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Although economic theory has for a long time focused exclusively on manufactured and human capital (since it was thought that natural capital was readily available), at a time of exponential growth of populations and rapid economic development, this role is being taken over by natural capital. The minimum (mandatory) prerequisite for sustainable growth nowadays is the conservation of natural capital. In no other area is the sharp clash between the goals of sustainable and economic development more evident than in the sphere of the depletion of non-renewable energy sources. The entire global expenditure of energy in the last four decades has more than doubled. Besides this, not only is global energy consumption growing from year to year, but, most alarmingly, rapid increases in energy consumption are predicted in the decades to come. Energy consumption in transport is experiencing the most growth and has almost trebled in the past forty years. Crude oil, as an energy source, is losing its primacy in all sectors except transport, which almost exclusively depends on this energy source. Despite some prognoses that technological progress and globalization can render meaningless the further development of cities, we are experiencing precisely the opposite process, the spatial aspect of this phenomenon being the most important. The agglomeration economies are not diminishing, but, on the contrary, encouraging spatial concentration. It is expected that the rapid process of urbanization will by the mid-21st century lead to two-thirds of the world’s population living in cities. In recent decades, more and more attention is being paid to urban transport. Total global mobility has been steadily rising as a result of the increase in living standards and level of motorization. The conducted theoretical analysis and literature review in this field show that there is a pronounced interdependence between the numerous determinants of energy consumption in urban transport. Iako je ekonomska teorija dugo bila fokusirana isključivo na stvoreni i ljudski kapital (jer se smatralo da je prirodni kapital dostupan u izobilju), danas, u doba eksponencijalno narastajućeg broja stanovnika i ubrzanog ekonomskog razvoja, tu ulogu očigledno preuzima prirodni kapital. Pri tome se kao minimalni (neophodan) uslov za postizanje održivog razvoja javlja očuvanje prirodnog kapitala. Ni u jednoj oblasti nije toliko evidentna oštra kolizija između ciljeva održivog i ekonomskog razvoja, kao u sferi iscrpljivanja neobnovljivih energetskih izvora. Ukupna svetska potrošnja energije se u protekle četiri decenije više nego duplirala. Pored toga, ne samo da svetska potrošnja energije raste iz godine u godinu, već su posebno zabrinjavajuće nagle stope rasta i prognoze potrošnje energije u decenijama koje slede. Potrošnja energije u saobraćaju raste po najvećoj stopi - u poslednje četiri decenije se skoro utrostručila. Nafta kao energetski izvor gubi na značaju u svim sektorima osim u saobraćaju, koji se skoro u potpunosti oslanja na ovaj izvor. Uprkos nekim prognozama da tehnološki progres i globalizacija mogu obesmisliti dalji razvoj gradova, dešava se upravo suprotan proces - prostorni aspekt je bitniji nego ikad. Aglomeracijske ekonomije ne samo da ne slabe, već sve više podstiču prostornu koncentraciju. Očekuje se da će zahuktali proces urbanizacije već do sredine ovog veka dovesti do toga da će dve trećine svetske populacije živeti u gradovima. Poslednjih decenija sve se više pažnje posvećuje problematici gradskog saobraćaja. Ukupna globalna mobilnost je u konstantnom porastu pod uticajem povećanja životnog standarda i stepena motorizacije. Sprovedena teorijska analiza i pregled literature iz ove oblasti pokazuju da između brojnih determinanti potrošnje energije u gradskom saobraćaju postoji izražena međuzavisnost. Empirijsko istraživanje sprovedeno u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji obuhvata širok spektar socio-ekonomskih, prostornih, saobraćajnih i infrastrukturnih faktora na uzorku od 27 svetskih gradova. Pomoću eksploratorne faktorske analize i analize panel podataka od 28 nezavisnih promenljivih identifikovane su četiri ključne determinante potrošnje energije u gradskom saobraćaju: 1) urbana gustina naseljenosti, 2) obim putničkih kilometara automobilom po stanovniku, 3) dužina gradskih puteva po stanovniku i 4) ukupan obim vozilo-kilometara JGS-om po stanovniku.

There is need for better understanding of how mobility management interventions work and how they affect the individuals’ modal choice decisions, as well as need for robust evaluation techniques allowing any behavioural changes to be observed. Changing individual’s behaviour is not a one-step process and any evaluation methodology should account for this. A new standardized expert evaluation resource MaxSUMO takes this step-wise process into account. MaxSUMO is based on a new theoretical behavioural change model MaxSEM which measures individuals’ stage positions (their susceptibility to change behaviour) and stage movement (progression towards actual behavioural change). This paper illustrates the use of MaxSUMO by the evaluation of the mobility campaign “I keep moving, even without my car” undertaken by the City of Ghent.

V diplomski nalogi je obravnavano področje prometne politike, skupne prometne politike Evropske unije ter prometne politike Republike Slovenije. V nalogi so predstavljeni najpomembnejši dokumenti evropske prometne politike: Bela knjiga - Evropska prometna politika za 2010: čas za odločitev, Zelena knjiga leta 2007 - Za novo kulturo mobilnosti v mestih, Bela knjiga leta 2011 - Načrt za enotni evropski prometni prostor ter Promet 2050: Ambiciozen načrt za večjo mobilnost in zmanjšanje emisij. Sledi podrobneje predstavljena Resolucija o prometni politiki Republike Slovenije iz leta 2006 pod naslovom Intermodalnost: čas za sinergijo in seznam kritik na ta dokument. V diplomski nalogi je obravnavan predlog prometne politike občine Tržič. Najprej je predstavljen obstoječi prometni sistem za leto 2011, ki vsebuje: cestno infrastrukturo, povezave javnega prevoza, kolesarske površine in pešpoti ter površine za mirujoči promet. Predstavljen je tudi prometni sistem prihodnosti za leto 2025, ki temelji na obstoječem prometnem sistemu in na osnovi tehničnih ukrepov in ukrepov prometne politike ter vizije. Obravnavanih je pet prometnih sistemov: motorni osebni promet (vključno tovorni promet), javni potniški promet, mirujoči promet, kolesarski promet in peš promet. Vsak prometni sistem vsebuje cilje, ki jih je potrebno uresničiti s podanimi tehničnimi ukrepi, ukrepi prometne politike in določeno število anketnih vprašanj ter načrte ukrepov. V načrtih ukrepov so opisane in prikazane rešitve vseh tehničnih ukrepov posameznega prometnega sistema. In this diploma thesis I have focused on transport policy, the common transport policy of the European Union as well as the transport policy of the Republic of Slovenia. In the thesis I have presented the most important documents of the European transport policy: White paper - European transport policy for 2010: time to decide, Green Paper - Towards a new culture for urban mobility, White paper - Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area as well as Transport 2050: Commission outlines ambitious plan to increase mobility and reduce emissions. In what follows I have in detail presented the Resolution on the transport policy of the Republic of Slovenia from the year 2006 with the title Intermodality: time for synergy as well as a list of critical views about this document. In this diploma thesis I have focused on the proposal of the transport policy in the Tržič municipality. Firstly, I have presented the existing transport system for the year 2011, which includes: road infrastructure, public transportation links, cycling areas and footways as well as stationary traffic areas. In what follows I have presented the future transport system for the year 2025, which is based on the existing transport system and technical measures as well as the transport policy measures and vision. I have discussed five transport systems: passenger vehicle traffic (including cargo traffic), public transport, stationary traffic, bicycle traffic and pedestrian traffic. Each of the transport systems includes objectives that can be implemented using given technical measures and the transport policy measure as well as a certain number of survey questions and measure plans. In the measure plans I have described and presented the solutions for all technical measures for each of the transport systems.

The paper aims to provide the basis for an estimation equation and will focus on the relation between transport emissions and air quality in an urban environment. This is directly related to the fact that most health impacts are related to local air quality levels. The aim of the paper is to create an understanding of the factors that play a role in the causal relation between transport emissions and health effects and provides approximations from existing studies that can be used to assess these health impacts and related costs. The paper focuses on the translation of air pollution levels into health impacts and health costs. The overall structure of the paper follows the two key steps and elaborates on the inherent challenges: (1) identify and measure the health effects of air pollution, and (2) to estimate the costs of the health effects. The paper is divided into four chapters: chapter one is introduction- outlining the goals and background to the project; chapter two gives impacts of air pollution from transport on health; chapter three presents valuation of health impacts- reviews the literature on how to value the impacts on health associated with air pollution; and chapter four gives guidelines for calculating the health effects of air pollution from traffic.

De dominante transportmodus is niet duurzaam. Toenemend individueel gemotoriseerd transport leidt tot congestie en emissies, die op hun beurt druk veroorzaken op het leefmilieu, de economische welvaart en de levenskwaliteit. Het terugschroeven van deze congestie- en emissie problematiek moet negatieve gevolgen als klimaatsverandering, luchtvervuiling en verliesuren tegengaan. Bovendien resulteert stijgend individueel wagengebruik in toenemende verkeersonveiligheid. Het ontwikkelen van duurzame transportalternatieven is daarom essentieel in de modale verschuiving en het tegengaan van het aantal verkeersongevallen. Deze paper richt zich op duurzame transportalternatieven vanuit een beleidsmatige invalshoek en hun mogelijk effect op de verkeersveiligheid. Een kwalitatieve studie gaat op zoek naar congestie reducerende strategieën in Nederland, Frankrijk, Duitsland en het Verenigd Koninkrijk en hun mogelijk relatie met ongevallen. Het overzicht van deze beleidsmaatregelen dient als indicatie om aanbevelingen voor het Vlaamse mobiliteitsbeleid te formuleren. De resultaten bespreken vier categorieën congestie reducerende strategieën in vier landen. Elke categorie beleidsmaatregelen oefent een effect op transportduurzaamheid en verkeersveiligheid uit. Beleidsmaatregelen die de verplaatsingsbehoefte reduceren hebben een heel duurzame impact op zowel transport als verkeersveiligheid. De Vlaamse overheid dient zich te richten op een concrete invulling van duurzame transportplanning en ruimtelijke ordening. Overigens dient ze alternatieven, zoals telewerken, te onderzoeken en aan te moedigen.

The aim of this thesis was to study determinants of a readiness for pro-environmental travel behavior in households. Four empirical studies were conducted examining reduction in car use (Study I), acceptability of transport policy measures (Study II and III), and behavioral adaptations in response to travel demand management (TDM) measures (Study IV). In Study I, the aim was to interrupt habitual car use by means of a deliberation intervention and to examine the importance of moral motivation (i.e., personal norm) for car use reduction. Results showed that, as a result of the intervention, car use was mainly reduced among car users with a strong car use habit and a strong moral motivation to reduce car use. The aim of Study II was to examine factors important for the acceptability of three TDM measures: raised tax on fossil fuel, improved public transport, and an information campaign. The results demonstrated the importance of general environmental beliefs (i.e., pro-environmental orientation, problem awareness, personal norm, and willingness to reduce car use) and policy specific beliefs (i.e., perceived impact on freedom to choose travel mode and own car use, perceived effectiveness, and perceived fairness) for the acceptability of the measures. Furthermore, personal norm was found to be particularly important for the acceptability of raised tax and the information campaign, whereas problem awareness was more important for the acceptability of improved public transport. Following up on Study II, the purpose of Study III was to examine the acceptability of single and combined transport policy measures, more specifically, raised tax on fossil fuel, improved public transport, subsidies of renewable fuel, a package of raised tax on fossil fuel and improved public transport, and a package of raised tax on fossil fuel and subsidies of renewable fuel. General environmental beliefs (i.e., pro-environmental orientation, problem awareness, personal norm, and willingness to act) and policy specific beliefs (i.e., perceived effectiveness and perceived fairness) were found to be important for the acceptability of the measures. Moreover, personal norm was particularly important for the acceptability of raised tax on fossil fuel and the packages, while problem awareness was more important for the acceptability of improved public transport and subsidies of renewable fuel. The aim of Study IV was to examine the behavioral adaptations, more specifically, the expected car use reduction, in response to three hypothetical TDM measures: raised tax on fossil fuel, improved public transport, and a package of raised tax on fossil fuel and improved public transport. Furthermore, factors important for the expected car use reduction were analyzed. Results showed that a combination of the measures was expected to lead to a larger car use reduction compared to the single measures, and the most commonly chosen reduction strategies were more efficient car use and changing travel mode. Moreover, internal motivational factors, such as personal norm, and the perceived personal impact of the measures were important for expected car use reduction in response to the measures.

In order to achieve to minimize car-based trips, transport planners have been particularly interested in understanding the factors that explain modal choices. In the transport modelling literature there has been an increasing awareness that socioeconomic attributes and quantitative variables are not sufficient to characterize travelers and forecast their travel behavior. Recent studies have also recognized that users’ social interactions and land use patterns influence travel behavior, especially when changes to transport systems are introduced, but links between international and Spanish perspectives are rarely deal. In this paper, factorial and path analyses through a Multiple-Indicator Multiple-Cause (MIMIC) model are used to understand and describe the relationship between the different psychological and environmental constructs with social influence and socioeconomic variables. The MIMIC model generates Latent Variables (LVs) to be incorporated sequentially into Discrete Choice Models (DCM) where the levels of service and cost attributes of travel modes are also included directly to measure the effect of the transport policies that have been introduced in Madrid during the last three years in the context of the economic crisis. The data used for this paper are collected from a two panel smartphone-based survey (n=255 and 190 same respondents, respectively) of Madrid.