absence and presence as primary caregiver in the development of the false self and the restoration of the true self-identity of the psalmist. The restoration of the psalmist's true self-identity is further supported by the larger canonical context in which the Torah of Psalm 119 functions as an object-relations transitional object for the psalmist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the question "what connection is there between our answer to the question of what we are, and the question, what our actions are?" Suppose that actions are reflexive changes of agents. On that supposition, there would be a direct connection between the answers to those two questions. An action of mine will be a reflexive change of me, and what I am will fix the nature of those changes. I hold that supposition to be true and consider reasons in favor of believing it. However, the paper is not primarily aimed at defense of that thesis. It rather concerned with exploring what consequences accepting it has for the competing notions of what we are, given what we ordinarily think actions are, and bringing to light a tension between thinking of actions as reflexive changes of agents in this way, and a kind of causal understanding of actions that is prevalent. What emerges is that we should shift where we start our theorizing: we cannot assume that action theory primarily involves the task of characterizing the relation between an agent and changes caused, rather than a characterization of a particular kind of relation between the agent and herself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the idea of acting from knowledge. This idea is a thought of ourselves: the distinctive way in which we act, in which we live, resides in this, that our actions, our life, may rest on knowledge. Yet the idea of action resting on knowledge is puzzling, even mysterious. The difficulty springs from the character of judgment that is knowledge: its objectivity. The objectivity of a judgment is a character of its validity: it is objectively valid. Yet it is equally, and therefore, a character of the source of the reality of a valid judgment: a judgment that is knowledge is explained by nothing other than that which constitutes its validity. Now, action from knowledge partakes of this character of the knowledge on which it rests: it is explained by nothing other than what constitutes its validity, that is, its goodness. This dissolves the idea that action springs from a natural power, a power of change, a physis. That is the mystery. What could action be but the act of a natural power, and what could we be but agents of such a power? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the robust scientific evidence affirming the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, the proliferation of misinformation on social media platforms poses a threat by potentially exacerbating vaccine hesitancy. In response, certain social media platforms have taken measures to flag posts containing such misinformation with warning labels, aiming to dispel false beliefs. This present study employs a survey experiment (N = 304) to examine the effectiveness of two distinct warning labels – disputed and neutral warning labels – in the Twitter (the social media platform now known as X) context, specifically targeting misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines. This study investigates the nuanced effects of vaccine hesitancy on the perceived credibility of debunked misinformation posts following the application of warning flags. The results demonstrated that disputed labels significantly reduced the perceived credibility of misinformation regarding anti-COVID-19 vaccines in comparison to posts without any labeling. Nevertheless, individuals exhibiting higher levels of vaccine hesitancy tended to view the misinformation as more credible than their counterparts with lower levels of hesitancy. These findings present the efficacy of warning labels in combatting misinformation on social media platforms, particularly among those who are least hesitant about vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed analysis of joint-contribution of premises and conclusions in classically valid sequents is presented in terms of hypergraphs. In (Saint-Germier, P., Verdée, P., & Villalonga, P. T. (2024). Relevant entailment and logical ground. Philosophical Studies (pp. 1–43). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-024-02101-1), this idea of joint-contribution is introduced and motivated as a method for characterizing four kinds of relevant validity, in the sense of selecting the relevantly valid sequents among the classically valid sequents. The account in (Saint-Germier, P., Verdée, P., & Villalonga, P. T. (2024). Relevant entailment and logical ground. Philosophical Studies (pp. 1–43). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-024-02101-1) is built on a calculus, called GLK a , which proves grounding claims for (enthymematically) valid sequents. In the present paper an adequate representation of GLK a is given in terms of hypergraphs. The hypergraphs are a kind of diagrammatic proofs for Classical Propositional Logic, entirely based on the grounds of premises and conclusions. The hypergraphs and their visualization provide insights into the relations between premises and conclusions and into the way validity is produced by the binding of premises and conclusions via their partial grounds. They visualize the network of elements of the sequent that contribute to its logical validity. Non-contributing (i.e. irrelevant) premises and conclusions are then specified to be those that are disconnected from the network, however one constructs the graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gait impairment is an early marker of Parkinson's disease (PD) and is frequently monitored to evaluate disease progression. Wearable sensors are increasingly being used to quantify gait in the real-world setting among people with PD (pwPD). Particularly, embedding wearables on devices or clothing that are worn daily may represent a useful strategy to improve compliance and regular monitoring of gait. The current investigation examined the validity of innovative smart glasses to measure gait among pwPD. Participants wore the smart glasses and 6 APDM gait sensors simultaneously, while performing two walking tasks: the 3-meters Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and the 7-meters Stand and Walk (SAW) test. The following spatiotemporal gait parameters were calculated from the data collected using the two different devices: step time, step length, swing percentage, TUG duration, turn duration, and turn velocity. A total of 31 pwPD (mean age=68.6±8.5 years; 35.48 % female(N=11), mean Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) total score=32.1±14.7) participated in the study. Smart glasses achieved high validity in measuring step time (ICC=0.92, p=0.01) and TUG duration (ICC=0.96, p=0.03) compared to APDM sensors. On the other hand, the smart glasses did not achieve adequate validity when measuring step length, swing percentage, turn duration or turn velocity. The current study suggests that smart glasses has the potential to measure TUG and step time in individuals living with PD. However, further research is needed to improve algorithms for sensors worn on the head. • Smart glasses show potential to measure gait in people with PD. • Identified the need of algorithm development for estimating gait with sensors location on the head. • Identified the need for regulating sampling rate in task of measuring gait using accelerometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to introduce to the Turkish culture a measurement tool that has proven validity and reliability in determining the level of quiet quitting among teachers. It involves the analysis of the validity and reliability of the Quiet Quitting Scale, as the scale is adapted to the Turkish culture. The scale, originally developed in English, was adapted to Turkish using data from teachers employed in public schools who were selected through convenience sampling. Confirmatory factor analysis was initially used to assess the construct validity of the original structure of the scale within the Turkish context. The findings indicated a good fit to the four-factor model, supported by adequate factor loadings and fit indices, thus confirming the scale's validity within the Turkish culture. Reliability evaluation included internal consistency coefficients, test-retest stability, and composite reliability, all exceeding the threshold values. The test-retest analysis confirmed the stability of the scale, while the composite reliability analysis further supported its reliability. Measurement invariance across gender and tenure was examined, confirming that the scale can provide reliable comparisons across these demographic groups. Overall, these results demonstrate the successful adaptation of the Quiet Quitting Scale to Turkish culture and are supported by strong evidence of its validity and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to conduct the Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability study of the Theory of Mind Inventory-2 (TOMI-2) developed by Hutchins and Prelock (2016) for 3-5-year-old children. The study group consists of 310 mothers with children in the 3-5 age group in Konya city center. Personal Information Form and Theory of Mind Inventory-2 (TOMI-2) were used as data collection tools in the study. After the TOMI-2 was translated into Turkish, the normality assumption was checked with the "Shapiro-Wilk" test. The relationship between two continuous variables was evaluated with the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Content Validity, Criterion Validity, and Reliability analyses were also used in the study. The findings of the analyses show that the Turkish version of the TOMI-2 is a valid and reliable measurement tool for children aged 3-5, with 60 items in the original form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article suggests a theory-driven approach to address the managerial problem of distinguishing between real and fake reviews. Building on memory research and linguistics, we predict that when recollecting an authentic experience in a product review, people rely to a greater extent on episodic memory. By contrast, when writing a fictitious review, people do not have episodic memory available to them. Therefore, they must rely to a greater extent on semantic memory. We suggest that reliance on these different memory types is reflected in the language used in authentic and fictitious reviews. We develop predictions about five linguistic features characterizing authentic versus fictitious reviews. We test our predictions via a multi-method approach, combining computational linguistics, experimental design, and machine learning. We employ a large-scale experiment to derive a dataset of reviews, as well as two datasets containing reviews from online platforms. We also test whether an algorithm relying on our theory-driven linguistic features is context independent, relative to other benchmark algorithms, and shows better cross-domain performance when tested across datasets. By developing a theory that extends memory and psycholinguistics research to the realm of word of mouth, this work contributes to our understanding of how authentic and fictitious reviews are created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between truth and loyalty as it pertains to epistemic issues within contemporary Western politics. One now familiar concern is how an increasing number of people determine their beliefs according to what demonstrating loyalty to their group requires instead of the facts of an independent and objective reality, as a proper concern for truthfulness demands. Whereas "they" base their beliefs on what is required to demonstrate loyalty to their group, "our" beliefs are justified by facts and evidence. Such contrasts pit loyalty and truth as necessarily antagonistic. This paper gives us further reason for thinking that putting loyalty against truthfulness at some very general or conceptual level is deeply misguided. More significantly, it seeks to show that the more helpful contrast to make is between those who are loyal to identities that value truthfulness in such a way that there are no other parts of that identity which are not revisable if they come into conflict with truth, and those who are loyal to identities that subordinate truth to other ends or goals. Acknowledging this allows us to better appreciate various aspects of how the relationship between truth and loyalty is playing out in contemporary politics. Chief among these is how our own commitment to truthfulness is itself embedded in a particular identity, an identity that we not only often fail to acknowledge as such but which necessitates us thinking harder about the ways in which it might itself sustain the dynamics of conflict and contestation, antagonizing those who do not share it and driving them farther away from the truthfulness we extol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This development research ailems to develop learning media (E-Learning) for employee class in management for IT service courses at Metamedia University. E-Learning is designed to improve student learning outcomes, so students can fully understand the material provided. This study uses the Instructional Development Institute development method. IDI procedures are defining, developing, and evaluating. The type of data is primary data where the data obtained from media experts, lecturers and students. Data were analysed using Descriptive Data Analysis Techniques which describe the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of using E-Learning. The results obtained from this research and development are as follows; (1) The validity of E-Learning is stated to be very valid in terms of content and interest with a total validity value of 84%, while the design aspect is stated to be valid with a total value of 85% (2) The practicality of E-Learning is based on the lecturer's response after through validation is stated to be practical with a total score of 87.5%, while the practicality of E-learning based on student responses after going through validation is stated to be practical with a total score of 80% (3) The results obtained from this study are E-Learning is effectively used by employee class students with a graduation rate of 48 student or 89% of 54 students. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that E-Learning is valid, practical and effective for use as a learning medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational research has increased in the contemporary, digitalized and global society. Mainly researchers in Western countries conducted empirical, organizational research in the past. These studies have investigated combinations of psychological safety, knowledge sharing and leaders' expression of humility because these variables have crucial roles in organizational functions. Japanese research on these variables has been scarce due to the lack of scales for assessing these variables in Japanese. From a methodological perspective, research conducted in Western and other cultures where most people understand English requires multicultural validation studies. Therefore, we developed Japanese versions of scales assessing psychological safety, knowledge sharing and expressed humility and assessed their structural validity, internal consistency and convergent validity. The results indicated factor structures and inter-correlations between the scales consistent with previous research. This work is novel because of its large samples across multiple job types in contemporary work organizations. We expect this study to make methodological and theoretical contributions to future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines perceived source credibility of health information in a moment of TGD health disinformation. Through thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with 30 transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals, findings suggest health information is marred by anti-TGD legislation, a sociopolitical force that bleeds into health information spaces. Disinformation and TGD health communication are intertwined in complex ways, whereby disinformation can undermine trust in healthcare institutions, lead to harmful behaviors, and contribute to the spread of diseases. Health communication practitioners need to center the safety and humanity of TGD people, addressing TGD health disinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If I lie and I say that I am lying, am I lying or telling the truth? This ancient riddle, the Liar's Paradox, is at the heart of Thomas More's Utopia (1516). Because the Liar's Paradox refers to itself while also negating the truth of its own proposition, it generates an unresolvable logical contradiction. This essay recovers how scholastic logicians and modern mathematicians have grappled with the Liar Riddle, which provides a compact formula for capturing infinity. Drawing on these formalizations, I argue that Utopia uses the abstract techniques of logic and mathematics to inscribe an autonomous artificial system. This abstract formalization comprises utopia's radical political potential: its ability to convert enclosure into a method of infinite expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in Internet and communication technologies have facilitated the proliferation of product reviews and commentary pertaining to smart speakers. This study investigated the impacts of uncivil comments on blog comment credibility. Results show that the civil opinion commentary appears to be more credible than uncivil commentary. The interaction between civil opinion and low AI anxiety generates more blog review credibility than the interaction between uncivil opinion and low AI anxiety. Finally, we identify moderating effects of AI anxiety and provide deeper insights into how the interaction of comment civility and AI anxiety shape the credibility assessments of blog reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the rapid growth and variability of the microcredential market, with particular attention to digital badges. It examines the challenges posed by inconsistent quality and low-rigor badges, especially in areas like diversity, equity, and inclusion, which can undermine the credibility and effectiveness of microcredentials. It calls for further research to evaluate the quality, impact, and employer perceptions of microcredentials to enhance their reliability and value.

In recent years, influencer marketing has emerged as a powerful tool for brands to create connections with their target audiences. Naturally, many companies have leaned on human influencers, but the increasing popularity of pet influencers (e.g., dogs and cats) represents a new avenue for brand promotion. This research asks the question: Why and when are pet influencers preferrable to their human counterparts in terms of boosting engagement and purchase intention? Across six experimental studies (N = 1166), we demonstrate that pet influencers lead to higher engagement with the promoted content and willingness to buy the advertised product (Study 1) because they are seen as more credible than human influencers (Study 2). Pet influencers are perceived as cuter, which in turn positively affects their credibility (Study 3). Specifically, whimsicality is the cuteness dimension that explains their greater credibility (Study 4). These effects are stronger when the promoted product is pet‐related (Study 5) and apply regardless of whether people own a pet (Studies 3–5). Finally, a clear cuteness manipulation supports the causal relationship between cuteness and credibility (Study 6). These findings affirm that pet influencers shape individuals' responses to promotional social media posts, enhance the field's understanding of the mechanisms that underlie influencer marketing effectiveness, and clarify how to implement more influential social media campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In natural sciences, corporate governance is essential for research institutions, ensuring transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct in scientific endeavors. For instance, in environmental science, good governance practices can help in the conservation of natural resources and the protection of ecosystems. The study mentioned emphases on the correlation between good governance and the quality of integrated reports in Iraqi banks. This has implications for engineering and natural sciences as well. By emphasizing the importance of governance in financial institutions, the study highlights the significance of accountability, transparency, and ethical practices in all sectors. Moreover, the role of the board of directors in defining strategies and promoting best practices can be applied to various industries, including engineering projects and scientific research. Overall, the outcomes for this paper underscore the importance of good governance practices in fostering organizational success and promoting a holistic view of operations. By incorporating these principles into engineering and natural sciences, organizations can enhance their performance, credibility, and impact on society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in populism and movements that threaten trust in science and expertise has been labeled a post-truth world. What challenges does this environment present for higher education, and how should it respond? This article examines the characteristics of a post-truth world and how that challenges the fundamental purposes of higher education. It then examines how higher education might respond, what risks come with that response, and how effectively it might resist attempts to attack and undermine its different purposes. These movements undermine possibilities for truth or objective knowledge, presenting a clear threat to higher education. Its response focuses around improving research and communication with the public, but the nature of cognitive processes in a polarized world leads people to discount information that does not fit with their existing worldviews and values. Simply providing better research will not solve the problem, and actively engaging with these movements can make higher education seem more partisan, further reducing trust. In the face of such intractable problems, it is important for higher education to also nurture communities with its students that foster trust and "critical loyalty" to knowledge and truth over falsehoods and conspiracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speech used to intentionally mislead others to gain a tangible benefit while causing harm to the one deceived or to others is generally labeled "fraud." This term is used in both legal and nonlegal contexts. Where speech used to defraud satisfies the elements of a tort or a crime, it becomes "actionable fraud." Categories of actionable fraud include common law deceit. securities fraud, and wire fraud. But taken together, these laws address harmful dishonesty in an inconsistent manner. While they broadly prohibit deceiving individual victims, they often allow deceiving the public at large. As a result, it is often lawful to intentionally spread harmful, false, or misleading messages to the public. Moreover, because such publicly disseminated false speech is often not actionable fraud, it is protected speech under the First Amendment. This gap in the law, whereby one is prohibited from defrauding one person but permitted to defraud millions, gives a green light to those who stand to benefit from the largest and most harmful schemes to deceive. These include, for instance, the fossil fuel industry's campaign of climate change denial and, former President Donald Trump's stolen election lie. This Article builds on prior scholarship by exploring why current law largely fails to address schemes to defraud the public. It further explores the myriad ways fraud on the public causes economic harm, harm to human health and life, and environmental damage. The Article then argues that this gap in the law should be closed and posits possible ways to do so consistent with the First Amendment. The Article answers critics who claim that imposing such speech restrictions will allow those in power to determine the "truth" and impose it on the public by noting that those in power are already doing this precisely because the law allows it. Those with the public megaphone frequently disseminate self-serving falsehoods and manipulate the public into buying into falsehoods as "truth." Accordingly, the Article concludes it is urgent we find solutions to this problem that carefully balance free speech rights against the harm from intentional falsehoods spread to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is there an economic incentive for celebrities and well-known media firms to commingle falsehoods into news stories? We conducted five experiments, plus a field validation using secondary data. When presented by celebrities and well-known media firms, a commingled partisan falsehood in an otherwise true news story significantly increased viewing and sharing intentions among politically aligned viewers. The effect was weaker but significant when we replaced the celebrity with an unknown speaker and disappeared when both the celebrity and the well-known firm were replaced by unknowns. This effect was explained by confirmation bias and the viewer's belief that the falsehood was true. In contrast, a false news story focusing on the same falsehood increased viewing and sharing intentions only when presented by unknowns, with viewers' belief playing a limited role. The field study found a significantly positive relationship between a commingled partisan falsehood in videos of well-known media firms and actual viewership. We conclude that commingled partisan falsehoods provide a significant viewership increase for celebrities and well-known media firms, creating an economic incentive for lying and posing complex challenges in the fake news era. We discuss the challenges and opportunities in this area for policymakers and media firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Among basic personality traits, Honesty‐Humility yields the most consistent, negative link with dishonest behavior. The theoretical conceptualization of Honesty‐Humility, however, suggests a potential boundary condition of this relation, namely, when lying is prosocial. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the association between Honesty‐Humility and dishonesty weakens once lying benefits someone else, particularly so if this other is needy. Methods: In two online studies (Study 1: N = 775 in Germany; Study 2: N = 737 in the UK, preregistered), we measured self‐reported Honesty‐Humility and dishonest behavior in incentivized cheating paradigms in which the beneficiary of participants' dishonesty was either the participants themselves, a "non‐needy" other (e.g., another participant), or a "needy" other (e.g., a charity). Results: We found support for the robustness of the negative association between Honesty‐Humility and dishonesty, even if lying was prosocial. Conclusion: Individuals high in Honesty‐Humility largely prioritize honesty, even if there is a strong moral imperative to lie; those low in Honesty‐Humility, by contrast, tend to lie habitually and thus even if they themselves do not directly profit monetarily. This suggests that (un)truthfulness may be an absolute rather than a relative aspect of Honesty‐Humility, although further systematic tests of this proposition are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilinguals make decisions differently across languages likely due to reduced affect in the foreign language, but very little is known about language use in relation to deception. Here, we tested whether late Chinese-English bilinguals prefer to lie in the foreign language when betting against a virtual opponent. In each trial, participants freely announced bets in Chinese or English depending on whether they had drawn a coin or not. Results showed that bilinguals preferred using their native language, Chinese, over their foreign language, English, when being truthful-namely, announcing a coin when they had one. Even though participants did not choose English more to lie than to tell the truth, our results can be interpreted as a tendency to lie more in English when their behavior in the truth condition is considered the baseline. Participants also switched between languages more often after telling the truth than lying, and after telling the truth they switched more to Chinese. These results provide the first empirical evidence for strategic language use in bilinguals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the blessed personality of the Prophet Muhammad, all the qualities of determination found in the resolute prophets are gathered, and from the beginning to the end of his prophethood, He made the abandonment of compromise (madhahnat) the central point of his mission. The dangers leading to compromise include the risk of destruction, the risk of dishonour, the risk of loss of wealth and resources, and the risk of the loss of relationships. Despite all these risks, the Prophet remained steadfastly distant from compromise. The Prophet said, 'I forbid you from the butter of polytheists,' rather than mentioning their gifts. This is because hedisliked any inclination towards them and compromise with them while they were at war. Despite the danger of destruction, the abandonment of compromise remains essential in Prophetic Seerah. Compromise (madhahnat) and ambiguity (iltibas) are two qualities that are deemed ethically undesirable by every religion and every nation in the world. The Prophet Muhammad took a strong stance against falsehood and did not show any outwardly acceptable emotions or compromise. He did not engage in any political manoeuvres or display any leniency or affection towards the leaders of Quraysh. This is because matters of faith are established through clarity, explicitness, and clear expression. It is essential to avoid compromise and lowering one's stance in such matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A survey on monetary policy communication among former members of the Governing Council of the European Central Bank (ECB) reveals that enhancing credibility and trust is viewed as the most important objective of communication. Respondents judge communication with financial markets and experts as adequate, but see room for improvement in communicating with the public. The central bank objective is seen as the most important topic. Several respondents perceived the ECB's inflation aim of "below, but close to, 2%" that was in place at the time as ambiguous and in need of clarification. Overall, there is broad consensus on various communication issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the interaction effects of attention to COVID-19 information and perceived source credibility on the evaluation of government performance in the Hubei province of mainland China; the study is based on two waves of panel data drawn from a sample of 1896 respondents. The results demonstrated that COVID-19 information attention positively influences the evaluation of both central and local government performance. These direct relationships are contingent on the perceived source credibility of central and local government institutions, but they are not influenced by the perceived credibility of social media sources. More interestingly, there is a negative moderating effect of the perceived credibility of local institution sources on the relationship between COVID-19 information attention and the evaluation of central government performance. This study extends the current research on the impacts of information consumption on political attitudes by integrating various theories or hypotheses (e.g. cognitive media model, attitudinal policy feedback, message persuasion, and informational incongruity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the critical role of trust in influencer marketing, focusing on how influencers' expertise, authenticity, and homophily affect followers' trust and subsequently their loyalty to influencers and brands. Utilizing an explanatory quantitative cross-sectional non-experimental design, data were collected from 202 consumers who purchased products such as cosmetics, skincare, and gadgets after watching influencer reviews. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicate that authenticity, expertise, and homophily significantly contribute to building trust among followers, with authenticity being the most influential factor. Meanwhile, physical attractiveness does not significantly impact trust. Furthermore, trust serves as a crucial mediator, enhancing the effects of influencers' expertise, authenticity, and homophily on both influencer and brand loyalty. Interestingly, negative publicity does not significantly moderate the relationship between trust and loyalty, suggesting that cultural and emotional factors in the Indonesian context may mitigate its impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Self-Identified Stage of Recovery (SISR) (Andresen, 2007) is a scale used to assess both the stage of recovery (SISR-A) and the components of the process of personal recovery (SISR-B). This study aimed to develop the Spanish version of the SISR and obtain evidence of validity and reliability in a sample of 230 users of community mental health services. Method: The Spanish version of the SISR was developed following the translation-back translation procedure, with the support of a committee of experienced experts. The SISR was examined in terms of dimensional structure, internal consistency, relationships with other variables (i.e., the Maryland Recovery Assessment Scale [MARS-12] and the Dispositional Hope Scale [DHS]), and temporal stability (n = 66). Differential item functioning (DIF) by gender was analysed. Results: The study confirmed the unidimensionality of the SISR-B and suitable internal consistency of its scores (ω = .83, α = .83). Scores from both SISR-A and SISR-B showed good temporal stability and the SISR-B displayed strong correlations with the MARS-12 (rs = .78) and the DHS (rs = .67). No DIF was found. Conclusions: This study supports the validity and reliability of the scores of the Spanish version of the SISR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying the communication mediation model and the communication infrastructure theory in the Korean news media environment, the current study investigates the potential of news portals as a gateway to civic engagement through online discussion. Specifically, this study distinguishes the active use of news portals for information about community issues and public affairs (e.g. commenting, passing along and searching for information) from the passive use of news portals (i.e. simple reception of information). An analysis of a national survey of 1294 Korean adults shows that active, not passive, use of news portals positively predicts online community discussion to subsequently increase cognitive, psychological, and behavioral dimensions of civic engagement: neighborhood belonging, collective efficacy, and civic participation. Importantly, active portal use's indirect positive relationship with civic engagement through online community discussion is stronger among people with higher news portal credibility. Implications are further discussed in the context of Korean news portals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay argues that, when considered together, Ní Dhuibhne's 2018 memoir, Twelve Thousand Days and her 2020 story collection Little Red and Other Stories offer a fascinating variation on the differing expectations around genre. They also demonstrate her unique and rewarding ability to work against such expectations to good effect. Memoir is often considered confessional and therefore there is an (unspoken) convention that the writer is somehow bound to adhere to guiding principles of truthfulness and veracity. A memoir can never stray into the realms of the imagined, or so it is assumed – but in reality, it often does. Fiction, on the other hand, holds no such limitations for the writer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines Gregory Palamas's distinction between God's essence and his energies. His position has been controversial down to the present day – some scholars supporting his distinction and others severely criticizing it. I demonstrate that the distinction between God's essence and his energies is indeed fallacious – scripturally, philosophically, and theologically. I offer, in its place, a scriptural, philosophical, and theological position that not only adequately addresses Gregory's concerns, but also one that is true to who God is as a trinity of persons. My essay is divided into five sections. The first briefly provides the historical circumstances that prompted Gregory to defend the distinction between God's essence and his energies. Second, I present Palamas's arguments on behalf of his distinction between God's essence, the manner in which he exists in himself, and his uncreated energies, the manner in which he acts in relation to what is not God. Third, I critically examine the various interpretations offered by those who support Gregory's distinction, particularly Vladimir Lossky, John Meyendorff, Norman Russell, and A.N. Williams. Fourth, I offer my own critique of Palamas's position. Finally, I propose an alternative understanding of the issues involved, an interpretation that addresses Gregory's concerns. In so doing, I will conceive and articulate a position that is more faithful to biblical revelation, the conciliar magisterial tradition, and one that is more philosophically and theologically coherent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether viewers' parasocial interaction with a journalist affects the credibility of the journalist and the credibility of the news message, as well as whether the journalist's direct or indirect address triggers this effect. In a between-subjects experiment (N = 255), viewers had a more intense parasocial experience when the journalist addressed them directly rather than indirectly. Furthermore, viewers' intense parasocial experiences contributed to their perceptions of source credibility, message credibility, and news enjoyment. Additionally, as predicted, a more vital parasocial experience indirectly affected credibility through enjoyment. The results concern journalist and news message credibility and the importance of audience engagement in the news is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumfitt has given two arguments that in unilateralist verificationist theories of meaning, truth collapses into correct assertibility. In the present paper I give similar arguments that show that in unilateral falsificationist theories of meaning, falsehood collapses into correct deniability. According to bilateralism, meanings are determined by assertion and denial conditions, so the question arises whether it succumbs to similar arguments. I show that this is not the case. The final section considers the question whether a principle central to Rumfitt's first argument, 'It is assertible that A if and only if it is assertible that it is assertible that A', is one that bilateralists can reject, and concludes that they cannot. It follows that the logic of assertibility and deniability, according to a result by Williamson, is the little known modal logic K4 studied by Sobociński. The paper ends with a plaidoyer for bilateralists to adopt this logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the dynamics of revenge in Vishal Bhardwaj's film adaptation of Shakespeare's play Hamlet as Haider. The study focuses on the relevance of revenge in storytelling, spanning centuries and cultures. Both Shakespeare's plays explore psychological, moral, and societal complexities surrounding the desire for vengeance. This study is qualitative in nature. Textual and Cinematic analysis have been conducted and data has been taken from primary and secondary sources. However, "Haider" is set in the conflict-ridden Kashmir region, presenting a unique perspective on vengeance. The film juxtaposes the motives for vengeance between the main characters, highlighting Haider's personal and intricate connection to the injustices of the conflict. The film's vivid visuals and cinematic methods anchor the narrative in a modern context, and Haider's choice to prioritize truthfulness connects with the Indian audience's desire for peace in the Kashmir issue. "Haider" exemplifies the ability to adapt and provide new viewpoints on enduring subjects while exploring the intricacies of seeking retribution within a particular geopolitical setting. Hamlet' delves into the political intrigue of Elizabethan England, while 'Haider' explores Kashmir conflict's impact. Hamlet's revenge stems from existential dilemmas, contrasting with Haider's rooted in personal and political turmoil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present special article discusses upon the question 'why people lie'. The answer to the later question has concerned the common mind and scholars since antiquity. However, no universal answer has been provided yet. In general psychology much attention has been paid to clinical perspectives of human behavior. In such a manner, the answer to the question of 'why people lie' has always had a moral and ethical base regarding the theoretical frameworks that explain any given answer. In recent years though, much attention has been given to two key models/theories which derive from the basic and core field of psychology. The first is the 'moral balance model', while the second one is the 'self-concept maintenance theory'. In this article, the question is addressed from both viewpoints and a conclusion is drawn based on the strengths and limits between the two key models/theories that try to explain why people lie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on various forms of deception and trickery throughout history. Topics including the historical development of hot air balloons for propaganda distribution during wartime, the use of book covers for smuggling sensitive documents across borders, and instances of scientific hoaxes that have manipulated public perception and academic scrutiny. It mentions each case illustrates different methods of deceit aimed at influencing perception or gaining advantage.