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This paper investigates the accumulation and distribution of retirement wealth in a dynastic model with earnings risks, longevity uncertainties, and borrowing constraints. It resolves the wealth indeterminacy problem across generations in dynastic families by introducing a transaction cost for intergenerational transfers. It captures the pattern of inter vivos transfers, the relationship between wealth and earnings, and wealth inequality in the US data. Social security lowers precautionary savings by redistributing income from families with high earnings or short‐lived parents to others, thus reducing investment, the growth rate in income per capita, inequality in retirees' consumption, and the wealth‐earnings correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive growth is a critical process in tumor progression, requiring the activation of various molecular processes in tumor cells at the invasive front. Intercellular communication between heterogeneous tumor cells enhances cellular activation and adaptation to specific microenvironments. One mechanism of intercellular communication is the delivery of miRNAs through tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this context we have observed that conditioned media from a highly invasive cell subpopulation (BLM-HI) enhances the invasive capacity of the parental cell line (BLM). Therefore, we hypothesized that this complex change of cellular behavior is influenced by EV-transported miRNAs. The treatment of BLM cells with EVs derived from BLM-HI cells resulted in a significantly enhanced invasive capacity, as observed in Matrigel-embedded spheroids and in 2D Boyden chamber assays, with a dose-dependent effect. Conversely, the invasive capacity of BLM cells was reduced when secretion of EVs was inhibited by a sphingomyelinase inhibitor. To investigate the molecular mechanisms behind this effect, we performed next-generation sequencing and identified an enrichment of miR-1246 in these EVs. In functional analyses we demonstrated that both the EV mediated delivery of miR-1246 as well as overexpression contributes to the enhanced invasiveness of BLM cells. We identified a binding site of miR-1246 in the 3'UTR of cyclin G2 (CCNG2) and demonstrated direct binding by a luciferase reporter assay. Increased expression of CCNG2 has been associated with cancer metastasis and poor patient outcomes in other malignancies. Our study demonstrates that intercellular communication contributes to the transfer of properties, such as increased invasive capacity, between heterogeneous melanoma cells via EV-transported miRNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Crónica Tributaria is the property of Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, Ministerio de Hacienda y Funcion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Dutch government implemented two changes to the taxation of intergenerational transfers aimed at mortgage down payments and prepayments. We identify the effects of these tax exemptions on prepayments and inter vivos transfers separately by taking advantage of the changes in policy design. The policy changes resulted in two expansions of tax‐exempt transfers, which increased the probability of receiving such transfers, translating into a modest increase in prepayments. Initially, the amounts prepaid increased by a similar magnitude, while the second policy change only resulted in an increase in the amounts being transferred but not the prepayments. The macroprudential policy goal was to reduce the number of underwater mortgages, but the policy was too generic and did not help to achieve this. The prepayments triggered by the policy change increased mostly for borrowers with low original loan‐to‐value ratios, implying that most transfers were made from wealthy parents to housing‐rich children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing the anisotropy of mechanical property transfer between carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) layers, a unidirectional reduced‐order model (UROM) is proposed to comprehensively express the mechanical properties of each layer. A crucial focus is on effectively analyzing the real‐time mechanical properties of CFRP specimens, particularly in accurately identifying and predicting the interlaminar mechanical states of anisotropic CFRP laminated specimens. Moreover, the multi fidelity surrogate (MFS) is employed to replace the computationally intensive model, amalgamating high‐fidelity sensor data with low‐fidelity data obtained from the UROM. The UROM MFS is used to reduce the amount of data in the same layer of CFRP laminates, while preserving the characteristics between different layers and preserving the interlaminar information of CFRP laminates. Finally, the stress prediction results of the UROM MFS and the unreduced MFS model were compared and analyzed. The real‐time response speed of the u‐ROM MFS digital twin (DT) model was increased by 658%. The UROM MFS DT model effectively captures the mechanical properties of each layer of CFRP laminates, enables quick calculation of model parameters, and provides accurate predictions. Highlights: First, the interlayer mechanical property of CFRP is analyzed with the combined application of experimental data, DT model, and UROM MFS.Second, MFS is employed to merge high‐fidelity sensor data of CFPR laminate with low‐fidelity data obtained from UROM.Third, the digital twin framework for CFPR laminate with high response speed and calculation accuracy is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increase in current density in the constituent materials of electrical systems, improving the electrical conductivity of these materials, particularly copper (Cu), is crucial. This would also help to mitigate the heat generated by Joule heating. The incorporation of graphene (Gr) into a composite material (Cu/Gr) is a viable solution. However, to ensure the proper transfer of properties between the reinforcement and the matrix, several elements must be considered, including the orientation of the reinforcement. As a 2D material, controlling graphene's orientation within the structure is essential but often overlooked. To address this issue, hot rolling was implemented to improve the alignment of the reinforcement. The inclusion of graphene led to a 12 HV increase in the material's hardness, demonstrating a positive composite effect. Simultaneously, rolling increased the material's hardness from 67.6 to 75.1 HV by introducing more dislocations into the material. To characterize the graphene's alignment, polarized Raman spectroscopy was used. This technique highlighted the improved alignment of the reinforcement in the rolling direction, a change that was visible and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy micrographs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the impacts of a continental slope on instability and mesoscale eddy fluxes in idealized 3‐layer numerical model simulations. The simulations are inspired by and mimic the situation in the Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Gyre, where anti‐cyclonic winds drive anti‐cyclonic currents that are guided by the continental slope. The forcing and currents are retrograde with respect to topographic Rossby waves. The focus of the analysis is on eddy potential vorticity (PV) fluxes and eddy‐mean flow interactions under the Transformed Eulerian Mean framework. Eddy lateral vorticity fluxes dominate over the continental slope where eddy form stress, that is, vertical momentum flux, is suppressed due to the topographic PV gradient. The diagnosis also shows that while eddy momentum fluxes are up‐gradient over parts of the slope, the total quasi‐geostrophic PV flux is down‐gradient everywhere. We then calculate the linearly unstable modes of the time‐mean state and find that the most unstable mode contains several key features of the observed finite‐amplitude fluxes over the slope, including down‐gradient PV fluxes. When accounting for additional unstable modes, more qualitative features of the observed eddy fluxes in the numerical model are reproduced. Plain Language Summary: The ocean circulation in the Arctic is heavily influenced by the bottom bathymetry. Essentially, currents are steered to follow continental slopes and submarine ridges. This topographic steering makes transfer of properties by ocean currents across continental slopes difficult, and the result is that the deep basins are partially isolated from the continental shelves. Large‐scale oceanic turbulence, or "mesoscale eddies," are able to cross bottom bathymetry, but transport by such eddies is also hampered. In this study, a simplified numerical model is used to learn about how bottom bathymetry impacts eddy transport in and out of the Beaufort Gyre, a wind‐driven large‐scale gyre in the Arctic Ocean's Canada Basin. The gyre is the largest reservoir of fresh waters in the Arctic, and understanding how topography controls the export of this freshwater is thought to be of crucial importance if climate models are to properly simulate a future Arctic Ocean. The study shines light on some key aspects that the models need to capture to get transport across the continental slope right. Key Points: A numerical 3‐layer model is used to study instability and eddy dynamics over the continental slope in an idealized wind‐driven ocean gyreEddy fluxes of potential vorticity are down‐gradient in all three layersLinearized stability calculations are able to reproduce the qualitative features of PV fluxes near the slope [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until the end of the imperial period, the Volga-Ural Muslim communities in the Russian empire practiced several methods of intergenerational property transfer, such as waṣiyyat (bequest), hiba (gift), ṣulḥ/takhāruj (peaceful settlement) and the “science of the shares” (ʿilm al-farāʾiḍ). The Volga-Ural Muslims considered them all as legitimate ways of property division according to Islamic law (sharīʿa). However, a significant shift occurred in the early 1820s when the Russian imperial state confirmed the Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly as the court of appeal for family and inheritance matters. Subsequently, Volga-Ural Muslims began to petition the oa, seeking a reconsideration of their inheritance divisions, specifically requesting a division “according to sharīʿa”. By the end of the nineteenth century, most of these petitions resulted in divisions based on the science of the shares. I argue that the oa served as an extra-communal venue where Muslims could challenge intra-familial or communal methods of inheritance division, and request divisions based on the science of the shares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a book review of "Tenere et Habere: Leihen als soziale Praxis im frühen und hohen Mittelalter" edited by Jürgen Dendorfer and Steffen Patzold. The book explores the practice of lending in the early and high Middle Ages, challenging the traditional understanding of feudalism. The contributors analyze various sources, including capitularies, royal diplomas, and charters, to understand the connections between conditional landholding, obligation, authority, and law. The book highlights the flexibility and diversity of loan practices and their relationship to social, political, and economic relationships in medieval Europe. [Extracted from the article]

The article examines why it was important to the modern republican Turkish state, which saw the non-Muslim minorities as a threat to its security and a potential source of fifth column activities, to propose their inclusion in the draft. In order to answer this question, the article explores the issue of the recruitment of the non-Muslim minorities as presented in the official protocols and in writings of the senior Turkish decision-makers who attended the Lausanne conference of 1922–23. The main argument of this article is that the introduction of non-Muslim conscription in modern Turkey was less an act of integration and more a contribution to two broader aims: demographic engineering to remove 'suspect' or 'unassimilable' national and religious minorities, and economic Turkification, which aimed to force transfer of property from non-Muslim into Muslim hands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the inner areas of large cities, many residential buildings built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries remain standing. The maintenance and renovation of these buildings have emerged as critical priorities over recent decades. E.g., in Budapest during the socialist era, the majority of these buildings were not renovated, and maintenance was largely neglected. In the subsequent 10–15 years following the end of socialism, financial resources for renovations were scarce due to the extensive transfer of properties from state to private ownership. It is only in the last decade or so that renovations have begun to be systematically addressed. Consequently, a significant portion of the building stock is still pending renovation. Given the current economic conditions, sustainable maintenance and necessary conversion are of paramount importance. Unfortunately, few standardized condition assessment methods are implemented in industrial practice, and the literature on this topic is limited. To address these challenges, we have developed an algorithm and model for condition assessment and decision support, which we refer to as the Complex Building's Decision Support System based on Fuzzy Signatures (CBDF system). Our model employs a fuzzy signature-based approach to account for uncertainties, errors, and potentially missing data that may arise during the assessment process. The primary aim of this model is to equip professionals involved in building condition assessment with a tool that enables them to make consistent and objective decisions while minimizing errors. This paper provides a brief overview of the CBDF system and presents test results from the assessment of a selected structural component of a building, demonstrating the system's functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BOOT (Build-Own-Operate-Transfer) contract is considered one of the innovative mechanisms for managing public facilities due to its importance in implementing investment projects, particularly in construction, operation, and property transfer. Its signifi cance emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century and was further reinforced after the Second World War, amidst the presence of war-stricken economies. Additionally, there was an ideological shift in the role of the state from being a guardian state to an intervening state, which led to the emergence of public law in business aff airs. The BOOT contract became one of its cornerstones as countries resorted to international economic contracts. Despite Algeria’s adoption of the BOOT contract as one of the forms of international contracts due to its importance in attracting foreign direct investment and technology transfer, this did not prompt Algerian lawmakers to establish a specifi c legal framework for it. This is despite the modifi cations that have aff ected the specifi c system, notably Presidential Decree No. 15-247, which is considered one form of concession contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let A = ⊕ α ∈ Γ A α and B = ⊕ α ∈ Γ B α be two commutative rings graded by an arbitrary commutative monoid Γ , let J be a homogeneous ideal of B and f : A → B a graded ring homomorphism. In this paper, we introduce a new graded ring construction called "the graded amalgamation of A with B along J with respect to f " (denoted by A ⋈ f J). Then we investigate, through the properties of the homogeneous components that build the body of this "graded" study, the transfer of the property of graded-coherence to the graded amalgamation A ⋈ f J. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Católica Law Review is the property of Catolica Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Abgaben-, Finanz- und Steuerrecht is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Targeting on significantly promoting the hydrogen generation activity of titanium dioxide-based photocatalysts without the modification of noble metals by a straightforward synthetic strategy, simultaneously unveiling the photocatalytic mechanism of expedited charge transfer in photocatalyst are necessary but remains challenging. In this work, Bi 2 O 3 -modified TiO 2 nanocomposite materials were directly synthesized via employing a solid-state synthesis method at mild conditions. The Bi 2 O 3 –modified TiO 2 photocatalyst enable to achieve a remarkable hydrogen generation rate, dramatically outperforming commercial titanium oxide by 40.8 times. Photoelectric measurements were well matched with the broaden light absorption range and expedited charge transfer in photocatalyst, which are primarily responsible for the high-performance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The partially formed metallic Bi serves as a mediator between Bi 2 O 3 and commercial TiO 2 to facilitate photoexcited carriers' separation and migration. The density functional theory simulations were further executed to calculate the differential charge distribution. It successfully unveils the electron transferring property (0.97 e−) in photocatalysts during photocatalytic process, which is well-matched with experiments derived from photoelectric measurements and uncovers the underlying photocatalytic mechanism. This work offers an efficient strategy for modifying the TiO 2 -based photocatalysts and dramatically achieving high-performance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. The Bi 2 O 3 –TiO 2 nanostructure was synthesized by the solid-state chemical method and the structure was reconstructed under the light irradiation. The Bi-bridge Z-scheme Bi 2 O 3 –TiO 2 heterojunction exhibited the boosted photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. [Display omitted] • The photocatalyst exhibited boosted photocatalytic hydrogen generation, which is 40.8 times higher than commercial TiO 2. • The mechanism were illuminated by a combination of experimental evidences and DFT calculations. • The partially formed metallic Bi as a mediator expedited the separation and transfer of photoinduced carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells play a crucial role in intercellular communications and interactions. The direct shedding of EVs from the plasma membrane represents a fundamental pathway for the transfer of properties and information between cells. These vesicles are classified based on their origin, biogenesis, size, content, surface markers, and functional features, encompassing a variety of bioactive molecules that reflect the physiological state and cell type of origin. Such molecules include lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Research efforts aimed at comprehending EVs, including the development of strategies for their isolation, purification, and characterization, have led to the discovery of new biomarkers. These biomarkers are proving invaluable for diagnosing diseases, monitoring disease progression, understanding treatment responses, especially in oncology, and addressing metabolic, neurological, infectious disorders, as well as advancing vaccine development. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)/Mass Spectrometry (MS) stands out as a leading tool for the analysis and characterization of EVs and their cargo. This technique offers inherent advantages such as a high throughput, minimal sample consumption, rapid and cost-effective analysis, and user-friendly operation. This review is mainly focused on the primary applications of MALDI–time-of-flight (TOF)/MS in the analysis and characterization of extracellular vesicles associated with non-cancerous diseases and pathogens that infect humans, animals, and plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines intra-family wealth transfers and the presumption of advancement in Australia. Topics discussed include doctrine of presumed resulting trust modeled on ancient law of resulting uses, suggestions in the High Court that the presumption of advancement is not a presumption, relationship of advancement as consideration for purchase or transfer, importance of the location of the burden of proof, and disapplication of presumption of resulting trust without counter-presumption.

Illinois courts have shifted their interpretation of commercial general liability (CGL) policies to align with the majority of jurisdictions. In a recent case, the Illinois Supreme Court held that "property damage" caused by an "occurrence" should be defined by the language of the CGL policy, rather than previous court interpretations. This decision brings Illinois in line with the national trend of rejecting judicially created limitations on coverage. In another case, a federal district court in Colorado refused to exclude expert testimony that utilized the total cost method of damage calculation, highlighting the court's disfavor of dispositive motions. Finally, the Supreme Court of Nebraska reinforced the protections provided under the Nebraska Construction Lien Act, ruling that a contractor or materialman's right to attach a lien to a property is not extinguished when the property is transferred to a third party. [Extracted from the article]

Using a semiparametric estimator developed by Klein and Vella (J Appl Econom 24(5):735–762, 2009b), we study the motives for parental wealth transfers to living children using left-censored data from the Health and Retirement Study. We confirm the presence of heteroskedastic errors in our data and show that the inverse Mills ratio approach employed by the Heckman correction would be biased in such a setting. Using the more flexible semiparametic approach, we find evidence of a nonlinear relationship between amount of inter vivo transfers and recipient children's household incomes, suggesting that parents' motives for transferring wealth may vary depending on their child's income level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given text explores the parallels between the play "King Lear" and the television show "Succession" in the context of family business succession planning. It emphasizes the importance of starting early and involving all stakeholders in the succession process, as well as the need for clear communication and distinguishing between personal and business roles. The text also highlights the potential for conflicts and lawsuits when family and business interests collide, and suggests that lawyers can play a role in facilitating constructive dialogue and providing guidance in family business succession. [Extracted from the article]

The article provides understanding of the Florida irrevocable grantor homestead trust (FIGHT). Topics discussed include confusion regarding what constitutes a permissible lifetime alienation or conveyance of homestead property under the Florida law and purpose of FIGHT to avoid a mechanism to avoid devise restriction during the period that the transferor has a minor child while maintaining homestead creditor protection and tax benefits during the lifetime and after the death of the transferor.

If a foreigner wants to acquire land in Brazil, there are restrictions introduced in Law No. direct and unrestricted bookkeeping of land for foreigners, the publication of law 13,986/2020 (New Agro Law) granted the possibility of transferring property in case of guarantee in operations. Methodologically, the epistemological analysis of the literature on land acquisition by foreigners, confronted with the newly created possibility, raises the question about the possible constitutionality of the device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay presents a brief introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Rural Social Sciences focused on heirs’ property. Real property transferred over generations without a proper will or other transfer device, heirs’ property and heirs’ property owners are vulnerable to a range of challenges, from limited productive land use to the actual loss of land. A situation that is national in scope, heirs’ property rates are particularly high in the southern region of the United States and among African Americans. Articles in this special issue address operationalizing and measuring heirs’ property at the county-level, describing the characteristics of people seeking assistance with heirs’ property, and the situation and implications faced in a state with limited protections of families with heirs’ property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cities throughout the United States, residential property markets have grown concentrated. Corporate real estate companies, also known as institutional investors, have swallowed up an inordinate percentage of homes for sale, effectively boxing out individual Americans who desire to own a home. Property ownership concentration, however, is not a new problem in the United States. In fact, Hawaii faced this precise problem after achieving statehood: nearly half of all state land was owned by a mere seventy-two individuals. The Hawaiian legislature identified this defective market and passed the Land Reform Act of 1967 to correct it. The Act allowed the government to utilize its eminent domain power to condemn certain property owned by that small group of property owners. In effect, the Act allowed for a forced transfer of fee simple ownership from the owner to the tenants on that land. Because the Act involved a forced transfer of private property from one private citizen to another, some landowners sought to invalidate the Act on Fifth Amendment grounds in Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court validated the Act's takings scheme, affirming the constitutionality of its forced transfer of fee simple ownership. Based on Midkiff and subsequent Supreme Court takings cases, this Note posits that states experiencing concentrated homeownership markets as a result of institutional investors' market presence may consider enacting legislation modeled off Hawaii's Act to dilute the market and provide individual Americans a feasible path to homeownership once again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Histórica: Historia Moderna is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The book "China and the WTO: Why Multilateralism Still Matters" by Petros C. Mavroidis and André Sapir examines the ongoing issues between China and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The authors focus on unfair trade advantages given to China's state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and forced technology and intellectual property transfer. They recommend incremental reforms to relevant WTO rules to induce changes in China's economic behavior rather than directly challenging its political regime. The book also explores alternative approaches such as unilateral responses from the US and complete inaction, ultimately advocating for a multilateral approach to incentivize China to adhere to WTO laws. [Extracted from the article]

The processes used to transfer immovable property from a seller to a buyer in South Africa are outdated and not digitised. Paper-based documents increase the risk of fraud and misrepresentation. This study considered the implementation of a cloud-based centralised database for property supply chain partners to enhance transparency, turnaround times, and security while minimising risks and costs. Digitalised property processes would result in title deeds’ dematerialisation and not merely the automation of the paper-based system. This qualitative study was exploratory, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with role-players involved with property transfers in South Africa. These included the South African Reserve Bank, the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, the Law Society of South Africa, mortgage originators, The Banking Association, the Department of Home Affairs, the Registrar of each Deeds Office, the Surveyor General’s office, municipalities, software companies, National Treasury, South Africa’s Central Securities Depository (Strate Ltd), and the Tshwane Mettropolitan Municipal Council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a partial dissenting opinion by Prof. Zachary Douglas KC in an arbitration case between JSC TASHKENT MECHANICAL PLANT JSCB ASAKA, JSCB UZBEK INDUSTRIAL AND CONSTRUCTION BANK, and NATIONAL BANK FOR FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN as claimants, and the KYRGYZ REPUBLIC as the respondent. Prof. Douglas argues that the tribunal does not have jurisdiction to adjudicate claims arising under the BIT, and that the investments made by the claimants do not qualify as covered investments. The dissent also questions the valuation of the investments and the award of interest. The text discusses the issue of jurisdiction and the definition of "territory" in relation to a dispute between the Kyrgyz Republic and Claimant TMP over alleged expropriation of property rights. The text argues that the investments made by Claimant TMP in the Zolotiye Peski Resort in 1959 were not valid investments in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic, but rather in the Soviet Union. The text also questions the applicability of the BIT to investments made before the existence of the Kyrgyz Republic in 1991. Additionally, the text criticizes the majority's reliance on the doctrine of res judicata and argues that the Tribunal should have considered the different circumstances of each Claimant's alleged investment. The text provides information on the property rights of the claimants in [Extracted from the article]

We here establish the higher fractional differentiability for solutions to a class of obstacle problems with non-standard growth conditions. We deal with the case in which the solutions to the obstacle problems satisfy a variational inequality of the form ∫ Ω ⟨ A ⁢ (x , D ⁢ u) , D ⁢ (φ - u) ⟩ ⁢ d x ≥ 0 for all ⁢ φ ∈ K ψ ⁢ (Ω) , where Ω is a bounded open subset of R n , ψ ∈ W 1 , p ⁢ (Ω) is a fixed function called obstacle and K ψ ⁢ (Ω) = { w ∈ W 1 , p ⁢ (Ω) : w ≥ ψ ⁢ a.e. in ⁢ Ω } is the class of admissible functions. Assuming that the gradient of the obstacle belongs to some suitable Besov space, we are able to prove that some fractional differentiability property transfers to the gradient of the solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insolvency procedure is a special procedure, derogating from common law regarding the method by which commercial companies identify means of recovery of the activity in delicate moments of their existence. Under this aspect, we will analyze how the civil capacity is affected, the possibility of companies to conclude certain categories of property transfer deeds, both from the perspective of acquiring and from the perspective of alienating these rights. Our analysis will focus on answering to what extent the role of the receiver and the syndic judge represents a limitation of the civil capacity and especially if it can be discussed about a lack of it in the insolvency procedure. We will go through the legislation, jurisprudence, and doctrine at the national level, and where the answers will not be sufficient, we will tangentially analyze, through comparative law, the legislative solutions promoted at the level of European legislation and of other states that share a legal system like the national one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the primary tool used by businesses to enhance economic advantages. Family company management is undergoing information and the digital industrial revolution because of artificial intelligence. With the fast development of new technologies, the family company management style has a significant effect and previously unimaginable impact. For most enterprises, intergenerational succession is either taking place or will occur shortly. Here intergenerational inheritance significance for family-owned businesses (IISF-OB) has been proposed to solve family company performance and the internal action mechanisms. Intergenerational succession pathways deserve consideration, and research for the family businesses must utilize artificial intelligence technology to enhance related work. The proposed method investigates how family company management modes can be innovated to fulfill societal development requirements methods in artificial intelligence. It will use case studies, comparative analyses, and develop a new solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deepens our understanding of kinship strategies in Fifteenth-century Granada in general and, in particular, among its ruling elite families. The newly accessible notarial documents from the hitherto ignored collection of the Archives of the Marquis of Santa Cruz contain a parchment with a donation and a sale contract produced by three generations of women from the legendary Banū al-Sarrāj (Abencerrajes) family. Through the analysis of this document, and of the context in which the Banū al-Sarrāj women lived and operated, the article argues that the ruling elite family in Granada at that time was a multi-generational household comprising relatives of consanguineal male and female descent and relatives by marriage. By studying the case of the Banū al-Sarrāj women from the perspective of this new document, it is possible to explore the reality of the ruling elite family, to distinguish between its branches and its head, and to deepen our understanding of family ties between various generations through the transfer of property and an understanding of the cohesion that existed between its women. An edition and a translation of the document are appended to the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into Robert Nozick's theory of entitlement and its differentiation from other justice theories. He characterises it as a theory devoid of historical patterns. Nozick avoids using the term "redistribution" due to its non-neutral connotations and instead opts for the term justice in property, unlike patterned and ahistorical theories. The theory is founded on three fundamental principles. The initial one pertains to justice in acquisition, dictating the rightful initial steps to property. The subsequent principal deals with justice in transferring property, focusing on the legitimate methods of transitioning between distributions. Lastly, the third principal addresses rectifying the injustices highlighted by Nozick. It addresses various significant issues, such as the distinction between correction within generations and correction between generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine entrepreneurial activity following the staggered adoption of modern-day fraudulent transfer laws in the United States. These laws strengthen unsecured creditors' rights and are particularly important for entrepreneurs whose personal assets commingle with the firm's. Using administrative data from the U.S. Census Bureau, we document declines in startup entry—particularly among riskier entrants—and closures of existing firms after these laws pass. Firm financial data shows that entrepreneurs lower leverage by reducing demand for unsecured credit. Our results suggest that strong creditor protections can limit entrepreneurs' appetite for risk, which may reduce churning along the extensive margin among the smallest firms in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on the legal transfer of English property law to colonial South Asia has long focused on the agrarian context. Urban property and the built environment remain understudied. This article explores how the common law of nuisance found its way into the workings of a Committee of Buildings in late eighteenth-century Bombay. An analysis of the internal files of the Committee of Buildings shows that the Committee focused on public and private nuisance mitigation. Residents filed private party nuisance complaints, taking up nuisance law in their own disputes with neighbours. The Committee's attempts to deal with public nuisances highlights the resistance of local residents. The conclusion considers the broader question of how we can conceptualize the actors, vectors and mechanisms involved in legal transfer, and its reception. Alternative explanations such as influences from pre-English colonial regimes, the impact of local custom, and the balance between common law and statute are evaluated. Rather than a seamless legal transfer, nuisance in early colonial Bombay demonstrates dialogue, resistance and appropriation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern conditions of instability in the field of business economic entities are trying to choose effective ways to ensure the implementation of economic obligations. Among other things, their attention is attracted by such methods that provide for the pre-allocation of property, due to which the creditor can satisfy its requirements, which include, in particular, the pledge of property. The article is devoted to the research of pledge of property as one of the ways of realization of ownership in the field of business. The purpose of the research is to specify the legal aspects of the pledge of property as a way to implement the right of ownership in the field of business and the development of proposals to improve its effectiveness under martial law and post-war economic reconstruction of Ukraine. The study summarizes the main scientific developments on the definition of the concept of methods of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations, functions, and types of ways (methods) of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations, on the basis of which it is concluded that the property pledge is inherent in the stimulating and protective function, the content of the property pledge is disclosed. Considerable attention of the study is devoted to the analysis of the issue of the possibility of considering a pledge of property as leading to the alienation of property by the owner, in particular in the context of determining the body that is authorized on behalf of the economic organization to decide on the transfer of property as a pledge. In order to resolve this issue, the current legislation and a significant array of dispute resolution practices were analyzed by economic courts to recognize the property pledge agreements as invalid. Also, in the article attention is paid to the issue of legal consequences of the destruction of pledged property and the search for ways to increase the effectiveness of property pledge as a method to ensure the fulfillment of economic obligations during martial law and the post-war period of economic reconstruction of Ukraine. The authors considered that pledging property is one of the ways to exercise the right of ownership in the business sphere, which consists in preliminary allocation of property of economic entity - pledger, at the expense of which the creditor has the right to satisfy its claims in case of violation of obligation by debtor, in cases provided by law, pledge of property generates additional obligations of pledgee (in particular, to preserve pledged property) and is limited to the following (powers of the property owner). It is also substantiated that in certain cases provided for by law, the transfer of property as a pledge could be regarded as alienation of property by its owner. It is formulated a proposal to increase the efficiency of the pledge as a way of realizing property rights in the field of business under martial law and the post-war restoration of the economy of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Notarial activity is undoubtedly characterized by a particular dynamism, with notaries public having to remain constantly in touch with the rapid pace of change in legislation and the frequent changes taking place in social life. In this paper, we aim to discuss just a few of the most recent legislative changes that have an impact on notarial activity and which have raised much concern among those required by law to apply them. As a result, we will refer to the paradigm shift in the protection of the individual, to the reintroduction of the tax on the transfer of ownership of real estate through inter vivos legal acts, to the multitude of existing registers in notarial matters, in which notaries public must make registrations, and which they have to interrogate/check, the mandatory application by notaries public of legislation in the field of preventing and combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism, as well as compulsory insurance of housing against earthquakes, landslides and floods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article advocates the routine use of intercategorical analysis in lawmaking: When formulating (or revisiting) rules within one legal category, courts, legislators, and codifiers alike should explore analogous doctrines that prevail in related categories. Such exploration may provide lawmakers with both inspiration and data relevant to formulating the doctrine under consideration. The Article offers three disparate illustrations of how intercategorical analysis could improve our law regarding (1) nonpossessory liens, (2) formalities for transfers of property, and (3) in rem proceedings for winding up different kinds of estates. The Article also addresses the potential relevance of intercategorical analysis when drawing the boundaries of legal categories. Finally, the Article assesses the risks inherent in intercategorical analysis and relates this mode of analysis to other "law-ands". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the so-called causal tradition system governing the transfer of property, in order to acquire property rights on immovable property under the contractual acquisition rules, the acquirer first has to conclude a legally valid contract with the real estate owner, and then enter the acquired property into the Real Estate Cadastre. The acquisition of the ownership right will not occur in case the registration was made on the basis of an invalid contract or in case the contract has been concluded with a non-owner (which is determined only after the registration). If the acquirer had disposed of the acquired right before the contract was cancelled, the right to acquire ceases to exist for all subsequent acquirers. Nevertheless, due to the legal effect of the principles of trust and security of legal transactions, a conscientious (bona fide) third party remains the owner or the holder of another real estate right (e.g. mortgage) that was acquired from the registered owner who was wrongly or incompletely entered into the real estate register. The principle of trust in real estate records refers to reliance on all legal data that can be established by inspecting the land registry or cadastral records, which are complete and trustworthy. A third party is conscientious (bona fide) acquirer if, in the circumstances governing the conclusion of the contract and the state of affairs in the cadastral records, he/she could not have had any reason to suspect or doubt the accuracy or veracity of data from the public cadastral records. In Serbian legislation and judicial practice, in order to maintain the presumption of conscientiousness (acting in good faith), it is necessary to check whether the person is a registered owner or an unregisted owner. Although such practice may call into question the effect of the principle of trust, the author considers it to be justified because the cadastral records are still not completely accurate. De lege ferenda, the principle of trust should apply to a conscientious (bona fide) acquirer. Conscientiousness entails the examination of the registered owner but, if the circumstances of the case cast any doubt on the accuracy of cadastral records, conscientiousness must also include the examination of the unregistered owner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: The paper investigates the impact of bequest taxation on saving and transfers when parents and children make decisions consistently. It complements the predictions of Gale and Perozek's life-cycle modeling (2001) when decisions of parents and children are set independently and can be time-inconsistent. Purpose of the article: The paper strives to answer the question of whether taxation of bequest harms savings and inter vivos transfers. The previous results indicated that this is possible for some bequest motives. Our results show that this is not likely for the most typical values of parameters. Methods: The analysis involves economic modeling of four bequest motives: altruistic, paternalistic, accidental, and exchange. The method is based on the overlapping generation approach and life-cycle approach in the case of a paternalistic bequest. The results are supplemented with numerical simulations. Findings & value added: For the altruistic motive, savings are smaller if interest rates are low relative to the tax rate and the utility of one's consumption is more valuable than the utility of the next generations. For the accidental motive, savings decrease with small interest rates, high taxation and long-life expectancy. For the paternalistic motive, savings decrease when the interest rate and the value of future utility are low. For the exchange motive, savings are higher after a tax increase, but it depends on the value of attention and life expectancy. The general conclusion is that higher bequest taxation hamper saving behavior and may disturb the intergenerational exchange process. The bequest tax should, therefore, be set low, especially for aging populations, in order to induce higher savings and force the young to provide the elderly with higher attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between a conveyance's validity and its underlying contract has been a classic but unsettled topic for comparative private lawyers over the past three decades. This paper attempts to add positivist and normative observations drawn from property transfer theories and practices in English and Chinese law. A jurisdiction adopting an 'intent plus' model does not necessarily recognise a separate intent to convey distinct from the intent in the underlying contract, as exemplified by Chinese law, while a jurisdiction adopting the 'intent alone' model does not necessarily deny the separate intent to convey, as exemplified by English law. One advantage for a jurisdiction that takes the separatist approach is its flexibility, so that it can still choose between pure causality, pure abstraction, or context-based abstraction at a later stage. Recent developments show that English and Chinese law are moving towards this approach. As to whether flaws in the underlying contract infect the validity of the conveyance, the English position depends on vitiating factors, whereas the mainstream Chinese judgments tend to be pro-causal. Justifications favouring causality provided in the English and Chinese academia are different, though neither can stand up to scrutiny. The detecting opportunity argument submitted in this paper helps to justify abstraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In November 2017, 225 acres (91 ha) of the former Bannister Federal Complex (BFC) in Kansas City, Missouri were transferred from the Federal Government to Bannister Transformation & Development, LLC (BTD), for demolition; environmental corrective measures; and preparation of the site for redevelopment. This presented a once‐in‐a‐lifetime opportunity to reconfigure groundwater remedies and address long‐standing soil contamination issues. The property included more than 40 previously‐identified Solid Waste Management Units, 3.9 million square feet (362,000 m2) of buildings, subsurface utilities dating back to the 1940s, and an active groundwater containment system. Demolition of buildings and installation of an interim groundwater containment system began almost immediately after property transfer. In 2018, BTD substantially modified its project schedule to incorporate the construction of the first new buildings while demolition and remedial activities were ongoing. By October 2020, construction of the first new warehouse commenced while excavation and capping of contaminated soils, installation of a groundwater containment treatment systems, and abandonment of legacy utilities were still underway. Completion of this work, within the originally planned timeframe, was made possible by factors including up‐front multi‐year funding, early and ongoing engagement of regulators, an extended 3‐year due diligence program and planning stage, and establishment of well‐defined environmental targets. Both the soil and groundwater remedies were also designed with the flexibility needed to accommodate unknown conditions, changing schedules, and revisions to the regrading and redevelopment plans. This case study highlights key technical and management factors that led to the successful completion of this complex brownfields remediation project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]