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This article will explore some of the Qing Empire's primary adaptations, mainly pastoral and agricultural, to the arid environments of southern, eastern and northern Xinjiang - that is, the Tarim, Hami-Turfan and Zünghar basins respectively. It first examines the region's arid climate and its constraining implications for, first, agriculture as the empire's standard form of territorial incorporation in the south and east; and, second, pastoralism and agro-pastoralism in the north. These relations were not purely social, but were conditioned within both human and natural parameters. Xinjiang's general aridity informed Qing interactions with the territory's diverse peoples, which presented both cultural and ecological - that is, environmental - obstacles and opportunities.

Efficient design of trickle irrigation system depends on the shape and volume of wetted soil, which are affected by many factors. Among these factors are water application rate, soil profile type, initial soil moisture, and continuous or intermittent water application. The aim of this research is to study the effect of intermittent water application on the wetting pattern and soil moisture distribution for homogeneous and layered soils under trickle source. Thirty experiments were conducted to monitor the advance of the wetting front in the soil profiles. Measurements of soil moisture content were also made at selected locations to evaluate the moisture distribution in soil. A rectangular box with inside dimensions of 147 cm*90 cm*5 cm was used to build the soil profile. One of the faces of the box is transparent. Two different soils were used; a sandy loam and a silty clay loam. The soils were air dried, sieved, and packed inside the box in accordance with their apparent densities which have been measured in the field. Four types of soil profiles were built; the first was sandy loam soil, the second was silty clay loam soil, the third was (silty clay loam/ sandy loam) layered soil, and the fourth was (sandy loam/ silty clay loam) layered soil. Three water application rates were used for each soil profile. Three continuous or intermittent applications were used; continuous applications, equally intermittent applications (120 minutes ON with 120 minutes OFF), and different intermittent applications ([1]20 minutes ON with 240 minutes OFF). In addition, several cylindrical infiltration tests were conducted to describe some characteristics of each soil. Empirical relations to predict each of vertical (under trickle source) and horizontal (at soil surface) wetting front advance were found in this study. Empirical relations to predict the percentage of applied water volume in horizontal strips as a function of soil depth and in vertical strips as a function of horizontal distance from the trickle emitter were also found. The study showed that the wetted soil volume increases as either the water application rate increases, or the intermittent application ratio increases. Also, it showed that the ratio of horizontal advance to vertical advance of wetting front increases as either the water application rate increases, or the intermittent application ratio decreases. The study demonstrated that the accumulated ratio of water application volume at a certain soil depth from trickle source increases as the intermittent application ratio decreases. Also, it demonstrated that the accumulated ratio of water application volume at a certain horizontal distance from trickle source decreases as the intermittent application ratio decreases.

PurposeAccurate values for infiltration rate are important to reliably estimate heat losses from buildings. Infiltration rate is rarely measured directly, and instead is usually estimated using algorithms or data from fan pressurisation tests. However, there is growing evidence that the commonly used methods for estimating infiltration rate are inaccurate in UK dwellings. Furthermore, most prior research was conducted during the winter season or relies on single measurements in each dwelling. Infiltration rates also affect the likelihood and severity of summertime overheating. The purpose of this work is to measure infiltration rates in summer, to compare this to different infiltration estimation methods, and to quantify the differences.Design/methodology/approachFifteen whole house tracer gas tests were undertaken in the same test house during spring and summer to measure the whole building infiltration rate. Eleven infiltration estimation methods were used to predict infiltration rate, and these were compared to the measured values. Most, but not all, infiltration estimation methods relied on data from fan pressurisation (blower door) tests. A further four tracer gas tests were also done with trickle vents open to allow for comment on indoor air quality, but not compared to infiltration estimation methods.FindingsThe eleven estimation methods predicted infiltration rates between 64 and 208% higher than measured. The ASHRAE Enhanced derived infiltration rate (0.41 ach) was closest to the measured value of 0.25 ach, but still significantly different. The infiltration rate predicted by the “divide-by-20” rule of thumb, which is commonly used in the UK, was second furthest from the measured value at 0.73 ach. Indoor air quality is likely to be unsatisfactory in summer when windows are closed, even if trickle vents are open.Practical implicationsThe findings have implications for those using dynamic thermal modelling to predict summertime overheating who, in the absence of a directly measured value for infiltration rate (i.e. by tracer gas), currently commonly use infiltration estimation methods such as the “divide-by-20” rule. Therefore, infiltration may be overestimated resulting in overheating risk and indoor air quality being incorrectly predicted.Originality/valueDirect measurement of air infiltration rate is rare, especially multiple tests in a single home. Past measurements have invariably focused on the winter heating season. This work is original in that the tracer gas technique used to measure infiltration rate many times in a single dwelling during the summer. This work is also original in that it quantifies both the infiltration rate and its variability, and compares these to values produced by eleven infiltration estimation methods.

PurposeThis article critically synthesizes the literature on sustainable fashion, the movement behind it and plausible fashion adoption theories. Then, to build on those studies, developing a new theory about adopting sustainable fashion – mainly among millennials and Generation Z who are behind forwarding and adopting this fashion trend – is sought after.Design/methodology/approachThis is a theory-synthesized conceptual article that presents a literature-informed new theoretical structure pronouncing sustainable fashion adoption and its rise as a new luxury trend. That included explicating and unraveling the conceptual foundations and construction elements that different viewpoints use to articulate the trend under investigation and the searches for a common basis to construct a new and improved conceptual framework.FindingsThis study introduces the triple-trickle theory that incorporates the role of media and technology to organize and understand the diffusion of sustainable fashion and identify paths for future trickle-effects on fashion research.Research limitations/implicationsEven though this has the benefit of offering a vast array of views and evidence that offers an adequate problem inspection, further studies providing empirical evidence are needed to establish the external validity of the theory derived from this research.Practical implicationsThis theory can be applied to develop targeted practices to understand the diffusion and adoption of sustainable fashion and further practitioners’ understanding of product positioning, target marketing, marketing strategy and luxury opportunities in general.Originality/valueThough interest in sustainable fashion has increased among consumers, no theory or model exists to explain its adoption. Therefore, the triple-trickle theory is proposed and aimed to be a more relevant framework to offer a theoretical premise for future empirical investigations of sustainable fashion adoption.

As an important form of reactors for gas/liquid/solid catalytic reaction, trickle bed reactors (TBRs) are widely applied in petroleum industry, biochemical, fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries because of their flexibility, simplicity of operation and high throughput. However, TBRs also show inefficient production and hot pots caused by non-uniform fluid distribution and incomplete wetting of the catalyst, which limit their further application in chemical industry. Also, process intensification in TBRs is necessary as the decrease in quality of processed crude oil, caused by increased exploitation depths, and more restrictive environmental regulations and emission standards for industry, caused by increased environment protection consciousness. In recent years, lots of strategies for process intensification in TBRs have been proposed to improve reaction performance to meet the current and future demands of chemical industry from the environmental and economic perspective. This article summarizes the recent progress in techniques for intensifying gas/liquid/solid reaction in TBRs and application of intensified TBRs in petroleum industry.

The efficient message routing is highly challenging in terms of low power and lossy networks (loT) for transmission of data with overhead and delay. The protocols used for routing need to be designed such that they should be working efficiently. Efficiency in calculated in terms of energy and delivery of packets. RPL protocol is also designed with the aim of making these two parameters efficient. Even then it contains drawbacks. Trickle algorithm is designed with a goal to reduce the drawbacks in RPL. Trickle algorithm is used in RPL protocols for creation of routes between nodes in the network with different intervals. Unfortunately, there exists some more downsides for the trickle algorithm, which made design of several algorithms inorder to analyse different drawbacks. In this paper, on analysing different types of trickle algorithms and locating the drawback in every algorithm, a novel algorithm is designed which helps in reduction of the drawbacks that are found. The description of this algorithm along with the simulation results done using Cooja 3.0 simulator is also discussed in this paper. The Simulation of the algorithm that is newly designed is done by assuming a network with different count of nodes and comparing the results with the previously introduced Trickle algorithms.

Reducing the water loss sources, i.e. soil evaporation and weeds presence, is an essential act for keeping well soil moisture to crop growth, especially under drought conditions. Therefore, two–yea...

Consideration is given to the possibility of the control of the structure of the trickle flow by using flat-plate jet nozzles for the elliptic shape of the surface of the spray zone. This research paper gives consideration to the data of experimental investigations of the water-air dispersed water during the internal mixture formation in the flat-plate nozzle as applied to the cooling of the ingot between the rollers in continuous steel casting machines. In this case, the water flow rate per nozzle and the water concentration can be reduced ten times. As a result, the ingot cooling intensity is reduced and the probability of the crack nucleation on the ingot surface is decreased. This research paper gives also the data of the experimental research carried out for a more efficient use of flat-plate nozzles when cooling the casting roller before its polishing and when heating it before charging the mill stand. It was shown that the intercrossing of trickle flows produced by two flat-plate jet nozzles arranged at an angle relative to each other results in the four-time increase in the spray zone surface area and the surface spray density is reduced two times. The analogous problem was solved using the kinetic energy of the disintegrating water film and the drops after these leave the flat-plate nozzle for the additional splitting when passing through the metal gauze. It turned out that the spray zone was increased threefold and the surface spray density was decreased two times. The trickle flow structure control options in question with the use of flat-plate nozzles contribute to the improved quality of the ingots, decreased water consumption, reduced number of the nozzles and their simplified arrangement on the collectors.

The computational fluid dynamics techniques keep a paramount role by evaluating a reactor performance. The transitory performance of a Trickle bed reactor is readily monitored from its three phase’s flow conditions. This research review study corresponds towards the formation of boundaries in this Trickle bed reactors system to designate its comprehensive methodology with an optimized solution. The main paramount significance of computational fluid dynamics techniques is to observe the validity and an effective significance of the experimental result. The catalyst bed is modelled with the help of dynamic and steady state models by introducing mass and energy conservation equations. The Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase modelling technique is designed for hydro-desulfurization (HDS) and hydro-dearomatization (HDA) chemical process change from interactive momentum models. The effect in bed porosity on the HDS reaction process is observed from interactive mass transfer with solid bed condition in Trickle bed reactor. The congregated results from computational fluid dynamics codes show that wetting efficiency increases with increase in both hydrogen sulphide concentration and HDS conversion. The conversion of HDS reaction decreases with increase in hydrogen disulphide (H2S) concentration at both partially wetted and wetted bed conditions. On the other hand, there is small decrease in HDS conversion from 72% to 63.75% at H2S volumetric concentration of 0 to 8%. These observations also indicate that computational fluid dynamics provides random accessibility of liquid flow in Trickle bed reactor. There results also reveal that there is periodic variation in saturated liquid phase. The regions which are close to its wall are less irrigated. These characteristics can be changed and have effect on the reactor performance. Hence, the present review study presents the unprecedented results with high accuracy.

A steady-state diffusion model comprising of diffusion and reaction in a catalyst pellet was used to study and understand the effect of the approximation of the catalyst effectiveness factor in the modeling of trickle bed reactors. The hydrogenation of alpha-methylstyrene was chosen as the case study reaction from literature for liquid-limited reaction conditions. The effectiveness factor values in this study were sensitive to reactor scale equations during the prediction of reactor performance. The approximation of accounting for the overall catalyst effectiveness factor in the reactor scale model equations from different models and solving the reactor scale model equations by different modeling approaches was assessed. It was observed that evaluating the overall effectiveness factor from pellet scale model equations and integrating the parameter in the reactor scale axial dispersion model at every local axial collocation point to simulate the reactor performance showed better agreement to the experimental data. This approach evaluates the effectiveness factor locally with the variation of the reactant concentration at different axial points across the reactor rather than using one value for the entire reactor. The approach of using a single effectiveness factor for the whole bed and using the effectiveness factor approximated as a fitted polynomial to the reactant concentrations did not properly predict the reactor performance.

Analysis and hydraulic calculations are directed to optimize a suitable design of low pressure gravity-fed water systems for greenhouses and smallholder farms. The experiment was conducted to analyze the impact of key design factors such as the required head (2, 3, 4 and 5 m), emitter spacing [(0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 m for in–line non-pressure compensated (INPC) emitters and 0.4, 0.7, 1.0 and 1.3 for on-line pressure compensated (OPC)], discharge capacity and emitter type (INPC and OPC) and their effect on the maximum lateral length (MLL) which was defined as the length with flow variation that is less than or equal to 5% in a low-pressure gravity fed trickle system. INPC emitters had the highest effect of the head on the maximum lateral length (MLL) at all emitter spacing under study. Spacing of 1.2 and 1.3 m for the INPC and OPC emitters, respectively, had the highest effect on the MLL. However, the lowest values of MML were 11.96 and 17.53 m, which were for 0.3 and 0.4 m spacing in INPC and OPC emitters, respectively. Also, the combine model of variables without their interactions has indicated that INPC emitters perform the highest MLL and the other variables in the model were significant. Such equations could be used to decide the MLL for a given spacing under the available head of the water supply system. In both NPC and INPC emitters, increasing the head level increased total tomato yield and there were significant decreasing in yield by increasing emitter spacing, where maximum yield was 43.6 ton/ha at 5 m head for INPC emitters and 44.4 ton /ha at 4 m head for OPC emitters with emitter spacing 0.3 and 0.4 m respectively.

Over the past several years GSK has been developing the capability to perform continuous hydrogenations within trickle bed reactors. Motivation to develop this technology stems from the ability of ...

Trickle irrigation is one and only of the water saving, progressive and advanced irrigation methods over gravity irrigation. In the point view of this, the research was lead to study the efficiency of Trickle irrigation over gravity irrigation in growth and yield of garlic in case Rabi & Kharif periods, wonka kebele, Ethiopia. The results indicated that trickle irrigation was well achieved greater over gravity irrigation method in terms of greater crop morphology, yield and quality of bulb. Trickle irrigation method documented maximum crop height (67.77 cm & 62.85), amount of leaves (10.25 & 8.00) and neck thickness (1.63 cm & 1.40 cm) in both Rabi and Kharif periods. The bulb equatorial and polar diameter, higher gross product in addition to marketable product achieved in trickle irrigation method. In trickle irrigation method, the gross product and marketable product improved by 12.54% and 22.63%, respectively in Rabi periods over gravity irrigation method and better water use productivity & as well saved 29.40% & 29.20% water for the period of Rabi & Kharif periods, respectively.

This article reviews Braithwaite’s recent work Crime as a Cascade Phenomenon and offers insights into its potential to transform criminological theory and practice. In his article Braithwaite argue...

Trickle is a scalable and robust flooding algorithm designed for low-power multihop wireless networks. It aims to reduce redundant packet transmissions and collisions while maintaining information consistency, and has been popular due to its simple yet efficient operation on most general topologies. However, Trickle fails to achieve reliability and low latency under certain, but not uncommon, scenarios. To tackle this problem, we propose A 2 -Trickle , a light-weight enhancement to the Trickle algorithm that guarantees rapid and reliable dissemination under any topology. A 2 -Trickle aligns the interval boundary at propagation times without synchronizing the global clock, and adapts to the network topology for nodes that could suffer from Trickle’s naive suppression mechanism. A 2 -Trickle is implemented on a real embedded device and is evaluated in various scenarios and topologies through both testbed experiments and simulations. The results reveal that A 2 -Trickle adapts to the network and enables faster and more energy-efficient dissemination while maintaining >99% reliability.

Article Saabunud / Received 28.08.2019 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 21.10.2019 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 21.10.2019 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Saad Enad Harfoush Aldulaimy e-mail: saad.harfoush@uoanbar.edu.iq This study aimed to determinate the impact of soil moisture depletion and surface drip irrigation style on some soil hydraulic properties such as infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, application efficiency, and water use efficiency for potato crop. A field experiment was carried out in a site located north east Ramadi, Iraq. The study consists of two factors: the first factor was two levels of moisture depletion percentages 25 and 50%, while the second factor includes two surface drip irrigation styles, which were traditional surface drip irrigation and partial drying surface drip irrigation. Consumptive use for potato plant reached 32.05 cm during the growing season. Results showed a significant influence for the treatments on application and water use efficiencies as well as on infiltration and soil hydraulic conductivity. The combination of the treatments partial drying drip irrigation style and 25% moisture depletion percentage can be recommended to achieve the best irrigation management for potato plant, which improve soil hydraulic properties and meet the best plant response in same time.

Trickle-down theories suggest that status symbols and fashion trends originate from the elites and move downward, but some high-end restaurants serve lowbrow food (e.g., potato chips, macaroni and cheese), and some high-status individuals wear downscale clothing (e.g., ripped jeans, duct-taped shoes). Why would high-status actors adopt items traditionally associated with low-status groups? Using a signaling perspective to explain this phenomenon, the authors suggest that elites sometimes adopt items associated with low-status groups as a costly signal to distinguish themselves from middle-status individuals. As a result, signals sometimes trickle round, moving directly from the lower to the upper class, before diffusing to the middle class. Furthermore, consistent with a signaling perspective, the presence of multiple signaling dimensions facilitates this effect, enabling the highs to mix and match high and low signals and differentiate themselves. These findings deepen the understanding of signaling dynamics, support a trickle-round theory of fashion, and shed light on alternative status symbols.

Biological methanation of renewable H2 and CO2 has been projected to have considerable potential in future energy systems by coupling power and gas energy infrastructures. A suitable technology to facilitate the biological methanation is the ex-situ trickle bed reactor in which a methanogenic biofilm produces CH4 from H2 and CO2. Biofilm irrigation constitutes a critical element for reactor control and has previously been shown to both enhance and decrease reactor performances. In this study, an improvement in the H2 conversion rate of 53% was demonstrated when increasing the interval between sprinklings from 1 to 7 days. The results demonstrate a minimal requirement for nutrient supply to support biological activity and underline that carrier irrigation not only impairs H2 conversion at short-term due to increases in the mass transfer resistance, but also induces longer-term effects on process performance. Three potential mechanisms underlying the physicochemical and biological effects imposed by carrier irrigation are discussed.

Unlike other micro-irrigation facilities like a drip, trickle, and sprinklers that emits water at regularly spaced intervals with predefined discharges, porous rubber pipes (soaker hose) has openings of variable sizes that become unevenly spaced with uneven distribution. The latter makes discharge to be variant along its lateral. Shorter sections are used under laboratory column experiments of soil wetting pattern studies and for this reason, laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the extent of emission rates variability on short sections of commercial Irrigation Soaker Hose, 16 mm diameter. Three sections of 10 cm length pipes were randomly selected from 15 no's cuts from different parts of the twenty meters length pipe bundle and used to investigate the extent of variability on emission rates characteristics under six different operating pressures. The result was achieved by collecting and measuring water emitted through the pipe sections at pre-determined pressures. The various discharges, coefficient of variation, and pressure-discharge curves of the section of the pipe then determined from the data. The result shows somewhat similar trends on the increase for water collected with an increase in pressures; however, when statistically compared, the discharges among the pipe sections vary. The values of Coefficient of Variation (CV) are less than 10 % as the values CV range from 0.92 % to 5.82 %, which is within a good category, according to ASAE Standard EP405.1 of 0-10%. The findings indicate that, despite variations among the investigated sections, it can use any part as a representative unit in the soil column experiments with reasonable accuracy.

From a Trickle to a Torrent: Education, Migration, and Social Change in a Himalayan Valley of Nepal by Geoff Childs and Namgyal Choedup is a must-read for anyone interested in the migration pattern...

Recently, the internet of things (IoT) has become an important concept which has changed the vision of the Internet with the appearance of IPv6 over low power and lossy networks (6LoWPAN). However, these 6LoWPANs have many drawbacks because of the use of many devices with limited resources; therefore, suitable protocols such as the Routing Protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) were developed, and one of RPL's main components is the trickle timer algorithm, used to control and maintain the routing traffic frequency caused by a set of control messages. However, the trickle timer suffered from the short-listen problem which was handled by adding the listen-only period mechanism. This addition increased the delay in propagating transmissions and resolving the inconsistency in the network. However, to solve this problem we proposed the history based consistency algorithm (HBC), which eliminates the listen-only period based on the consistency period of the network. The proposed algorithm showed very good results. We measured the performance of HBC trickle in terms of convergence time; which was mainly affected, the power consumption and the packet delivery ratio (PDR). We made a comparison between the original trickle timer, the E-Trickle, the optimized trickle and our HBC trickle algorithm. The PDR and the power consumption showed in some cases better results under the HBC trickle compared to other trickle timers and in other cases the results were very close to the original trickle indicating the efficiency of the proposed trickle in choosing optimal routes when sending messages.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an ubiquitous revolutionary technology, covering a set of domains in our daily life objects. IoT makes these objects autonomous with less or no intervention of human activity. A significant component of IoT is the resource constrained low power and lossy networks (LLNs), which use the IPv6 routing protocol over low power and lossy network (RPL) as its routing protocol. RPL has a fundamental component named trickle algorithm. It controls and maintains the routing traffic in the network. However, this algorithm has some shortcoming in terms of power consumption, overhead, and convergence time. To overcome these limitations, we propose in this paper the flexible trickle algorithm (FL-trickle) based on the transmission time and the intervals that specify the period of data delivery. The comparison of FL-trickle with a benchmarked model demonstrates that FL-trickle performs better in terms of convergence time, overhead, energy consumption, network lifetime and the PDR.

Correctly applied rock dust can dilute, inert, and mitigate the explosive potential of float coal dust. Trickle dusters are one element of a comprehensive system to help prevent coal dust explosions in underground coal mines. Trickle dusters supply rock dust to inert fine float coal dust in areas where it is commonly deposited, such as the longwall tailgate returns, return airways, pillaring areas, and downwind of belt transfers. Dust deposition studies show that the effectiveness of trickle dusters depends on several key factors. Using multiple orifices, rock dust should be released near the mine roof in the direction of the airflow in order to spread the cloud cross the entry. The rock duster should have a mechanism to break up rock dust agglomerates as they leave the rock duster. The particle size distribution of the limestone rock dust and its airborne concentration should be proportional to the airborne size distribution and concentration of coal dust passing by the trickle duster. Specifically, rock dusts having a greater proportion of

The process by which grassroots reconciliation activities facilitate change in individual conflict identities gravitating upwards to shape other levels of society is often under-explained. ...

Between the 1960s and 1980s the ruling of the far-left Military Junta and the subsequent economic and political crisis brought about the emigration of a large number of mainly middle- and upper-cla...

Using data from a three-wave, parent–child panel survey and Slater’s Reinforcing Spirals Model (RSM) as an analytical framework, three rival communication pathways to political socialization are te...

Two identical trickle-bed reactor setups were designed and operated under mesophilic conditions and atmospheric pressure, without pH control, for the biomethanation of syngas consisted of 45% H2, 25% CO2, 20% CO and 10% CH4. The reactors were inoculated with mixed methanogenic microbial consortia formerly adapted to the gaseous mixture. During the start-up of the reactors acetic acid accumulation in the liquid broth resulted in a pH decrease to levels unfavorable for methanogenic activity. This was corrected by introducing a strong phosphate buffer in the medium (K2HPO4/KH2PO4 : 87 mM/13 mM). Channeling phenomena observed across the trickle bed were eliminated by setting a high liquid recirculation rate (1600 l/lbed/d). The reactors were operated for 294 days presenting minor deviations between them at the 24 extracted steady states and high cell retention even at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.7 days. At a gas residence time of 2.31 h and a HRT of 5.5 days the achieved CH4 productivity was 2 mmol/lbed/h with 93% H2 and 90% CO conversion efficiency and a 78% electron yield to CH4. The conducted study verified that an enriched methanogenic microbial consortium can effectively convert syngas to CH4 in a trickle bed reactor under appropriate operational conditions.

The ROLL working group proposed the RPL (IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks) to respond to the requirements of low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). In this paper, we propose a new approach to assess the RPL performances based on its main components, namely, the objective function (OF) and the trickle algorithm. To this end, we compare between the RPL-EC (RPL based combined ETX and energy consumption) and the RPL-FL (RPL based on the flexible trickle algorithm). This paper compares the two implementations to assess the weight of each proposed improvement against the standard RPL. The results show that RPL performances are greatly influenced by the change of both the objective function and trickle algorithm. RPL-FL provides best values in terms of overhead, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and energy consumption, while RPL-EC acts better with the convergence time and the network lifetime compared to the standard RPL.

In this study fuzzy logic system was used for optimization parametric evaluation system in surface and trickle irrigations. This study was performed on a surface area of 5175 ha in fathali region located in Ardabil province of Iran. It was indicated that for trickle and surface irrigation respectively an area of about 2941.35 ha (56.77%) and 159.81 ha (3%) of the lands is “highly suitable” and an area of about 246.43 ha (4.7%) and 312.69 ha (6%) is “moderately suitable”. About 797.1 ha (15.4%) and 2744.17 ha (53.02%) were respectively “marginally suitable” for trickle and surface irrigations. “Currently not suitable” suitability included about 737.58 ha (14.2%) and 1746.05 ha (33.7%) and “Permanently not suitable” suitability matched 458.54 ha (8.86%) and 212.28 ha (4.1%) in the zone under study. According to the results, there is a major difference between the “highly suitable” lands obtained through the two methods and the area of “highly suitable” lands in the trickle method is about 18 times of the area of ‘highly suitable” obtained through the surface irrigation method. As a result, considering the gradual changes of soil parameters, fuzzy evaluation leads to more accuracy compared to the parametric non fuzzy method. By and large, it can be said that fuzzy method, shows higher qualities about the suitability of lands for trickle irrigation. Keywords: Surface irrigation, Evaluation of lands, Trickle irrigation, Optimization

Trickle bed reactors (TBRs) are widely used in chemical and oil industries. Owing to complex nature of flow in TBRs, measurements of local liquid holdup distribution are rather limited. While several non-invasive measurement techniques have been used to measure liquid distribution in TBRs, the applicability of Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) for quantitative measurement of liquid holdup distribution is not yet verified. In the present work, measurements of local liquid distribution in a laboratory-scale TBR are carried out using ERT for trickle to transition flow regimes. The time-averaged liquid holdup distributions measured using the ERT and BLC methods were compared using the liquid maldistribution factor to demonstrate the feasibility of the ERT to measure liquid holdup distribution. The effect of liquid-distributor configurations (semi-uniform, local and one-sided) was investigated on the radial liquid distribution at different axial locations of TBR. Further, the ability of ERT to measure time-resolved local liquid distribution was verified using multi-point conductivity sensors for artificially created pulsing flow. Also, the comparison of liquid pulse width with multi-point conductivity sensor measurements was carried out and of the dispersion of liquid pulse along the length of TBR was analyzed. The ERT measurements were performed to quantify the effects of gas and liquid flow rates, and particle size on the local liquid holdup. The void-scale flow structure measured by multi-point conductivity sensors was used to analyze the macroscopic (bed-scale) liquid holdup distribution measured by ERT. Thus, the comparison of ERT measurements with time-averaged BLC and time-resolved multi-point conductivity sensor measurements is important to establish the applicability of ERT for quantitative spatial and in particular the time-resolved measurements of liquid holdup in TBRs.

Accurate prediction of the local liquid volume fraction ( e L ) distribution, an important process parameter that governs the performance of Trickle Bed Reactors (TBRs), is still a challenge. In the present work, Eulerian multi-fluid simulations of local e L distribution were performed in a laboratory-scale pseudo-3D (rectangular) and cylindrical TBR and the predictions were compared with the Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) measurements of Singh et al. (2017). The effect of formulation of capillary pressure force ( F ‾ C ) was investigated and it was found that - P C ∇ e L definition of F ‾ C preserved the functional relation between the capillary pressure ( P C ) and e L , and that e L ∇ P C definition of F ‾ C reversed the same. Through the simulations performed for the pseudo-3D column, we showed that the alteration in the functional relation severely affects the ability of F ‾ C = e L ∇ P C definition to predict the effects of particle diameter, gas and liquid flow rates. It was elucidated that such an alteration underpredicts F ‾ C and could necessitate the inclusion of additional dispersion forces for particles with small diameters. F ‾ C implemented as - P C ∇ e L provided satisfactory predictions of the steady-state local e L distribution for the bed pre-wetted with the pseudo-Kan pre-wetting method. However, the P C model required an empirical correction ( [ ( d P / d thr ) ( e S ) 0.6 ] - 13.957 ) to predict the steady-state local e L distribution in the bed pre-wetted using the Levec method. While the modified F ‾ C predicted the time-averaged local e L distribution satisfactorily for different liquid flow rates and liquid distributor configurations, it was seen that further reduction in F ‾ C was required to predict the dynamic liquid spreading behavior under synthetically created pulsing flow conditions.

The concept of a trickle tower, using ordered bipolar electrode elements stacked in (10 to 80) similar layers of porous, 3D electrodes separated by insulating separator meshes is described and key features of electrochemical reactors based on the bipolar trickle tower reactor (BTTR) geometry are reviewed. Fluid flow, mass transfer, active area and bypass current are considered in detail, since they affect the reaction environment. Modified reactor designs have resulted from the process of electrode selection and tower construction. The performance of BTTRs is illustrated by examples from laboratory and industry, including electrosynthesis and environmental treatment. Experimental data are used to rationalise reaction environment and simulate performance. Operational factors such as electrolyte flow, mass transfer rates and volumetric electrode area are highlighted as important factors in achieving high efficiency; minimisation of internal bypass currents is critical. Developments have enabled improvements in reactor construction and a wider choice of electrode material. Future R & D needs are highlighted.

In India, 55-65% of the economy relies upon horticulture. With the unique Landforms, diverse barometrical conditions, and impromptu utilization of water assets, which causes the lack of water constrains us to think in a few manners. Best answer for this issue is a Trickle water system framework and Sprinkler water system which can likewise give the composts to crop. This procedure is called Fertigation. Fertigation permits us to apply the supplements in the perfect sum and consistently at wild root where the dynamic foundations of plants are available. Fertigation can possibly ensure that the best possible blend of water and supplements is out there at the premise zone, fulfilling the plants all out prerequisite of water and supplements. An intuitive PC meeting was produced for estimation of water system necessity, required measure of manures, and limit of compost tank in trickle framework, infusion length and infusion rates at various degrees of Fertigation. The fertilizers got mixed up in the tank and applied to the crop without involvement of farmer in the proportion required. The perfect combination of water and supplements is the key for higher returns and the quality.

This document describes "Trickle ICE", an extension to the Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) protocol that enables ICE agents to begin connectivity checks while they are still gathering candidates, by incrementally exchanging candidates over time instead of all at once. This method can considerably accelerate the process of establishing a communication session.