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Copyright of Antalya Bilim University Law Review is the property of Antalya International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Privado (00347922) is the property of Editorial Reus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the areas of regulation at national and European level, which has a great impact, is that of travel services. Having in view the increase of the population's mobility across the entire European Union for interests connected to work, business as well as for pleasure, the norms which regulate the travel services are of particular importance, but the travels for tourism have an even more special relevance for each person. On these grounds, the present paper analyses the development of the package travel contract according to the new national regulation harmonized with the European regulation in the matter, highlighting the aspect of novelty compared to the previous regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a comprehensive law, on October 1, 2013, the Chinese Tourism Law became official. There is an urgent necessity to comprehend correctly the system of dissolution, as a measure to balance the interests of two parties. A Tour Contract is one type of contract, so the dissolution of it in Tourism Law should be interpreted systematically with the system of dissolution in Chinese Contract Law. The general statutory dissolution of a tour contract should contain the provision of the Article 94 of Contract Law, and the special statutory dissolution should be understood on the basis of the specific provisions of Tourism Law. For the comprehension of the special statutory dissolution of tour contract, there are several concerns which this paper discusses. The Article 67 of Tourism Law has provided travelers the right of dissolution under force majeure and inevitable events, but it has not defined the right of dissolution unconditionally while other countries and regions grant it. Although the judicial practice has never approved it before, the Article 65 of Tourism Law should be interpreted that travelers have the right of dissolution in any situation considering the nature of the contract or the specific content of the contract. Furthermore, when we interpret the tour businessmen's tatutory dissolution, we should uphold the legislative purpose of Tourism Law and the travel features. Other than the wellrecognized one that tour operators can terminate the contract when the number of travelers does not reach the number that the contract states, there are still several factors that we need to pay special attention to. For example, we should consider the"infectious diseases" in combination with the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Treatment of Infection Diseases that the tour businessmen can just change the contract instead of dissolution if travelers fall ill at the beginning of their travel. We also need to consider other conditions such as carrying dangerous goods that are against public safety according to relevant laws and regulations, violating public morality leading to serious consequences and performing illegal activities according Chinese laws in foreign countries. In the end, when we talk about the legal effect of tour contract dissolution, we should take the same understanding of the unfulfilled cost in different Articles. The return fee is the silent cost generally assumed by travelers, while the time wasting compensation should be given in order to make up for the mental damage compensation loss for travelers when breaching the contracts. Travelers when exercising the right of dissolution unconditionally, the performance interest should be compensated with consideration of the law system and the extra- territorial legislation. The application of Tourism Law is just at the initial period, and faces an uncertain future. When we comprehend the dissolution of tour contracts, we should especially take notice of its relationship with Contract Law and the tour features themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China National Tourism Administration issued "The Notice of Regulating Foreign- related Tourism Business Contract on a Trial Basis" in March of 1990, asking for fully implementing contracts in foreign-related tourism businesses since 1991. The notice attached a draft of the contract model for travel agencies 'reference, indicating the establishment of a standard travel contract model in our country. It has been over twenty years since the contract model was put into use. This study intends to discuss the model's implementations and its existing problems, and tries to demonstrate the model's positioning and value from a legal perspective. This paper consists of four parts, including the legal positioning and value of the travel contract model, its structure, its status quo and problems, as well as conclusions and suggestions. The first part expounds that the travel contract model is an administrative guidance, denoting itsnon- obligatory, public right and fair nature. It has the legal value of efficiency, security and supplement. However, its negative effects cannot be ignored though it has been generally used by the travel agencies and tourists. The second part analyzes the structure of the travel contract model, which consists of general terms and negotiable terms. The general terms are fixed and drawn up in advance, reflecting the commonness of travel business. The negotiable terms are negotiated by the parties concerned based on the specific travel deals, reflecting the specific situations of the deal. Functionally the terms of the contract model can be classified into four modules including regulations for transaction parties, transaction contents, transaction implementation and assumed dispute settlement. The third part illustrates the current situations and problems of the travel contract model in its application. The travel contract model was made through multiple administrative levels from the state, provinces to the cities. It seems plenty and multiple on the surface, but is onefold and not authoritative enough in reality. The contract models from different administrative levels are used simultaneously, which is not only confusing but also unnecessary. Finally, the fourth part of the paper draws a conclusion and proposes some suggestions, including perfecting and enriching the variety and the contents of the travel contract models, unifying the contract models, and filing exemptions in the hope of promoting its usage and bringing it into full play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Articles 7-10 of the proposals for a new Package Travel Directive relate to changes to the holiday contract before the start of the package. In this article the author examines the new provisions, and identifies the differences between the existing provisions contained within the Package Travel, Package Holidays and Package Tours Regulations 1992 ('the PTR') and the proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the provision of information and content of the package travel contract in the Commission's proposal to be found in Articles 4-6; how they might differ to the current rules; and whether or not they will be effective in bringing the rules into the 'digital age'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

& International travel is an important part of the international service trade. In the 21st century, travel and tourism have become of greater importance in both people's lives and in economic growth. China currently receives the greatest number of tourists and its citizens represent the largest tourist group worldwide. However, such growth is also associated with a growth in international travel contract disputes in the Chinese travel industry. A scientific application of the rules that govern such disputes can be used to appropriately resolve international travel disputes, safeguard the legal rights and interests of tourists, and promote the long-term development of the tourism industry. As travel contracts in China are essentially nameless contracts and international travel involves international consumption, this paper first explores the existing laws that apply to international travel contracts. Laws governing international consumers include those that apply to international travel contracts & laws from tourists ' habitual residence apply to travel contracts; if a traveler chooses the applicable laws of the locality where the goods or services are provided or if an operator has no relevant business operations at the habitual residence of the tourists, then the laws of the locality where the provision of goods or services occur shall apply. However, if the applicable laws mentioned above are contrary to China ' s public interests or directly applicable laws exist for international tourism, we should make use of the laws in China. This paper then compares the various techniques of law making worldwide, and identifies the limits of the application of laws in China to fulfiil their purpose. As in other countries, China's laws aim to provide necessary protection to consumers. However, in China the application of consumer contract law is quite different than in other countries. For example, in China these laws place strong limitations on the doctrine of autonomy of wiil, disregard the principle of the most significant relationship, and only include the laws from tourists ' habitual residences in some legislation. This results in rigid connection points that do not always satisfy the demands of tourists. In addition, such connection points are hard to identify when tourists are frequently travelling to many destinations. Finally, some conclusions are presented, including that China should establish special rules on the application of laws on international travel contracts. The following points should be emphasized when establishing such rules. (1) Tourists are the pursuers of their touring rights; therefore, China should follow the doctrine of autonomy of wiil, and respect the personal choices of tourists. (2) The law at the habitual residence of tourists is the most important reference when deciding rules to govern the application of laws. When parties cannot agree on the applicable laws, we should exploit the positive value of the laws at the habitual residence of tourists. (3) The doctrine of the most significant relationship should be adopted in our international travel contracts legislation when necessary. The principle of the most significant relationship provides judges with the discretion to choose the applicable law, which could help) to offer a greater protection of tourists' rights. To avoid the abuse of the doctrine of autonomy of wiil and the principle of the most significant relationship, we should follow the principle of acting to protect the weaker party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the court case Titshall v Qwerty Travel wherein Great Britain's Court of Appeal has given a ruling that online travel agency Qwerty was liable for the proper performance of obligations under package travel contract. It looks at the implications of the case for travel agents relative to the Flight-Plus Air Travel Organisers' Licensing (ATOL) Reforms. It implicates the need for travel agents to provide comprehensive package information and clear advice to consumers.

Abstract: This paper reviews a number of themes that have played a crucial role in the debate on alternative contracting regimes for the provision of urban bus services. We have selected four crucial issues to reflect on: (i) contractual regimes (in particular competitive tendering as compared to negotiated performance-based contracts, as means to award the rights to provide service); (ii) contract completeness (focussing on ex ante and ex post elements); (iii) building trust through partnership; and (iv) tactical or system level planning for bus services. Experience in these areas suggests that competitive tendering has frequently not lived up to expectations and that negotiation is likely in many circumstances to deliver better value for money. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a number of reasons that are responsible for the disappointment of authorities in their operators’ efforts to develop public transport (PT) to the advantage of their travellers. The lessons drawn in this paper are based upon the competitive tendering experience of the authors and upon the results of meetings organised with parties involved in competitive tendering and aimed at exchanging lessons. There appears to be three main causes: (1) there is freedom for the operator, but the contract is bad; (2) there is freedom for the operator, there is a good contract, but there is no market; and (3) there is freedom for the operator, but the operator is not able to use it. The paper concludes with a few perspectives for improvement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Successful public transport service contracts can be judged against procedural and outcome criteria, located within an integrated strategic, tactical and operational level framework for planning and delivery. Clear goal setting at the strategic level sets the basis for supportive tactical system planning and for service delivery that meets goals. The workshop considers relevant success criteria and key matters that need to be resolved for their achievement. Market growth potential and the governmental attitude to supporting service growth are important issues shaping the contractual environment. The growing interest in negotiated performance-based contracts and the role of trust between the operator and the authority are also matters for particular attention. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Discusses liability issues related to travel agents. Mention of contractual disclaimers of liability; Issue of the so-called consent doctrine, which holds a travel agent free of liability for the tortious conduct of a third party; Parameters of damage claims; Regulation of travel agents; Miscellaneous United States federal rules.

This article deals with the problem of traffic assignment with a nonlinear travel-time function. The nonlinear travel-time function makes it possible to simulate congestion on urban streets. The optimal traffic assignment pattern is obtained by using a variational technique for a multicopy network problem with nonlinear travel-time functions and turn penalties. The distinguishing characteristic of this type of assignment using nonlinear travel-time-volume relations, is that as the number of vehicles on any path tends to increase, alternate paths tend to become more desirable and thus utilized by other vehicles.

The article focuses on the author's insights on vehicle rentals or car hire in the travel industry. He reveals his personal experience on what he would regard as unreasonable charges in vehicle rentals. He argues that travellers should not be asked to sign open ended contracts giving car hire companies an authority to charge unspecified amounts for repairs and that they should provide proof that such repair has been done. He supports his claims by stating several clauses derived from European Union's Unfair Contract Terms Directive. The author also highlights the need to offer a low basic rental fee in the car rental industry.

In this article three experienced veteran travel nurses share their advice on what to expect, how to prepare, and how to get the most out of travel nursing, both on and off the job. Seven suggestions are listed and explained here. Travel nurse should make the most of their free time. They must learn about the area before leaving for an assignment. They are suggested to read and understand the contract before signing it. Final checks should be performed before leaving. They should be informed about their benefits and health coverage.

The article presents a question and an answer related to tax planning by the tax payers. It includes, how an accountant can help a person to figure out the taxes. If a person work with accountant, his job will be to keep receipts for anything that's deductible, a copy of his travel contracts for the year. It is suggested, not to rely on the accountant completely. Person should be attentive about how much his company is paying him per mile for travel. If he is not being paid the standard mileage deduction, he can claim the difference at the end of the year.