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Subterranean ecosystems present ideal opportunities to study mechanisms underlying responses to changes in climate because species within them are often adapted to a largely constant temperature. We have characterized the thermal conditions of caves in the Western Alps, and relate these hypogean climate data to the occurrence of Troglohyphantes troglobiontic spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Our data indicate that present distributions reflect Pleistocence glaciation events and also point to specific responses as a consequence of changes in temperature. Constant temperatures recorded inside caves provide an approximation of the mean annual temperature outside, thus we extend the results to a regional scale. Ecological niche modeling is used to predict habitat suitability both in the Pleistocene and under future global warming scenarios. These analyses point toward a future decline in habitat suitability for subterranean spiders and the potential extinction of the most restricted endemic species.

Janzen's hypothesis (1967; American Naturalist) predicts that tropical habitats with reduced thermal seasonality would select for species with narrow thermal tolerance, thereby limiting dispersal among sites of different elevations showing little overlap in temperature. These predictions have so far been tested by confronting tropical and temperate mountain communities, leaving unresolved the question of their generalization to habitats with low thermal seasonality outside the tropics. We provide the first extension of Janzen's hypothesis to temperate habitats, by testing for differences in thermal tolerance and elevational range among congeneric alpine spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Troglohyphantes) occurring along a steep gradient of decreasing thermal seasonality with increasing cave depth. Using species from the same temperate region rather than from distinct biogeographic regions avoids confounding the effects of short- and long-term climatic variability on thermal tolerance and elevational range extent. Following Jansen's assumptions, we predicted that cave habitats with low thermal seasonality would select for narrow thermal tolerance. Also, specialized subterranean species would exhibit both narrower elevational range extents and smaller realized thermal niche breadths. Initially, we showed that thermal seasonality and the overlap in temperature across caves were considerably lower in deep than in shallow cave habitats. Then, we measured thermal tolerance and used morphological traits to quantify the degree of specialization to subterranean life of 11 spider species. We found that thermal tolerance decreased with increasing subterranean specialization. Deep subterranean species reached their critical temperature at 1-4 degrees C above their habitat temperature, whereas shallow subterranean species withstood a twofold larger temperature increase. At last, we demonstrated that a species' elevational range extent and the variation of temperature encountered across its range decreased with increasing specialization to deep subterranean life. Our integrative work, being grounded in organismal and habitat measures, represents the first generalization of Janzen's framework to caves and provides a conceptual framework to disentangle the effect of long-term climate variability on subterranean biodiversity patterns. Extending Janzen's thoughts to a broader range of ecosystems is key to understanding how the ecological specialization-dispersal trade-off may constrain the response of species to climate change. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Speciation in subterranean habitats is commonly explained as the result of divergent selection in geographically isolated populations; conversely, the contribution of niche partitioning in driving subterranean species diversification has been rarely quantified. The present study integrated molecular and morphological data with a hypervolume analysis based on functional traits to investigate a potential case of parapatric speciation by means of niche differentiation in two sibling spiders inhabiting contiguous subterranean habitats within a small alpine hypogean site. Troglohyphantes giachinoi, sp. nov. and T. bornensis are diagnosed by small details of the genitalia, which are likely to be involved in a reproductive barrier. Molecular analysis recovered the two species as sister, and revealed a deep genetic divergence that may trace back to the Messinian (~6 million years ago). The hypervolume analysis highlighted a marginal overlap in their ecological niches, coupled with morphological character displacement. Specifically, T. giachinoi, sp. nov. exhibits morphological traits suitable for thriving in the smaller pores of the superficial network of underground fissures (Milieu Souterrain Superficiel, MSS), whereas T. bornensis shows a greater adaptation to the deep subterranean habitat. Our results suggest that different selective regimes within the subterranean environment, i.e. deep caves v. MSS, may either drive local speciation or facilitate contiguous distributions of independently subterranean adapted species.

The spider family Linyphiidae comprises 104 species in Turkey that of them eight species are known from the caves, we recently started to conduct intensive taxonomic and faunistic studies on this family. The genus Troglohyphantes was described in 1882 by Joseph as a cave spider from Carniola in western Slovenia. Members of this genus inhabited cave environment, neighbouring habitat and some species of them are true troglobites. A new species of Troglohyphantes Joseph 1881 is described from Turkey. Differences between the new species and related species are discussed. Troglohyphantes turcicus sp. n. (Araneae: Linyphiidae) is described from Buzluk cave in Turkey. Drawing of characteristic features, the male palpal organs and the female genitalia are presented. Key to the species of Troglohyphantes group is given including in T. turcicus sp. n.

Troglohyphantes sarae Pesarini, 2011 LITERATURE. — Pesarini 2011; [Rossi & Bosio 2012]. CHOROTYPE. — ALPW. MACROHABITAT. — Alpine prairies., Published as part of Paschetta, Mauro, Christille, Claretta, Marguerettaz, Fabio & Isaia, Marco, 2016, Regional catalogue of the spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Aosta Valley (NW Italy), pp. 49-125 in Zoosystema 38 (1) on page 83, DOI: 10.5252/z2016n1a3, http://zenodo.org/record/4578074, {"references":["ROSSI G. & BOSIO F. 2012. - Elenco delle specie di ragni (Arachnida, Araneae) note per la Valle d ' Aosta. Revue valdotaine d'Histoire naturelle 66: 45 - 88."]}

Troglohyphantes nigraerosae Brignoli, 1971 LITERATURE. — Brignoli 1971b; [Isaia 2005]. CHOROTYPE. — ALPW. MACROHABITAT. — Rocky lands. NOTES. — In the original description, Brignoli (1971b) reports as type locality "Colle dell'Arietta", which marks the border between Piedmont and Aosta Valley. The occurrence of this species in Aosta Valley is considered doubtful by Rossi & Bosio (2012)., Published as part of Paschetta, Mauro, Christille, Claretta, Marguerettaz, Fabio & Isaia, Marco, 2016, Regional catalogue of the spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Aosta Valley (NW Italy), pp. 49-125 in Zoosystema 38 (1) on page 83, DOI: 10.5252/z2016n1a3, http://zenodo.org/record/4578074, {"references":["BRIGNOLI P. M. 1971 b. - Contributo alla conoscenza degli Agelenidae italiani. Fragmenta Entomologica 8: 57 - 142.","ISAIA M. 2005. - Check list of spiders (Arachnids, Araneae) of Aosta Valley (Italy) with a new record for Italian fauna. Revue valdotaine d'Histoire naturelle 59: 25 - 43.","ROSSI G. & BOSIO F. 2012. - Elenco delle specie di ragni (Arachnida, Araneae) note per la Valle d ' Aosta. Revue valdotaine d'Histoire naturelle 66: 45 - 88."]}

This paper deals with species whose range lies entirely (endemics) or predominantly (subendemics) within the political borders of Austria. The evolution and current distribution of Alpine endemics find their chief cause in the advent of the Pleistocene ice-ages, the destruction of much of the former fauna and in different forms of survival as well as migration from southern refugia. A first overview of endemic and subendemic arachnids of Austria shows 11 harvestman and 46 spider species. One hotspot of arachnological endemisms in the Eastern Alps are the north-eastern Calcareous Alps. The Gesause National Park, an exceptional area situated in the Ennstaler Alps (Styria, Austria), contains 6 subendemic harvestman and 12 endemic and subendemic spider species, i.e. 55% and 26% of the Austrian (subendemic) spectrum. Most of these Opiliones are soil-dwelling forms, most Araneae belong to the linyphiid genera Lepthyphantes s. l. and Troglohyphantes. All these species occur from the nival down to the montane zone, and prefer rock habitats, caves, avalanche corridors and natural woodlands. 100% of these harvestman and 57% of these spider species are Critically Endangered up to Vulnerable. So far, there is no legal protection for them. A main threat to those ice-age relicts is climate warming. There is a great need for conservation action on these endemics and for political support for the national park. Intensive basic research is required as well as encouragement for invertebrate specialists, the protection of endemics enshrined in law, conservation programmes and the creation of protected areas based on endemism hotspots, accompanied by public relations activities about these zoological treasures.

Troglohyphantes bornensis, a new species from the western Italian Alps, is here described. According to the features of the male palp and female epigynum the new species can be assigned to Fage's III Group, Deeleman-Reinhold's marqueti group and Pesarini's microcymbium complex. All specimens were collected in the stony debris of Pugnetto caves (province of Turin, Italy), a calcschist cave complex, formerly studied by biospeleologists for the presence of several endemic species. All caves have openings into beech woods at an elevation of approximately 800 m. RIASSUNTO. Viene descritta Troglohyphantes bornensis, una nuova specie delle Alpi occidentali italiane. A partire dalle caratteristiche del palpo del maschio e dell'epigino della femmina, la specie viene assegnata al III gruppo di Fage, al gruppo marqueti secondo Deeleman-Reinhold e, secondo Pesarini, al complesso microcymbium. Tutti gli esemplari provengono dal detrito delle Grotte del Pugnetto (Provincia di Torino, Italia), un sistema di grotte impostato in calcescisto, gianoto per la presenza di numerose specie endemiche. Tutte le grotte si aprono ad una quota di 800 m circa, in boschi di faggio.

Troglohyphantes konradi Brignoli, 1975 LITERATURE. — Brignoli (1975, 1985); Bologna & Vigna Taglianti (1982); Pesarini (2001); Arnò & Lana (2005); Isaia et al. (2007, 2010c, 2011); Isaia & Pantini (2010). CHOROTYPE. — ALSW. MACROHABITAT. — Caves., Published as part of Isaia, Marco, Paschetta, Mauro & Chiarle, Alberto, 2015, Annotated checklist of the spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Site of Community Importance and Special Area of Conservation " Alpi Marittime " (NW Italy), pp. 57-114 in Zoosystema 37 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n1a4, http://zenodo.org/record/4577680, {"references":["BRIGNOLI P. M. 1975. - Ragni d'Italia XXV. Su alcuni ragni cavernicoli d'Italia settentrionale. Notiziario del Circolo Speleologico, Roma 20: 1 - 35.","BRIGNOLI P. M. 1985. - Aggiunte e correzioni al \" Catalogo dei ragni cavernicoli italiani \". Memorie del Museo Civico Storia Naturale di Verona, Sezione Biologica 4: 51 - 64.","BOLOGNA M. A. & VIGNA TAGLIANTI A. 1982. - Il popolamento cavernicolo delle Alpi Occidentali, in Biogeografia delle caverne italiane: Atti del XXII Congresso nazionale della Societa Italiana di Biogeografia, Lavori della Societa Italiana di Biogeografia 7: 515 - 544.","PESARINI C. 2001. - Note sui Trogolohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa italiana di scienze naturali e del Museo civico di storia naturale di Milano 142 (1): 109 - 133.","ISAIA M., PANTINI P., BEIKES S. & BADINO G. 2007. - Catalogo ragionato dei ragni (Arachnida, Araneae) del Piemonte e della Lombardia. Memorie dell'Associazione Naturalistica Piemontese 9: 1 - 161.","ISAIA M., LANA E. & PANTINI P. 2010 c. - Ecology and distribution of the genus Troglohyphantes Joseph, 1881 in the Western Italian Alps, in SELDEN P. A. (ed.), Proceedings of the 17 th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh 1997: 89 - 97.","ISAIA M., PASCHETTA M., LANA E., PANTINI P., SCHONHOFER A. L., CHRISTIAN E. & BADINO G. 2011. - Aracnidi sotterranei delle Alpi Occidentali italiane / Subterranean Arachnids of the Western Italian Alps (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Palpigradi, Pseudoscorpiones). Monografie XLVII, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 325 p.","ISAIA M. & PANTINI P. 2010. - New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy. Zootaxa 2690: 1 - 18."]}

We present an annotated checklist of the spiders (Arachnida Cuvier, 1812; Araneae Clerck, 1757) of the Site of Community Importance and Special Area of Conservation IT1160056 “Alpi Marittime” (NW Italy). The checklist is based on literature records and unpublished material collected from 2007 to 2013 within the first European All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory coordinated by the European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy (EDIT). The examination of the literature provided a list of 113 species recorded for the study area between 1890 and 2013, scattered in 35 publications. The new data provided here raise the total number of species known for the study area to 295, grouped in 147 genera and 31 families. We recorded a remarkable percentage (9%) of endemic species, including rare endemic elements poorly known in literature, such as Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881); Troglohyphantes konradi Brignoli, 1975; Nesticus morisii Brignoli, 1975 and Turinyphia clairi (Simon, 1884). For each species we report detail...

Troglohyphantes oromii (Ribera & Blasco, 1986) Vieraea, 16: 41–47 Paratypes. Canary Islands. Tenerife, Cueva de San Marcos: 1♂ 24.IV. 1983 J.L. Martín leg. (T–SM– 20) (DZUL 24638); 1 ♀ 24.IV. 1983 J.L. Martín leg. (T–SM– 21) (DZUL 24639). Tenerife, Cueva del Bucio: 2 ♀ 1 juv. 12.IX. 1983 GIET leg. (T–CB– 15) (DZUL 24640). Tenerife, Cueva de Felipe Reventón: 1 ♀ undated Aguera leg. (T–FR– 105) (DZUL 24641). Current status: valid species, originally described as Lepthyphantes oromii (see Wunderlich 1992). The specimen DZUL 24638 is labelled as allotype.

Troglohyphantes labrada Wunderlich, 2012 Beitr��ge zur Araneologie, 7: 66���67 Holotype ♀. Canary Islands. Tenerife, Cueva la Labrada: 10.III. 1985 I. Izquierdo & C. Garc��a leg (24 / 2010) (DZUL 26127). Current status: valid species., Published as part of Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., P��rez, Antonio Jos��, L��pez, Heriberto, Hern��ndez, Nuria Mac��as -, Cruz, Salvador De La & Orom��, Pedro, 2012, Catalogue of the type material in the entomological collection of the University of La Laguna (Canary Islands, Spain). I. Arachnida, pp. 61-79 in Zootaxa 3556 on page 74, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212836, {"references":["Wunderlich, J. (2012) New and rare spiders (Araneae) of the Canary Islands. Beitrage zur Araneologie, 7, 63 - 74."]}

Troglohyphantes ruffoi di Caporiacco, 1936 Troglohyphantes ruffoi di Caporiacco, 1936: 3,figure 1���5; Thaler, 1967: 160, figures 2g ���h; T. r. Brignoli, 1971: 186, figures 86���91, 93, 96, 98. Troglohyphantes paolettii Brignoli, 1971: 189, figures 92, 94���95, 97; Brignoli, 1972: 58; Brignoli, 1975: 14, figure 25. Troglohyphantes ruffoi Thaler, 1987: 153, figures 19���43; Pesarini, 1988 b: 240, figures 5, 10; Pesarini 2001: 131. Material examined. Italy, Veneto, Province of Verona: Grezzana, Vajo dei Casotti, broadleaf wood, 500 m, 18 / 3 / 2004 ��� 28 / 4 / 2004, 1��, L. Reich legit (Pitfall traps); Negrar, Montecchio, Val Borago, wood, 465 m, 28 / 11 / 2003 ��� 8 / 1 / 2004, 2��; 28 / 11 / 2003 ��� 8 / 1 / 2004, 1��; 8 / 1 / 2004 ��� 12 / 2 / 2004, 1�� L. Reich legit (pitfall traps); Verona, Val Borago, wood, 200 m, 12 / 2 / 2004 ��� 18 / 3 / 2004, 1�� L. Reich legit (pitfall traps); Province of Vicenza: Arcugnago, wood near Cascina Zanotto, 70 m, 27 / 6 / 2002 ��� 8 / 10 / 2002, 3��, 2 ��; 8 / 10 / 2002 ��� 27 / 3 / 2003, 1��, 1 ��; 27 / 3 / 2003 ��� 12 / 6 / 2003, 2��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Castelgomberto, wood, 300 m, 4 / 6 / 2002 ��� 9 / 8 / 2002, 1��, 1 ��, 2 juv.; 9 / 8 / 2002 ��� 8 / 10 / 2002, 1��; 8 / 10 / 2002 ��� 27 / 3 / 2003, 1��, 2 ��, 6 juv; 27 / 3 / 2003 ��� 12 / 4 / 2003, 1��, 1 juv, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Schio, beech wood near San Rocco, 650 m, 4 / 6 / 2002 ��� 9 / 8 / 2002, 1��, 2 ��; 9 / 8 / 2002 ��� 8 / 10 / 2002, 1��, 2 ��; 8 / 10 / 2002 ��� 27 / 3 / 2003, 3��; 27 / 3 / 2003 ��� 12 / 4 / 2003, 2��, 1 �� Museo BG legit (pitfall traps). Note. The species is known after epigean and hypogean records in the Lessini Mountains and in Southern Trentino. Our record from Colli Berici (Veneto, Province of Vicenza) extends its distribution southwards., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Caporiacco, L. di (1936) Aracnidi cavernicoli della provincia di Verona. Grotte d'Italia, (2 a) 1, 1 - 10.","Thaler, K. (1967) Zum Vorkommen von Troglohyphantes - Arten in Tirol und dem Trentino (Arachn., Araneae, Linyphiidae). Berichte des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 55, 155 - 173.","Brignoli, P. M. (1971) Note su ragni cavernicoli italiani (Araneae). Fragmenta entomologica, 7, 121 - 229.","Brignoli, P. M. (1972) Catalogo dei ragni cavernicoli italiani. Quaderni di Speleologia del Circolo Speleologico Romano, 1, 1 - 212.","Brignoli, P. M. (1975) Ragni d'Italia. XXV. Su alcuni ragni cavernicoli dell'Italia settentrionale (Araneae). Notiziario del Circolo speleologico Romano, 20, 1 - 35.","Thaler, K. (1987) Two species of Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from Monti Lessini, northern Italy, T. exul n. sp., T. ruffoi di Caporiacco. Bulletin of the British arachnological Society, 7, 151 - 156.","Pesarini, C. (1988 b) Osservazioni su alcuni Troglohyphantes della fauna Italiana, con descrizione di due nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 129, 237 - 247.","Pesarini, C. (2001) Note sui Troglohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 142, 109 - 133."]}

Troglohyphantes pavesii Pesarini, 1988 Troglohyphantes pavesii Pesarini, 1988 b: 243, figures 12���14; Pesarini, 2001: 121. Material examined. Italy, Veneto, Province of Belluno: Tambre, Lavina loc. Caotes, 900 m, 12 / 9 / 2009, 1��, A.L. Sch��nhofer legit. Note. This species was previously known only for the type locality (Monte Ragogna, Friuli- Venezia Giulia, Province of Udine). The new record considerably extends its distribution westwards. The female is still unknown., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Pesarini, C. (1988 b) Osservazioni su alcuni Troglohyphantes della fauna Italiana, con descrizione di due nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 129, 237 - 247.","Pesarini, C. (2001) Note sui Troglohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 142, 109 - 133."]}

Troglohyphantes zanoni Pesarini, 1988 Troglohyphantes zanoni Pesarini, 1988: Pesarini, 1988 a: 92, figures 3���4, 9 ��� 10; Pesarini, 1989: 230, figures 1���6; Pantini 2000: 363; Pesarini 2001: 125. Material examined. Italy, Lombardia, Province of Bergamo: Bergamo, Astino, broadleaf wood, 270 m, 12 / 5 / 2000 ��� 12 / 6 / 2000, 3��, 7 ��; 12 / 6 / 2000 ��� 11 / 7 / 2000, 1��, 4 ��; 11 / 7 / 2000 ��� 12 / 8 / 2000, 3��, 3 ��; 2 ��, 12 / 8 / 2000 ��� 12 / 9 / 2000, 3��; 12 / 9 / 2000 ��� 12 / 10 / 2000, 2��, 1 ��; 2 ��, 11 / 10 / 2000 ��� 12 / 11 / 2000, 2��, ITAS legit (pitfall traps); Premolo, dolines South of B.ta Camplano m 1850, 4 / 8 / 2004 ��� 29 / 9 / 2004, 1��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Premolo, alpine prairies, 1900 m, 1 �� 4 / 8 / 2004 ��� 29 / 9 / 2004, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Premolo, Rhododendron scrublands near Baita Camplano, 1850 m, 19 / 6 / 2003 ��� 22 / 7 / 2003, 2��; 29 / 9 / 2004 ��� 21 / 6 / 2005, 2��; 21 / 6 / 2005 ��� 21 / 7 / 2005, 1��, 2 ��; 21 / 7 / 2005 ��� 21 / 9 / 2005, 1��, 1 ��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Schilpario, road to Passo Campelli, moraine, 1750 m, 30 / 8 / 2006 ��� 25 / 10 / 2006, 4��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Schilpario, Valle di T��iass, fir wood, 1500 m, 28 / 7 / 2005 ��� 18 / 10 / 2005, 3��, 1 ��; 8 / 6 / 2006 ��� 28 / 6 / 2006, 3��; 18 / 10 / 2005 ��� 8 / 6 / 2006, 1��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Province of Lecco: Casargo, Val Marcia, wood, 1000 m, 25 / 6���11 / 9 / 2008, 10��, 18 ��, M. Massaro and W. Zucchelli legerunt (pitfall traps); Casargo, Val Marcia, Pizzo d���Alben, prairie, 1850 m, 25 / 6���11 / 9 / 2008, 1��, 1 ��, M. Massaro and W. Zucchelli legerunt (pitfall traps); Casargo, Val Marcia, Val Foppone, prairie, 1750 m, 25 / 6���11 / 9 / 2008 1 ��, M. Massaro and W. Zucchelli legerunt (pitfall traps); Paderno d'Adda, Adda di Paderno, 13 / 10 / 2002 2 ��, 2 ��, G. Comotti legit. Veneto, Province of Padova: Teolo, c/o Le Corbeggiare, damp wood 140 m, 4 / 6 / 2002 ��� 27 / 6 / 2002, 1��; 4 / 6 / 2002 ��� 27 / 6 / 2002, 2��; 27 / 6 / 2002 ��� 8 / 10 / 2002, 1��, 2 ��; 8 / 10 / 2002 ��� 27 / 3 / 2003, 1��, 27 / 3 / 2003 ��� 12 / 6 / 2003 4 ��; 3 ��, Museo BG legit, (pitfall traps); Teolo, Monte Venda, chestnut wood, 450 m, 4 / 6 / 2002 ��� 27 / 6 / 2002, 4��; 27 / 6 / 2002 ��� 8 / 10 / 2002, 6��, 10 ��; 8 / 10 / 2002 ��� 27 / 3 / 2003, 23��, 10 ��; 27 / 3 / 2003 ��� 12 / 4 / 2003 3 ��, 11 ��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps). Note. This is an epigean species with a disjunct distribution (Central Lombard Prealps and Colli Euganei). At lower elevation it is frequently found in forests while at higher elevation it is found in a variety of cool habitats. According to the remarkable preference of this species for forest habitats, we assume that populations found at higher altitudes in Premolo and Casargo, represent possible relicts of the ancient populations, previously inhabiting forests. In this area forest naturally attains 2000 m a.s.l., but it have been progressively removed for pastoral use. Therefore we assume that the main cause of the disjunct distribution of this species (Central Lombard Prealps /Colli Euganei) might be due to the fragmentation of the original forest., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Pesarini, C. (1988 a) Due nuove specie di Troglohyphantes delle Prealpi Lombarde (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 129, 89 - 100.","Pesarini, C. (1989) Note su alcune specie italiane di Troglohyphantes Joseph, con descrizione di sei nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 130, 229 - 246.","Pantini, P. (2000) I ragni del Sebino Bergamasco. Memorie della Societa entomologica italiana, 78 (2), 361 - 378.","Pesarini, C. (2001) Note sui Troglohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 142, 109 - 133."]}

Troglohyphantes fatalis Pesarini, 1988 Troglohyphantes fatalis Pesarini, 1988 b: 240, f. 4, 6���9, 11; Pesarini, 2001: 131. Material examined. Italy, Veneto, Province of Padova: Teolo, c/o Le Corbeggiare, damp wood 140 m, 27 / 6 / 2002 ��� 8 / 10 / 2002, 1��; 8 / 10 / 2002 ��� 27 / 3 / 2003, 1��, 1 ��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Teolo, Monte Venda, chestnut wood, 450 m, 4 / 6 / 2002 ��� 27 / 6 / 2002, 2��, 1 ��; 27 / 6 / 2002 ��� 8 / 10 / 2002, 4��, 12 ��; 8 / 10 / 2002 ��� 27 / 3 / 2003, 7��, 6 ��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Province of Treviso: Montello, loc. Montello, Bus de le Fratte cave (VTV 1276), 28 / 7 / 2002, 1��, V. Forte and S. Vanin legerunt; Susegana, loc. Castello S. Salvatore, military bunker 5, (VTV 74), 150 m, 9 / 11 / 2002, 1��, V. Forte and S. Vanin legerunt. Note. The species is known from a few localities in the Eastern Prealps of Veneto, both in epigean and hypogean habitats (Pesarini 1988 b, 2001). The current record of this species in the Colli Euganei area extends its distribution southwards., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Pesarini, C. (1988 b) Osservazioni su alcuni Troglohyphantes della fauna Italiana, con descrizione di due nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 129, 237 - 247.","Pesarini, C. (2001) Note sui Troglohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 142, 109 - 133."]}

Troglohyphantes iulianae Brignoli, 1971 Troglohyphantes iulianae Brignoli, 1971: 175, figures 61���63; Brignoli 1972: 57; Gasparo, 2001: 1, figures 1���5. Troglohyphantes delmastroi Pesarini, 2001: 117; Isaia et al., 2010 (new synonymy). Material examined. Italy, Emilia Romagna, Province of Parma: Tornolo, Trasogno, 800 m, 11 / 1992 ��� 4 / 1993, 1 ��; [no date] 1994, 4 ��, 3 ��, P. Pantini and M. Valle legerunt (pitfall traps). Lombardia, Province of Pavia: Santa Margherita di Staffora, beech wood near Colletta hotel, 1380 m, 26 / 4 / 2002 ��� 27 / 6 / 2002, 1��, P. Pantini legit (pitfall traps). Note. This epigean species is occasionally found in caves. The distribution ranges from the South-western Alps to the Apuan Alps (Tuscany). Pesarini (2001) described T. delmastroi based on specimens from Cissone (Piemonte, Province of Cuneo) and Tornolo (Lombardia, Province of Parma). In the same year Gasparo (2001) described the previously unknown male of T. iulianae from Sesta Godano (Liguria, Province of La Spezia). The illustrations published by the two authors are very similar and indeed seem to show two males of the same species. Although we could not study the specimen described by Gasparo (formally stored at the University of Roma La Sapienza, but apparently lost), the examination of the paratypes of T. delmastroi from Tornolo, together with the material from Piemonte (Isaia et al., 2010) and the specimens here reported from Tornolo and Pavia, allowed the comparison of the lamella characteristica with the one illustrated by Gasparo (2001), suggesting that Troglohyphantes delmastroi Pesarini is a junior synonym of Troglohyphantes iulianae Brignoli., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Brignoli, P. M. (1971) Note su ragni cavernicoli italiani (Araneae). Fragmenta entomologica, 7, 121 - 229.","Brignoli, P. M. (1972) Catalogo dei ragni cavernicoli italiani. Quaderni di Speleologia del Circolo Speleologico Romano, 1, 1 - 212.","Gasparo, F. (2001) Note su Troglohyphantes iulianae, con descrizione del maschio (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Fragmenta entomologica, 33, 1 - 7.","Pesarini, C. (2001) Note sui Troglohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 142, 109 - 133.","Isaia, M., Lana, E. & Pantini, P. (2010) Ecology and distribution of the genus Troglohyphantes Joseph, 1881 in the Western Italian Alps. In: Nentwig, W, Schmidt-Entling M., & Kropf C. (eds). European Arachnology 2008. Natural History Museum, Bern, 2010 pp. 89 - 97."]}

Troglohyphantes albopictus Pesarini, 1989 Troglohyphantes albopictus Pesarini, 1989: 239, figures 28���34; Pesarini, 2001: 112, figure 4. Material examined. Italy, Veneto, Province of Vicenza: Arcugnago, wood near Cascina Zanotto, m 70, 27 / 3 / 2003 ��� 12 / 4 / 2003 (pitfall traps), 1 ��, Museo BG legit. Note. Epigeic species, previously known only for Colli Euganei (Veneto, province of Padova). This record widens the distribution south-eastwards to Colli Berici (Veneto, province of Vicenza). The studied specimen cited was collected in a damp wood, in the vicinity of a small stream., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Pesarini, C. (1989) Note su alcune specie italiane di Troglohyphantes Joseph, con descrizione di sei nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 130, 229 - 246.","Pesarini, C. (2001) Note sui Troglohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 142, 109 - 133."]}

Troglohyphantes dominici Pesarini, 1988 Troglohyphantes dominici Pesarini, 1988: Pesarini, 1988 a: 96, figures 5���6, 11 ��� 12; Pantini 2000: 363; Pesarini 2001: 125. Material examined. Italy, Lombardia, Province of Bergamo: Oltre il colle, Val d'Arera, 2050 m, 22 / 7 / 2003 ��� 1 / 10 / 2003, 2��; 7 / 7 / 2004 ��� 4 / 8 / 2004, 1��; 21 / 6 / 2005 ��� 21 / 7 / 2005, 1��; 21 / 7 / 2005 ��� 21 / 9 / 2005 1 ��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Premolo, dolines south of Baita Camplano, 1850 m, 21 / 7 / 2005 ��� 21 / 9 / 2005, 2��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Premolo, rocky land, m 1850 m, 22 / 7 / 2003 ��� 1 / 10 / 2003, 2��; 1 / 10 / 2003 ��� 7 / 7 / 2004, 1��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Premolo, alpine prairie, 1900 m, 19 / 6 / 2003 ��� 22 / 7 / 2003, 1��; 22 / 7 / 2003 ��� 1 / 10 / 2003, 2��; 7 / 7 / 2004 ��� 4 / 8 / 2004, 1��; 4 / 8 / 2004 ��� 29 / 9 / 2004, 1��; 21 / 6 / 2005 ��� 21 / 7 / 2005, 1��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Premolo, Rhododendron scrubland near Baita Camplano, 1850 m, 1 / 10 / 2003 ��� 7 / 7 / 2004, 1�� Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Premolo, springs of Parina stream 1900 m, 22 / 7 / 2003 ��� 1 / 10 / 2003, 3��; 4 / 8 / 2004 ��� 29 / 9 / 2004, 1��; 21 / 6 / 2005 ��� 21 / 9 / 2005, 5��, 2 ��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Rovetta, Presolana, 1700 m, 10 / 7 / 1995, 1��, 1 ��, M. Valle and R. Fabbri legerunt. Note. The species was described on material from the Val Asnina cave in Val Seriana (cadastrial number not provided), province of Bergamo (Pesarini, 1988 a) at an altitude of about 400 m. This species is now found both at lower (see also records of the Sebino area by Pantini, 2000) and at higher altitudes (1850���2050 m in the Arera massif, Central Lombardian Prealps)., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Pesarini, C. (1988 a) Due nuove specie di Troglohyphantes delle Prealpi Lombarde (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 129, 89 - 100.","Pantini, P. (2000) I ragni del Sebino Bergamasco. Memorie della Societa entomologica italiana, 78 (2), 361 - 378.","Pesarini, C. (2001) Note sui Troglohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 142, 109 - 133."]}

Troglohyphantes sciakyi Pesarini, 1989 Troglohyphantes sciakyi Pesarini, 1989: 241, figures 39���45; Pesarini, 2001: 112, figure 5. Material examined. Italy, Lombardia, Province of Bergamo: Oltre il Colle, Alpe Arera, 2000 m, 17 / 7 / 2002, 1��, 1 ��, R. Fabbri, O. Lodovici and M. Valle legerunt; Oltressenda Alta, near Rino Olmi mountain dew, 1800 m, 18 / 9 / 2009, 1��, A.L. Sch��nhofer legit; Premolo, dolines south of Baita Camplano, 1850 m, 19 / 6 / 2003 ��� 22 / 7 / 2003, 1��; 21 / 6 / 2005 ��� 21 / 7 / 2005, 1��; 21 / 7 / 2005 ��� 21 / 9 / 2005, 2��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Schilpario, Slopes of Cimone della Bagozza, rocky land, 1700 m, 28 / 7���18 / 10 / 2005, 1��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Schilpario, Laghetti di San Carlo, rocky land, 2310 m, 28 / 7���18 / 10 / 2005, 1��; 26 / 6���26 / 7 / 2007, 1��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Province of Lecco: Barzio, Zucco Barbesino, 1900 m, 20 / 7 / 1989, 1��, E. Ghilardi and M. Valle legerunt. Note. Epigean, orophil species previously known after three records in the Orobian Apls (Pesarini, 1989). These new records extend the distribution of this species to the entire Central Lombardian Prealps and confirm the preference of this species for rocky habitats at high altitudes., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Pesarini, C. (1989) Note su alcune specie italiane di Troglohyphantes Joseph, con descrizione di sei nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 130, 229 - 246.","Pesarini, C. (2001) Note sui Troglohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 142, 109 - 133."]}

Troglohyphantes vignai Brignoli, 1971 Figures 15���18 Troglohyphantes vignai Brignoli, 1971: Brignoli, 1971 d: 170, f. 52���58., Pesarini, 2001 b: 116; Isaia et al. (2010). Troglohyphantes rupicapra Brignoli, 1971: Brignoli, 1971 d: 172, f. 59���60; Brignoli, 1979 l: 321, f. 13���14; Pesarini, 1988 c: 238, f. 3. Material examined. Italy, Piemonte, Province of Cuneo: Garessio, Voragine della Ciuaiera cave (146 Pi/CN), 09/09/ 2001, 1 ��, 2 ��, S. Bugalla, M. Chiamenti and T. Pascutto legerunt (CI); 12 / 10 / 2008, 3 ��, 4 ��, E. Lana legit (CI); Casteldelfino, Pertus dal Drai cave (1017 Pi/CN), 25 /08/ 2001, 1 ��, 6 ��, E. Lana legit (CI); Sampeyre, Buco del Nebin 1 cave (1158 Pi/CN), 17 / 11 / 2008, 1 ��, E. Lana legit (CI); Briga Alta, Abisso Vento (3500 Pi/CN), 30 /06/ 2001, 1 ��, 1 ��, S. Bugalla and T. Pascutto legerunt (CI); Province of Torino, Roure, Val Chisone, Tana del Diavolo cave (1591 Pi/TO), 11 / 11 / 2006, 3 ��, M. Isaia legit (CI); Perrero, Tuna dal Diau cave (1621 Pi/TO), 23 / 10 / 2006, 1 ��, M. Isaia and E. Lana legerunt (CI). Note. Specimens collected in the caves of the high Pesio Valley, including type locality of T. rupicapra Brignoli, 1971 (= T. vignai Brignoli, 1971 after Pesarini, 2001), exhibit higher degree of troglomorphism (higher depigmentation, reduction of PLE and PME, lowering of the profile of cephalothorax; Figures 15���18) in respect to the northern populations of the same species. Deeleman-Reinhnold (1978) underlines that the troglomorphism in Troglohyphantes species (i.e. loss of pigmentation, reduction of the eyes apparatus, thinning of the integuments, richer spinulation) is directly related to regressive evolutionary phenomena. The same author also points out that the degree of eye reduction within the same population is ���astonishingly uniform��� and that ���the reduction of the optical apparatus keeps pace with the rise of isolating mechanism��� (Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978). Accordingly, we assume an incipient phenomenon of speciation for these populations, previously considered by Brignoli (1971) as separate species., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Brignoli, P. M. (1971) Note su ragni cavernicoli italiani (Araneae). Fragmenta entomologica, 7, 121 - 229.","Pesarini, C. (2001) Note sui Troglohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 142, 109 - 133.","Isaia, M., Lana, E. & Pantini, P. (2010) Ecology and distribution of the genus Troglohyphantes Joseph, 1881 in the Western Italian Alps. In: Nentwig, W, Schmidt-Entling M., & Kropf C. (eds). European Arachnology 2008. Natural History Museum, Bern, 2010 pp. 89 - 97.","Brignoli, P. M. (1979) Ragni d'Italia XXXI. Specie cavernicole nuove o interessanti (Araneae). Quaderni del Museo di Speleologia \" V. Rivera \", 5 (10), 1 - 48.","Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L. (1978) Revision of the cave-dwelling and related spiders of the genus Troglohyphantes Joseph (Linyphiidae), with special reference to the Yugoslav species. Opera Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica (Classis IV), Ljubljana, 23 (6), 1 - 221."]}

Troglohyphantes lessinensis di Caporiacco, 1936 Troglohyphantes lessinensis di Caporiacco, 1936: 6, figures 6���8. Troglohyphantes zorzii di Caporiacco, 1948: 238, figures 1���5; Thaler, 1967: 162, figures 3 a���e, 4 f���g; Brignoli, 1971: 183, figures 80���85; Brignoli, 1972: 57. Troglohyphantes casalei Brignoli, 1979: 33, figures 75���78. Troglohyphantes lessinensis Gasparo, 2000: 202; Pesarini, 2001: 129. Material examined. Italy, Veneto, Province of Verona: Velo Veronese, Covoli di Velo cave (44 V-VR), 25 / 10 / 1998, 2��, G. Comotti legit., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Caporiacco, L. di (1936) Aracnidi cavernicoli della provincia di Verona. Grotte d'Italia, (2 a) 1, 1 - 10.","Caporiacco, L. di (1948) Troglohyphantes zorzii nuova specie cavernicola veronese e notizie su altri ragni cavernicoli veronesi. Memorie del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Verona, 1, 237 - 239.","Thaler, K. (1967) Zum Vorkommen von Troglohyphantes - Arten in Tirol und dem Trentino (Arachn., Araneae, Linyphiidae). Berichte des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 55, 155 - 173.","Brignoli, P. M. (1971) Note su ragni cavernicoli italiani (Araneae). Fragmenta entomologica, 7, 121 - 229.","Brignoli, P. M. (1972) Catalogo dei ragni cavernicoli italiani. Quaderni di Speleologia del Circolo Speleologico Romano, 1, 1 - 212.","Brignoli, P. M. (1979) Ragni d'Italia XXXI. Specie cavernicole nuove o interessanti (Araneae). Quaderni del Museo di Speleologia \" V. Rivera \", 5 (10), 1 - 48.","Gasparo, F. (2000) Note sinonimiche e corologiche su due specie del genere Troglohyphantes Joseph, 1881, delle Alpi orientali (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Gortania Atti del Museo Friulano di Storia naturale, 22, 201 - 209.","Pesarini, C. (2001) Note sui Troglohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 142, 109 - 133."]}

Troglohyphantes caporiaccoi Brignoli, 1971 Troglohyphantes caporiaccoi Brignoli, 1971: 180, figures 74���79; Brignoli 1972: 55; Pesarini, 1988 a: 92, figures 1���2, 7 ��� 8; Pesarini 1989: 234. Material examined. Italy, Lombardia, Province of Bergamo: Alzano Lombardo, Laca del Colet cave (1326 LoBG), 20 / 12 / 1987, 1��, 25 ��, 1 juv, G. Comotti and A. Baldan legerunt; Zogno, B��s Coren Nigher cave (1098 LoBG), 6 / 1 / 1998 (pitfall traps), 9 ��, G. Comotti legit. Note. New records for this troglobitic species, that was previously recorded in Tomba del Polacco cave (1003 LoBG), Fuipiano in Imagna Valley and Laca del Colet cave (1326 LoBG) in Seriana Valley (Pesarini, 1988 a, 1989). Endemic to the Prealps of Bergamo., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Brignoli, P. M. (1971) Note su ragni cavernicoli italiani (Araneae). Fragmenta entomologica, 7, 121 - 229.","Brignoli, P. M. (1972) Catalogo dei ragni cavernicoli italiani. Quaderni di Speleologia del Circolo Speleologico Romano, 1, 1 - 212.","Pesarini, C. (1988 a) Due nuove specie di Troglohyphantes delle Prealpi Lombarde (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 129, 89 - 100.","Pesarini, C. (1989) Note su alcune specie italiane di Troglohyphantes Joseph, con descrizione di sei nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 130, 229 - 246."]}

Troglohyphantes bonzanoi Brignoli, 1979 Figures 10���14 Troglohyphantes bonzanoi Brignoli, 1979: 31, figures 70���74. Material examined. Italy, Liguria, Province of Imperia: Pieve di Teco (IM), Sgarbu du Ventu cave (619 Li/ IM) (locus typicus), 18 / 10 / 2008, 1 ��, 3 ��, E. Lana legit. Description. Female: prosoma 1.09 long, 1.00 wide, uniformly light yellowish. Carapace rounded, dorsally with a narrow ridge, marked with a longitudinal streak. Cephalic region very slightly elevated, with few small black bristles forming the eye region and continuing backwards in three longitudinal rows converging at the thoracic furrow. Clypeus slightly indented under the eyes, then convex. Eyes very reduced, without pigment. AME smallest, PLE slightly larger than PME and ALE slightly larger than PME. Eye diameters AME 0.020, PME 0.030, ALE 0.038, PLE 0.046. PLE-PME distance = 0.092, ALE-AME distance = 0.092, PME-PME distance = 0.084, AME-AME distance = 0.015, ALE and PLE contiguous. Sternum heartshaped, yellowish with flimsy darkened anterior edges and interspersed bristles. Chelicerae light brownish furnished laterally with stridulatory ridges. Anterior margin of the chelicerae with three contiguous median teeth and a distal one; posterior margin with six small median teeth (Figure 13). Legs medium-long (femur twice as long as the prosoma), uniformly light yellowish. Leg I: femur 2.26, patella 0.43, tibia 2.33, metatarsus 2.03, tarsus1.20 TLL 8.25; leg II: femur 2.16, patella 0.36, tibia 2.16, metatarsus 1.96, tarsus 1.00, TLL 7.64; leg III: femur 1.86, patella 0.36, tibia 1.63, metatarsus 1.50, tarsus 0.90, TLL 7.15; leg IV: femur 2.53, patella 0.33, tibia 2.13, metatarsus 1.86, tarsus 1.13, TLL 7.98. Palp: femur 0.60, patella 0.13, tibia 0.33, tarsus 0.73, total palp length 1.79. Abdomen 1.73 long, 1.09 wide, whitish/grey with dark hair. Epigynum strongly protruding. Scape short, wider than long, U-shaped with two lateral incisions, arched in lateral view (Figures 11���13). Internal genitalia as outlined in Figure 14. Spination: femur I with two dorsal, one prolateral spines; femur II���III with one dorsal spine, femur IV with no dorsal spines. Patella I���IV with one dorsal spine. Tibia I with two dorsal, three prolateral, three retrolateral and two ventral spines. Tibia II with two dorsal, no prolateral, two retrolateral and two ventral spines; tibia III with two dorsal, no lateral and no ventral spines; tibia IV with two dorsal, one prolateral and one retrolateral spines. Metatarsus I���IV with one dorsal spine. Palp with one dorsal spine on patella, one dorsal and two prolateral on tibia and four dorsal, three prolateral and two ventral spines on tarsus. Position of TmI: 0.2. Trichobothrium on Mt IV absent. Distribution. The species is only known from the type locality, namely the Sgarbu du Ventu cave (619 LiIM) of Pieve di Teco (Liguria, province of Imperia). Note. In the original description of the male, Brignoli (1979) considered this species to be close to T. vignai and T. nigraerosae. According to the shape of lamella characteristica, the shape of the epigynum and the and the remarkable reduction of the eyes the species is most similar to the species in Pesarini���s (2001) orphaeus complex., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on pages 5-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Brignoli, P. M. (1979) Ragni d'Italia XXXI. Specie cavernicole nuove o interessanti (Araneae). Quaderni del Museo di Speleologia \" V. Rivera \", 5 (10), 1 - 48."]}

Troglohyphantes fagei Roewer, 1931 Troglohyphantes fagei Roewer, 1931: 11, figure 9; Troglohyphantes tirolensis Schenkel, 1950: 757 figures 1 a���e; Thaler, 1967: 166, figures 2 a���f, 4 a���b; Troglohyphantes fagei Brignoli, 1971: 192, figures 99���105; Brignoli, 1972: 55; Brignoli, 1975: 20, figure 24; Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978: 101, figures 37 j���k, 38 e���f. Troglohyphantes tirolensis Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978: 101, figure 38g; Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 264, figure 701. Troglohyphantes fagei Pesarini, 2001: 120; Marcuzzi, 2003: 127. Material examined. Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Province of Pordenone: Claut, beech forest 680 m, 5 / 1996 ��� 7 / 1996, 1 ��; 7 / 1996 ��� 9 / 1996, 1 ��, P. Pantini and M. Valle legerunt (pitfall traps). Veneto, Province of Treviso: Susegana, loc. Costa Buona, Grotta del Tubo Catodico (VTV 5681), 30 / 3 / 2002, 1��, V. Forte and S. Vanin legerunt; Susegana, loc. Costa Buona, L'Amona (VTV 6282), 155 m, 7 / 12 / 2002, 1��, 1 / 9 / 2002, 1��, V. Forte and S. Vanin legerunt. Note. We provide new data for this species in Friuli Venezia Giulia and Veneto. T. fagei was previously known for a few epigean and hypogean localities in Veneto (Roewer, 1931; Brignoli, 1971, 1975; Pesarini, 2001; Marcuzzi, 2003), Friuli Venezia Giulia (Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978; Pesarini, 2001) and Trentino Alto Adige (Thaler, 1967). Gasparo (1997 sub ��� T. cfr. fagei ���) reports several hypogean doubtful records in Friuli Venezia Giulia that are probably referring to this species. T. fagei is also known for the Austrian Alps (Thaler, 1967)., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1931) Arachnoiden aus sudostalpinen Hohlen, gesammelt von Herrn Karl Strasser in den Jahren 1929 und 1930. Mitt. Hohlen u. Karstforschung, 3, 69 - 80.","Schenkel, E. (1950) Neue Arachnoidea aus Nordtirol. Revue suisse de zoologie 57, 757 - 767.","Thaler, K. (1967) Zum Vorkommen von Troglohyphantes - Arten in Tirol und dem Trentino (Arachn., Araneae, Linyphiidae). Berichte des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 55, 155 - 173.","Brignoli, P. M. (1971) Note su ragni cavernicoli italiani (Araneae). Fragmenta entomologica, 7, 121 - 229.","Brignoli, P. M. (1972) Catalogo dei ragni cavernicoli italiani. Quaderni di Speleologia del Circolo Speleologico Romano, 1, 1 - 212.","Brignoli, P. M. (1975) Ragni d'Italia. XXV. Su alcuni ragni cavernicoli dell'Italia settentrionale (Araneae). Notiziario del Circolo speleologico Romano, 20, 1 - 35.","Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L. (1978) Revision of the cave-dwelling and related spiders of the genus Troglohyphantes Joseph (Linyphiidae), with special reference to the Yugoslav species. Opera Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica (Classis IV), Ljubljana, 23 (6), 1 - 221.","Heimer, S. & Nentwig, W. (1991) Spinnen Mitteleuropas, Ein Bestimmungsbuch. Verlag Paul Parey Berlin, 543 pp.","Pesarini, C. (2001) Note sui Troglohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 142, 109 - 133.","Marcuzzi, G. (2003) Fauna della Provincia di Belluno. Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali - Acta Biologica 79 (2002), 121 - 172.","Gasparo, F. (1997) Miscellanea biospelologica. Parte I: Friuli. Atti e Memorie della Commissione Grotte \" E. Boegan \", 34, 17 - 48."]}

Troglohyphantes gestroi Fage, 1933 Troglohyphantes gestroi Fage, 1933: 106, figures A���C; Brignoli, 1971: 177, figures 66���70, 72; Brignoli, 1972: 55; Costantini, 1975: 87; Pantini, 2000: 363; Pesarini, 2001: 129, figure 26. Material examined. Italy, Lombardia, Province of Bergamo: Adrara San Rocco, Lacca cave (1124 LoBG), 11 / 11 / 1990, 1��, 2 ��, G. Comotti legit; Grone, Laga del Belom cave (3507 LoBG), 24 / 2 / 1991, 2��, 1 ��, G. Comotti and A. Baldan legerunt; Schilpario, Pendici Cimone della Bagozza, macereto 1700 m, 26 / 6���26 / 7 / 2007, 1��; 18 / 10 / 2005 ��� 8 / 6 / 2006, 1��; 8 / 6���27 / 7 / 2006, 3��; 27 / 7���30 / 8 / 2006, 1��; 30 / 8���25 / 10 / 2006, 1��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Schilpario, Strada per Passo Campelli, moraine, 1750 m 28 / 7���18 / 10 / 2005, 1��; 27 / 7��� 30 / 8 / 2006, 1��, 1 ��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Schilpario, Valle di T��iass, fir woods, 1500 m, 18 / 10 / 2005 ��� 8 / 6 / 2006 1 ��, Museo BG legit (pitfall traps); Province of Brescia: Adro, Lach��t de Mont Alt cave (120 LoBS), 2 / 6 / 1976, 1��; 5 / 11 / 1983, 1��, D. Vailati legit; Brione, Fierarol di Vesalla cave (330 LoBS), 767 m, 27 / 9 / 1997, 1��, 3 �� D. Vailati legit; Collio, Tampa del Past��r cave (283 LoBS), 23 / 9 / 1978, 4��, D. Vailati legit; Gavardo, B��s Bar��lo cave (23 LoBS), 21 / 11 / 1976, 1��; 21 / 11 / 1976, 1�� D. Vailati legit; Gavardo, B��s Coalgh��s cave (116 LoBS), 18 / 7 / 1970, 1��, D. Vailati legit; Gavardo, Bus de la Bas��ta cave (136 LoBS) 375 m, 14 / 3 / 1998, 1��, D. Vailati legit; Gussago, Quarone, Prefond Soradur cave (55 LoBS), 27 / 1 / 1991, 17��, G. Comotti and A. Baldan legerunt; Pertica Alta, B��s de la Blam cave (163 LoBS), 14 / 2 / 1982, 3��, 4 ��, D. Vailati legit; Prevalle, Buco del Frate cave (1 LoBS), 31 / 1 / 1971, 4��, 1 ��, D. Vailati legit; Serle, Altopiano di Cari��deghe, Buco del Latte di End�� cave (not in cadastre), near Pantano, 840 m, 29 / 5 / 1981, 1��, D. Vailati legit; Serle, Altopiano di Cari��deghe, Bus del Budrio cave (71 LoBS), 810 m, 14 / 8 / 1970, 1��, 7 ��; 3 / 1 / 1971, 1��, 2 ��, 6 juv; 30 / 10 / 1971, 3��; 24 / 4 / 1973, 1��; 22 / 12 / 1974, 2��, 1 ��; 14 / 3 / 1976, 1��; 8 / 8 / 1976, 6��; 1 / 1 / 1979, 1��; 21 / 3 / 1981, 2��; 15 / 5 / 1981, 2��; 25 / 7 / 1981, 1��; 17 / 3 / 1984, 2��, 5 ��; 19 / 6 / 1984, 1��, 3 ��; 29 / 6 / 1985, 1��, 4 ��; 4 / 8 / 1985, 7��; 12 / 10 / 1985, 3��; 25 / 4 / 1987, 1��; 24 / 5 / 1987, 6��; 4 / 11 / 1990, 1��, 4 ��; 15 / 3 / 1992, 1��; 23 / 4 / 1993, 3��; 5 / 12 / 1993, 1��; 20 / 3 / 1994, 1��, 2 ��; 9 / 4 / 1994, 2��; 1 / 10 / 1994, 1��, 4 ��; 29 / 10 / 1994, 2��, 3 ��; 16 / 9 / 1995, 3��; 20 / 9 / 1997, 1�� D. Vailati legit; Serle, Altopiano di Cari��deghe, Bus del Mandri�� cave (192 LoBS), 885 m, 6 / 9 / 1997, 1��, 3 ��, D. Vailati legit; Serle, Bus del Pr�� derent cave (96 LoBS), 830 m, 14 / 8 / 1970, 1��, 3 ��; 30 / 10 / 1971, 4��; 24 / 4 / 1973, 1��, 7 ��; 11 / 11 / 1973, 5��, 7 ��; 22 / 12 / 1974, 2��; 25 / 4 / 1976, 3��, 2 ��; 8 / 8 / 1976, 3��; 21 / 9 / 1978, 1��, 2 ��; 27 / 9 / 1978, 1��, ��; 1 / 1 / 1979, 3��, ��, D. Vailati legit; Serle, Omber de la Casina del Comu cave (226 LoBS) 890 m, 2 ��, 4 �� 20 / 9 / 1997, D. Vailati legit; Serle, under a rock in doline, 860 m, 20 / 3 / 1994, 1�� D. Vailati legit; Serle, B��s del Caal�� cave (233 LoBS), 23 / 5 / 1981, 3��, 12 ��, D. Vailati legit; Serle, Omber en banda al Bus del Zel cave (247 LoBS), 22 / 12 / 1974, 4��; 2 / 11 / 1976, 1��, 3 �� D. Vailati legit; Villanuova sul Clisi, B��s dei F�� cave (338 LoBS), 28 / 12 / 1969, 1��, 3 �� D. Vailati legit; Villanuova sul Clisi, B��s del Cargad��r cave (308 LoBS), 1 / 4 / 1972, 1��, 2 ��, D. Vailati legit; Villanuova sul Clisi, B��s del Fal�� cave (344 LoBS), 5 / 4 / 1970, 3��, D. Vailati legit; Villanuova sul Clisi, B��s del Pi�� dei Calanch cave (307 LoBS), 26 / 9 / 1969, 1��; 20 / 6 / 1986, 2��, D. Vailati legit. Note. This species is very common in caves of the Brescia Prealps (Pesarini, 2001). In the province of Bergamo its distribution is confined to the Sebino area (Pantini, 2000) and to the high valley of Scalve where we found it in forests and open habitats., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Fage, L. (1933) Sur un Troglohyphantes nouveau des grottes de Lombardie. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 38, 105 - 107.","Brignoli, P. M. (1971) Note su ragni cavernicoli italiani (Araneae). Fragmenta entomologica, 7, 121 - 229.","Brignoli, P. M. (1972) Catalogo dei ragni cavernicoli italiani. Quaderni di Speleologia del Circolo Speleologico Romano, 1, 1 - 212.","Costantini, G. P. (1975) I ragni della provincia di Brescia. Note di Aracnologia. Natura Bresciana, 12, 81 - 92.","Pantini, P. (2000) I ragni del Sebino Bergamasco. Memorie della Societa entomologica italiana, 78 (2), 361 - 378.","Pesarini, C. (2001) Note sui Troglohyphantes italiani, con descrizione di quattro nuove specie (Araneae Linyphiidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 142, 109 - 133."]}

Troglohyphantes lanai Isaia and Pantini new species Figures 1���9 Types. Holotype male: Italy, Piemonte, Province of Vercelli: Borgosesia, Buco della Bondaccia Cave (2505 Pi/VC), 690 m, 15 / 8 / 2008, E. Lana legit. Paratypes: same location as holotype 1 ��, 9 / 5 / 1992, E. Lana legit (CI); 1 ��, 2 / 6 / 1996, T. Pascutto legit; 1 ��, 6 / 4 / 1997, T. Pascutto legit (CI); 1 ��, 1 ��, 25 / 1 / 1998, T. Pascutto legit (CI); 1 ��, 26 / 1 / 2008, M. Isaia and E. Lana legerunt; 2 ��, 17 / 2 / 2008, E. Lana legit (CI); 1 ��, 13 / 4 / 2008, E. Lana legit (CI); 1 ��, 7 / 6 / 2008, M. Isaia and E. Lana legerunt (CI); 1 ��, 15 / 8 / 2008, E. Lana legit; 1 ��, 18 / 8 / 2008, E. Lana legit (CI). Diagnosis. Males of Troglohyphantes lanai are primarily distinguished from other species of Troglohyphantes by the shape of the lamella characteristica (Figure 1). The shape of the epigynum, (Figures 2, 3 and 9) as well as the cymbium (Figure 4) are also diagnostic. The shape of the cymbium and embolus (Figure 6) of T. lanai is closest to that of T. bornensis and T. microcymbium, from which it is readily distinguishable by the shape of the lamella characteristica, the greater body size and the reduced eyes. Based on Pesarini���s complexes (2001), the new species is close to those included in the microcymbium complex. Description. Male holotype: prosoma 1.38 long, 1.23 wide, light-yellowish. Anterior part of prosoma faintly darker. Thoracic region rounded, dorsally with a narrow ridge, marked with a dark longitudinal streak. Cephalic region slightly elevated, interspersed with black bristles starting from the eye region and continuing in three longitudinal rows that converge to the anterior end of fovea. Clypeus slightly indented under the eyes, then convex. Eyes reduced, without pigment (Figure 5). AME smallest. PLE very slightly bigger than PME, ALE slightly larger than PLE. ALE and PLE nearly contiguous (distance = 0.014). PLE-PME distance = 0.110, ALE-AME distance = 0.138, PME-PME distance = 0.128, AME-AME distance = 0.013. Eye diameters AME 0.027, PME 0.038, ALE 0.046, PLE 0.050. Sternum heart-shaped, yellowish with flimsy darkened anterior edges. Chelicerae light brownish, with lateral stridulatory ridges and armed with three anterior teeth. Posterior margin with a small lamina and a small proximal tooth (Figure 7). Legs medium-long (femur twice as long as the prosoma), uniformly light yellowish. Leg I: femur 2.87, patella 0.43, tibia 3.13, metatarsus 2.70, tarsus1.56 TLL 10.69; leg II: Fe 2.60, patella 0.50, tibia 3.00, metatarsus 2.66, tarsus 1.33, TLL 10.09; leg III: femur 2.33, patella 0.43, tibia 2.33, metatarsus 2.16, tarsus 1.00, TLL 11.01; leg IV: femur 3.00, patella 0.43, tibia 2.97, metatarsus 2.66, tarsus 1.33, TLL 10.03. Abdomen 1.93 long, 1.10 wide; whitish-grey with dark setae. Palp (Figure 1): femur 0.83, patella 0.36. Cymbium faintly convex, subtriangular when seen from above, ending proximally in a single tooth-like apophysis, rounded at the proximal border (Figure 4). Posterior part of paracymbium sub-triangular, apical part dimly longer than the latter and distally bent nearly at a right angle, gradually narrowed anteriorly. Lamella characteristica branched in two. The upper branch ending in a small and narrow lobe, twisted and rounded at top. Lower branch of the lamella directed anteriorly, nearly orthogonal to the upper branch and enlarged at the end in the shape of a right-angled trapezium. Suprategular apophysis directed upwards, with a sharp end. Tip of the embolus spiky, tubular (Figure 6). Spination: femur I with one dorsal, two prolateral spines; femur II with one dorsal spine and one small prolateral spine. Femur III and IV with one dorsal spine. Patella I���IV with one dorsal spine. Tibia I and II with two dorsal, four prolateral (apical included), three retrolateral (apical included) spines; tibia III and IV with one dorsal, three prolateral (apical included) and two retrolateral spines (apical included). Metatarsus I��� IV with one dorsal and one prolateral spine. Metatarsus ventrally with several small spines. Position of TmI: 0.2. Trichobothrium on Mt IV absent. Female (paratype from same locality as holotype, 9 /05/ 1992, E. Lana legit): prosoma 1.53 long, 1.33 wide, convex, smooth and slightly darker than male. Cephalic region slightly elevated. Carapace, ocular area, clypeus, and sternum similar to male in all features except cephalic bristles, being smaller. Anterior margin of the chelicerae armed with three teeth, posterior margin distally with a small lamina and three small teeth (Fig. 8). PLE-PME distance = 0.100, ALE-AME distance = 0.110, PME-PME distance = 0.110, AME-AME distance = 0.020, ALE-PLE distance = 0.015. Eye diameters: AME 0.030, PME 0.046, ALE 0.061, PLE 0.046. Abdomen 2.00 long, 1.33 wide, whitish/grey with dark hairs.. Leg I: femur 2.90, patella 0.56, tibia 3.13, metatarsus 2.61, tarsus 1.50, TLL 10.07; leg II: Fe 3.23, patella 0.56, tibia 3.31, metatarsus 2.76, tarsus 1.56, TLL 10.82; leg III: femur 2.63, patella 0.50, tibia 2.42, metatarsus 2.16, tarsus 1.00, TLL 8.71; leg IV: femur 3.13, patella 0.55, tibia 3.13, metatarsus 2.66, tarsus 1.37, TLL 10.84. Female palp: femur 0.56, patella 0.13, tibia 0.30, tarsus 0.83, total palp length 1.82. Spination: Pedipalpal patella armed with a dorsal spine, tibia with three long spines (one dorsal and two prolateral) and metatarsus armed with nine smaller spines of which two dorsal proximal, three prolateral, 2 retrolateral and two ventral apical. Femur I with two dorsal, two prolateral spines; femur II with one dorsal spine and two prolateral spine. Femur III and IV with one dorsal spine. Patella I���IV with one dorsal spine. Tibia I and II with two dorsal, four prolateral (apical included) and three retrolateral (apical included) spines; tibia III and IV with one dorsal, three prolateral (apical included) and two retrolateral spines (apical included). Metatarsus I���IV with one dorsal and one prolateral spine. Position of TmI: 0.2. Trichobothrium on Mt IV absent. Epigynum strongly protruding. Scape short, wider than long, U-shaped with two lateral incisions, arched in lateral view. Internal genitalia as in Figure 9. Etymology. The species is dedicated to our friend Enrico Lana, Piedmontese biospeleologist, who lead us in the Fenera caves and collected most of the type material. Distribution. The species is confined to several caves of Monte Fenera, section of Pennine Alps, sector of North-western Alps. Biospeleological notes. Specimens of T. lanai have been found among stony debris in the caves of Buco della Bondaccia (2505 Pi/VC; UTM 32 T 4465205062417); Grotta delle Arenarie (2509 Pi/VC; UTM 32 T 4467265062472); Pozzo di San Quirico (2567 Pi/VC; UTM 32 T 4467135061515); Buco delle Radici (2540 Pi/ VC; UTM 32 T 4473555062438); Bocc d���la Mocia (2541 Pi/VC; UTM 32 T 4473495062452); Ciota Ciara (2507 Pi/VC; UTM 32 T 4464745062356). All caves are included in the cave complex of Monte Fenera (limestone with intercalated sandstone), in the municipalities of Borgosesia and Valduggia (about 140 km NE of Torino). All caves have openings into beech woods, with a prevalent northerly aspect to the cave opening. The temperature of Buco della Bondaccia (nearly 500 m in length) and Grotta delle Arenarie (extending for over 3000 m) are constantly about 9 ��C. Pozzo di San Quirico cave extends for 120 m, Buco delle Radici cave for 38 m, Bocc d���la Mocia for 11 m and Ciota Ciara cave for 202 m. The caves and their fauna have been previously studied by several researchers (Jeannel, 1934; Martinotti 1968; Brignoli 1972; Casale 1988; Arn�� & Lana 2005) and several interesting endemic species have been recognised, including Bathysciola adelinae Jeannel (Coleoptera, Cholevidae); Alpioniscus feneriensis (Parona) (Isopoda, Trichoniscidae), Trechus lepontinus Ganglbauer (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and Sphodropsis ghilianii (Schaum) (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Additional specimens studied: Other material: same location as holotype, 1 ��, [no date], T. Pascutto legit; 1 ��, [no date], T. Pascutto legit (CI); Province of Vercelli: Borgosesia, Pozzo di San Quirico Cave (2567 Pi/VC), 640 m 3 ��, 1 ��, 6 / 6 / 2009, E. Lana legit (CI); 1 ��, 1 �� 17 / 6 / 2009, E. Lana legit (CI); Borgosesia, Ciota Ciara (2507 Pi/VC) ramo dei Pipistrelli/Torre, 675 m, 1 �� 28 / 2 / 2010, E. Lana legit; Valduggia, Grotta delle Arenarie Cave (2509 Pi/VC), 780 m, 2 ��, 21 / 1 / 2009, E. Lana legit (CI); 3 ��, 1 ��, 7 / 6 / 2009,M. Isaia and E. Lana legerunt (CI); 2 ��, 3 / 1 / 2010, E. Lana legit. Valduggia, Buco delle Radici Cave (2540 Pi/VC), 804 m, 2 ��, 1 �� 17 / 6 / 2009, E. Lana legit (CI); Valduggia, Bocc d���la Mocia Cave (2541 Pi/VC), 805 m, 3 ��, 1 �� 17 / 6 / 2009, E. Lana legit (CI)., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Pantini, Paolo, 2010, New data on the spider genus Troglohyphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) in the Italian Alps, with the description of a new species and a new synonymy, pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 2690 on pages 2-5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199535, {"references":["Jeannel, R. (1934) Nouveaux Bathysciinae italiens. Bollettino della Societa entomologica italiana, 66 (6), 94 - 97.","Martinotti, A. (1968) Elenco sistematico e geografico della fauna cavernicola del Piemonte e Valle d'Aosta. Rassegna Speleologica Italiana 20 (1), 1 - 34.","Brignoli, P. M. (1972) Catalogo dei ragni cavernicoli italiani. Quaderni di Speleologia del Circolo Speleologico Romano, 1, 1 - 212.","Casale, A. (1988) Revisione degli Sphodrina (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Sphodrini). Monografie del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino, 5, 1 - 1024.","Arno, C. & Lana, E. (2005) Ragni cavernicoli del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Regione Piemonte Associazione Gruppi Speleologici piemontesi, Torino, 256 pp."]}

In this paper 5 species of cave-dwelling spiders of the genus Troglohyphantes are listed as new for the Croatian fauna. They are T. troglodytes (Kulczyñski, 1914), T. pugnax Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978, T. salax (Kulczyñski, 1914), T. sketi Deeleman-Reinhold, 1978 and T. subalpinus Thaler, 1967. All five species are known from neighboring countries. New localities are marked on the map and the ecological status is given for every species. With these five species the total number of Troglohyphantes taxa in Croatia has risen to 22 taxa.

WOS: 000261906600012, A new species of Troglohyphantes Joseph, 1881 is described from Turkey. Differences between the new species and related species are discussed. The morphological characters to distinguish this species from the closely related species are indicated and illustrated. Notes on the habitat and some SEM photographs of this species arc also given., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [106T133], We are very grateful to Dr Andrei V. TANASEVITCH (Russia) and Dr Fulvio GASPARO (Italy) for advice and valuable comments, and we acknowledge the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for financial support of this work (Project No. 106T133). We also wish to thank Mr. Hakan DEMIR (Gazi University, Ankara), who collected some of the material used in this paper.

In this paper we describe Troglohyphantes lanai n. sp. from Pennine Alps and the unknown female of T. bonzanoi, from Ligurian Alps. Based on the collection of new material and on the examination of the paratypes, T. delmastroi Pesarini, 2001 is proposed as junior synonym of T. iulianae Brignoli, 1971 (new synonymy). We also provide new faunistic and ecological data on the Italian species of Troglohyphantes, focusing mainly on Central Italian Alps. Phenetic species groups previously proposed in literature for the Italian species have been updated in view of recent literature and new findings. Pesarini’s complexes of species are used to map the species distribution in the Italian Alps.

1. Troglohyphantes cavernicola Keys. is found everywhere in these caves, where the three following necessary conditions exist—total darkness, a saturated atmosphere, and a suitable place for the construction of snares.2. The first pair of legs are used as tactile organs.3. All small winged insects, thysanurans and small myriopods serve as food. Scarcity of food does not entirely limit their distribution.4. They have no known enemies other than themselves.5. While temperature outside the caves does not materially affect the adult spiders themselves, it is probable that to the even temperature at localities between 600 and 1,700 feet from the entrance is due the great number of specimens found at this place.6. Courtship is similar to that of some outside forms.7. Cocooning is rudimentary. The eggs are few and comparatively large.8. The young are white and are thicker set than the adults. Some are hatched with eyes, while others are entirely blind.9. Moulting is comparatively rare and is often fatal. There a...

We designed a comparative study to unravel the phylogeography of two Alpine endemic spiders characterized by a different degree of adaptation to subterranean life:Troglohyphantes vignai(Araneae, Linyphiidae) andPimoa rupicola(Araneae, Pimoidae), the latter showing minor adaptation to hypogean life. We sampled populations of the model species in caves and other subterranean habitats across their known geographical range in the Western Alps. By combining phylogeographic inferences and Ecological Niche Modeling techniques, we inferred the biogeographic scenario that led to the present day population structure of the two species. According to our divergent time estimates and relative uncertainties, the isolation ofT. vignaiandP. rupicolafrom their northern sister groups was tracked back to Middle–Late Miocene. Furthermore, the fingerprint left by Pleistocene glaciations on the population structure revealed by the genetic data, led to the hypothesis that a progressive adaptation to subterranean habitats occurred inT. vignai, followed by strong population isolation. On the other hand,P. rupicolaunderwent a remarkable genetic bottleneck during the Pleistocene glaciations, that shaped its present population structure. It seems likely that such shallow population structure is both the result of the minor degree of specialization to hypogean life and the higher dispersal ability characterizing this species. The simultaneous study of overlapping spider species showing different levels of adaptation to hypogean life, disclosed a new way to clarify patterns of biological diversification and to understand the effects of past climatic shift on the subterranean biodiversity.