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This article addresses the concept of disability by covering the multiple dimensions and coordinates that intersect the phenomenon from a perspective that makes it possible to describe, analyse and understand the complexity of what is entwined in the term disability. It aims to present a theoretical-conceptual distinction with heuristic, analytical and explanatory capacity based on the triad of condition, situation and position of disability. To this end, a study was carried out in order to deploy relevant conceptual mediations that provide solidity and density to each notion and its articulations. From the results, the condition of disability is related to the material and symbolic state of the very personal and non-transferable experience in the biographical trajectories and the imprints of subjectivation. The situation of disability refers to the processes of disablement that emerge from face-to-face interactions in everyday life, from intersubjective experiences, from co-presence and co-inhabiting. Finally, the position of disability refers to the aspects and structural dynamics of long time that demarcate this position in the social field, in relation to the other historically constituted positions. The final reflections help to appreciate a reality in which the coordinates of the triad —like light, which is sometimes a wave and sometimes a particle— sometimes function as dimensions, sometimes as levels and sometimes as communicating vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family immigration-related separation is incredibly stressful; however, Latina/o/x separated families might engage in communal coping to help mitigate those stressors. Utilizing the extended theoretical model of communal coping, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 family triads (i.e. separated parent, separated child, primary caregiver) who were experiencing or had recently experienced immigration-related family separation. We explored cultural and structural elements associated with communally or individually coping, and we considered why family members, all of whom experienced separation stress, might cope differently. Among the different types of family members, gender norms were related to communally coping, relying on extended family for support, and protective buffering. Physical distance, as well as limited technology access and literacy also hindered communal coping. When exploring within-family-triad experiences, three themes were apparent: (a) one-sided communal coping, (b) protective buffering at the cost of one's own needs, and (c) communal coping impeded by relational strain. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering the multidimensional nature of a stressor (i.e. family separation) when determining whether people are communally coping; how cultural and structural elements relate to coping; and including multiple family members' perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of strategic behavior in organizations has long been recognized. However, so far the literature has primarily focused on leaders' strategic behavior, largely ignoring followers' strategic behavior. In this paper, we take a follower trait perspective on strategic follower behavior, specifically focusing on how followers' dark triad traits (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) influence their strategic behavior. We argue that dark triad–related strategic follower behavior is likely to have negative effects for fellow organizational members and the organization as a whole. We also present "red flag" behaviors that may signal followers' tendencies to engage in shady strategic behaviors, then put forward factors that may mitigate or increase the occurrence of shady strategic behaviors by followers scoring high on dark triad traits, focusing especially on follower attributes and specifics of the organizational context. Finally, we discuss if and how followers' dark triad traits could benefit the organization and highlight emerging issues in research on strategic follower behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Research suggests that physical, psychological, and/or sexual focussed Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is related to the dark triad (DT) traits of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism. This study extends these findings by considering the addition of everyday sadism into the four-dimension dark tetrad (DTET), testing the possibility that moral disengagement (MD) mediates the relationship between these variables. It was also examined whether the DTET provided incremental validity to the more general personality traits Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness (HEXACO) to predict IPV.Method: Males and females (N = 416) from the general population completed five questionnaires in an online survey (HEXACO-60, MMEA, PMDS, CTS2S, SD4).Results: A principal component factor-analysis found that sexual IPV did not load as an individual factor and distinct form of violence on the CTS2S scale so was excluded from this study. Four hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted, using the demographics, HEXACO and either the DTET traits or an overall DTET variable as predictor variables, and either physical or psychological IPV as the dependent variables. Only psychopathy predicted physical and psychological IPV; MD mediated the relationship between psychopathy and psychological IPV. Although the DTET added incremental validity over HEXACO to predict physical IPV, HEXACO low Agreeableness was the strongest predictor of psychological IPV.Conclusions: Those higher in psychopathy may show different offending trajectories for physical and psychological IPV dependent upon the use of MD processes. Despite the DTET adding incremental validity over the HEXACO dimensions, some HEXACO elements better explain the relationship between personality and psychological IPV than the DTET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how organizations collaborate with multiple partners, such as when they develop innovative and complex product platforms like smartphones, servers, and MRI machines that rely on technologies developed by organizations in three or more sectors. Research on multipartner alliances often treats them as a collection of independent dyads, neglecting the possibility of third-party influence and interference in dyads that can inhibit innovation. Using a multiple-case, inductive study of six groups, each composed of three organizations engaged in technology and product development in the computer industry, I examine the collaborative forms and processes that organizations use to innovate with multiple partners in groups. Groups that used the collaborative forms of independent parallel dyads or single unified triads generated mistrust and conflict that stemmed from expectations about third-party participation and overlapping roles and thus had low innovation performance and weaker ties. Other groups avoided these problems by using a dynamic collaboration process that I call “group cycling,” in which managers viewed their triad as a small group, decomposed innovative activities into a series of interlinked dyads between different pairs of partners, and managed third-party interests across time. By temporarily restricting participation to pairs, managers chose which ideas, technologies, and resources to incorporate from third parties into single dyads and ensured that the outputs of multiple dyads were combined into a broader innovative whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to examine the relationship between Dark triad, Loneliness, Social Interaction Anxiety and Moral Disengagement among social media users. The main objective of the study was to find out the mediating role of Social Emotional Loneliness and Social Interaction Anxiety between Dark Triad and Moral Disengagement. The sample was consisted of 350 university students (females 196, males 154) with age range 18-26 were taken from different universities of Multan. Research design of the study was correlation and survey method were employed. Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale SELSA-S. The Cyberbullying-specific Moral Disengagement Questionnaire (CBMDQ-15), The Dark Triad (SD3), Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) Questionnaires were used to measure the score of participants. Result of the study revealed that Dark Triad of personality traits Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy have significant positive relationship with Moral Disengagement. Moreover, the findings showed that Social Emotional Loneliness, and Social Interaction Anxiety have partial mediating impact on Dark Triad and Moral Disengagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with high dark triad tendencies are often found in leadership positions. Yet research is lacking on whether dark triad personality traits positively correlate with the height of leadership levels (no leadership position, low-level leaders, high-level leaders, head and founder of the company). To explore this relationship between the dark triad and these leadership levels, three studies (NGermany = 137; NHungary = 333; NBothCountries = 355) were conducted, to measure dark triad scores for each leadership level. The results reveal that people in higher leadership levels display both higher self-rated and subordinate-rated dark triad scores. Further research is needed to investigate whether this finding is replicable for more objective measures and longitudinal studies as well as cultural norms, which may discourage or support dark triad traits. As the organizations are an important factor in promoting ethic-oriented behavior in individuals, one practical implication could be increased focus on developing ethical behavior during the assessment and training of leadership positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with Catherine Malabou's reading of Heidegger's forgotten triad of change; indeed, in connection to her own notion of the 'plasticity of meaning'. The paper focuses on the emergence of meaning, on its figuration, and on the moment during which a new image of meaning comes to be seen. In light of this pursuit, the paper will attest to change and to the plasticity of meaning through different images; the first being the plasticity of reading; the second, the plasticity of metaphysics; and third, the plasticity of the 'motor scheme' – and especially that of writing. All these cases will be tied together through the notion of the fantastic; namely, through that which instantiates the figuration of meaning, its formation into an image and its visibility. After considering these plastic instances – and revealing some unimagined aspects of the fantastic, like the process of material-metaphoricity, I will relate the plasticity of meaning to the notion of childhood and to the ways through which this notion can be reconfigured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individual differences in personality, behavioural, and academic outcomes of gifted adolescents remain under‐explored. Aims: The present study directly compared selected and unselected adolescents on multiple measures of personality, behavioural strengths and difficulties, and achievement. Sample: Nine hundred seventy‐three adolescents selected for high performance in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematical (STEM) fields (M = 15.23; SD = 1.11), and one thousand two hundred sixty‐one unselected adolescents (M = 15.07; SD = 1.18) participated in the study. Methods: Participants completed self‐report measures that assess the Big Five, the Dark Triad, and Behavioural Strengths and Difficulties. Demographic information and academic achievement in Maths and Russian were also obtained. Results: The observed differences in personality and behaviour traits between selected and unselected samples were negligible as measured by ANOVAs. The selected sample had on average slightly lower scores on conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, and subclinical narcissism, partial Eta Squared (ES) = [.01 to.05]; slightly lower scores on prosocial behaviour; and slightly higher scores on internalizing and externalizing problems, ES = [.01 to.04]. The selected group also showed higher Year and Examination grades (ES =.05 and.23, respectively). However, MANOVA results showed larger differences between samples (ES =.15). Conclusion: Our results showed no pronounced differences between selected and unselected samples in any trait apart from examination performance. However, multivariate results suggest greater overall differences. These results suggest that high‐achieving individuals may be characterized by specific combinations of personality and behavioural traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the evolutionary dynamics of a dual social structure encompassing collaboration and conflict among corporate actors. We apply and advance structural balance theory to examine the formation of balanced and unbalanced dyadic and triadic structures, and to explore how these dynamics aggregate to shape the emergence of a global network. Our findings are threefold. First, we find that existing collaborative or conflictual relationships between two companies engender future relationships of the same type, but crowd out relationships of the different type. This results in (a) an increased likelihood of the formation of balanced (uniplex) relationships that combine multiple ties of either collaboration or conflict, and (b) a reduced likelihood of the formation of unbalanced (multiplex) relationships that combine collaboration and conflict between the same two firms. Second, we find that network formation is driven not by a pull toward balanced triads, but rather by a pull away from unbalanced triads. Third, we find that the observed micro-level dynamics of dyads and triads affect the structural segregation of the global network into two separate collaborative and conflictual segments of firms. Our empirical analyses used data on strategic partnerships and patent infringement and antitrust lawsuits in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals from 1996 to 2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the use of objects within mealtime practices of 12-14 months old children in two day-care centers in Brasilia. It aims at understanding the qualities of the triadic interactions of teacher-object-child. A research was conducted in order to favor such interactions during everyday school routine. Empirical data collection consisted in non-participant observation, video recording of mealtime episodes, written notes and photos. Microgenetic analyses focused on actions, dialogues and metacommunicative aspects which allowed the identification of the emergence of triadic relationships during mealtime. Special emphasis was drawn on a variety of engagements with food and eating utensils during the educational settings. Results suggest that objects, engagements, and ways of communication in the triadic relationships are related with actions, appropriation and understanding of the use of objects, mealtime actions and cultural practices. Conclusions reveal that important aspects related to meaning making during mealtime in early childhood education and show how the triadic engagement allow the emergence of canonical actions, and the role of the caregiver's leadership, as well as, the variegatedsemiotical dynamics into the triadic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present research profiled antisocial personality constructs in relation to tactical self-presentation behaviors and various beliefs associated with such tactical behavior.Method: An MTurk sample (N = 524; Mage  = 37.89; 61% female) completed indices of the Dark Triad (DT; narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy) and self-reported their use of various self-presentation tactics, their beliefs about the subjective logic for executing the tactics (which encompassed ratings of the tactics' utility, ease of execution, and normativity), and the potential for each tactic to arouse self-recrimination.Results: Results revealed high convergence between the DT constructs on a relatively malignant approach to self-presentation. DT constructs related to enhanced usage, enhanced subjective logic, and reduced self-recrimination ratings for all the tactics, except pro-social ones (exemplification and apologizing). Nonetheless, results also revealed some notable anticipated instances of nonconvergences between the DT constructs and tactic usage.Conclusions: The findings highlight that DT constructs function rather similarly at the level of self-presentation and suggest value in considering the DT constructs as indicative of strategic, subjectively logical image cultivation and defense behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Georg Simmel's thinking was concerned with the strict determination of the study object specific to social sciences in general, as well as sociology as science in particular. In this sense, sociology is understood as a new scientific method, whose sphere of application is universal, and can therefore be successfully applied to the vast majority of the human condition issues, being capable to build a common basis for a wide range of issues in different areas of research. Another major contribution brought by philosopher and sociologist Georg Simmel to the field of study of sociology concerns the relationship between the isolated individual, the dyad and the triad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Academic incivility is defined as behavior incongruent with the welfare of the classroom community and may take a number of forms and levels of intensity. This study seeks to determine the relationship between the Dark Triad personalities (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) and perceptions of appropriateness and frequency of academic incivilities. A sample of 519 university students indicated the degree to which each of 20 uncivil academic behaviors was perceived appropriate and how often students perceived those behaviors in the classroom. Factor analysis of the academic incivilities produced six factors: Low Class Engagement, Poor Class Presence, Student Retaliation, Cheating, Class Disruption, and Attempted Domination. Hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that Machiavellianism, and to a lesser extent, narcissism, predicted both perceptions that academic incivilities were appropriate and the frequency of observations of incivilities. Psychopathy had no relationship with either perceptions of appropriateness or frequency of observation. Highlights • Study assessed the relationship between the Dark Triad personalities and perceptions of academic incivilities. • Machiavellianism and narcissism are directly linked to the perception that academic incivilities are appropriate. • Machiavellianism and narcissism are directly linked to perceiving and labeling classroom behaviors as uncivil. • There is no linkage between uni-dimensional psychopathy and academic incivility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Extant empirical research, despite some theoretical descriptions, has consistently demonstrated that the Dark Triad is not related to general mental ability. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the Dark Triad of personality (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) and fluid intelligence. A sample of 128 Polish high school students (M age = 16.89 years; SD age = 0.31; 28.1% of the sample were boys) completed the Polish translation of the Short Dark Triad and the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. Hypotheses were tested using a structural equation model, which fit the data well. As predicted, we found that of the three Dark Triad traits, only Machiavellianism was significantly predicted by fluid intelligence. Our findings are discussed in light of previous research and theory. Highlights • Investigated the relationship between the Dark Triad and Fluid intelligence • Fluid intelligence significantly predicted Machiavellianism. • Fluid intelligence was not a significant predictor of narcissism or psychopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many past investigations of family members' perceptions of their relative influence in family decision making show a lack of convergence in multiple reports. This, in turn, represents a serious threat to validity in attempts to depict the structure of family decision influence. These studies warn against using single-item measures of family members' influence even in cases involving multiple respondents. In this study, using multiple-respondent, multiple-item data, the authors develop triadic measures of children's influence in tour categories of product purchase decisions that exhibit desirable levels of convergent and discriminant validity. The process of measure development and validation demonstrates a methodology that combines the traditional measure purification process, confirmatory factor analysis, and multiple-influence, multiple-rater data analysis procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the complex relationships involved in network structures, as well as the Markovian nature of information diffusion and the complexity of diffusion paths in social hotspots, we introduce and optimize a basic structure in social networks—the triad. A group behavior diffusion model is proposed based on the optimal triadic structure and factor graph. In addition to predicting individual participation behavior, the model forecasts group development trends of hotspots. First, considering the dynamics of social topic information diffusion, an information triad structure is proposed based on the traditional structure for analyzing the complex influencing factors. Second, in accordance with the Markovian nature of information diffusion, a group behavior diffusion model is proposed associated with the basic concepts and methods of random field theory. This model can not only capture the strengths of different influencing factors but also mine the dynamic patterns of topics. The experimental results reveal the efficiency of our model in both predicting individual participation behavior and perceiving group evolution trends in social hotspots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted three studies to examine the psychometric properties of the Serbian translations of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (Study 1, N  = 364) and the Short Dark Triad (Study 2, N  = 409), as well as their convergent and discriminant validity in relation to basic HEXACO personality traits and empathy (Study 3, N  = 443). The three-factor structure, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were confirmed for both instruments. The main correlates of the traits, from both instruments, were low Honesty-Humility and lack of affective empathy. Also, alpha coefficients for scale scores were satisfactory and scale information was good, with more precision in above-average levels of trait for some of the scales (e.g., psychopathy). Both instruments are recommended to be used in further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study used a triad judgment task to assess whether blocking by comparison type in a triad judgment task could lead people to pay less attention to surface-level (irrelevant) features and pay more attention to deep (structural) features of information. A sample of 313 participants recruited through Mechanical Turk participated in this study. On each triad, participants were asked to evaluate which of two source scenarios went best with the target scenario. Three types of triads were constructed with materials related to the ability to perceive ethical issues within the practice of psychology. One type of triad contrasted a scenario that was similar to the target in terms of surface-level features and a scenario that was similar in terms of deep features (similar surface-similar deep, SS/SD). A second triad type contrasted a scenario that was similar in terms of deep features with an unrelated scenario (similar deep-unrelated, SD/U). The third contrasted a scenario that was similar in terms of surface features with an unrelated scenario (similar surface-unrelated, SS/U). There were 10 triads of each type. We found that with all the blocking orders except two, participants reliably chose the SS scenario over the SD scenario for the SS/SD triads. However, participants who started out with the SD/U triads did not. The results provide evidence that people often have the ability to perceive the deep, but they are distracted by the surface-level features. The results also show that people can be oriented away from being distracted by the surface-level features so that they can see the deep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discuses socialization theory of triads by Talcott Parsons, focusing on developmental psychology, family sociology and family law. Topics include development of oedipus complex, psychoanalytic socialization of children and development and change in family forms related to structural family sociology.

The article discusses social concept of triads, focusing on oedipus complex, psychoanalysis and social psychology developed by Talcott Parsons. Topics include development of gender identity, social theory of nuclear family and heterosexual marriage of man and woman with absence of biological parenting.

The article discusses Georg Simmel sociological concept of Triads, focusing on the processes of mental and social development and socialization. Topics discussed include heterosexual families, parental gender roles on children development and social changes taking place in respect to change in family relations.

In two college-student samples from Australia ( N = 305) and Alabama ( N = 207), we examined how the Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) were correlated with individual differences in gender roles and whether gender roles can account for sex differences in the Dark Triad traits. In Study 1, the Dark Triad traits were associated with less femininity and more masculinity and sex differences in the traits were mediated by femininity only. In Study 2, psychopathy and Machiavellianism were associated with less femininity and narcissism and psychopathy were associated with more masculinity and we replicated the mediation for psychopathy and Machiavellianism. We discuss how the gender roles may be part of the coordinated systems of adaptations that comprise the Dark Triad traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption triangle is an inadequate model for understanding Indigenous adoptions. The triangle ignores the interests of extended family members and Indigenous communities and elides the role of the state in facilitating adoption. An alternative model, more akin to a star, better represents the complexity of Indigenous, and other, adoptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relational aggression has been linked to many forms of psychological maladjustment. Identifying the personality traits associated with the perpetration of relational aggression offers promise in improving our ability to understand, prevent, and treat relationally aggressive behaviors. Much of the research to date has utilized the Five Factor Model; however, the HEXACO model of personality (Ashton et al., 2004) may offer some advantages in studying aggression. Moreover, the manipulative and often covert nature of relational aggression suggests that the Dark Triad personality traits are likely to be relevant. This study explored the utility of the HEXACO model and Dark Triad in predicting relational aggression in college students' ( N = 442) peer relationships. Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness predicted proactive and reactive relational aggression, and Emotionality also predicted reactive relational aggression. Pathological narcissism and psychopathy predicted proactive and reactive relational aggression while taking respondent gender and the full HEXACO model into account, with vulnerable narcissism and psychopathy serving as positive predictors and grandiose narcissism serving as a negative predictor. Findings support the utility of both the HEXACO and Dark Triad models in understanding peer relational aggression among emerging adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have been showing growing interest in the relationship between personality and mate retentions behaviors. There is evidence that the Dark Triad of personality (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) may be associated with mate retention behavior in romantic relationships. Yet, most of the mentioned studies have been conducted in Western samples. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between the Dark Triad and mate retention behaviors in Iranian married individuals. Descriptive statistics and evaluation of sex differences suggested that Iranian men scored significantly higher on domains of mate retention. Women scored higher on narcissism. Correlational analyses indicated that Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy are positively correlated with Benefit-Provisioning, Cost-Inflicting, and overall mate retention. Therefore, individuals who score higher on the Dark Triad traits employ mate retention strategies to prevent dissolution of their marital relationships. The findings are clearly consistent with previous findings in Western cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the Dark Triad (DT), a term coined to describe three socially aversive personality traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy), has grown exponentially over the past years, in part due to the dissemination of two short, valid measures of the construct: the Short Dark Triad (SD3), and the Dirty Dozen (DD). The goal of this study is to report on the psychometric properties of a French adaptation of the SD3 (N = 405). Analyses include classical psychometric properties assessment, with a head-to-head comparison with the competing DD. The French SD3 showed good basic psychometric qualities. Factor structure was optimally represented by a bifactor model, as most items load both on their respective trait factor and on an overarching DT factor. There were significant, conceptually meaningful associations with measures of psychopathic traits, pathological narcissism, empathy, impulsivity, and social desirability. The SD3 showed incremental convergent validity over the DD for most variables, notably antisociality and impulsivity; however, the DD showed stronger positive association with pathological narcissism and stronger negative association with empathic concern. Overall, the French SD3 possesses sound psychometric properties, comparable with the original version. The relative merits of the SD3 and the DD for research and screening purposes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When humans perform tasks together, they may reach a higher performance in comparison to the best member of a group (i.e., a collective benefit). Earlier research showed that interindividual performance similarities predict collective benefits for several joint tasks. Yet, researchers did not test whether this is the case for joint visuospatial tasks. Also, researchers did not investigate whether dyads and triads reach a collective benefit when they are forbidden to exchange any information while performing a visuospatial task. In this study, participants performed a joint visual search task either alone, in dyads, or in triads, and were not allowed to exchange any information while doing the task. We found that dyads reached a collective benefit. Triads did outperform their best individual member and dyads—yet, they did not outperform the best dyad pairing within the triad. In addition, similarities in performance significantly predicted the collective benefit for dyads and triads. Furthermore, we find that the dyads’ and triads’ search performances closely match a simulated performance based on the individual search performances, which assumed that members of a group act independently. Overall, the present study supports the view that performance similarities predict collective benefits in joint tasks. Moreover, it provides a basis for future studies to investigate the benefits of exchanging information between co-actors in joint visual search tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The triad is a particular structure in which an ambivalent social relationship takes place. This work is focused on the search of behavioral regularities in the practice of motor games in triad, which is a little known field. For the detection of behavioral patterns not visible to the naked eye, we use Theme. A chasing games model was followed, with rules, and in two different structures (A↔B↔C↔A and A → B → C → A) on four class groups (two for each structure), for a total of 84, 12, and 13 year old secondary school students, 37 girls (44%) and 47 boys (56%). The aim was to examine if the players' behavior, in relation to the triad structure, matches with any ludic behavior patterns. An observational methodology was applied, with a nomothetic, punctual and multidimensional design. The intra and inter-evaluative correlation coefficients and the generalizability theory ensured the quality of the data. A mixed behavioral role system was used (four criteria and 15 categories), and the pattern detection software Theme was applied to detect temporal regularities in the order of event occurrences. The results show that time location of motor responses in triad games was not random. In the "maze" game we detected more complex ludic patterns than the "three fields" game, which might be explained by means of structural determinants such as circulation. This research points out the decisional complexity in motor games, and it confirms the differences among triads from the point of view of motor communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Multivariate procedures (e.g. structural equation modelling) are essential to personality psychology, but interpretive difficulties can arise when examining the relations between residualized variables (i.e. the residual content of a variable after its overlap with other variables has been statistically controlled for) and outcomes of interest. These issues have been the focus of recent debate within the research literature on the Dark Triad, which is a collection of interrelated but theoretically distinct personality constructs made up of narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. The present paper highlights previous work on the issue of partialling and also makes use of recent developments surrounding meta‐analytic structural equation modelling to reliably assess the impact of partialling on the empirical profiles of the Dark Triad components. The results show that numerous interpretive difficulties arise after partialling the overlap among the Dark Triad components, most notably for narcissism and Machiavellianism. The results are discussed in the context of contemporary Dark Triad research in addition to discussing the implications for structural equation modelling methods in personality psychology more generally. Recommendations are made for how future research can mitigate the interpretive difficulties that may arise from partialling. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite an increasing number of studies, there is still a lack of knowledge about the unique features that underlie the process in equine assisted social work (EASW). This study aimed to reveal, through qualitative methods, the dyads within the triad that become stronger during the process of EASW, as well as the effect of the participation of the horse on the relationship between the counselor and client. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with nine female self-harming clients aged 15-21 years and eight staff members. The interviews, together with video-recorded human-horse interactions with three staff members and four clients were analyzed, resulting in additional issues answered by these three staff members and four clients in a second interview. Critical dialogues between patterns and fragmentations in the narratives and video-recordings, as well as a dialogue with the participants while they were viewing videos of their own EASW sessions, led to the conclusion that adding a horse qualitatively changes therapeutic relationships in EASW. The different triads consist of different liaisons between actors in the triad, giving rise to unique combinations. The quality of the relationships depends on both the staff and the clients' attachment orientations. Further research is needed to investigate how the degree of emotional connection to the horse affects the impact that horses have on triads in EASW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triads examine the associations among three actors, involving, at a minimum, the analysis of two dyadic ties among three interrelated actors. By making apparent the indirect ties bearing on actors, the triad is the smallest unit of analysis for a network. Despite extensive conceptual and empirical work, little systematic attention is given to the triad in the marketing literature. This article reviews literature spanning multiple academic disciplines and makes three contributions. First, it provides an overview of the triad concept combining sociological insights with more recent work emerging in operations management and marketing. Second, the article identifies three distinct forms of triadic relationships in existing literature: (1) brokerage, focused on the action of the third between two others; (2) mediation, describing different mechanisms by which a dyadic relationship affects and is affected by a relationship with a third party; and (3) coalition, capturing the configuration and evolution of ties in the three-actor system as a whole. Finally, this article develops an initial research agenda for triadic marketing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial attitude orientation refers to an individual's attitude to start a new venture, such as innovativeness, risk-taking, need for achievement, self-confidence, and locus of control. These elements are known to predict entrepreneurial intention. While prior research about the influence of personality primary focus on the positive aspects, recently, the dark triad, a set of personality characteristics that includes Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy, has been found to predict personal and organizational achievement. Considering the new generation of entrepreneurs are more likely to be selfreliant and loyal toward themselves, it is proposed that the dark triad can mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial attitude orientation and entrepreneurial intention. Structural equation modeling is used to examine the hypotheses based on a sample of 295 college students in Taiwan. In addition to a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurial attitude orientation and entrepreneurial intention, the influence of the dark triad as a mediator was also found. Results suggest individuals high on the dark triad are more intended to engage in entrepreneurial activity, which advance our knowledge of the entrepreneurial decision-making process. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: GWAS discoveries on the X-chromosome are underrepresented in the literature primarily because the analytical tools that have been applied were originally designed for autosomal markers. Our objective here is to employ a new robust and flexible tool for chromosome-wide analysis of X-linked markers in complex traits. Orofacial clefts are good candidates for such analysis because of the consistently observed excess of females with cleft palate only (CPO) and excess of males with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P). Methods: Genotypes for 14,486 X-chromosome SNPs in 1,291 Asian and 1,118 European isolated cleft triads were available from a previously published GWAS. The R-package HAPLIN enables genome-wide–level analyses as well as statistical power simulations for a range of biologic scenarios. We analyzed isolated CL/P and isolated CPO for each ethnicity in HAPLIN, using a sliding-window approach to haplotype analysis and two different statistical models, with and without X-inactivation in females. Results: There was a larger number of associations in the Asian versus the European sample, and similar to previous reports that have analyzed the same GWAS dataset using different methods, we identified associations with EFNB1/PJA1 and DMD. In addition, new associations were detected with several other genes, among which KLHL4, TBX22, CPXCR1 and BCOR were noteworthy because of their roles in clefting syndromes. A few of the associations were only detected by one particular X-inactivation model, whereas a few others were only detected in one sex. Discussion/Conclusion: We found new support for the involvement of X-linked variants in isolated clefts. The associations were specific for ethnicity, sex and model parameterization, highlighting the need for flexible tools that are capable of detecting and estimating such effects. Further efforts are needed to verify and elucidate the potential roles of EFNB1/PJA1, KLHL4, TBX22, CPXCR1 and BCOR in isolated clefts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates whether self-esteem and entitlement moderate the relation between jealousy (cognitive, emotional, behavioral) and the Dark Triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy). To test this question, 453 participants (311 females, 140 males, 2 unidentified) between the ages of 17 to 81 years (M = 33.19, SD = 10.32) completed the Multidimensional Jealousy Scale, the Short-D3, the Psychological Entitlement Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The interaction of self-esteem and Machiavellianism has an effect on cognitive jealousy and emotional jealousy, and the interaction of selfesteem and narcissism has an effect on behavioral jealousy. The interaction of entitlement and narcissism has an effect on emotional jealousy and behavioral jealousy, and the interaction of entitlement and psychopathy has an effect on cognitive jealousy. These findings identify dimensions of the Dark Triad and other personality traits that influence the propensity to experience different types of jealousy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religiosity has been linked to low levels of antisocial personality traits. In the present study ( N = 661), we examined the relationship between various aspects of religious beliefs (general religiosity, intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation), empathy, and the Dark Triad. We found that both empathy and general religiosity were negatively associated with psychopathy and Machiavellianism, and that religious beliefs were positively associated with empathy. Further analyses revealed that empathy partially mediated the inverse relation between dark traits and religious beliefs. These results were discussed in the context of recently emerging concepts suggesting that empathic skills and mentalization are crucial factors for religion. The capability to attribute mind to another being (human or supernatural) is argued to be an essential condition for developing religious beliefs as people usually think of deities as intentional agents with their own mental states. Additionally, the results indicated that psychopathy and Machiavellianism were negatively associated with intrinsic orientation, whereas grandiose and vulnerable narcissism were positively associated with extrinsic orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In a sample ( N = 1969) drawn from six countries, we examined the relationships between individual differences in independent and interdependent self-construals and the Dark Triad traits (i.e., psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism). Overall, the Dark Traits were largely unrelated to interdependence whereas Machiavellianism and narcissism, in particular, were associated with stronger independent self-construals. Men scored higher than women did on the Dark Triad traits in all countries with some cross-cultural variance. Women were used both more independent and interdependent self-construals than men were but these were weak and driven by country-specific effects. Sex differences in the Dark Triad traits were partially accounted for by individual differences in self-construals, but these mediation effects were quite small and speculative given limited evidence for sex differences in self-construals in the six countries we sampled. Results are discussed in terms of differentiating the Dark Triad traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dark Triad has been proposed to comprise three lower-order facets: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Although multiple inventories have been developed for the Dark Triad, little consensus exists on the internal structure of these inventories. The current study investigated the multidimensional structure of the Dark Triad to provide evidence and recommendations on whether researchers should use a global, overall score representing the combined functioning of the three facets, or separate scores for each facet. We investigated this question through five competing confirmatory factor analysis models to better understand the internal structure of two commonly-used Dark Triad inventories. In both cases, results showed that a bifactor exploratory structural equation model (B-ESEM), which simultaneously estimates global and specific factors, provided evidence for the best model-data fit and evidence for criterion-related validity. These finding suggests that researchers may be better served to examine both the general and specific factors in future Dark Triad research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into dark personalities has advocated for the addition of sadism due to its close relationship with other dark traits (Book et al., 2016). Lower disgust for atavistic and animalistic tendencies may provide an objective marker of the greater predatory tendencies and desire for power represented by everyday sadism. In the present study, we explored self-reported personality and disgust traits underlying non-sexual ‘everyday’ sadism (Buckels, Jones, & Paulhus, 2013). In line with previous research, it was predicted sadism would be negatively correlated with the honesty-humility, agreeableness and emotionality dimensions of the HEXACO, and positively correlated with psychopathy and Machiavellianism from the Dark Triad. As an added dimension, the study also investigated disgust sensitivity's relationship to sadism. A total of 235 participants (66.4% female, 31.1% male; mean age 31.35 years (SD = 13.97 years)) completed an online survey comprising a series of psychometric measures. Results indicated that extraversion, psychopathy, Machiavellianism and animal reminder disgust were significant predictors of sadism scores. Future studies may want to include a measure of disgust sensitivity (including behavioural indices) to investigate its relationship with sadism and the DT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of performance enhancing drugs, also known as doping, can represent a serious threat to an athlete's psychological and physical health and contravenes the spirit of sport. Scholars identified attitudes towards doping as a crucial factor that indirectly influences doping behaviors. Further, prominent theoretical frameworks that are designed to explain why athletes dope state that personality traits shape doping attitudes. To date, however, scholars are yet to examine the relationship between attitudes towards doping and personality traits such as the Dark Triad. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the Dark Triad and doping attitudes among a sample of competitive athletes. Two hundred and eighty-five athletes completed a measure of the Dark Triad and attitudes towards doping. Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism all correlated positively with attitudes towards doping. Machiavellianism and psychopathy explained 29% of the variance in attitudes towards doping, whereas narcissism did not independently contribute to the variance in doping attitudes. These results reveal that athletes who score highly on the Dark Triad may be more likely to dope and therefore might need targeted anti-doping education and long-term monitoring to reduce their risk of taking banned substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on social exchange theory and a person-situation framework, we examined perceived organizational support as a moderator of the relationship between the Dark Triad personality traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy with specific types of counterproductive work behavior (i.e., sabotage, production deviance, withdrawal, theft, and abuse). Using a sample of 208 currently-employed online participants and structural equation modeling analyses we found that individuals scoring high on the Dark Triad traits reported engaging in some types of counterproductive work behavior less frequently when they perceived higher levels of organizational support. Our results support the person-situation interactionist model and suggest that individuals possessing higher levels of narcissism and psychopathy engage in certain types of counterproductive work behavior relatively less frequently when they perceive the organization as being supportive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown an association between both eveningness and Dark Triad (DT) traits and some personality characteristics. In this study, we assessed the relationship between morningness-eveningness and DT personality traits. The sample consisted of 1393 students (mean age 22.95; 616 men and 777 women). We aimed for a gender balanced sample. Correlation, comparison, and mediation analyses were carried out. Findings showed negative correlations between Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) scores and the DT composite, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Age was neither correlated with DT traits, nor with CSM scores. Men scored higher than women on all three DT traits and women were more morning-oriented than men. Besides, findings indicated eveningness mediating gender's effect on all DT components slightly - except for narcissism. This study shed light on a previously unassessed aspect of chronotype as mediator in the relationship between gender and DT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines anthropocentric ecological view of classical Confucian thinker Xunzi alongside the similarly anthropocentric ecological view of American essayist Wendell Berry. Topics discussed include Xunzi acting as a link in creating a mutually beneficial Triad with Earth and Heaven by exercising their unique abilities to govern the interactions of all, specific ethical practices are called as small-scale, sustainable and intensive agriculture and focus on human desires and needs.

Hypotheses regarding positive versus negative assortment, initial assortment versus convergence, and active assortment versus social homogamy were tested on a sample of 100 heterosexual dating couples using variable- and couple-centered approaches. A modest to moderate degree of positive assortment was found for all Dark Triad measures, the highest for Machiavellianism, followed by psychopathy and narcissism. Structural modeling also showed a moderate degree of positive assortment for men's and women's latent Dark Triad constructs. Results supported the initial assortment hypothesis, meaning that couples were already similar in the Dark Triad traits at the beginning of the relationship and did not converge over time. Additionally, similarity was not due to background variables such as age and education (i.e., social homogamy), thus supporting the active assortment hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important problems in complex networks is how to detect communities accurately. The main challenge lies in the fact that traditional definition about communities does not always capture the intrinsic features of communities. Motivated by the observation that communities in PPI networks tend to consist of an abundance of interacting triad motifs, we define a 2-club substructure with diameter 2 possessing triad-rich property to describe a community. Based on the triad-rich substructure, we design a DIV ision A lgorithm using our proposed edge N iche C entrality DIVANC to detect communities effectively in complex networks. We also extend DIVANC to detect overlapping communities by proposing a simple 2-hop overlapping strategy. To verify the effectiveness of triad-rich substructures, we compare DIVANC with existing algorithms on PPI networks, LFR synthetic networks and football networks. The experimental results show that DIVANC outperforms most other algorithms significantly and, in particular, can detect sparse communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that both Big Five and Dark Triad (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy) personality traits are related to traditional bullying and cyberbullying behaviors in adolescents as well as in adults. Increasingly, scholars call for sadism as an addition to the Dark Triad in the study of antisocial and delinquent behaviors. In the current study we analyze whether the Big Five, Dark Triad and sadism predict traditional bullying and cyberbullying. The sample consisted of 1568 participants (61.9% female), ranging in age from 16 to 21 years. Using hierarchical linear regression analyses, controlling for age and gender, it was found that agreeableness, Machiavellianism, psychopathy and sadism were significantly related to traditional bullying, and agreeableness and sadism were related to cyberbullying. Taken together, the results more firmly establish that sadism could be a predictor of antisocial behaviors, by establishing its relations with bullying and cyberbullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have investigated how the three Dark Triad constructs (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) relate to the Five-Factor Model (FFM) in order to understand the underlying traits and relationships of these constructs. The current study investigated the relationships between Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy with the FFM facets. The three Dark Triad (DT) constructs were strongly correlated with all facets of low agreeableness and with the neuroticism facet angry hostility. There was significant overlap in the relationships of psychopathy and Machiavellianism with the FFM facets overall. Additionally, the DT constructs were investigated in relation to three types of workplace behaviors (i.e., counterproductive, citizenship, and unethical), with results indicating strong relationships for all three DT constructs with counterproductive and unethical workplace behaviors. Overall, the findings suggest that the Machiavellianism measures used strongly correlate with psychopathy and therefore may not assess a unique construct. Future studies should continue to investigate how these constructs may be overlapping and/or how measures of Machiavellianism may not be adequately assessing the full construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]