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Transport networks, such as vasculature or river networks, provide key functions in organisms and the environment. They usually contain loops whose significance for the stability and robustness of the network is well documented. However, the dynamics of their formation is usually not considered. Such structures often grow in response to the gradient of an external field. During evolution, extending branches compete for the available flux of the field, which leads to effective repulsion between them and screening of the shorter ones. Yet, in remarkably diverse processes, from unstable fluid flows to the canal system of jellyfish, loops suddenly form near the breakthrough when the longest branch reaches the boundary of the system. We provide a physical explanation for this universal behavior. Using a 1D model, we explain that the appearance of effective attractive forces results from the field drop inside the leading finger as it approaches the outlet. Furthermore, we numerically study the interactions between two fingers, including screening in the system and its disappearance near the breakthrough. Finally, we perform simulations of the temporal evolution of the fingers to show how revival and attraction to the longest finger leads to dynamic loop formation. We compare the simulations to the experiments and find that the dynamics of the shorter finger are well reproduced. Our results demonstrate that reconnection is a prevalent phenomenon in systems driven by diffusive fluxes, occurring both when the ratio of the mobility inside the growing structure to the mobility outside is low and near the breakthrough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gravity model is a widely recognized tool for estimating the movement of people and goods. In this study, we introduce two gravitational variables, population size and regional GDP per capita (RGDPPC), to explain the characteristics of population movement between and within cities in South Korea. A log-linearized gravity model is employed to run regression analyses at three spatial levels: the national level (encompassing the entirety of South Korea), the metropolitan level (focusing on the Seoul and Busan Metropolitan Transportation Areas) and the city level (specifically in Seoul and Busan). The study incorporates data on various modes of transportation from 246 of the 250 municipalities in South Korea. Predictive performance of the model is better when utilizing national-level data. However, as spatial area decreases and population density increases, the models explanatory power decreases significantly when relying solely on data related to either population size or RGDPPC. The findings suggest that incorporation of both population size and RGDPPC into the gravity model best captures the dynamics of traffic flow within economically integrated regions. This relationship is analogous to gravitational fields generated by two distinct types of mass. Including both population size and RGDPPC, the gravity model can be leveraged effectively to estimate traffic patterns, particularly within regions characterized by high economic integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the context of smart cities, ensuring road safety is crucial due to increasing urbanization and the interconnected nature of contemporary urban environments. Leveraging innovative technologies is essential to mitigate risks and create safer communities. Thus, there is a compelling imperative to develop advanced solutions to enhance road safety within smart city frameworks. In this article, we introduce a comprehensive vehicle safety framework tailored specifically for smart cities in the realm of Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT). This framework seamlessly integrates a variety of sensors, including eye blink, ultrasonic, and alcohol sensors, to bolster road safety. The utilization of eye blink sensor serves to promptly detect potential hazards, alerting drivers through audible cues and thereby enhancing safety on smart city roads. Moreover, ultrasonic sensors provide real time information about surrounding vehicle speeds, thereby facilitating smoother traffic flow. To address concerns related to alcohol consumption and its potential impact on road safety, our framework incorporates a specialized sensor that effectively monitors the driver’s alcohol levels. In instances of high alcohol content, the system utilizes GPS and GSM technology to automatically adjust the vehicle’s speed while simultaneously notifying pertinent authorities for prompt intervention. Additionally, our proposed system optimizes inter-vehicle communication in smart cities by leveraging Li-Fi technology, enabling faster and more efficient data transmission via visible light communication (VLC). The integration of Li-Fi enhances connectivity among connected vehicles, contributing to a more cohesive and intelligent urban transportation network. Through the structured integration of AIoT technologies, our framework lays a robust foundation for a safer, smarter, and more sustainable future in smart city transportation. It offers significant advancements in road safety and establishes the groundwork for further enhancement in intelligent urban transportation networks.

In the context of smart cities, ensuring road safety is crucial due to increasing urbanization and the interconnected nature of contemporary urban environments. Leveraging innovative technologies is essential to mitigate risks and create safer communities. Thus, there is a compelling imperative to develop advanced solutions to enhance road safety within smart city frameworks. In this article, we introduce a comprehensive vehicle safety framework tailored specifically for smart cities in the realm of Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT). This framework seamlessly integrates a variety of sensors, including eye blink, ultrasonic, and alcohol sensors, to bolster road safety. The utilization of eye blink sensor serves to promptly detect potential hazards, alerting drivers through audible cues and thereby enhancing safety on smart city roads. Moreover, ultrasonic sensors provide real time information about surrounding vehicle speeds, thereby facilitating smoother traffic flow. To address concerns related to alcohol consumption and its potential impact on road safety, our framework incorporates a specialized sensor that effectively monitors the driver's alcohol levels. In instances of high alcohol content, the system utilizes GPS and GSM technology to automatically adjust the vehicle's speed while simultaneously notifying pertinent authorities for prompt intervention. Additionally, our proposed system optimizes inter-vehicle communication in smart cities by leveraging Li-Fi technology, enabling faster and more efficient data transmission via visible light communication (VLC). The integration of Li-Fi enhances connectivity among connected vehicles, contributing to a more cohesive and intelligent urban transportation network. Through the structured integration of AIoT technologies, our framework lays a robust foundation for a safer, smarter, and more sustainable future in smart city transportation. It offers significant advancements in road safety and establishes the groundwork for further enhancement in intelligent urban transportation networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bike sharing schemes can be used both to improve mobility around busy city routes but also to contribute to the fight against climate change. Optimization of the network in terms of station locations and routes is a focus for researchers, where usage can highlight the precise times at which bike availability is high in some areas and low in others. Locations for new stations are important for the expansion of the network, but spatio-temporal pattern analysis is required to accurately identify those locations. In other words, one cannot rely on spatial information nor temporal information in isolation, when making interpretations for the purpose of optimizing or expanding the network. In this research, a solution based on graph networks was developed to model activity in transport networks by exploiting properties and functions specific to graph databases. This generic approach adopts a broad series of analyses, comprising different levels of granularity and complexity, to enable better interpretation of network dynamics at a suitably granular level to help the optimization of transport networks. A large dataset provided by an electric bike company is used to address key research questions in both interpreting activity patterns and supporting network optimization.

In the last decades, the concern for infrastructure damage and collapse due to natural hazards has globally increased. Highways, railways, bridges, and tunnels, worldwide, have faced consistent damage or destruction from landslides and floods, exacerbated by the ongoing climate change and population growth. In Italy, significant examples of these events are the recent failures of the Polcevera and Magra bridges, impacting people and the local economy. Especially, after the Polcevera bridge collapse, the Italian government has considered the need for specific practices of bridge/viaduct risk assessment. In response to this requirement, governmental agencies have developed specific projects oriented to the development of specific guidelines. This work is part of one of these projects, entrusted specifically to the ReLuis consortium, aimed at contributing to the application and optimization of an experimental protocol for bridge/viaduct classification in natural-hazard related risk assessment perspective. In this context, this work describes the results of an initial-level analysis of the interaction condition of a slowmoving landslide with the “Villa Ilii” Viaduct located along the A24 highway at Colledara, in the Teramo Province. The analysis aims to evaluate landslide characteristics, including landslide anatomy and kinematics, and their potential impact, contributing to define and identify viaduct classification in landslide risk perspective. The study area is characterized by the presence of the Laga Formation, mainly represented by sandstones and marls, overlaid by sandy Quaternary deposits. In fact the formation of the Laga (Ricci Lucchi, 1975) represents the filling of one of the many foreland basins currently exposed in a wide area between southern Marche and northern Abruzzo, developed at the forefront of the Apennines during its migration eastward and northeastward, as a result of the collision between the European lithospheric plate and the Adriatic plate, a likely protrusion of the African continent.), Methods including existing data collection, field surveys, numerical chartography analysis, geophysical surveys and PS InSAR technique were used to reconstruct the geological setting of the slope affected by the landslide, its anatomy and kinematics. Especially, multiple field surveys and numerical cartography analysis revealed landslide extent over a surface of 78,000 m², geophysical survey indicated a landslide thickness of around 15 m, comparable with the thickness of Quaternary deposits, and SAR-interferometric data, processed by SUBSIDENCE software, indicated persistent slow movement typically accelerating in spring. These data are crucial for understanding the landslide’s potential impact on the “Villa Ilii” viaduct’s structural conditions, already exhibiting local deformation and cracking, similar to surrounding settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport network is the backbone of relief delivery operations during natural disasters such as typhoons. In this study, we constructed a transport network model connecting the cities and municipalities of the Visayas island group in the Philippines with their regional relief or food hubs. Using this model, we simulated relief delivery under various damage scenarios arising from the impact of a chosen typhoon. Using Typhoon Haiyan ("Yolanda") as an example, we measured the relief delivery efficiency of the transport network over a range of damage scenarios relative to the baseline undamaged case. We find that the Visayas transport network is sensitive to small damages, with 30 out of 251 town centers (12%) getting disconnected from the network and relief delivery efficiency dropping to 75%, resulting in time delays of up to 12 h, when just 1% of the nodes are damaged. Our results explain the difficulty of achieving timely relief delivery efforts in the aftermath of typhoons, especially in archipelagic geographies. We also present a prototype decision support tool that can efficiently generate simulations of multiple projected scenarios, including different typhoon paths and additional food hub locations, to help decision-makers forecast expected improvements in relief delivery efficiency. This tool underlines the importance of strategic prepositioning of relief goods and data-driven disaster risk reduction and management plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of the General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) in the mid-2000s provided a new data format for cities to organize and share digital information on their public transport systems. GTFS feeds store geolocated data on public transport networks, including information on routes, stops, timetables, and service levels. The GTFS standard is now widely adopted by thousands of transport authorities and a wide variety of software applications for different purposes, including trip planning, timetable creation and accessibility analysis. Yet, there is still a lack of tools to parse GTFS data when the objective is to analyze the complex spatial and temporal patterns of public transport systems. This paper presents {gtfs2gps}, a new general-purpose computational tool to easily process static GTFS data that allows one to analyze the space–time trajectories of public transport vehicles at fine spatial and temporal resolutions. {gtfs2gps} is an open-source R package that employs parallel computing to convert GTFS feeds from relational text files into a trajectory data table, similar to GPS records, with the timestamps of vehicles in every trip. This paper explains the package functionalities and demonstrates how {gtfs2gps} can be used to articulate key concepts in time geography to explore and visualize the spatial and temporal patterns of public transport networks. We also present a case study looking at how {gtfs2gps} can be used to examine socioeconomic and spatial–temporal inequalities in access to public transport, providing key information to monitor cities' progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals. The paper is accompanied by a computational notebook in R Markdown to support reproducibility of the results in this paper and to replicate the analysis for other contexts where GTFS data are available. Given the widespread use of GTFS, {gtfs2gps} opens new possibilities for researchers to examine the time geography of public transport systems in urban areas across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: Understanding the historical and contemporaneous drivers of invasion success in island systems can decisively contribute to identifying sources and pathways that are more likely to give rise to new invaders. Based on a floristic‐driven approach, we aimed at determining the origins of the invasive alien flora of the Canary Islands and shedding light in the mechanisms shaping their distribution within the archipelago. Location: Canary Islands. Taxon: Vascular plants. Methods: An updated checklist of the invasive alien flora of the Canary Islands was assembled along with complementary information related to the native biogeographical regions, stage of invasiveness and dates of naturalization. Statistical models were employed to describe differences in the number of species over space and time. We also used multivariate techniques to evaluate competing hypotheses related to the mechanisms driving invasive floristic composition within the archipelago. Results: We provided a list of 149 alien plant species with a certain degree of invasiveness. The greatest number of invasive species originated from the Neotropics followed by the Cape Region, tropical Africa and the Mediterranean Basin. We observed a slow but steady increase in numbers of invasive species until the 1950s, followed by a stronger rise thereafter. In order to explain composition dissimilarity of the invasive flora among islands, a climatic matching hypothesis was fully supported, with geographic isolation and contemporary human‐mediated connectivity hypotheses receiving less and null support respectively. Main Conclusions: We showed that the Neotropical region is the main source of plant invasions to the Canary Islands, outnumbering those from other regions with a Mediterranean‐type bioclimate. The assembly of the invasive flora within the archipelago appears to be driven primarily by climate, but with geographic distance also playing a role. This study calls for archipelago‐dependent assessments of the underlying mechanisms that contribute to plant invasion success within insular systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Railway lines, roadways, canals, and electricity cable networks pose serious problems to wildlife, fragmenting habitats worldwide. These infrastructures are well-recognized as linear intrusions. Today they represent a threat to wildlife, including to the mugger or marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris Lesson, 1831). The current study documents 15 crocodile–vehicle collisions (CVCs) recorded in 2 years (2021 and 2022); 11 were on roads, and 4 were on railway tracks. Sex was determined for eleven individuals (five males, six females) and four were of undeterminable sex due to crushing. A total of thirteen individuals were found dead at the various sites of collision, and two juvenile individuals were found injured and one of them was treated successfully and returned to the wild. The highest number of CVCs (nine) occurred in Central Gujarat, followed by three CVCs in Saurashtra, two in the Kutch region, and one in North Gujarat. Mitigation measures required for the collision situations in Gujarat are discussed. A literature survey showed that a total of 75 CVCs were recorded within the last 18 years due to the state's road (n= 51, 68%) and railway (n= 24, 32%) networks, with the highest number of CVCs (56) observed in Central Gujarat and the lowest numbers of CVCs noted in North Gujarat (2) and South Gujarat (no CVCs). There was a high number of subadult and juvenile mugger CVC victims. The CVC site location in the different regions of Gujarat state positively corresponds to crocodile populations. However, the mugger crocodile (C. palustris) is nationally protected under the Indian Wildlife Act as a Schedule I species, and the IUCN criteria is ‘Vulnerable’ and it is an Appendix 1 (CITES) species; therefore, conservation measures are required. CVC incidences were recorded widely in the entire species distribution range, from Iran, India, and Sri Lanka, and can be considered as an emerging threat to mugger crocodiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research provides examples of the impacts of flash floods of March 2022 rainstorm event on the Atacama Desert infrastructures investigated by means of InSAR coherence and in situ observations. The erosional processes associated with flash floods and the downstream distance they can travel are poorly known, preventing any mitigation strategy. Thus, a better understanding of sediment mobilization during high-intensity rainstorm events in the Atacama Desert is therefore essential to assess the impact of hydrogeomorphic hazards on critical infrastructures and ecosystems. The main findings are (i) the devastating role of small-scale (< 5 km radius) rainfall cells and their large impact on transport network infrastructures and (ii) the impact on infrastructure depended mainly on the transport capacity of the flows, which is in turn determined by the drained area upstream of the considered channel, and the rainfall intensity on these upstream areas. For example, water flows with high discharge could remove larger volumes of sediments, undermining and cutting roads. Such flows were frequent at ~ 26°S, while at ~ 22°S, they were limited to a few channels with large contributing areas. This resulted in extensive damage and required considerable time and money to recondition the road. In contrast, thinner mudflows with limited transport capacity tend to follow the roads and leave a thin deposit of mud that can be cleaned in a few days. The fact that roads transported mudflows over large distances and that mining infrastructure deflects natural drainages has been observed as a potential hazard to downstream infrastructures or inhabited areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence and intensification of transcontinental exchange during both the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age profoundly influenced the social history of Eurasia. While scholars have intensively discussed east-west long-distance communication along the proto-Silk Road, the north-south transport networks that connected China to South and Southeast Asia during the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age have attracted much less attention in the scholarly literature based on archeological science data. In this paper, we find new radiocarbon dates from 11 Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in northwestern and central Yunnan in Southwest China, a key entrance into South and Southeast Asia from China. Combined with previously published archeological records and radiocarbon dates, we attempt to disentangle and understand the timing and routes of the networks linking China to South and Southeast Asia during the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age. We propose three north-south land routes that played essential roles in the cultural exchanges in addition to the proto-Silk Road and maritime routes. This includes the trans-Himalayan routes, trans-Hengduan Mountain routes, and the trans-Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau routes. The north-south exchange between China and South and Southeast Asia probably emerged in the fifth millennium BP (before the present) mainly through a low-frequency trans-Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau and trans-Himalayan routes. The exchange frequency significantly increased after the fourth millennium BP, with the synchronous development of the three primary north-south passageways. Trans-Hengduan routes might have been the most crucial artery connecting China and South and Southeast Asia during 3000–2200 BP, but more archeological records are needed to understand the detailed evolution of these transport networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper's main aim is to present the impact on the city's road traffic generated by the Port of Gdynia's operations and propose the optimal solution for transport network development around the port. Firstly, the authors demonstrate a case study determining the impact of heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) generated by port facilities on local traffic. To this end, the average travel time of cars in the network on selected measurement sections is conditioned on the varying number of HGVs generated by the port. Next, based on the data obtained from the traffic monitoring system, PTV Vissim software is used as a modelling tool to analyse and assess the impact on local traffic. Finally, considering the analysis' results, the vulnerability of the transport network is discussed. The optimal solution for the transport network around the port's area is proposed. The paper is an extended version of the materials presented at the XIX Maritime Traffic Engineering Conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work: consists of significantly reducing the number of road disasters. The objectives of the investigation: to outline the causes that generate serious traffic accidents on Stefan cel Mare Boulevard, to make rational analysis and planning of measures to improve the situation, to unveil the existing problems on local level, the composition of traffic flows, as well as skills of specialists in the realm, to develop a strategy on road accidents resulting in casualties aiming to reduce the number of traffic accidents with injuries, to promote measures aiming to protect participants in traffic, to developing a set of procedures and functions which would provide, in a network of certain streets, the size and structure of traffic flows, areas (major and minor intersections, streets) where there is an increased risk of accidents; to identify possible solutions aiming to increase road safety, specific peculiarities of Chisinau city.

Abstract The structure of complex networks has long been understood to play a role in transmission and spreading phenomena on a graph. Such networks form an important part of the structure of society, including transportation networks. As society fights to control the COVID-19 pandemic, an important question is how to choose the optimum balance between the full opening of transport networks and the control of epidemic spread. In this work we investigate the interplay between network dismantling and epidemic spread rate as a proxy for the imposition of travel restrictions to control disease spread. For network dismantling we focus on the weighted and unweighted forms of metrics that capture the topological and informational structure of the network. Our results indicate that there is benefit to a directed approach to imposing travel restrictions, but we identify that more detailed models of the transport network are necessary for definitive results.

Abstract Introduction Climate-related disasters have cost the world over £450 billion over the last 3 years. In the race to mitigate these effects, the UK government has committed to net-zero emissions by 2050. Transport provides the largest single sector contribution to CO2 emissions, the road network accounts for up to 91%. As the only UK country without a formal climate change bill Northern Ireland could compromise the overall effort. Case description In this research a survey of road asset owners, managers, academics, consultants, public transport providers was undertaken to seek to understand the current barriers to adapting a dispersed rural road network in Northern Ireland for net-zero transport. The survey data was collected though an online form with a combination of multiple choice and open ended questions. Thematic analysis was used to code and analyse the data collected which enabled a discussion around the key expert opinions gathered. Discussion and evaluation The paper presents details of the current road network in Northern Ireland and highlights some of the issues faced by asset owners. The survey questions were developed though engagement with transport professionals in Northern Ireland and focus predominantly on road use rather than the impact of current land management practices or environmental conditions such as flood risk. The response highlights a clear enthusiasm for change in the operation of the public road network which is hindered by a lack of government strategy and limited public consultation. Conclusions The high response rate (41%) for the survey highlights the interest of those in the transport sector to engage in activities which can support a better understanding of how road networks contribute to CO2 emissions. Within the survey data a requirement for behavioural change was highlighted as a key step to reduce transport related emissions, the enthusiasm for change demonstrates this is the optimum time to engage with the public and develop clear transport strategies. More accurate findings and empirical evidence could have been established had the study considered specific, transport planning, environmental and land use conditions for Northern Ireland. This will be the focus of further research in this area to enable clear translation of the research to other countries.

Ageing stock and extreme weather events pose a threat to the safety of infrastructure networks. In most countries, funding allocated to infrastructure management is insufficient to perform systematic inspections over large transport networks. As a result, early signs of distress can develop unnoticed, potentially leading to catastrophic structural failures. Over the past 20 years, a wealth of literature has demonstrated the capability of satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) to accurately detect surface deformations of different types of assets. Thanks to the high accuracy and spatial density of measurements, and a short revisit time, space-borne remote-sensing techniques have the potential to provide a cost-effective and near real-time monitoring tool. Whilst InSAR techniques offer an effective approach for structural health monitoring, they also provide a large amount of data. For civil engineering procedures, these need to be analysed in combination with large infrastructure inventories. Over a regional scale, the manual extraction of InSAR-derived displacements from individual assets is extremely time-consuming and an automated integration of the two datasets is essential to effectively assess infrastructure systems. This paper presents a new methodology based on the fully automated integration of InSAR-based measurements and Geographic Information System-infrastructure inventories to detect potential warnings over extensive transport networks. A Sentinel dataset from 2016 to 2019 is used to analyse the Los Angeles highway and freeway network, while the Italian motorway network is evaluated by using open access ERS/Envisat datasets between 1992 and 2010, COSMO-SkyMed datasets between 2008 and 2014 and Sentinel datasets between 2014 and 2020. To demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed methodology to different SAR sensors and infrastructure classes, the analysis of bridges and viaducts in the two test areas is also performed. The outcomes highlight the potential of the proposed methodology to be integrated into structural health monitoring systems and improve current procedures for transport network management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study aims to calculate the territorial accessibility of tourist accommodation in the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape (CCL). The calculation is based on the premise that touristic potential is directly related to services availability, equipment, and accessibility conditions. Accessibility models based on geostatistical calculations are applied to determine population coverage by assessing the relationship between the location of lodging services and available transport infrastructure through the analysis of average travel time curves. The results show that the Colombian states of Caldas and Risaralda, both located within the CCL, have the best accessibility conditions for hotel facilities. However, economic policies in these states are focused on strengthening commerce and industry, undermining the need of strengthening their touristic sector, including their quantity and quality of tourist accommodations. It is concluded that the main challenge that CCL faces is to improve the operability and infrastructure of transportation, especially in the state of Quindio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic problem concerning the waste management system is work organization, which should be effective with maximum profit and minimum financial outlays. This means that the key factor for the efficient functioning of this system are all types of costs. When collecting waste, the main operational cost factors are the driver's working time and the service time of the waste collection vehicle, as well as the route that the vehicle has to cover. The article presents route optimization solution for a vehicle collecting urban waste (both mixed and segregated) is a simple method of determining the order of driving through individual city streets. The prepared solution is universal and is not limited only to the surveyed housing estate. It presents a pattern that can be applied to other routes in a similar way. Shortening the distance and thus the working time is a result of minimizing empty runs and moving several times over the same section. Developing an optimal route for so many values requires very complicated calculations and would not reflect the real possibilities of waste collection by employees and MZGK Company. The presented solution can be used as an instruction to take the first steps to optimize the operation of the vehicle and as an initial point for further modifications of the operating system.

The aim of the work: consists of significantly reducing the number of road disasters. The objectives of the investigation: to outline the causes that generate serious traffic accidents on Stefan cel Mare Boulevard, to make rational analysis and planning of measures to improve the situation, to unveil the existing problems on local level, the composition of traffic flows, as well as skills of specialists in the realm, to develop a strategy on road accidents resulting in casualties aiming to reduce the number of traffic accidents with injuries, to promote measures aiming to protect participants in traffic, to developing a set of procedures and functions which would provide, in a network of certain streets, the size and structure of traffic flows, areas (major and minor intersections, streets) where there is an increased risk of accidents; to identify possible solutions aiming to increase road safety, specific peculiarities of Chisinau city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic requirement of the 5th Generation (5G) network is to realize automatic end-to-end service arrangement and slice orchestration. In this paper, considering the purpose of the open standardization of the Northbound Interface (NBI) of 5G transport network, we first analyze the functional requirements of the NBI. Then the modeling scheme of the NBI is proposed. Finally, the different technical implementation schemes of 5G transport network are shielded, which provides a reference for the unification of the NBI.

The trucking industry is the backbone of domestic supply chains. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, road transportation has been essential to guarantee the supply of basic goods to confined urban areas. However, the connectivity of the trucking network can also act as an efficient virus spreader. This paper applies network science to uncover the characteristics of the trucking network in one major Latin American country −Colombia− and provides evidence on freight networks' ability to spread contagious diseases spatially. Network metrics, official COVID-19 records at the municipality level, and a zero-inflated negative binomial model are used to test the association between network topology and confirmed COVID-19 cases. Results suggest that: (i) the number of COVID-19 cases in a municipality is linked to its level and type of network centrality; and (ii) being a port-city and a primary economic hub in the trucking network is associated with a higher probability of contracting earlier a pandemic. Based on these results, a risk-based approach is proposed to help policymakers implement containment measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural analysis in a transit network is a key aspect used to evaluate in a planning process. In this sense, the use of network science was applied in this work to generate a framework of the main structural features of a transport network. In this case, an alternative transport network in Guadalajara, Mexico was taken as an example. The network properties selected were grade of accessibility, spatial friction, and vulnerability. In the case of the grade of accessibility, this propriety makes reference to the efficiency of the travel time that the network gives due to its structural features. The spatial friction measures how direct in terms of distance the trips that the network provides are, and the vulnerability relates to the ease with which the network can comprise its performance by affectations to their nodes or links. In this sense, this work presents a detailed methodology and a set of open-source tools that can be used to measure these key structural elements for decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) symbolic formula is given. The analysis of management technologies both in the network structures of infocommunications, based on the NSMP, and on local networks of the Io T. Two approaches for implementing the management process in infocommunication networks are shown: one is based on creating special software tools, the second is based on the working with data describing the network device. The basic operations of SNMP are given. Four levels of IoT in local network structure are described: smart sensors, network vehicles, services, and applications. Structure of local network of IoT which includes smart sensors, transport environment, services and applications information representation in network use semantic web are considered.The structure of multi-agent system (MAS) of milk farms analyzing in Leban (MASMFA) for monitoring of production quality. MASMFA structure has many agents such as quality milk sensors, agents of communications, data base, analysis of the information received from sensor agents, decision-making. This system implements the functions to ensure the required class of milk quality and based on IoT local network construction. The information algorithm processing in such IoT is proposed. Milk sensor shell be periodically queried, their values will be recorded in the server database. The decisionmaking subsystem will issue data on milk quality to the farm administrator on a mobile device. The server structure will be implemented using a cloud service. Implementation this Internet of things network is being developed using LTE technology.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop a universal unified parallel synchronous algorithm for the implementation of tasks for calculation of maximum one- and multicommodity flows, as well as the creation of a software complex that provides the formation of surface graph models of flows and performs optimal planning of non-uniform flows in transport and other networks. Methodology. The paper investigates the possibilities of previously created and comprehensively verified heuristic parallel synchronous algorithm for calculating maximum one- and multicommodity flows in the networks, establishes its potential limitations, and determines additional advanced procedures that transform the algorithm into a universal parallel algorithm. The proposed parallel synchronous algorithm uses a width-first search strategy while simultaneously identifying possible paths of flows through the network with an estimation of their throughput. Herewith the possibility of analyzing several incremental flows across the network in one iteration was studied. Findings. The article proposes a universal unified parallel synchronous algorithm for calculating maximum flows in networks and develops a unified procedure and software package for planning of non-uniform as well as competitive flows in transport and other networks. The developed software complex implements the problems of formation of surface graph models of networks, for which the problem of optimal planning of non-uniform and competitive multicriteria flows in transport networks is solved. Originality. The article develops a new universal unified parallel synchronous algorithm and procedure for the calculation of optimal uniform, multicommodity and competitive flows in transport networks. Practical value. The practical value of the obtained results is determined by the universal capabilities and efficiency of the procedure for planning non-uniform flows in the networks based on the application of a new parallel synchronous algorithm, as well as the developed software complex, which provides the ability to solve the problems of analysis and planning of uniform and multicommodity flows in transport networks, as well as the implementation of calculation tasks of competitive models of transport and information flows formation. The software complex has a built-in editor of interactive network modeling and a toolbar, which provides both creation of new and downloading existing graphs of networks from the modeling libraries, preservation of optimum flows in the network in the form of an image and a text file, output of errors when working with the program.

To date the resilience of transport networks has not been effectively modelled by taking into account the traffic dynamics along with individual drivers' learning process and irrational behaviours. This study proposes an agent-based day-to-day dynamic model with bounded rationality to capture traffic evolution and drivers' inertial behaviours when transport networks suffer from local capacity degradation, and variable message signs are incorporated into the proposed model to improve the resilience, which is indicated by the rapidity of recovering to a new approximation equilibrium after disruptions. We employ a small network as a numerical study to conduct resilience analysis, and variable message signs with different compliance rates are utilized to induce traffic flows for alternative routes when a given link of the network is subject to mild (25%), moderate (50%), severe (75%) capacity reduction. The results show that variable message signs can apparently improve the resilience of the network in most of cases, and a larger compliance rate of variable message signs does not necessarily lead to better rapidity of recovery for approximation equilibrium. This study may provide an insight into the resilience analysis and improvement of transport networks under different levels of disruptions, which fully takes into account the individual drivers' day-to-day learning process, behavioural inertial and the control mechanism of variable message signs with different compliance rates.

The article examines changing volumes of emission from vehicles by administrative and municipal districts of Moscow. In Moscow automobile transport is the general source of pollution, it produces more than 93% of allover, and this is the absolute maximum of impact for Russian cities and regions. In 2011-2017, it was the first time when the growth of motorization was noticed against background of reduce of pollution due to modernization of car park and new quality of petrol. Total gross emission from vehicles decreased four times. Shifts in the factors defining spatial specifics of distribution of pollution from vehicles are revealed. Assessments of air pollution based on information of all Moscow streets provides estimations for 93 thousand low-level city areas. One of the research result revealed a high correlation between changes of pollution density and changes in transport infrastructure including developing of public transportation, modernization of car park structure. Spatial uniformity of pollution from vehicles has become the main trend of recent years. Programs of the new housing construction and large-scale projects aimed at the transformation of the districts increase the transport connectivity of the city. Administrative decisions on the traffic intensity reduction in the central districts decrease territorial differentiation of pollution. Transport and planning structure at the level of the city, the district, and the area is the defining characteristic. An attempt to solve the transport problem through the transformation of the street road network complicates the application of innovative techniques for combatting air pollution in Moscow.

This paper presents a comprehensive network slicing dataset designed to empower artificial intelligence (AI), and data-based performance prediction applications, in 5G and beyond (B5G) networks. The dataset, generated through a packet-level simulator, captures the complexities of network slicing considering the three main network slice types defined by 3GPP: Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Internet of Things (mIoT). It includes a wide range of network scenarios with varying topologies, slice instances, and traffic flows. The included scenarios consist of transport networks, excluding the Radio Access Network (RAN) infrastructure. Each sample consists of pairs of a network scenario and the associated performance metrics: the network configuration includes network topology, traffic characteristics, routing configurations, while the performance metrics are the delay, jitter, and loss for each flow. The dataset is generated with a custom network slicing admission control module, enabling the simulation of scenarios in multiple situations of over and underprovisioning. This network slicing dataset is a valuable asset for the research community, unlocking opportunities for innovations in 5G and B5G networks., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

The paper’s main aim is to present the impact on the city’s road traffic generated by the Port of Gdynia’s operations and propose the optimal solution for transport network development around the port. Firstly, the authors demonstrate a case study determining the impact of heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) generated by port facilities on local traffic. To this end, the average travel time of cars in the network on selected measurement sections is conditioned on the varying number of HGVs generated by the port. Next, based on the data obtained from the traffic monitoring system, PTV Vissim software is used as a modelling tool to analyse and assess the impact on local traffic. Finally, considering the analysis’ results, the vulnerability of the transport network is discussed. The optimal solution for the transport network around the port’s area is proposed. The paper is an extended version of the materials presented at the XIX Maritime Traffic Engineering Conference.

Transport-based social exclusion is currently a serious social problem in Poland, and one which is apparently most severe at the level of the county (Polish powiat) in the south-east of the country, including the Beskid Niski and Bieszczady Mountains. A deeper illustration of this problem requires both observation of changes in the suburban public-transport network and the identification of areas in which this has deteriorated significantly in quantity and quality. The chosen starting point for the research was therefore 1990, as a year in which — on the one hand — the Polish economy was already shifted to the new free-market principles; while — on the other — state PKS (Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacji Samochodowej) non-urban bus transport enterprises still dominated public transport. The endpoint of the study is then the beginning of 2019 (the author's research year). The article introduced here seeks to identify and present cartographically the changes affecting the public-transport network in the study area over the last 30 years, as well as to point to possible consequences of these processes. The background of the described changes is also discussed, as are the observed consequences of what is taking place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of the research project 'Coast to Coast– Late Portuguese Infrastructural Development in Continental Africa (Angola and Mozambique): Critical and Historical Analysis and Postcolonial Assessment' funded by Foundation for Science and Technology. Its aims to contribute to expanding the historiographical debate on the repercussions of the decisions taken by the Portuguese through the perspective of transport and territorial mobility during the colonial period, considering the late Constitutional Monarchy; the First Republic; and the Estado Novo dictatorship. The main sources used are related to the Colonial Public Works reports released from the late 19th century onwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we consider different cities located along a tram line. Each city may have one or several stations and information is available about the flow of passengers between any pair of stations. A fixed cost (salaries of the executive staff, repair facilities, or fixed taxes) must be divided among the cities. This cost is independent of the number of passengers and the length of the line. We propose a mathematical model to identify suitable mechanisms for sharing the fixed cost. In the proposed model, we study, and characterize axiomatically, three rules, which include the uniform split, the proportional allocation and an intermediate situation. The analyzed axioms represent the basic requirements for fairness and elemental properties of stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characterization of the foreign trade of the Brazilian federal units can help in understanding the design of the new regional transport networks. This analysis is based on foreign trade information for the state of Rio Grande do Norte in the 2010-2011 biennium, obtained from the MDIC database (Alice Web System). The markets of origin and destination in the state's commercial movements were mapped using GvSIG software, indicating patterns concentrated in the Atlantic Basin, where maritime freights have lower costs than the rest of the world. However, the location and peculiarities of conditioning of part of the basket of regional export products privileges the air modal and the use of ports of neighboring states. Territorial Restructuring; Foreign Trade; Regional Insertion; Transport Networks; Logistics.