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This study aimed to assess youth-to-senior transition rates, quantify the magnitude of relative age effect (RAEs), and evaluate how RAEs affect these transitions in 9,527 men's national football players of England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Regardless of national team, only-15%, 25%, and 40% of U17, U19, and U21 players successfully transitioned to the senior team, respectively, whilst-14%-24% progressed to senior level without being selected during youth. Data suggested a skewed birthdate distribution favouring relatively older players at U17, U19, and U21 levels across all countries, whereas RAEs were also present in England, Italy, and Spain at senior level. Youth-to-senior transition rates were modulated by birthdate at U17 and U19, whereby Q4 players were-2 and 1.5 times more likely to successfully transition at senior level than Q1 players, respectively. Selection at youth international level does not guarantee selection at senior level, but does make it more likely. Moreover, relatively younger athletes are disadvantaged in youth categories, although are more likely to transition to senior level once they have entered the pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report the results from our spectroscopic study on AlF and AlCl molecules. We carry out detailed electronic structure calculations in both the molecules, including obtaining the potential energy surfaces of the X1Σ ground electronic state and some of the low-lying excited electronic states belonging to Σ and Π symmetries. This is followed by evaluating the spectroscopic constants and molecular properties such as electric dipole moments and electric quadrupole moments. Throughout, we employ the multi-reference configuration interaction method and work with high-quality quadruple zeta basis sets. Further, transition dipole moments between the ground electronic state and singlet excited states are also studied. The relevant vibrational parameters are computed by solving the vibrational Schrödinger equation. Subsequently, the vibrational energy spacings and transition dipole moments between the vibrational levels belonging to the same electronic states are used to evaluate the spontaneous and black-body radiation-induced transition rates, followed by computing the lifetimes. Finally, the energy differences between rotational levels belonging to different vibrational levels and within an electronic state as well as the Einstein coefficients are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess youth-to-senior transition rates, quantify the magnitude of relative age effect (RAEs), and evaluate how RAEs affect these transitions in 9,527 men's national football players of England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Regardless of national team, only −15%, 25%, and 40% of U17, U19, and U21 players successfully transitioned to the senior team, respectively, whilst −14%–24% progressed to senior level without being selected during youth. Data suggested a skewed birthdate distribution favouring relatively older players at U17, U19, and U21 levels across all countries, whereas RAEs were also present in England, Italy, and Spain at senior level. Youth-to-senior transition rates were modulated by birthdate at U17 and U19, whereby Q4 players were −2 and 1.5 times more likely to successfully transition at senior level than Q1 players, respectively. Selection at youth international level does not guarantee selection at senior level, but does make it more likely. Moreover, relatively younger athletes are disadvantaged in youth categories, although are more likely to transition to senior level once they have entered the pathway.

We investigated Coulomb cross-sections (σ A Cf) and time scales for seven fusion reactions which were attempted to synthesize superheavy element Z = 120. A simple extended trapezoidal integration method was used to assess the Coulomb fission cross-sections. For the fusion reaction of 64Ni + 238U the Coulomb cross-sections are higher and for the fusion reaction of 50Ti + 249Cf the Coulomb cross-sections smaller. Coulomb fission time scales were discovered to be less for 58 Fe particles. The Coulomb fission cross-sections were investigated at optimal energy. Coulomb fission cross-sections were also anticipated and compared to fusion σfu and evaporation residue cross-sections σER. The predicted Coulomb fission and fusion cross-sections are of the order of millibarn and evaporation residue cross-sections σER are of the order of femtobarns. The comprehensive examination of the cross-sections and lifetimes of the Coulomb fission provides a possible explanation for the failure of the synthesis of super heavy nuclei Z = 120. As a result, additional research is necessary in order to validate the anticipated Coulomb fission cross-sections and time-scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to analyze the sporting progression from U14 to senior categories of elite Spanish high and long jumpers. For prospective analysis, 300 athletes ranked top 20 at U14 were analyzed (153 female and 147 male). For retrospective analysis, 64 athletes ranked in the top 20 in the senior category were included (21 female and 43 male). Ranking positions were registered in each of the seasons where they presented records. Only 6.3% (19) of athletes who reached the top 20 at U14 became successful senior athletes [4.7% (14) of athletes maintained top 20 status throughout their sporting careers from U14 to senior]. The transition rate from U14 to U16 (35.7%) was the most severe drop down in consecutive categories (after this, it ranged from 47.8 to 66.7%). Of the senior top 20 athletes (64), most of them were already ranked top 20 at U16 (59.4%, 38), at U18 (62.5%, 40), at U20 (70.3%, 45) and at U23 (78.1%, 50). Nevertheless, only 34.4% (22) were top 20 when they were U14 athletes. Transition rates in the top 20 senior athletes ranged from 86.7 to 95.5%. Around one out of four (26.6%, 17) of the top 20 senior athletes maintained top 20 status throughout their sporting careers from U14 to the senior category. Although early success is not a good predictor of senior success, successful senior athletes excelled early on and were able to remain in top rankings throughout their sporting careers of national elite jumpers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the transition behavior of the two-level atom as the Unruh-DeWitt detector outside a noncommutative black hole. When the mass of the black hole is small enough, the difference between the commutative and noncommutative black hole can be distinguished. In particular, an evident fluctuation appearing at a far distance from the horizon by calculating the quantum Fisher information of the transition rate with regard to the local Hawking temperature provides a novel and interesting result about the information extraction of the noncommutativity for a small-mass black hole.

Barrier suppression ionization rate for noble gases is analyzed considering the initial momentum of the ejected photoelectron and the influence of the ponderomotive and the Stark shifts on the ionization potential, for a low-frequency, circularly polarized laser field. In order to accomplish it, three different approaches are used: a critical field, an ion charge, and the Airy function. The results are compared across the approaches used and with the other theoretical and experimental results. Good agreement is found. The research shows that the ponderomotive potential and the Stark shift affect the rate differently in these approaches, while the initial momentum of the ejected photoelectron significantly influences the ionization rate regardless of the approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to describe the relationship between success in junior and senior categories in sprint events. An observational and longitudinal analysis was carried out using rankings of the Royal Spanish Athletics Federation database. We analysed 547 sprinters (238 women and 309 men) from their U14 to senior stage who ranked in top-20 on at least one occasion during the period 2004 to 2021. The first entry in top-20 occurred mostly in U14 (44.4%, 243), and the frequency was progressively lower: 26.7% (146) in U16; 20.8% (114) in U18; 5.1% (28) in U20; 2% (11) in U23; and 0.9% (5) in the senior category. A similar tendency was observed in male and female athletes. Only 3.8% (9) of top-20 U14 athletes reached the senior elite stage, increasing this percentage in subsequent categories: 7.4% (15) in U16; 10.6% (24) in U18; 20.9% (32) in U20, and 31.4% (32) from U23 to the senior category. Data from female athletes showed higher maintenance of top-20 status from early categories to senior age. We conclude that even though the first entry into the national top-20 in sprint events occurs early in most cases, success in these initial stages is not a prerequisite for reaching top-20 positions in the senior category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamical properties of many complex physical and biological systems can be quantified from the energy landscape theory. Previous approaches focused on estimating the transition rate from landscape reconstruction based on data. However, for general non-equilibrium systems (such as gene regulatory systems), both the energy landscape and the probability flux are important to determine the transition rate between attractors. In this work, we proposed a data-driven approach to estimate non-equilibrium transition rate, which combines the kernel density estimation and non-equilibrium transition rate theory. Our approach shows superior performance in estimating transition rate from data, compared with previous methods, due to the introduction of a nonparametric density estimation method and the new saddle point by considering the effects of flux. We demonstrate the practical validity of our approach by applying it to a simplified cell fate decision model and a high-dimensional stem cell differentiation model. Our approach can be applied to other biological and physical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, temporary foreign workers (TFWs) have not only played an important role in filling Canada’s labour shortages and advancing Canada’s broad economic and cultural interests but are also seen as a large source of permanent residents admitted to Canada. TFWs come to Canada through various work permit categories under the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) and the International Mobility Program (IMP). This research uses the 2019 Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) to examine the factors that predict the transition rates of TFWs admitted to Canada between 2005 and 2014. The results of this study show that the five-year cumulative transition rates of TFWs are strongly associated with their work permit categories. Further, this study reveals that age, skill level, and initial destinations significantly affect the transition rates of TFWs in Canada. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for economic immigration policy and make suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concentrates on H∞$$ {\mathcal{H}}_{\infty } $$ state‐feedback control problem for a kind of Markov jump nonlinear systems with generally uncertain transition rates. The nonlinearity satisfies the sector condition, which is more generic than the ordinary Lipschitz nonlinearity. First, a H∞$$ {\mathcal{H}}_{\infty } $$ performance criterion is derived for the closed‐loop systems. Next, based on the proposed performance criterion and a judicious method of using inequalities, a novel controller synthesis method is developed in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Compared with the existing result, the proposed method significantly reduces the conservativeness of the controller synthesis. Finally, a numerical example is provided to show the validity and merit of the developed result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unified power flow controller (UPFC) helps to control the power flow, but its outage due to the abnormal state is a threat to power systems. In this paper, based on the proportion of the random failure, the transition rates of the abnormal state are newly derived. The impact of the routine test (RT) on the transition rates is quantified. The state space models of the UPFC based on voltage-source converter (VSC) and modular multilevel converter (MMC) are extended with the states introduced by the RT. The frequency and duration method is used to aggregate the states. The sensitivities of the availability and outage frequency of the UPFC with respect to the failure rates of the components are newly derived to find the vulnerable component and the optimal RT interval. The numerical results show that the RT reduces the probability of the abnormal state, reduces the failure duration, and improves the availability of the UPFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the leader-following event-triggered consensus of multi-agent systems with nonlinear dynamics and semi-Markov jump. The information on transition rates is incompletely known. First, by applying weighted orthogonal polynomials, two new integral inequalities are established, which include some existing ones. Second, an event-triggered scheme is presented to save the precious communication resources. After constructing an augmented Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, a few sufficient conditions are derived to achieve the leader-following event-triggered consensus by utilizing the presented inequalities to manipulate the derivative of the functional. Finally, numerical simulation shows the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present a detailed analysis of atomic properties for Kr XIX, specifically focusing on the lowest 128 fine-structure levels originating from the 3 s 2 3 p 6 , 3 s 2 3 p 5 3 d , 3 s 3 p 6 3 d and 3 s 2 3 p 4 3 d 2 configurations. We report energy levels, lifetimes, wavelengths, weighted oscillator strengths, and transition probabilities for multipole transition types (E1, E2, M1, and M2). To achieve this, we employed the GRASP2018 code, which implements the fully relativistic multiconfigurational Dirac–Hartree–Fock method and accounts for Breit interaction and quantum electrodynamic effects. We performed another set of calculations using the many-body perturbation theory implemented in the flexible atomic code (FAC). By comparing the results obtained from GRASP2018 and FAC, we established the accuracy and consistency of our calculations. Furthermore, using the relativistic distorted wave theory, we studied electron impact excitation of all transitions to upper levels from the ground and metastable levels and reported excitation cross sections for incident electron energies up to 5 keV. To enhance the practical utility of our findings, we also provided analytical fittings of these cross sections and excitation rate coefficients for their applications in plasma modeling. This work contributes to the atomic properties and excitation cross sections of Kr XIX, addressing a marked gap in the available atomic data. • The atomic data for Kr XIX, required for fusion plasma research, is scarce. • The study reports atomic data for 128 lowest levels of Kr XIX. • MCDHF and MBPT methods are used to calculate the atomic parameters. • The statistical approach is used to assign uncertainty in line strengths. • RDW method is applied to obtain electron impact excitation cross sections. • Excitation rates are determined assuming a Maxwellian electron energy distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Lee-Low-Pines transformation, the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon effect in a donor-center quantum dot with a spherical Gaussian confinement potential is studied. The energy expressions of the ground state and the first excited state are derived by using a Pekar-type variational method, and then, a superposition state of the two-level system is constructed. On the basis of Fermi Golden Rule, two kinds of the decoherence of superposition states caused by LO phonon effects are discussed, which are the spontaneous emission of LO phonon and the quantum transition from the ground state to the excited state by absorbing a LO phonon, respectively. The numerical results show that for the former, the superposition state can be suppressed by increasing the electron–phonon coupling constant, the dielectric constant ratio, or the dispersion coefficient. For the latter, it can be used to suppress the decoherence of the superposition state by increasing the dielectric constant ratio or decreasing the electron–phonon coupling constant, or using the low-temperature environment. This work enriches and improves the theoretical scheme to suppress the decoherence of a semiconductor quantum dot qubit caused by LO phonon-related effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discussed the tunneling ionization of an Argon atom placed in a strong low-frequency field of Ti: Sapphire laser. The transition rate of the electron obtained with radial polarization LG (0, 1)* spiral-phase mode field distribution included are compared to the basic transition rate. All analyses are given in the frame of the three different ionization theories-Keldysh, PPT, and ADK. We demonstrated that the tunneling transition rate is sensitive to laser polarization and a set field distribution. As well as changes in the azimuthal angle as a parameter on which the given distribution depends.

Objectives: To quantify the junior-to-senior successful transition rate in sprint swimming events in elite European performers.Design: Retrospective analysis of publicly available competition data collected between 2004 and 2019.Methods: The yearly performance of 6631 European swimmers (females = 41.8% of the sample) competing in 50 and 100 m freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly were included in the analysis. The junior-to-senior transition rate was determined as the number of elite junior athletes who maintained their elite status in adulthood. To investigate how the definition of elite may affect the calculation of the transition rate, we operationally defined elite athletes as those ranked in the all-time top 10, 25, 50, and 100 in their category. We also calculated the correlation between junior and senior performances.Results: The average transition rates ranged, depending on the age of reference, from 10 to 26% in males and from 23 to 33% in females. The transition rate for the top 100 junior swimmers was greater than that for the top 10 swimmers. In general, swimmers who swam 50 m showed a slightly lower transition rate compared with those that swam 100 m. Depending on the age of reference, low-to-moderate correlations were observed between junior and senior peak performances.Conclusions: Most elite junior athletes did not maintain the elite level in adulthood. Except for athletes in the last year of the junior category (18 years for males and 17 years for females), junior performances were poorly correlated with senior performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of dwindling fossil fuel reserves and the negative impact of greenhouse gases (GHGs) on the environment, it is important that the search for a power grid that will comprise of only variable renewable energy (VRE) generation sources such as wind or solar energy which is available everywhere for free is given much attention. The main challenge associated with these sources of energy is their variability and random nature. It is as a result of instability introduced by the VRE generation sources, that is why there is a strict control measures put in place by the regulators as to how much VRE generation sources can feed into the power grid in the case of its integration into an existing power grid. It becomes imperative to consider implications for grid stability and reliability when considering a power grid that will consist of VRE generation only. Eigenvalue approach was used to analysed the performance of anticipated large-scale VRE grid to ascertain its behaviour. Eigenvalue approach is one of the methods to examine the stability of a power system's dynamic performance. The results indicated that it is possible to attain the necessary stability provided the assumptions made during the modelling stage is revised to improve upon the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein the energies of low-lying levels, wavelengths, transition rates, and line strengths for electric dipole allowed (E1) and forbidden (M1) lines in Ne- to Al-like ions of tantalum have been calculated using the GRASP2K package, which is based on the multiconfi guration Dirac–Hartree–Fock (MCDHF) method. From our radiative decay rates, we also calculated the radiative lifetimes of some levels. The present results are in good agreement with other available theoretical and experimental values. We predict new data for several levels where no other theoretical and/or experimental results are available, stipulating the necessity of precise measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naphthalimide derivatives are widely used in the development of clinical drugs and fluorescent probes because of their high light stability and low dark toxicity. Among these applications, as the photosensitizer (PS) used in the two-photon photodynamic therapy (TP-PDT) process is a new application condition of naphthalimide derivatives. Nevertheless, the development of such PSs is still hampered by their short triplet state lifetime and insufficient two-photon absorption (TPA) cross section. In order to explore the influence of different π-linkers on the efficient naphthalimide based PSs and solve the above problems, this paper characterizes the photophysical properties related to TP-PDT process of a series of naphthalimide based molecules using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT). The results reveal that compared to molecules without linkers and with phenyl as the linker, the compounds using thiophene as the π-linker have better planarity and optical properties, such as larger TPA cross section, lower energy gap of the singlet−triplet state, larger spin-orbit coupling value, and longer triplet state lifetime. Specifically, molecules 3s-ph , 2s-thio∼4s-thio have large TPA cross section value (1028–1384 GM, 8.3–11.2 times of molecule 1s) and triplet state lifetime (1337–11609 μs, 1.6–14.2 times of molecule 1s), making them effective for TP-PDT process. Furthermore, molecule 1s-thio acts as a promising PS candidate that can effectively undergo type I process and circumvent type II process. It is hoped that our theoretical research can provide some worthy ideas for the design and synthesis of effective naphthalimide based PSs in experiments. [Display omitted] • To explore the influence of different π-linkers on the efficient naphthalimide based PSs. • 1s-thio as a promising PS shows more potent phototoxicity. • Thiophene as the π-linker can result in molecules more planar, with larger δ TPA value, effective ISC process, and considerable triplet state lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study a new kind of multiphoton resonances in a strongly driven six-level quantum system, where one of its levels is coupled individually with the other two levels that have the constant energy separation E. Near the multiphoton resonance condition, a different behavior for the number of even or odd photons was found qualitatively, which could be explained by considering two certain interfering trajectories and computing the interference phase of system. In the regime of strong dephasing, we calculated the rates of interlevel transitions, showing that multilevel Landau-Zener (LZ) interferences between first and third order processes could lead to resonances with characteristics differing markedly from those of familiar two-level resonances that first arose at the fourth order in the couplings of the energy levels. The rates displayed resonant features at the number of integer photons. Finally, we could explicitly connect our model to the experiments, showing that it captured all relevant features of the experimental data. This paper can be relevant for a variety of solid state and atomic or molecular systems. In particular, it provides a clear mechanism to explain the puzzling experimental observations in strongly driven double quantum dots.

Agricultural systems in Southeast Asia are rapidly transitioning from subsistence-oriented to market-oriented agriculture. Driven by the highly complex and variable decision processes of individual farm households, these transitions have produced a diverse landscape mosaic across the region. Elucidation and characterization of underlying decision-making processes, and the factors that influence land use choices, are thus essential for sustainable land use planning. To enable a study that seeks to understand these linkages, data on plot-level 10-year land use history, management and farm performance indicators were collected from 163 households in the Northern Lao uplands and in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, areas chosen to represent two extremes of the transition gradient. The objectives of the study were (i) to describe plot-level sequence patterns of seasonal variation of land use over several years, (ii) to apply a sequence dissimilarity metric, the complexity index (CI), to measure land use transition in an agricultural system, and (iii) to identify the key drivers of land use change and their linkages with farm performance indicators and plot level characteristics through multi-dimensional analysis. CI allowed compressing historical land use data and quantifying land use complexity in a simple and efficient manner. Land use dynamics varied strongly between the two sites, with 66% of the land use types in the Laos site being completely replaced by others during the recall periods, compared to only 15% in the Vietnam site. Associated key drivers of land use change also differed significantly: while end use of agricultural products was the main driver behind land use changes in the Vietnam site, a more complex relationship between topography and management vs. land use change was evident in the Laos site. Likewise, land use complexity does not exhibit the same relationship with farm performance in the two sites: in the Central Highlands, households with higher food availability are half as likely to transition, while in the Lao uplands, land use complexity was significantly correlated with the Progress out of Poverty index. Multidisciplinary studies remain necessary to assess the impact of innovative sustainable intensification options on system performance and environmental sustainability, before policies are enacted to support their dissemination in Southeast Asian smallholder agricultural systems. Context-specific CI thresholds associated with system quality indicators could support this by informing decision-makers on the pace of agricultural transformation and its environmental impacts.

Summary: The fact that angiosperms are so species‐rich and ecologically diverse – Darwin's second abominable mystery – could be explained by their ability to 'reinvent' themselves by evolving functional traits repeatedly over time, space and taxonomic clades. These trait innovations may facilitate adaptation and increase diversification rates. In this article, I quantify this 'trait flexibility' by reviewing the literature on trait transition rates and trait‐dependent diversification rates in angiosperms and their extant sister clade, acrogymnosperms. I show that angiosperms indeed evolved elevated trait transition and trait‐dependent diversification rates compared to gymnosperms, and rates are highest within species‐rich angiosperm orders (e.g. Fabales, Lamiales). The (genetic) ability of certain angiosperm lineages to repeatedly evolve adaptive traits may have facilitated sustained high net diversification resulting from numerous episodic radiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Сomplete and consistent atomic data, including energy levels, wavelengths, lifetimes, and E1, E2, M1, and M2 transition rates, are reported for the low-lying 41 levels of Ga XVII, belonging to the n = 3 states (1s22s22p6)3s23p3, 3s3p4, and 3s23p23d. High-accuracy calculations act as benchmarks for accurate treatments of relativity, electronic correlation, and quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects in multi-valence-electron systems. The calculated energy levels are in excellent agreement with the experimental results and the experimentally compiled energy values of the National Institute for Standards and Technology wherever available. The calculated values, including core–valence correction, are found to be in good agreement with other theoretical and experimental values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the question of whether and how the labor underutilization indicator supplements the unemployment rate. The research is based on the differences in the labor market behavior among three groups of the not-employed; the unemployed, potential labor force and the rest of outside the labor force. The annual transition rate among the labor market states shows that the potential labor force has the explicit unmet need for employment different from the rest of the outside the labor force. The multinomial logit regression controlling the effects of individual characteristics rejects the hypothesis that the potential labor forces are behaviorally identical to the unemployed. The evidence shows that the two indices should be interpreted distinctively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the gender gaps in elementary education in India have almost been eliminated, we obtain somewhat different picture when adjusting the gaps to the appropriate school-age children (6-14 years) and the number of the child population. We calculate gender gaps in enrolment, transition rate (from primary to upper primary level), achievement in the examination, and test scores in different subjects in the post Right to Education Act period and obtain that girls are ahead of the boys in almost all aspects. The age-adjusted gender gap in enrolment has improved, implying that over time girls are more likely to enrol in schools within the appropriate school-age. Also, fewer girls are expected to remain out of schools compared to boys within the appropriate school-age. Perhaps, this progress in enrolment has resulted in better performances of girls in transition rate, achievement in examinations and test scores in individual subjects. The rising girls’ performance on different indicators of elementary education indicates the potential impacts of female share on future labour market.

Floral pigmentation patterns can both mediate plant-pollinator interactions and modify the abiotic environment of reproductive structures. To date, there have been no inquiries into the rate and directionality of macroevolutionary transitions between patterned and non-patterned petals despite their ecological importance and ubiquity across angiosperms. Petals in the Potentilleae tribe (Rosaceae) display color patterns in the ultraviolet (UV) and human-visible spectrum, or can be uniform in color (i.e., patternless). Using a phylogeny of Potentilleae, I test whether evolutionary transition rates between patterned and non-patterned petals are biased in either direction. I then examine whether UV and human-visible floral patterns are phylogenetically correlated and test the prediction that color patterns will evolve in concert with larger flowers if they function as guides to orient pollinators to floral rewards. I found that transition rates were biased toward petals that were uniform in color. Transition rates from patterned to uniformly colored petals were two and six times higher than the reverse for UV and human-visible pattern, respectively. The presence of UV and human-visible pattern evolved independently from one another. However, the evolution of human-visible pattern was associated with the evolution of larger flowers but the evolution of UV pattern was correlated with the evolution of smaller flowers. I posit that the transition bias toward non-patterned flowers may reflect developmental constraints on spatial regulation of pigments required to produce floral color patterning. The correlated evolution of larger flowers and human-visible pigmentation patterns support the hypothesis that nectar or pollen guides are more likely to evolve in larger-flowered species. This work provides insight into how transition rate bias and trait correlations can shape phylogenetic patterns of floral color pattern diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the transition behavior of the two-level atom as the Unruh-DeWitt detector outside a noncommutative black hole. When the mass of the black hole is small enough, the difference between the commutative and noncommutative black hole can be distinguished. In particular, an evident fluctuation appearing at a far distance from the horizon by calculating the quantum Fisher information of the transition rate with regard to the local Hawking temperature provides a novel and interesting result about the information extraction of the noncommutativity for a small-mass black hole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]