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This article examines the cultural production of three transfronterizo children who daily, physically cross a U.S.–Mexico international bridge. Drawing on theories of identity, border inspections, literacy, and language, the findings reveal that transfronterizo children developed literacies of surveillance, or the acquired and produced language and literacy practices to move across the surveillance, inspectors, and border. Transfronterizo children strategically used their full linguistic repertories to legitimize their border crossing identities in the context of surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily mobility varies by gender and is likely related to contextual factors including the gender division of employment and family work, options for modes of transport, and support for work-family reconciliation. This paper compares travel time patterns of men and women using nationally representative time-diary data from Australia, the UK, Spain and Finland (n = 14,176). Despite similarities in men and women's total travel time within countries, results show substantial gender variation in the purpose of daily travel, the transport mode used, who is present, and the way parents in couple-headed households share travel with and for children in relative terms. The extent of the gender gaps vary cross-nationally in ways consistent with prevalent patterns in the gendered division of labour and social parenting norms, but relative gaps in child-serving travel were universal, attesting to the ubiquity of gendered mobility constraints in households with children. • Daily mobility varies cross-nationally by gender in purpose, mode and company. • Gendered mobility reflects national patterns of gendered division of labour. • Gendered mobility reflects national patterns of parenting norms and social trust. • Relative gender gaps in parents' travel with and for children are universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each year, thousands of children visit memorials and other heritage sites during family or school trips, yet heritage scholars possess little understanding of their experiences. Despite its absence from the scholarly literature, children’s exploratory play at war memorials recurs frequently in thepopularmedia. Extensive social media interest suggests that public sentiment, often emotional and vividly expressed, deserves study as a potential influence on children’s experiences at these and other dark heritage sites. This paper provides new insights of behavioral expectations for children at memorials, based on content analysis of 150 comments on a viral social media post picturing children playing on the Vietnam Women’s Memorial in Washington, DC. Conducting a stance analysis of comments, we considered commenters’ behavioral expectations, meanings they ascribed to memorials, and rationales for their intensely worded positions. Commenters shared several values: that memorials represented soldiers’ sacrifice, veterans’ service, general places for respect or to do what is right, or artistic value. Yet despite these shared rationales, many commenters expressed polarized opinions of children’s play at memorials. Commenters also referenced memorials and battlefields worldwide. This study provides greater understanding of the cultural context of children’s visits to memorials and other sites of painful heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Family travel receives growing attention from both the travel industry and academia, but they ignore a vital segment of the family holiday: nuclear families that travel with young children. This study investigated the motivations that drive this market segment to take vacations as a starting point to understand the travel behavior of family tourists, especially those with young and dependent children. By employing netnography, this study collected and analyzed 97 travel diaries from five travel blogs and one travel forum in 2015. Five motivation themes emerged, namely they are spending quality time with children, creating pleasant memories, learning and development, compensation for children, and self-compensation. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed and future research is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An introduction to the journal is presented wherein the editor discusses various articles published within the issue on topics including literature on the last-mile problem in freight transport, argument on children's and adults' journeys, and shared mobility using autonomous vehicles.

The journey to school in the morning and children's journeys in the afternoon can often constitute the first/last mile of their parents' daily travel patterns. The need to drop off and collect children has been shown to influence parent's travel mode choices in favour of car usage. Alternatively, promoting children's active and independent mobility, in particular decoupling children's and parental mobility, can help to mitigate the first and last mile problem. This paper focuses on children in urban neighbourhoods to reflect on the cultural differences and social norms for children's mobility. Promoting children's active and independent mobility requires consideration of culturally based parental attitudes and awareness of the value of children's mobility. This can precipitate several short- and long-term changes. Short-term effects can be achieved by decoupling parent's and children's travel, opening wider options for both and further establishing a virtuous cycle by reducing local traffic impacts. Longer-term changes include leveraging social and cultural components as part of the toolkit for creating social and physical environments oriented to pedestrianism and by creating mobility capital oriented to active travel, with children educating parents and growing into active adults themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's time and freedom for independent neighbourhood activity is severely declining, which may be adversely impacting their healthy development. This study integrates GPS activity monitoring and environmental analysis in a geographic information system with activity diaries, annotated maps, surveys, and map-enhanced interviews to conduct a deep pattern analysis of children's habitual neighbourhood behaviour (n = 23; aged 9-13 years) from each an urban and suburban school neighbourhood within London, Canada. Patterns in children's primary activities and settings, independent mobility (IM) levels, and perception and use of neighbourhood affordances are examined. Participants note a diverse range of local independent destinations, but habitually spend little time playing outdoors in neighbourhoods. Local activity related to free time available, perception of activity affordances, and license to travel independently. Social and environmental conditions of children's micro-neighbourhoods influenced independent destinations and domains. Neighbourhood planning should promote diversity of activity affordances and address conditions that support increased IM for youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines and problematizes complex relationships among war, the construction of “children,” and pursuit of national salvation and modernity in wartime China through case studies of children's traveling troupes. Children have received less attention than women and the masses in relation to modern Chinese literature and culture: wartime conceptions of children can contribute to rethinking ideas about orphan and refugee children's role in the national rescue movement during the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–1945). Influential reformer Tao Xingzhi's radical educational philosophy of “little teachers” liberated children's power and organized them for war propaganda. Shaped into a potent cultural symbol, self-administered children's troupes like the Xin'an Traveling Troupe and the Children's Drama Troupe demonstrated the politicization of Tao's slogan “Life is Education.” The children's “long march,” narratives of their travel experience, and amateur performances became a political means to educate themselves as responsible citizens and motivate the nation in wartime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children’s independent mobility (CIM), or a child’s freedom to explore their neighbourhood unsupervised, is important for their psychological development and potentially enables daily physical activity. However, the correlates of CIM remain under-studied particularly in terms of the influence of the neighbourhood environment. Within this context, children’s independent mobility in Toronto, Canada, was examined using linear regression and ordered logit models. Findings demonstrate that a higher level of CIM was correlated with more physical activity. Parental perceptions related to neighbourhood safety, stranger danger and sociability were associated with CIM. A child’s independent mobility was also correlated with age, sex, language spoken at home and parental travel attitudes. Interventions to increase CIM should focus on enhancing the neighbourhood social environment. Increasing the independent mobility of girls and of children with diverse ethno-cultural backgrounds are also worthy of particular research and policy attention. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background The International Society of Travel Medicine ( ISTM) Pediatric Interest Group ( PedIG) was created in 2010. We studied the group's professional characteristics and practice patterns to identify clinical areas requiring further training and research related to pediatric international travel. Methods PedIG members were emailed a two-part online questionnaire in September 2011, which comprised questions about professional and practice details, followed by a survey regarding decisions on nine patient scenarios that represent common pediatric pre-travel health challenges. Results Ninety-three (34%) of 273 members completed the survey. Most were physicians (80%) having a primary specialization in pediatrics (55%) and family medicine (19%). About a third (37%) had acquired the ISTM Certificate in Travel Health® ( CTH®); 14 and 11% chose not to provide malaria chemoprophylaxis for a 2-month-old infant and a 13-year-old child traveling to West Africa, respectively. Azithromycin for empiric treatment of travelers' diarrhea in a 2-year-old traveler to Thailand and Mexico was suggested by 74 and 58%, respectively, while the use of acetazolamide for a 2-month old infant traveling to a high-altitude destination was rarely (13%) chosen. In vaccine-focused scenarios, 71, 69, 21, and 10% would prescribe the meningococcal vaccine for a 6-month-old traveler to Burkina Faso, Japanese encephalitis vaccine to a 10-year-old traveler to Cambodia, hepatitis A vaccine to a 6-month-old traveler to El Salvador, and the typhoid vaccine to a 1-year-old traveler to India, respectively. Conclusions Members of the PedIG have diverse professional and practice backgrounds. Lack of awareness of established guidelines may place international pediatric travelers at risk for travel-associated morbidity. Strategies are needed to facilitate education and support research in pediatric travel medicine to formulate evidence-based guidelines wherever they are currently missing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inequalities in health-behaviors exist between regions of Europe, along a North West/South East axis. This study investigated whether prevalence of walking to school and associated psychosocial antecedents differed between these two European regions. Participants were 1,263 children aged 7-11 years, from five countries. Children from North West Europe (n = 641) and South East Europe (n = 622) completed a school travel questionnaire that measured demographics, school commuting mode, travel companion, feelings about their local area, and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables related to walking to school. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to investigate differences in TBP variables between children from the two regions of Europe. More children from South East Europe walked to school (70.8%) compared to those in the North West (47%). For the TPB variables, a significant multivariate main effect for region was found (Wilks' λ =.94, F (4, 1201)=20.55, pp. Inequalities in walking to school exist between European regions. Children from South East Europe walk to school more than their counterparts from the North West. However children from North West Europe display higher scores on TPB variables, suggesting that psychosocial constructs related to walking to school may not explain rates of engagement in this behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at identifying various ways to adapt and customize guiding according to the target group, to its age or location particularities. Adaptive guiding for children contributes to a better understanding and potential retention as they represent an important target group in tourism activity, in both family structure and considered individually. From the economic point of view, children can be considered potential consumers of tourism products and services, especially if these are provided in an attractive form. Adaptive guiding for children leads to creating customized tourist products which will allow a good knowledge and understanding of the tourist potential and of the region's sociocultural and economic heritage. This paper presents the research results of a tourist guiding activity for children in museums and the teaching experience in observing their behavior during planned travel experiences, organized under the supervision of a tourist guide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Children frequently travel internationally. Health-related data on such children are limited. We sought to investigate the demographics, health characteristics, and preventive interventions of outbound US international pediatric travelers. Methods We analyzed data from 32 099 travelers presenting for pre-travel healthcare at the Global TravEpiNet (GTEN), a national consortium of 19 travel clinics, from January 1, 2009 to June 6, 2012. Results A total of 3332 (10%) of all GTEN travelers were children (<18 years of age). These children traveled mostly for leisure (36%) or to visit friends or relatives (VFR) (36%). Most popular destination regions were Africa (41%), Southeast Asia (16%), Central America (16%), and the Caribbean (16%). Compared with children traveling for leisure, VFR children were more likely to present <14 days before departure for pre-travel consultation (44% vs 28%), intended to travel for 28 days or longer (70% vs 22%), and to travel to Africa (62% vs 32%). Nearly half of the pediatric travelers (46%) received at least 1 routine vaccine, and most (83%) received at least 1 travel-related vaccine. Parents or guardians of one third of the children (30%) refused at least 1 recommended travel-related vaccine. Most pediatric travelers visiting a malaria-endemic country (72%) received a prescription for malaria chemoprophylaxis. Conclusions Ten percent of travelers seeking pre-travel healthcare at GTEN sites are children. VFR-travel, pre-travel consultation close to time of departure, and refusal of recommended vaccines may place children at risk for travel-associated illness. Strategies to engage pediatric travelers in timely, pre-travel care and improve acceptance of pre-travel healthcare interventions are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper investigates the emergence of identity in discourse and changes therein are operating. Theory is based on the narrative perspective and based on it generates an analysis model of the stories of two Colombians who experienced forced displacement. As results is empirical evidence indicating that as you go through the speech, the identity of the subject changes as this is built on the basis of socio-cultural interactions in which the individual participates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associations between access to local destinations and children’s independent mobility (IM) were examined. In 2007, 10- to 12-year-olds (n = 1,480) and their parents (n = 1,314) completed a survey. Children marked on a map the destinations they walked or cycled to (n = 1,132), and the availability of local destinations was assessed using Geographic Information Systems. More independently mobile children traveled to local destinations than other children. The odds of IM more than halved in both boys and girls whose parents reported living on a busy road (boys, OR = 0.48; girls, OR = 0.36) and in boys who lived near shopping centers (OR = 0.18) or community services (OR = 0.25). Conversely, the odds of IM more than doubled in girls living in neighborhoods with well-connected low-traffic streets (OR = 2.32) and increased in boys with access to local recreational (OR = 1.67) and retail (OR = 1.42) destinations. Creating safe and accessible places and routes may facilitate children’s IM, partly by shaping parent’s and children’s feelings of safety while enhancing their confidence in the child’s ability to use active modes without an adult. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Children’s travel behaviour varies from that of adults in several ways: they have less choice about where they go and often they are not allowed to travel unescorted by an older person. The factors that influence children’s travel behaviour have changed in recent years, with the development of car-oriented lifestyles, increased numbers of mothers in employment and changes in attitudes towards children’s independent mobility. The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of children’s travel behaviour and its implications for their volumes of physical activity and so for their health. After considering the nature of children’s travel behaviour and the factors that influence it, the effects of children’s travel behaviour on their volumes of physical activity are discussed; then some measures being adopted in Britain to reverse the adverse trends are described. Conclusions are drawn in terms of the policy implications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Airplanes are widely used by families and their children and pediatricians are increasingly asked to answer questions on this subject. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of pediatricians in this field except for medical transportation. Pediatricians belonging to the AFPA, the SFP, the SNPEH, or the SP2A were emailed a questionnaire on the physiological particularities of airborne transportation, contraindications to flight related to diseases (infections, diabetes, sickle-cell anemia, respiratory diseases, etc.) and the possible medication intake on board. Among the 232 responders, 82.3% had an exclusive hospital practice and 65% were specialized in more than one area of medicine. Regarding contraindications to flying, the rate of correct answers varied from 14 to 84% with divided opinions regarding respiratory and hematological pathologies. However, contraindications related to infections were well known. Items related to oxygen therapy raised questions as 35–68% of pediatricians stated that they could not answer. On the whole, this work demonstrated very fragmented knowledge on this topic. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study addresses complex daily activity-travel routines of households with young children and their proper representation in a computational process model of travel demand using family skeletons expressed as family sequence patterns. Building on qualitative interview research findings, an a priori classification of family types is defined according to the distribution of care and work responsibilities in the household on a typical weekday. Enriched census data are examined to calculate the share of each family type in the region of Flanders in Belgium. Next, individual activity-travel sequence patterns are drawn for children and adults. Finally, these individual sequences are combined to family sequence patterns, yielding a concise representation of skeletal information in activity-travel patterns of household members and their interrelationships. This process is tested and the method offers a promising approach to both household activity-travel analysis and travel demand modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Using a series of conventional large-scale household travel surveys conducted in the Osaka metropolitan area of Japan in 1980, 1990 and 2000 this study examines the mechanisms underlying children’s activity and travel engagements and how these mechanisms have changed over time. The results from a structural equation model show that, in the last two decades, children’s trip patterns in the Osaka metropolitan area have become more efficient through greater trip chaining. At the same time, the results also show that boys have become less mobile and their non-school activities tend to be in fewer locations than those of girls. Further, Japanese boys are the ones who travelled by car more frequently than girls. Denser built environments, accessibility by rail transport, and a higher number of school trips have constantly reduced the amount of children’s private car trips in the last three decades. Moreover, private car availability did not significantly increase the amount of children trip chaining in any observed year. This finding goes against the commonly held belief that public transport is less suitable for trip chaining. This is presumably due to the travel environment created by the well developed transit networks and dense land use in the study area. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article provides information about the major travel attractions to be visited in France for the people who are traveling with children. It suggests for places in France including Notre-Dame climbing for Quasimodo view, three dimensional cinema, video work shops can be enjoyed with children at science museum Citée des Sciences et de I'Industre. It also mentions about Disneyland Paris which is the major family vacation destination.

Commercial automotive child restraint systems (CRSs) do not accommodate all children with special healthcare needs. This study developed an alternative harness for a commercial CRS to meet the needs of children for whom a five-point harness cannot be positioned over medically involved areas and/or children whose conditions require the harness belts to be threaded through medical devices. After initial design work and a series of frontal sled-impact tests, one of two prototype designs was chosen for fit testing on children with and without healthcare conditions. After a minor modification, additional sled-impact testing was conducted to determine compliance of the system to federal standards. The CRS with alternate harness provides good fit to children with a variety of healthcare needs and complies with all performance criteria of FMVSS 213, with the exception of peak forward head excursion using the Hybrid III 6-year-old crash-test dummy. It is expected that all performance criteria will be met using the newly-issued federal allowance to conduct CRS frontal-impact tests using an earlier version of the dummy. The new harness shows promise as a low-cost solution for achieving a safer level of transportation for children who may otherwise travel unrestrained or with a severely misused CRS harness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupant restraint systems are designed based on knowledge of crash dynamics and the application of proven occupant-protection principles. For ambulatory children or children who use wheelchairs but can transfer out of their wheelchair when traveling in motor vehicles, there is a range of child safety seats that comply with federal safety standards and that therefore offer high levels of crash protection. For children who remain seated in wheelchairs for travel, the use of wheelchairs and wheelchair tiedown and occupant restraint systems (WTORS) that comply with voluntary industry standards significantly enhances safety. Revisions to the initial versions of these standards will further improve safety for smaller children who travel seated in wheelchairs by requiring wheelchairs for children between 13 and 22 kg (18 and 50 lb) to provide a five-point, wheelchair-integrated crash-tested harness similar to that used in forward-facing child safety seats. While wheelchair and tiedown/restraint manufacturers, van modifiers, transportation personnel, clinicians, and others involved with children who use wheelchairs have clearly defined responsibilities relative to providing these children with safe transportation, parents and caregivers should be knowledgeable about best-practice in wheelchair transportation safety and should use this knowledge to advocate for the safest transportation possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transporting children with special health care needs (CSHCN) may be complex and require a multidisciplinary approach to improve a child's comfort and safety. This review (adapted from the resource manual of the National Center for the Safe Transportation of Children with Special Health Care Needs.) will discuss the basic principles of child passenger safety for CSHCN, including types of child occupant restraints, the use of child occupant restraint devices (CRD) for selected CHSCN, and how to locate or, if needed, develop programs to train child passenger safety technicians (CPST) to help with safe transportation of CSHCN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a research that examines the efficiency of imposing age-specific travel restrictions in controlling the spread of influenza pandemics globally. It is mentioned that the spread of influenza depends on age-dependent transmission dynamics and restriction of travel by children can help in controlling the spread. Also, it is observed that restricting the travel of children can delay the establishment of disease in other countries by few weeks.

Abstract: Understanding the thoughts of contemporary children about travel and their opinions on different transport modes of transport may provide important answers for policy-makers on how to respond to current and future transport needs of children. Obviously, children do not act autonomously and their travel behaviours also strongly influence their parents’ travel behaviours. Therefore, a better understanding of children’s travel behaviours seems necessary. This paper reports the results of a large-scale, self-reporting survey (N =2546) that was conducted to examine the concept and meaning of travel and travel behaviour of children aged between 10 and 13years in Flanders. It was found that children are able to complete a travel diary on their own, that their travel patterns differ and that the most important part of travelling for them is the social aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue addressed: The relationship between weight status and modes of travel to school and screen time of children is not clearly understood. This study aims to explore these relationships of Australian children aged 10-13 years. Method: Weight and height, modes of travel to school and screen time of 1,362 children were reported by their parents. The international standard age adjusted BMI (weight/height²) was used to classify children's weight status. Factors associated with overweight and obesity were determined by logistic regression modelling. Results: Twenty-one per cent of children were classified as overweight or obese and 36% went to school by car daily. Compared with children who were driven to school daily, children who walked to school daily were significantly less likely to be obese, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 0.20 (95%CI 0.16 to 0.74; p=0.05). Children whose screen time was more than two hours a day were also more likely to be obese (AOR 3.5, 95%CI 1.13 to 8.26; p=0.03) than those who spent less than one hour a day watching a screen. Conclusions: This study suggests that being driven to school daily and longer screen time are associated with children's obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Increased use of the car in the everyday transport of children can lead to environmental problems, and cause increased obesity and decreased independence among children. Using a structural equation model we investigate the influence of a range of background variables on mode choice for Norwegian children’s transport to school or leisure activities. Distance to school and children’s age were the most influential variables on children’s independent mobility, measured as an index. Objective descriptors of the traffic environment only explain independent mobility via parents’ safety experience. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Unlike school trips, the leisure activities of children and transport to these activities have received relatively little attention. Organized activities have increased and the immediate neighbourhood is not always the most appropriate or desirable area to play in or carry out various leisure activities. This paper presents findings from a nationwide survey in Norway that focus on children’s mobility. The results suggesting that a large proportion of children 6–12 years participate in organized leisure activities – sporting pursuits and music being the most popular and car is the main transport mode to these activities. The car share is higher than for school trips. The analysis indicates that children, particularly in these age groups, have parents with at least one car and who use the car for most purposes. Families who live in the larger cities have less access to a car than families living in other places, and this is reflected in the transport mode when children are escorted to leisure activities. Although distance to activities and children’s age are important for car-use, parents travel habits also have an impact on mode choice for these purposes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]