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Psoriasis is a skin disease that is inflammatory and persistent, causing a high rate of recurrence, poor quality of life, and significant socioeconomic burden. Its main pathological manifestations are abnormal activation and infiltration of T cells and excessive proliferation of keratinocytes (KCs). The great majority of patients with psoriasis will relapse after remission. It usually lasts a lifetime and necessitates long‐term treatment strategies. During periods of activity and remission, one of the main cell types in psoriasis is memory T cells, which include tissue‐resident memory T (TRM) cells, central memory T (TCM) cells, and effector memory T (TEM) cells. They work by releasing inflammatory factors, cytotoxic particles, or altering cell subpopulations, leading to increased inflammation or recurrence. This review summarizes the role of memory T cells in the pathology and treatment of psoriasis, with a view to potential novel therapies and therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ovarian hormones are known to modulate the immune system in the female genital tract (FGT). We sought to define the impact of the menstrual cycle on the mucosal HIV target cell levels, and tissue-resident CD4 T cells. Materials and methods: Here, we characterized the distribution, phenotype, and function of CD4 T cells with special emphasis on HIV target cells (CCR5+ and a4b7+) as well as tissue-resident memory (TRM; CD69+ and CD103+) CD4 T cells in FGT of cycling women. Peripheral blood and Endocervical cells (ECcollected from cytobrush) were collected from 105 healthy women and performed multicolor flow cytometry to characterize the various subsets of CD4 T cells. Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) were collected for cytokine analysis and plasma were collected for hormonal analysis. All parameters were compared between follicular and luteal phase of menstrual cycle. Results: Our findings revealed no significant difference in the blood CD4 T cell subsets between the follicular and luteal phase. However, in EC, the proportion of several cell types was higher in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase of menstrual cycle, including CCR5+a4b7-cells (p=0.01), CD69+CD103+ TRM (p=0.02), CCR5+CD69+CD103+ TRM (p=0.001) and FoxP3+ CD4 T cells (p=0.0005). In contrast, a4b7+ CCR5-cells were higher in the luteal phase (p=0.0004) compared to the follicular phase. In addition, we also found that hormonal levels (P4/E2 ratio) and cytokines (IL-5 and IL-6) were correlated with CCR5+ CD4 T cells subsets during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Conclusion: Overall, these findings suggest the difference in the expression of CCR5 and a4b7 in TRM CD4 T cell subsets in endocervix of HIV seronegative women between the follicular and luteal phase. Increase in the CCR5+ expression on TRM subsets could increase susceptibility to HIV infection during follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ovarian hormones are known to modulate the immune system in the female genital tract (FGT). We sought to define the impact of the menstrual cycle on the mucosal HIV target cell levels, and tissue-resident CD4 T cells. Materials and Methods: Here, we characterized the distribution, phenotype, and function of CD4 T cells with special emphasis on HIV target cells (CCR5+ and α4β7+) as well as tissue-resident memory (TRM; CD69+ and CD103+) CD4 T cells in FGT of cycling women. Peripheral blood and Endocervical cells (ECcollected from cytobrush) were collected from 105 healthy women and performed multicolor flow cytometry to characterize the various subsets of CD4 T cells. Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) were collected for cytokine analysis and plasma were collected for hormonal analysis. All parameters were compared between follicular and luteal phase of menstrual cycle. Results: Our findings revealed no significant difference in the blood CD4 T cell subsets between the follicular and luteal phase. However, in EC, the proportion of several cell types was higher in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase of menstrual cycle, including CCR5+α4β7-cells (p=0.01), CD69+CD103+ TRM (p=0.02), CCR5+CD69+CD103+ TRM (p=0.001) and FoxP3+ CD4 T cells (p=0.0005). In contrast, α4β7+ CCR5- cells were higher in the luteal phase (p=0.0004) compared to the follicular phase. In addition, we also found that hormonal levels (P4/E2 ratio) and cytokines (IL-5 and IL-6) were correlated with CCR5+ CD4 T cells subsets during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle Conclusion: Overall, these findings suggest the difference in the expression of CCR5 and α4β7 in TRM CD4 T cell subsets in endocervix of HIV seronegative women between the follicular and luteal phase. Increase in the CCR5+ expression on TRM subsets could increase susceptibility to HIV infection during follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, CFRP is the most popular material in strengthening RC members (columns, beams, slabs…etc.) as well as the textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) was also used as an alternative method for strengthening RC columns. The present study includes fifteen circular RC columns: One control column, ten columns strengthened by one or two layers of CFRP using EBR or EBROG methods, two columns was strengthened by textile-reinforced epoxy on grooves and last two columns were strengthened by textile reinforced mortar without grooves. The parameters of this investigation are type of strengthening technique (EBR, EBROG and TRM), number of CFRP layers, and the grooves configuration. The results showed that the columns strengthened longitudinally with one or two layers of CFRP strips using EBR technique enhanced the load-carrying capacity by 2 and 7.13%, respectively, when compared with control column. However, the load carrying capacity of RC columns strengthened by EBROG increased by the range of 11.65% to 71.4%. in comparison with control column. Finally, TRM strengthening method enhanced the load carrying capacity by about 21% to 58.5%. Also, the results showed that the EBROG and TRM approaches were improved the stiffness and ductility of the columns in comparison with EBR method.

This article presents the results of an experimental campaign conducted on a set of four unreinforced masonry walls at full scale. The purpose of this study is to assess, using non-destructive methods, the impact of retrofitting and damage on the modal response of masonry wall systems. Each wall underwent a sequence of increasing cyclic displacements applied by an actuator at the upper end of the specimen. Modal tests based on vibrations were performed both before and after rehabilitation, as well as during the sequence of increasing displacements. It was demonstrated that frequencies can identify progressive damage when the maximum crack is about to occur, as well as the effect of wall retrofitting when mass contribution is considerable. However, the modal assurance criterion indicator (MAC) fails to properly identify a trend of decreasing correlations as progressive damage increases; instead, it is sensitive to detecting maximum crack and instability conditions. Furthermore, it was determined that the coordinated modal assurance criterion indicator (COMAC) does not identify the damage distribution as expected. However, the cumulative COMAC provides a useful tool for quick visualization and interpretation of COMAC behavior. Finally, a novel damage indicator was tested, MACVF, which improves the trend and successfully identifies the most damage-sensitive mode, especially when the maximum level of damage is reached, giving MAC values below 80%. In addition, frequency variations ranged from 70% to 110% when TRM and WWM retrofitting techniques were applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the effect of high temperature exposure on the performance of concrete confined through textile/fabric‐reinforced composites. Small‐scale cylindrical specimens (150 × 300 mm) were confined using two types of carbon fibers (dry and epoxy‐resin coated). For the sake of comparison, two confining layers were applied to all specimens. After curing, cylinders were exposed to four ranges of increasing temperatures—being 20°C (ambient), 80°C, 100°C, and 250°C and, after cooling down, were tested under compressive cyclic loading. The experimental results show that thermal stress significantly influences the confinement effectiveness of textile‐reinforced composites. Exposure to high temperatures reduces the ultimate confined strength and significantly influences the overall axial stress–strain behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) suffer from a high burden of pulmonary diseases, even after accounting for their smoking status. Cytotoxic CD8 T-cells are likely implicated in this phenomenon and may act as a double-edged sword. While being essential in viral infection control, their hyperactivation can also contribute to lung mucosal tissue damage. The effects of HIV and smoking on pulmonary mucosal CD8 T-cell dynamics has been a neglected area of research, which we address herein. Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were obtained from ART-treated PLWH (median duration of supressed viral load: 9 years; smokers: n = 14; non-smokers: n = 21) and HIV-uninfected controls (smokers: n = 11; non-smokers: n = 20) without any respiratory symptoms or active infection. Lymphocytes were isolated and CD8 T-cell subsets and homing markers were characterized by multiparametric flow cytometry. Results: Both smoking and HIV infection were independently associated with a significant increase in frequencies of total pulmonary mucosal CD8 T-cell. BAL CD8 T-cells were primarily CD69 + expressing CD103 and/or CD49a, at least one of the two granzymes (GzmA/GzmB), and little Perforin. Higher expression levels of CD103, CD69, and GzmB were observed in smokers versus non-smokers. The ex vivo phenotype of GzmA + and GzmB + cells revealed increased expression of CD103 and CXCR6 in smokers, while PLWH displayed elevated levels of CX3CR1 compared to controls. Conclusion: Smoking and HIV could promote cytotoxic CD8 T-cell retention in small airways through different mechanisms. Smoking likely increases recruitment and retention of GzmB + CD8 Trm via CXCR6 and CD103. Heightened CX3CR1 expression could be associated with CD8 non-Trm recruitment from the periphery in PLWH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundOvarian hormones are known to modulate the immune system in the female genital tract (FGT). We sought to define the impact of the menstrual cycle on the mucosal HIV target cell levels, and tissue-resident CD4 T cells.Materials and methodsHere, we characterized the distribution, phenotype, and function of CD4 T cells with special emphasis on HIV target cells (CCR5+ and α4β7+) as well as tissue-resident memory (TRM; CD69+ and CD103+) CD4 T cells in FGT of cycling women. Peripheral blood and Endocervical cells (EC-collected from cytobrush) were collected from 105 healthy women and performed multicolor flow cytometry to characterize the various subsets of CD4 T cells. Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) were collected for cytokine analysis and plasma were collected for hormonal analysis. All parameters were compared between follicular and luteal phase of menstrual cycle.ResultsOur findings revealed no significant difference in the blood CD4 T cell subsets between the follicular and luteal phase. However, in EC, the proportion of several cell types was higher in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase of menstrual cycle, including CCR5+α4β7-cells (p=0.01), CD69+CD103+ TRM (p=0.02), CCR5+CD69+CD103+ TRM (p=0.001) and FoxP3+ CD4 T cells (p=0.0005). In contrast, α4β7+ CCR5- cells were higher in the luteal phase (p=0.0004) compared to the follicular phase. In addition, we also found that hormonal levels (P4/E2 ratio) and cytokines (IL-5 and IL-6) were correlated with CCR5+ CD4 T cells subsets during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycleConclusionOverall, these findings suggest the difference in the expression of CCR5 and α4β7 in TRM CD4 T cell subsets in endocervix of HIV seronegative women between the follicular and luteal phase. Increase in the CCR5+ expression on TRM subsets could increase susceptibility to HIV infection during follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Tomato fruit blotch virus (ToFBV) (Blunervirus solani, family Kitaviridae) was firstly identified in Italy in 2018 in tomato plants that showed the uneven, blotchy ripening and dimpling of fruits. Subsequent High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) analysis allowed ToFBV to be identified in samples collected in Australia, Brazil, and several European countries, and its presence in tomato crops was dated back to 2012. In 2023, the virus was found to be associated with two outbreaks in Italy and Belgium, and it was included in the EPPO Alert list as a potential new threat for tomato fruit production. Many epidemiologic features of ToFBV need to be still clarified, including transmission. Aculops lycopersici Massee (Acariformes: Eriophyoidea), the tomato russet mite (TRM), is a likely candidate vector, since high population densities were found in most of the ToFBV-infected tomato cultivations worldwide. Real-time RT-PCR tests for ToFBV detection and TRM identification were developed, also as a duplex assay. The optimized tests were then transferred to an RT-ddPCR assay and validated according to the EPPO Standard PM 7/98 (5). Such sensitive, reliable, and validated tests provide an important diagnostic tool in view of the probable threat posed by this virus–vector system to solanaceous crops worldwide and can contribute to epidemiological studies by simplifying the efficiency of research. To our knowledge, these are the first molecular methods developed for the simultaneous detection and identification of ToFBV and TRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the seismic retrofit of substandard reinforced concrete (RC) columns through external jacketing of potential plastic hinge zones using sprayed glass fiber-reinforced mortar and basalt textile reinforcement. An innovative spraying method was used to apply the matrix material to the concrete surface. A total number of eight full-scale columns (four reference, four retrofitted) were tested under constant high axial load to capacity ratio and reversed cyclic lateral loading. Columns were constructed using low-strength concrete and transverse reinforcement with various spacing and inadequate hook detailing to mimic the columns in substandard structures. Test results are evaluated in terms of lateral load-drift ratio relationships, displacement ductility, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation, and residual displacements. Evaluation of the test results showed that the proposed technique is effective for seismic retrofit of substandard RC columns, particularly in terms of enhancement of displacement ductility, energy dissipation capacities, and reduction of residual displacements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis research investigates, both experimentally and analytically, the mechanical performance of masonry specimens made with special lightweight concrete voussoirs joined with cement mortar and reinforced with TRM (Textile Reinforced Mortar) made of either fibreglass mesh, TRM with basalt mesh or FRPs (Fiber Reinforced Polymers). The specimens represent a segment of an arch. A total of 18 specimens were tested, with one-third featuring each reinforcement solution. Another variable studied was the number of sides reinforced with TRM or FRP, either one or three. The specimens were tested under eccentric compression to analyze the effectiveness of the reinforcements. An analytical model was calibrated with the experimental results and used to extrapolate the experimental results in terms of strength capacity. The specimens that exhibited the best mechanical behaviours were those reinforced with TRM using basalt mesh. The FRP reinforcement experienced prematurely debonding with the voussoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites have been largely used to strengthen existing concrete and masonry structures in the last decade. To design FRCM-strengthened members, the provisions of the Italian CNR-DT 215 (2018) or the American ACI 549.4R and 6R (2020) guidelines can be adopted. According to the former, the FRCM effective strain, i.e., the composite strain associated with the loss of composite action, can be obtained by combining the results of direct shear tests on FRCM–substrate joints and of tensile tests on the bare reinforcing textile. According to the latter, the effective strain can be obtained by testing FRCM coupons in tension, using the so-called clevis-grip test set-up. However, the complex bond behavior of the FRCM cannot be fully captured by considering only the effective strain. Thus, a cohesive approach has been used to describe the stress transfer between the composite and the substrate and cohesive material laws (CMLs) with different shapes have been proposed. The determination of the CML associated with a specific FRCM–substrate joint is fundamental to capture the behavior of the FRCM-strengthened member and should be determined based on the results of experimental bond tests. In this paper, a procedure previously proposed by the authors to calibrate the CML from the load response obtained by direct shear tests of FRCM–substrate joints is applied to different FRCM composites. Namely, carbon, AR glass, and PBO FRCMs are considered. The results obtained prove that the procedure allows to estimate the CML and to associate the idealized load response of a specific type of FRCM to the corresponding CML. The estimated CML can be used to determine the onset of debonding in FRCM–substrate joints, the crack number and spacing in FRCM coupons, and the locations where debonding occurs in FRCM-strengthened members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue-resident memory T (T RM) cells serve as a first line of defense in peripheral tissues to protect the organism against foreign pathogens. However, autoreactive T RM cells are increasingly implicated in autoimmunity, as evidenced in chronic autoimmune and inflammatory skin conditions. This highlights the need to characterize their phenotype and understand their role for the purpose of targeting them specifically without affecting local immunity. To date, the investigation of T RM cells in human skin diseases has focused mainly on lesional tissues of patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that self-reactive T RM cells are still present in clinically healed lesions of patients and play a role in disease flares, but T RM cells also populate skin that is apparently normal. This review discusses the ontogeny of T RM cells in the skin as well as recent insights regarding the presence of self-reactive T RM cells in both clinically healed skin and nonlesional skin of patients with autoimmune and inflammatory skin conditions, with a particular focus on psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and vitiligo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made significant progress in oncotherapy improving survival of patients. However, the benefits are limited to only a small subgroup of patients who could achieve durable responses. Early prediction of response may enable treatment optimization and patient stratification. Therefore, developing appropriate biomarkers is critical to monitoring efficacy and assessing patient response to ICIs. Main body Herein, we first introduce a new potential biomarker, CD103, expressed on tissue-resident memory T cells, and discuss the potential application of CD103 PET imaging in predicting immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. In addition, we describe the current targets of ImmunoPET and compare these targets with CD103. To assess the benefit of PET imaging, a comparative analysis between ImmunoPET and other imaging techniques commonly employed for tumor diagnosis was performed. Additionally, we compare ImmunoPET and immunohistochemistry (IHC), a widely utilized clinical method for biomarker identification with respect to visualizing the immune targets. Conclusion CD103 ImmunoPET is a promising method for determining tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) load and response to ICIs, thereby addressing the lack of reliable biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy. Compared to general T cell markers, CD103 is a specific marker for tissue-resident memory T cells, which number increases during successful ICI therapy. ImmunoPET offers noninvasive, dynamic imaging of specific markers, complemented by detailed molecular information from immunohistochemistry (IHC). Radiomics can extract quantitative features from traditional imaging methods, while near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging aids tumor detection during surgery. In the era of precision medicine, combining such methods will offer a more comprehensive approach to cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made significant progress in oncotherapy improving survival of patients. However, the benefits are limited to only a small subgroup of patients who could achieve durable responses. Early prediction of response may enable treatment optimization and patient stratification. Therefore, developing appropriate biomarkers is critical to monitoring efficacy and assessing patient response to ICIs. Main body: Herein, we first introduce a new potential biomarker, CD103, expressed on tissue-resident memory T cells, and discuss the potential application of CD103 PET imaging in predicting immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. In addition, we describe the current targets of ImmunoPET and compare these targets with CD103. To assess the benefit of PET imaging, a comparative analysis between ImmunoPET and other imaging techniques commonly employed for tumor diagnosis was performed. Additionally, we compare ImmunoPET and immunohistochemistry (IHC), a widely utilized clinical method for biomarker identification with respect to visualizing the immune targets. Conclusion: CD103 ImmunoPET is a promising method for determining tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) load and response to ICIs, thereby addressing the lack of reliable biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy. Compared to general T cell markers, CD103 is a specific marker for tissue-resident memory T cells, which number increases during successful ICI therapy. ImmunoPET offers noninvasive, dynamic imaging of specific markers, complemented by detailed molecular information from immunohistochemistry (IHC). Radiomics can extract quantitative features from traditional imaging methods, while near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging aids tumor detection during surgery. In the era of precision medicine, combining such methods will offer a more comprehensive approach to cancer diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study presents the experimental results of fifteen reinforced concrete beams (150 × 100 × 2700 mm): one control beam (without strengthening); one beam strengthened with one layer of textile bonded with epoxy to the tension side of the beam; and the remaining beams were strengthened with one layer, two layers, and three layers of textile bonded with different types of mortar. Two commercially available repair mortars were investigated in addition to one mortar that was prepared in the lab. Most previous studies used special mortar mix, while this study investigated the effectiveness of commercially available mortars without any modifications. Additional U-shaped strips were used on some of the beams as anchorage to strengthen the bond of the textile layers to the concrete surface using two different schemes of the U-shaped textile. Previous research studies concentrated on the end of the beam anchorage, while this study investigated two schemes: one concerning the beam ends and the other focusing on distributing the anchorage over the beam span. The test results indicated that epoxy-bonded textile performed better in terms of strength enhancement with an increase of 33% in the ultimate load compared to the control beam, as the bond was perfect compared to mortar-bonded textile, which resulted in an increase ranging between 15 and 27% depending on the mortar type. However, the ductility or deformability was slightly better with an increase of approximately 25% in the maximum deflections of the beams strengthened with mortar-bonded textiles. The test results also showed that as the number of layers increases, there was no significant increase in strength due to bond failure. When the U- shaped strips were used along with the increasing number of textile fiber layers, gains in flexure strength and ductility were observed. The use of U-shaped strips distributed along the beam was more efficient than only anchoring the ends of the beam. From the results obtained in this study, it is believed that textile-reinforced mortars (TRMs) are a potential solution for the structural upgrading of concrete structures provided that the bond between the textile layer and the concrete surface is maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the shear performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs). The investigated parameters included strengthening material, i.e., TRM or FRP; two different (light and heavy) carbon meshes in the TRM strengthening method; anchor type (fan type and mechanical) and wrapping type (U-shape and side bonding). Thirteen fabricated reinforced concrete beams were strengthened and exposed to a three-point bending test. Two beams, one with insufficient shear strength (without stirrups) and the other with sufficient shear strength (with stirrups), were produced as control specimens. Eight beams were strengthened with TRM, and the remaining three beams were strengthened with FRP. The main findings from the study are as follows: (a) FRP was more successful than TRM by 5–45% in increasing the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams depending on the parameters studied, (b) TRM with heavy carbon increased the shear capacity of beam specimens approximately 1.10 times compared to TRM with light carbon, (c) among the wrapping styles, side bonding was from 8 to 31% more effective, (d) the mechanical anchor increased the shear capacity against the fan-type anchor with a ratio ranging from 1.05 to 1.18 in U-shaped wrapping; however, the same ratio was between 0.91 and 0.94 for side bonding, and (e) the energy dissipation capacities in TRM and FRP strengthening were increased up to 3.62 and 4.13 times, respectively. Finally, the experimental study was verified with an analytical model, and reasonable results were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of an experimental campaign conducted on a set of four unreinforced masonry walls at full scale. The purpose of this study is to assess, using non-destructive methods, the impact of retrofitting and damage on the modal response of masonry wall systems. Each wall underwent a sequence of increasing cyclic displacements applied by an actuator at the upper end of the specimen. Modal tests based on vibrations were performed both before and after rehabilitation, as well as during the sequence of increasing displacements. It was demonstrated that frequencies can identify progressive damage when the maximum crack is about to occur, as well as the effect of wall retrofitting when mass contribution is considerable. However, the modal assurance criterion indicator (MAC) fails to properly identify a trend of decreasing correlations as progressive damage increases; instead, it is sensitive to detecting maximum crack and instability conditions. Furthermore, it was determined that the coordinated modal assurance criterion indicator (COMAC) does not identify the damage distribution as expected. However, the cumulative COMAC provides a useful tool for quick visualization and interpretation of COMAC behavior. Finally, a novel damage indicator was tested, MACVF, which improves the trend and successfully identifies the most damage-sensitive mode, especially when the maximum level of damage is reached, giving MAC values below 80%. In addition, frequency variations ranged from 70% to 110% when TRM and WWM retrofitting techniques were applied.

In the scope of this study, the strengthening of reinforced concrete beams against to shear with different types of composite materials was investigated experimentally. A total of seventeen reinforced concrete beams, one with high shear strength and sixteen with low shear strength, were fabricated. The beam with high shear strength and one of the beams with low shear strength were chosen as reference beams. The remaining fifteen beam specimens were strengthened with textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). While light and heavy carbon mesh were used for strengthening with TRM, unidirectional carbon textile was used for strengthening with CFRP. Other experimental parameters were the spacing of strips, the number of layers (one or two) and the way of wrapping (strip or full). Simply supported beam specimens were tested under three-point loading. Beam specimens were compared in terms of failure mode, ultimate load capacity, ductility index and energy dissipation capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diverse populations of tissue-resident and transitory T cells present in the skin share a common functional need to enter, traverse, and interact with their environment. These processes are largely dependent on the regulated expression of adhesion molecules, such as selectins and integrins, which mediate bidirectional interactions between immune cells and skin stroma. Dysregulation and engagement of adhesion pathways contribute to ectopic T-cell activity in tissues, leading to the initiation and/or exacerbation of chronic inflammation. In this paper, we review how the molecular interactions supported by adhesion pathways contribute to T-cell dynamics and function in the skin. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning T-cell adhesion in inflammatory skin disorders will facilitate the development of novel tissue-specific therapeutic strategies.

The OVATE family proteins (OFPs) are plant-specific proteins that modulate diverse aspects of plant growth and development. In tomato, OFP20 has been shown to interact with TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif (TRM) proteins to regulate fruit shape. In this study, we demonstrated that the mutation of StOFP20 caused a shift from round to oval shaped tubers in a diploid accession C151, supporting the role of StOFP20 in controlling tuber shape. Its expression reached a maximum in the tuber initiation stage and then decreased as the tuber develops. To help elucidate the mechanism of tuber shape regulation by StOFP20, 27 TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif (TRM) proteins were identified and 23 of them were successfully amplified in C151. A yeast two-hybrid assay identified three TRM proteins that interacted with StOFP20, which was confirmed by firefly luciferase complementation in tobacco leaves. The OVATE domain was indispensable for the interactions, while the necessity of the M10 motif in TRM proteins varied among the interactions between StOFP20 and the three TRMs. In summary, both StOFP20 and SlOFP20 directed interactions with TRM proteins, but the corresponding interactants were not completely consistent, implying that they exert regulatory roles through mechanisms that are only partially overlapping.

Tomato fruit blotch virus (ToFBV) (Blunervirus solani, family Kitaviridae) was firstly identified in Italy in 2018 in tomato plants that showed the uneven, blotchy ripening and dimpling of fruits. Subsequent High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) analysis allowed ToFBV to be identified in samples collected in Australia, Brazil, and several European countries, and its presence in tomato crops was dated back to 2012. In 2023, the virus was found to be associated with two outbreaks in Italy and Belgium, and it was included in the EPPO Alert list as a potential new threat for tomato fruit production. Many epidemiologic features of ToFBV need to be still clarified, including transmission. Aculops lycopersici Massee (Acariformes: Eriophyoidea), the tomato russet mite (TRM), is a likely candidate vector, since high population densities were found in most of the ToFBV-infected tomato cultivations worldwide. Real-time RT-PCR tests for ToFBV detection and TRM identification were developed, also as a duplex assay. The optimized tests were then transferred to an RT-ddPCR assay and validated according to the EPPO Standard PM 7/98 (5). Such sensitive, reliable, and validated tests provide an important diagnostic tool in view of the probable threat posed by this virus–vector system to solanaceous crops worldwide and can contribute to epidemiological studies by simplifying the efficiency of research. To our knowledge, these are the first molecular methods developed for the simultaneous detection and identification of ToFBV and TRM.

Fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites have been largely used to strengthen existing concrete and masonry structures in the last decade. To design FRCM-strengthened members, the provisions of the Italian CNR-DT 215 (2018) or the American ACI 549.4R and 6R (2020) guidelines can be adopted. According to the former, the FRCM effective strain, i.e., the composite strain associated with the loss of composite action, can be obtained by combining the results of direct shear tests on FRCM–substrate joints and of tensile tests on the bare reinforcing textile. According to the latter, the effective strain can be obtained by testing FRCM coupons in tension, using the so-called clevis-grip test set-up. However, the complex bond behavior of the FRCM cannot be fully captured by considering only the effective strain. Thus, a cohesive approach has been used to describe the stress transfer between the composite and the substrate and cohesive material laws (CMLs) with different shapes have been proposed. The determination of the CML associated with a specific FRCM–substrate joint is fundamental to capture the behavior of the FRCM-strengthened member and should be determined based on the results of experimental bond tests. In this paper, a procedure previously proposed by the authors to calibrate the CML from the load response obtained by direct shear tests of FRCM–substrate joints is applied to different FRCM composites. Namely, carbon, AR glass, and PBO FRCMs are considered. The results obtained prove that the procedure allows to estimate the CML and to associate the idealized load response of a specific type of FRCM to the corresponding CML. The estimated CML can be used to determine the onset of debonding in FRCM–substrate joints, the crack number and spacing in FRCM coupons, and the locations where debonding occurs in FRCM-strengthened members.

Summary: Chronic liver disease results from the orchestrated interplay of components of innate and adaptive immunity in response to liver tissue damage. Recruitment, positioning, and activation of immune cells can contribute to hepatic cell death, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. With disease progression and increasing portal pressure, repeated translocation of bacterial components from the intestinal lumen through the epithelial and vascular barriers leads to persistent mucosal, hepatic, and systemic inflammation which contributes to tissue damage, immune dysfunction, and microbial infection. It is increasingly recognised that innate-like and adaptive T-cell subsets located in the liver, mucosal surfaces, and body cavities play a critical role in the progression of advanced liver disease and inflammatory complications of cirrhosis. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and tissue-resident memory T cells in the gut, liver, and ascitic fluid share certain characteristic features, which include that they recognise microbial products, tissue alarmins, cytokines, and stress ligands in tissues, and perform effector functions in chronic liver disease. This review highlights recent advances in the comprehension of human tissue-resident and unconventional T-cell populations and discusses the mechanisms by which they contribute to inflammation, fibrosis, immunosuppression, and antimicrobial surveillance in patients with cirrhosis. Understanding the complex interactions of immune cells in different compartments and their contribution to disease progression will provide further insights for effective diagnostic interventions and novel immunomodulatory strategies in patients with advanced chronic liver disease.

The majority of historical buildings and structures in Oman were built using unreinforced stone masonry. These structures have deteriorated due to ageing of materials, environmental degradation, and lack of maintenance. This research investigates the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of local building materials and the results of an experimental study on the out-of-plane bending effectiveness of an innovative strengthening method applied to existing masonry walls. The technique consists of the application of a basalt textile-reinforced sarooj mortar (TRM) on one face of the walls. Bending tests of masonry wall samples (1000 mm width, 2000 mm height, and 350 mm depth) were carried out on one unreinforced specimen and three different cases of reinforced specimens. The performance of unreinforced and reinforced specimens was analyzed and compared. The strengthened specimens were able to resist moments of out-of-plane bending 2.5 to 3 times greater than those of unreinforced specimen (160–233% increase). Moreover, the strengthened walls were able to sustain higher deformations (deflections) than the unreinforced specimen ranging from 20 to 130%. The results showed that using TRM was effective for the out-of-plane strengthening of stone masonry using a local material (sarooj) that is compatible with existing stone masonry building materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel retrofitting intervention on the Hirka-i Serif Mosque (constructed in 1851), which has a significant importance for Muslims due to its historical relic preservation unit keeping the cloak of the Prophet Muhammad, was illustrated. For this purpose, first the seismic performance of the mosque was investigated through site investigations and structural analyses. A 3D finite element model of the Mosque was established, and the structural system was analyzed under the combined effects of the vertical loads and seismic actions. Additionally, the existing damages observed on the walls and vaults were investigated thoroughly. By taking the existing damages and the analyses results into consideration, a rehabilitation and seismic retrofit scheme was proposed and applied by making use of innovative materials. Throughout the study, recommendations of the guideline for earthquake risk management of historical structures in Turkey (2017) has been considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider some generalizations of BCK algebras such as for example RM, tRM, aRM (= BH) algebras and others. We investigate modal operators on such algebras. In particular, we show that the composition of two modal operators on an aRM algebra verifying the transitivity property is also a modal operator if and only if they commute. It is also proved that if two modal operators on an aRM algebra have the same image, then they coincide. Moreover, we introduce and study modal RM algebras. We define modal upper sets of RM algebras and we investigate some properties of these sets. We construct quotient modal RM algebras and we prove that if φ is a homomorphism of a modal RM algebra A onto a modal aRM algebra B, then A/Ker(φ) is isomorphic to B. Furthermore, we establish connections between deductive systems and congruences for modal RM algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes constitute a significant cause of degradation and damage for masonry heritages, such as churches, palaces, castles, and entirely historical centers. This work aims to investigate numerically the Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) system applied as coating- reinforcement to existing stone masonry walls. Indeed, despite the FRCM is, nowadays, one of the most widely adopted systems for the consolidation of masonry structures, the knowledge on its mechanical behavior is still incomplete. In this work, diagonal compression tests performed on reinforced stone masonry panels are simulated and interpreted by adopting a sophisticated numerical framework, based on the Lattice Discrete Particle Model (LDPM), which simulates, at the length scales of the masonry stones and coating mortar grains, the fracture and failure behavior of the quasi-brittle heterogeneous materials by modeling the interaction among irregular particles. Different assumptions on the FRCM features (bond behavior and thickness of the coating mortar, and the presence or not of the fiber grid therein the coating mortar) were investigated to better understand their effect. The computational effort of using that method was rewarded from the possibility of capturing the main aspects of the material heterogeneity on the fracture propagation and damage evolution in the reinforced masonry walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory mucosal immunization is an effective immunization strategy against tuberculosis (TB), and effective mucosal vaccines require adjuvants that can promote protective immunity without deleterious inflammation. Mucosal BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) is effective, but it causes a severe inflammatory response in the lung. A novel less cytotoxic mucosal vaccine AH-PB containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cell surface antigens Ag85A and HspX (AH), as well as polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) and bovine neutrophil β-defensin-5 (B5) adjuvants were prepared, with the overarching goal of protecting against TB. Then, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these vaccines via the intranasal route were evaluated in a mouse model. Results showed that intranasal AH-PB promoted tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) development in the lung, induced antigen-specific antibody response in airway, provided protection against Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), conferred better protection than parenteral BCG in the later stage of infection, and boosted the protective immunity generated by BCG in mice. Moreover, both B5 and Poly IC were indispensable for the protection generated by AH-PB. Furthermore, intranasal immunization with AH-B5 fusion vaccines also provided similar protection against M. bovis compared to AH-PB. Collectively, B5-based TB vaccine via the intranasal route is a promising immunization strategy against bovine TB, and this kind of immunization strategy may be applied to human TB vaccine development. These findings highlight the potential importance of B5 as a mucosal adjuvant used in TB vaccines or other respiratory disease vaccines.

Background: Vitamin D3 (VitD3) is known to have immunomodulatory functions, and VitD3 deficiency is associated with more severe asthma. Objective: We aimed to assess the immunoregulatory effects of VitD3 food supplementation on asthma manifestation, with particular focus on T cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Methods: Preschool children and adult asthmatic cohorts were analyzed in the context of VitD3 supplementation and serum levels. In a murine model of ovalbumin-induced asthma, effects of diet VitD3 sufficiency and deficiency on T cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells immune mechanisms were investigated. Results: We found less severe and better-controlled asthma phenotypes along with reduced need for steroid medication in preschool children and asthmatic adults with VitD3 supplementation. VitD3 serum levels correlated with B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) expression in blood peripheral mononuclear cells. VitD3-supplement–fed mice showed decreased asthmatic traits, with a decrease in IgE serum levels, reduced airway mucus, and increased IL-10 production by lung cells. Furthermore, we discovered an upregulation of effector T cells and Blimp-1+ lung tissue-resident memory T cells as well as induction of anti-inflammatory Blimp-1+ lung innate lymphoid cells producing IL-10. Conclusion: Supplementing VitD3 resulted in amelioration of clinical asthma manifestations in human studies as well as in experimental allergic asthma, indicating that VitD3 shifts proinflammatory immune responses to anti-inflammatory immune responses via upregulating Blimp-1 in lung innate lymphoid cells and tissue-resident memory cells.

Background: Though the outcome of high-grade B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL) has improved significantly in recent years, but the treatment related toxicity is still high. Objectives: To study the demographic characteristics, outcome, and toxicity of FAB/LMB 96 backbone in pediatric patients with B-NHL. Materials and methods: A retrospective single center review of records of all patients

Existing buildings are often in need of strengthening interventions, and several technical solutions have been recently developed for this purpose. Among them, the use of textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) composites has gained consensus as a technically viable and economically convenient option. Moreover, TRM has the potential to be employed as a reversible and sustainable strengthening technique for masonry buildings. In this context, the present paper aims to investigate the mechanical properties of TRM systems consisting of sustainable phases, such as lime-based matrices and natural fabrics produced by waiving fibers obtained from plants, such as Jute or Flax. This class composite system can be referred to as natural TRM and is denoted by the acronym NTRM. The present study moves from the geometric and mechanical characterisation of fibres and fabrics and, after having also investigated the properties of the mortar, it reports the results of tensile tests carried out on specimens of the NTRM systems under consideration, with the main aim of providing the empirical bases of the relationships between the geometric and physical properties of the constituents and the resulting mechanical response of the composite system. The obtained results show that the considered Flax-TRM system has an apparent composite behavior, as its response to tension is clearly characterised by the well-known three stages corresponding to the elastic response, the formation of cracks, and the reinforcement response up to rupture. Conversely, the Jute-TRM system needs to be further improved in terms of balance between the properties of the matrix and the internal reinforcement. Further studies will be devoted to this specific aspect and, more generally, to investigating the relationships between constituents' properties and the NTRM behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Biological antibodies targeting key cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-23 have revolutionized psoriasis outcome. However, the recurrence remains an urgent challenge to be addressed. Currently, most of the descriptions of skin T-cell characteristics in psoriasis are derived from lesional and non-lesional skin, and their characteristics in resolved lesions (clinically healed lesions) remain vague. In order to further elucidate the cellular mechanism of recurrence, we performed single-cell sequencing and multiplexed immunohistochemical staining of T-cell subsets in autologous resolved lesion (RL), on-site recurrent psoriatic lesion (PL), and adjacent normal-appearing skin (NS) of psoriasis. By comparing with PL and NS tissues, we identified three potential cellular candidates for recurrence in clinically healed lesions: IL-17A/F double producing T cells, unstable Tregs and quiescent TRMs. Our results provide research clues for elucidating the immunological recurrence mechanism of psoriasis, and further work is needed to deepen our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the scope of this study, the strengthening of reinforced concrete beams against to shear with different types of composite materials was investigated experimentally. A total of seventeen reinforced concrete beams, one with high shear strength and sixteen with low shear strength, were fabricated. The beam with high shear strength and one of the beams with low shear strength were chosen as reference beams. The remaining fifteen beam specimens were strengthened with textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). While light and heavy carbon mesh were used for strengthening with TRM, unidirectional carbon textile was used for strengthening with CFRP. Other experimental parameters were the spacing of strips, the number of layers (one or two) and the way of wrapping (strip or full). Simply supported beam specimens were tested under three-point loading. Beam specimens were compared in terms of failure mode, ultimate load capacity, ductility index and energy dissipation capacity.

Background Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) is an innovative strategy for the reduction of the seismic vulnerability of existing masonry buildings consisting in the application on the masonry surface, of a mortar coating with fiber-based grids or textiles embedded. The paper presents the calibration and application of a simplified modelling approach, based on multi-layered elements, for the simulation of existing masonry elements and structures strengthened through TRM. Methods The strengthened masonry is modelled by using 20-nodes brick elements formed by a stacking sequence of layers representing the different material components (the masonry, the mortar coating and the embedded reinforcement). The nonlinear behavior of the materials is considered and calibrated on the basis of experimental characterization tests on individual components available in the literature. The simplified assumption of perfect bond among layers is considered. Results Non-linear static analyses are performed on samples of increasing complexity: elementary panels, structural elements (piers and spandrels) and a pilot building. The results of some tests on TRM strengthened masonry, available in the literature, are considered to assess the model reliability in terms of capacity curves and collapse mode. The model is capable of detecting the typical failure mechanism of both unstrengthened and TRM strengthened masonry, namely the diagonal cracking, the in-plane bending and the out-of-plane bending and is able to detect the activation also of mixed failure modes, that often occur in actual configurations. Conclusions Given the coarse mesh size and the smear plasticization assumption, the model is not suitable for the rigorous reproduction of individual cracks but represents a good compromise between the goal to grasp the structural performances at the wide scale, including failure modes, and the analysis optimization.

Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) are a sub-population of memory T cells that reside in skin tissue. Recent studies have revealed potential role of Trm in the reoccurrence of psoriasis, as these cells tend to be profusely infiltrated in the lesions observed during psoriasis relapse. Trm can be classified into CD8+ Trm cells that are distributed mainly in the epidermis and CD4+ Trm cells in the dermis. CD8+ Trm is derived from circulating memory T cells and CD49a−CD8+ Trm takes a crucial role in psoriasis relapse. In contrast, CD4+ Trm may originate from exTh17 cells and exTreg cells emerging from the inflammatory process. Since IL-23 can activate Trm, neutralizing antibodies against IL-23 are suggested to be more effective in clinical treatment. This review will focus on Trm cells in psoriasis relapsed lesions to reveal their mechanisms in the pathogenesis, relapse and transformation of psoriasis.