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Adaptive responses to climate change, based on heritable variation in stress tolerance, may be important for plant population persistence. It is unclear which populations will mount the strongest future adaptive responses. It may be fruitful to identify populations that have escaped trade-offs among performance traits, which can hinder adaptation. Barring strong genetic constraints, the extent of trade-offs may depend on spatial relationships among climate variables shaping different traits. Here, we test for climate-driven ecotypic variation and trade-offs among drought and freezing sensitivity, and growth, for Lemmon's willow (Salix lemmonii) in a common garden study of 90 genotypes from 38 sites in the Sierra Nevada, USA. Salix lemmonii exhibits ecotypic variation in leaf turgor loss point, a measure of drought sensitivity, from -0.95 to -0.74 MPa along a gradient of spring snowpack. We also find variation in spring freezing sensitivity with minimum May temperature. However, we find no trade-off, as the climatic gradients shaping these traits are spatially uncorrelated in our study region, despite being negatively correlated across the Sierra Nevada. Species may escape adaptive trade-offs in geographic regions where climate variables are spatially decoupled. These regions may represent valuable reservoirs of heritable adaptive phenotypic variation.

Woody plants are encroaching across terrestrial ecosystems globally, and this has dramatic effects on how these systems function and the livelihoods of producers who rely on the land to support livestock production. Consequently, the removal of woody plants is promoted widely in the belief that it will reinstate former grasslands or open savanna. Despite this popular management approach to encroachment, we still have a relatively poor understanding of the effects of removal on society, and of alternative management practices that could balance the competing needs of pastoral production, biodiversity conservation and cultural values. This information is essential for maintaining both ecological and societal benefits in encroached systems under predicted future climate changes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive synthesis of the social–ecological perspectives of woody encroachment based on recent studies and global meta‐analyses by assessing the ecological impacts of encroachment and its effects on sustainable development goals (SDGs) when woody plants are retained and when they are removed. We propose a working definition of woody encroachment based on species‐ and community‐level characteristics; such a definition is needed to evaluate accurately the effects of encroachment. We show that encroachment is a natural process of succession rather than a sign of degradation, with encroachment resulting in an overall 8% increase in ecosystem multifunctionality. Removing woody plants can increase herbaceous plant richness, biomass and cover, but at the expense of biocrust cover. The effectiveness of woody plant removal depends on plant identity, and where, when and how they are removed. Under current management practices, either removal or retention of woody plants can induce trade‐offs among ecosystem services, with no management practice maximising all SDGs [e.g. SDG2 (end hunger), SDG13 (climate change), SDG 15 (combat desertification)]. Given that encroachment of woody plants is likely to increase under future predicted hotter and drier climates, alternative management options such as carbon farming and ecotourism could be effective land uses for areas affected by encroachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Environmental factors and individual attributes, and their interactions, impact survival, growth and reproduction of an individual throughout its life. In the clonal rotifer Brachionus, low food conditions delay reproduction and extend lifespan. This species also exhibits maternal effect senescence; the offspring of older mothers have lower survival and reproductive output. In this paper, we explored the population consequences of the individual‐level interaction of maternal age and low food availability. We built matrix population models for both ad libitum and low food treatments, in which individuals are classified both by their age and maternal age. Low food conditions reduced population growth rate (Δλ=−0.0574$$ \Delta \lambda =-0.0574 $$) and shifted the population structure to older maternal ages, but did not detectably impact individual lifetime reproductive output. We analysed hypothetical scenarios in which reduced fertility or survival led to approximately stationary populations that maintained the shape of the difference in demographic rates between the ad libitum and low food treatments. When fertility was reduced, the populations were more evenly distributed across ages and maternal ages, while the lower‐survival models showed an increased concentration of individuals in the youngest ages and maternal ages. Using life table response experiment analyses, we compared populations grown under ad libitum and low food conditions in scenarios representing laboratory conditions, reduced fertility and reduced survival. In the laboratory scenario, the reduction in population growth rate under low food conditions is primarily due to decreased fertility in early life. In the lower‐fertility scenario, contributions from differences in fertility and survival are more similar, and show trade‐offs across both ages and maternal ages. In the lower‐survival scenario, the contributions from decreased fertility in early life again dominate the difference in λ$$ \lambda $$. These results demonstrate that processes that potentially benefit individuals (e.g. lifespan extension) may actually reduce fitness and population growth because of links with other demographic changes (e.g. delayed reproduction). Because the interactions of maternal age and low food availability depend on the population structure, the fitness consequences of an environmental change can only be fully understood through analysis that takes into account the entire life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between efficiency, quality, and access in healthcare is far from being well defined. In particular, there is no consensus on whether there is a trade-off between hospital performance and its social dimensions, such as the care appropriateness, safety, and access to proper health care. This study proposes a new approach based on the Network Data Envelopment Analysis (NDEA) to evaluate the existence of potential trade-offs between efficiency, quality, and access. The aim is to contribute for the heated debate around this topic with a novel approach. The suggested methodology combines a NDEA model with the weak disposability of outputs to handle with undesirable outputs related to the poor quality of care or the lack of access to appropriate and safe care. This combination results in a more realistic approach that has not yet been used to investigate this topic. We utilised data of the Portuguese National Health Service from 2016 to 2019, with four models and nineteen variables selected to quantify the efficiency, quality, and access to public hospital care in Portugal. A baseline efficiency score was calculated and compared with the performance scores obtained under two hypothetical scenarios to quantify the impact of each quality/access-related dimension on efficiency. The first scenario considers that each variable, individually, is at its best situation (for example, absence of septicaemia cases), and the second one, at its worst (e.g., all seen inpatients had a septicaemia case). The findings suggest that there might exist meaningful trade-offs between efficiency, quality, and access. Most variables exhibited a considerable and negative impact on the overall hospital efficiency. That is, we may expect a trade-off between efficiency and quality/access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variation in plant growth strategies facilitate species' coexistence in a community. Some functional traits are predicted to influence the growth rates of developing individuals by capturing trade‐offs in resource allocation. However, despite being used broadly in community ecology, the assumed generality and predictability of trait‐growth relationships lack widespread empirical testing. The megafires of 2019–2020 burned extensive areas throughout New South Wales and were followed by high rainfall, causing the large‐scale synchronous regeneration of fire‐adapted species. We took advantage of this mass disturbance event to test hypothesised relationships between functional traits and growth across six spatially distributed sclerophyllous systems throughout NSW, in which sampled vegetation was part of the same growth cohort. We investigated whether resprouting as a trait facilitated faster initial height growth compared to reseeding and, in reseeding species, tested whether the effects of four structural functional traits—stem specific density (SSD), leaf nitrogen per area, standardised stem diameter and specific leaf area (SLA)—on height growth rates followed directions predicted by theory. Resprouters grew an average of 25.92 cm year−1 more than reseeders at 14–15 months post‐fire, indicating an advantage in light capture over reseeding species in the period soon after fire. Of the four structural functional traits tested, SSD and leaf nitrogen per area displayed evidence of relationships with height growth rate, while standardised stem diameter and SLA had no evidence of an effect. These relationships were consistent across sites. Our results indicate that (i) ontogenetic variation in growth rates should be integrated into the fast‐slow growth economics spectrum and that (ii) while some functional traits predict height growth, this is not a guarantee for all traits. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate warming has induced pronounced shifts in the phenology of alpine plants worldwide, yet the impact of these changes on plant reproduction remains unclear, although phenology plays a vital role in reproduction. Based on a 7‐year field warming and altered precipitation experiment initiated in 2017, we measured three reproductive phenological events and seven reproductive traits of six dominant species, belonging to two flowering functional groups, to assess the effects of climate change on reproductive phenology and the reproductive consequence of changing the phenology in an alpine meadow on the eastern Tibetan Plateau from 2021 to 2023. Warming significantly advanced the start of flowering in early‐spring flowering (ESF) and mid‐summer flowering (MSF) plants, while the fruiting period of ESF plants remained stable. Furthermore, warming led to a decrease in the number of seeds and productivity of alpine plants, while seed size remained stable. Phenological changes regulate the reproductive success of alpine plants. Specifically, the start of flowering for ESF plants and the start of fruiting for MSF plants regulated the number of seeds and productivity of the two flowering functional groups, respectively. The increase in phenological niche overlap and intensification of interspecific competition, caused by different phenological responses of the flowering functional groups to warming, also are key factors contributing to the decline in seed production of alpine plants. Synthesis. These results demonstrate that the reproductive success of alpine plants would be decreased by earlier reproduction under climate warming, and alpine plants tend to maintain stable seed size in response to climate change. Our study emphasizes the important regulatory and indicative role of reproductive phenology in the sexual reproduction of alpine plants under future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Hormones mediate life‐history trade‐offs. In female mammals, such trade‐offs have been studied predominantly in the contexts of oestrogen, progesterone and prolactin. We evaluate the hypothesis that prenatal and postnatal testosterone levels structure and regulate trade‐offs in females involving components of reproduction and survival. This hypothesis is predicated on the observation that testosterone confers competition‐related and survival‐related benefits, but also reproduction‐related costs, to female mammals. The hypothesis is supported by field and laboratory data from diverse non‐human animals, and data from healthy women. Most broadly, relatively low testosterone level in females has been associated with earlier, faster and higher offspring production, greater attractiveness to males, and reduced dominance or competitiveness, whereas higher testosterone level is associated with delayed and reduced reproduction but increased dominance, status, aggression, and resource accrual. The magnitude of testosterone‐mediated trade‐offs is expected to depend upon the strength of female–female competition, which represents some function of species‐specific ecology, behaviour and mating system. Testosterone‐associated trade‐offs have, until now, been virtually ignored in studies of female life history, reproductive physiology, evolutionary endocrinology, and female‐limited disease, probably due to researcher biases towards conceptualizing androgens as hormones with effects mainly restricted to males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of cancer cells parallels species evolution in numerous ways. Variations arise and spread under the pressure of competition between cancer cells. Current investigations of tumor evolution echo earlier debates between biologists. These include the role of non-Darwinian mechanisms, the contribution of neutral evolution, and life history dynamics. The trade-off between proliferation and metastasis is the most well-studied application of life history theory to cancer evolution. This article briefly introduces some parallels between cancer and species evolution, focusing on the life history of evolving tumors. Next, we review evidence from simulation and experimental studies supporting task specialization and trade-offs in cancer. We also cover recent work on inferring tumor tasks from data. We then turn to the implications of multi-tasking and the utility of the theory in explaining critical aspects of tumor heterogeneity. Finally, we discuss some of the criticism and future directions of this research topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea temperature increases may compromise ecological restoration as a tool for recovering degraded coral reefs. A potential solution may lay within using corals with naturally higher thermal resilience, such as intertidal corals. This study aimed at comparing thermal resilience, growth and survival between intertidal and subtidal corals in a reciprocal transplant experiment. Sixty coral nurseries were installed in a shallow coral reef area in Kenya: half were placed in the intertidal zone and half in the subtidal zone. At both zones, intertidal and subtidal Pocillopora cf. damicornis coral fragments were cultured in equal proportions, resulting in 15 replicate nurseries for four treatments. After an initial culture phase of 1 month in situ, six nurseries per treatment were thermally stressed ex situ by exposing corals for 5 days to a temperature of 32 °C (3 °C above summer maximum), after which they were returned in situ to recover. Fragment brightness was measured as the response variable to thermal stress. Intertidal and subtidal corals increased brightness (i.e., bleached) at a similar rate, but during recovery intertidal corals returned quicker to their original brightness in both culture environments. Coral growth was highest for intertidal corals in the intertidal zone during cooler months and was highest for subtidal corals in the subtidal zone during peak temperatures. Intertidal corals transplanted to the subtidal zone registered the lowest survival. Thus, intertidal corals display higher thermal resilience through quicker recovery, but potential trade-offs require further investigation before these corals can be used as a climate-proof broodstock for reef restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life history is defined by traits that reflect key components of fitness, especially those relating to reproduction and survival. Research in life history seeks to unravel the relationships among these traits and understand how life history strategies evolve to maximize fitness. As such, life history research integrates the study of the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying trait determination with the evolutionary and ecological context of Darwinian fitness. As a leading model organism for molecular and developmental genetics, Caenorhabditis elegans is unmatched in the characterization of life history-related processes, including developmental timing and plasticity, reproductive behaviors, sex determination, stress tolerance, and aging. Building on recent studies of natural populations and ecology, the combination of C. elegans ' historical research strengths with new insights into trait variation now positions it as a uniquely valuable model for life history research. In this review, we summarize the contributions of C. elegans and related species to life history and its evolution. We begin by reviewing the key characteristics of C. elegans life history, with an emphasis on its distinctive reproductive strategies and notable life cycle plasticity. Next, we explore intraspecific variation in life history traits and its underlying genetic architecture. Finally, we provide an overview of how C. elegans has guided research on major life history transitions both within the genus Caenorhabditis and across the broader phylum Nematoda. While C. elegans is relatively new to life history research, significant progress has been made by leveraging its distinctive biological traits, establishing it as a highly cross-disciplinary system for life history studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature‐based solutions, through conservation or (re)creation of vegetated shorelines, are recognized to mitigate the impact of waves and erosion risks on shorelines. Wave attenuation is known to be dependent on plant traits, resulting in increasing wave attenuation rates with increasing shoot density, shoot thickness, height, and stiffness. However, following the allometric scaling theory, we hypothesize that increasing shoot density (a canopy‐scale trait) may be associated with decreasing shoot thickness and stiffness (a shoot‐scale trait), with potential opposing effects on overall wave attenuation.This study investigates (1) the presence of such allometric relations across intertidal shore plant species via existing literature and (2) the trade‐off effects on the overall wave attenuation capacity of shore vegetation through a flume experiment.Our results reveal for the first time the presence of allometric relationships between shoot‐scale and canopy‐scale plant properties in perennial intertidal plant species. Across different species, increasing shoot densities are indeed associated with decreasing shoot thickness and shoot stiffness.Next, we performed a wave flume experiment with plant mimics, showing that wave attenuation rate follows a logarithmic increase with increasing shoot density, even though the increasing shoot density was associated with thinner and more flexible individual shoots.Synthesis and applications. We conclude that wave attenuation is predominantly governed by canopy‐scale properties, but a trade‐off with shoot‐scale properties mediates the overall wave attenuation capacity of the vegetated shore. Our findings imply that nature‐based projects (re‐)creating vegetated shorelines should account for potential trade‐off effects of species‐specific plant traits at the canopy scale and individual shoot scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is concerned with a central question in administrative law, as well as environmental law; that is, how to conceptualise and determine the public interest in complex contexts where decisions concern collective action problems, involve multiple actors, cross-temporal and spatial scales, and occur under conditions of knowledge uncertainty. Here, it is argued against the use of trade-offs in the determination of the public interest in these contexts because trade-offs involve epistemological simplifications and de-contextualise interests dismissing the nature of knowledge as a situated and dynamic collective practice. To concretise the critique, the EU Habitats Directive's site protection management provisions are relied on as an example where decisions in the public interest are underpinned by a problematic trade-off logic. To move beyond trade-offs, the article introduces Dewey's thought. More precisely, it is argued that Dewey's deliberative pragmatism presents a cogent conceptualisation of the public interest, and thereby constitutes a first intellectual step to overcome the key limitations of a trade-off logic in determining the public interest in environmental decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving sustainable Australian food and land systems requires the rapid implementation and scaling up of a broad suite of solutions to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Decision-making frameworks are needed to identify suitable indicators and prioritise solutions at national scales to inform sustainability transitions. Using a knowledge co-production framework, we convened 150 stakeholders from 100 + organisations to identify 18 nationally relevant indicators that aligned with critical SDGs describing a sustainable food and land system for Australia, in addition to 78 key solutions (supply- and demand-side) to enable progress against these indicators. We then asked subject matter experts to code the impact of each solution on each indicator using an adapted interaction mapping method accounting for uncertainty. The solution category 'Protecting and restoring nature', which included solutions targeting conservation and restoration, showed the highest potential for capturing synergies and avoiding trade-offs across multiple indicators. This category exhibited 34.6% of total major synergies, supporting the achievement of clean water and sanitation (SDG6), economic growth (SDG12), life under water (SDG14), and life on land (SDG15). The solution category 'Carbon sequestration', which included technological and biological carbon dioxide removal solutions, had the highest number of trade-offs with individual sustainability indicators (42.3%), particularly those relating to zero hunger (SDG2), wellbeing (SDG3), SDG6, SDG14, and SDG15. Our framework can be used to inform future research investment, support the prioritisation of solutions for quantitative modelling, and inform discussions with stakeholders and policymakers for transforming national-scale food and land systems in alignment with the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Wood anatomy plays a key role in plants' ability to persist under drought and should therefore predict demography. Plants balance their resource allocation among wood cell types responsible for different functions. However, it remains unclear how these anatomical trade‐offs vary with water availability, and the extent to which they influence demographic rates. We investigated how wood anatomical trade‐offs were related to drought and demographic rates, for seedling communities in four tropical dry forests differing in their aridity indexes (AIs). We measured wood density, as well as vessel, fiber and parenchyma traits of 65 species, and we monitored growth and survival for a 1‐yr period. Two axes defined wood anatomical structure: a fiber‐parenchyma axis and a vessel‐wood density axis. Seedlings in drier sites had larger fiber but lower parenchyma fractions, while in less dry forests, seedlings had the opposite allocation pattern. The fiber–parenchyma trade‐off was unrelated to growth but was positively related to survival, and this later relationship was mediated by the AI. These findings expand our knowledge about the wood anatomical trade‐offs that mediate responses to drought conditions and influence demographic rates, in the seedling layer. This information is needed to anticipate future responses of forests to changing drought conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Drainage for agricultural purposes is one of the main drivers of peatland degradation, leading to significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, biodiversity loss, and soil eutrophication. Rewetting is a potential solution to restore peatlands, but it generally requires a land-use shift to paludiculture or nature areas. Methods: This study explored whether three different water level management techniques (subsoil irrigation, furrow irrigation, and dynamic ditch water level regulation) could be implemented on dairy grasslands to yield increases in essential ecosystem services (vegetation diversity and soil biogeochemistry) without the need to change the current land use or intensity. We investigated vegetation diversity, soil biogeochemistry, and CO2 emission reduction in fourteen agricultural livestock pastures on drained peat soils in Friesland (Netherlands). Results: Across all pastures, Shannon-Wiener diversity was below 1, and the species richness was below 5. The plant-available phosphorus (P) was consistently higher than 3 mmol L-1. None of the water level management (WLM) techniques enhanced vegetation diversity or changed soil biogeochemistry despite a notable increase in water table levels. The potential for CO2 emission reduction remained small or even absent. Indicators of land-use intensity (i.e., grass harvest and fertilization intensity), however, showed a strong negative correlation with vegetation diversity. Furthermore, all sites' total and plant-available P and nitrate exceeded the upper threshold for species-rich grassland communities. Discussion: In conclusion, our research suggests that incomplete rewetting (i.e., higher water tables while maintaining drainage) while continuing the current land use does neither effectively mitigate GHG emissions nor benefit vegetation diversity. Therefore, we conclude that combining WLM and reducing land-use intensity is essential to limit the degradation of peat soils and restore more biodiverse vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multifunctionality of ecosystem services (ES) represents multiple benefits that support ES supply and demand. Watershed planning entails the adequate distribution of land use provided by subsystems such as the drainage network (water and biota), riparian forests, and productive systems. However, the multiple ES provided for watersheds is still a critical issue in water system management instruments, such as territorial planning. This study proposes a method for applying the concept of ES multifunctionality in environmental zoning at the watershed scale, integrating information on the supply and demand of ES and its relationship with biodiversity and ecosystem processes. The suitability model included areas of multiple ES supply identified from an ES multifunctionality index (MESLI), the evaluation of trade-offs and synergies between ES through spatial analysis, ecosystem processes associated with distribution patterns of fauna species with some degree of threat and roles in ecosystem processes related to pollination, seed dispersal, and litter fragmentation in streams, using MaxEnt to recognize zones related to habitat conservation and priority areas for conservation. The proposed method integrates different spatial information inputs and supports territorial zoning based on ecological and biological components. Zones with potential ES multifunctionality highlight synergies between services, thereby improving the categorization of land use in the watershed. Models of species distribution and land use help in the spatial analysis of ES by highlighting the ecological functions of key species. The suitability model obtained presents a base scenario for the environmental management of watersheds and is an input for the formulation and negotiation of land use and conservation areas among the stakeholders in the watershed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal personality differences may have evolved as alternative strategies for negotiating multiple stressor landscapes. Indeed, ecologists are increasingly recognizing that interactions among multiple stressors can transform selective landscapes and behavioural and physiological responses to stress regimes. Yet, evaluating this hypothesis poses challenges, as most studies involving relationships between personality variation and the environment consider single stressors. Here, we review the literature to explore the theory and evidence that multiple stressor environments may mediate personality variation. We consider effects on evolution of personality variation, as influenced by life-history, energetic and behavioural trade-offs, and effects on phenotypic expression of personality traits. We then explore how personality variation may modulate behavioural and physiological responses to multiple stressors, and how differential responses may be affected by personality-dependent movement ecology and cognitive strategies. Among-individual differences in responses to multiple stressors are critical to elucidate, as multi-stress interactions may transform animal behavioural and physiological responses relative to those predicted under single stressor scenarios, and because among-individual variation comprises the basis for evolutionary shifts in stress responsiveness and population resiliency to global environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing aridity in the Mediterranean region will result in longer and recurrent drought. These changes could strongly modify plant defenses, endangering tree survival. We investigate the response of chemical defenses from central and specialized metabolism in Quercus pubescens Willd. to future Mediterranean drought using a long-term drought experiment in natura where trees have been submitted to amplified drought (~ –30% annual precipitation) since April 2012. We focused on leaf metabolites including chlorophylls and carotenoids (central metabolism) and flavonols (specialized metabolism). Measurements were performed in summer from 2016 to 2022. Amplified drought led to higher concentrations of total photosynthetic pigments over the 2016–2022 period. However, it also led to lower AZ/VAZ and flavonol concentrations. Additionally, chemical defenses of Q. pubescens responded to previous precipitation where low precipitation 1 year and/or 2 years preceding sampling was associated to low concentrations of VAZ, flavonol and high neoxanthin concentrations. Our study indicates that the decline of flavonol concentration under long-term drought is counterbalanced by a higher production of several central metabolites. Such results are potentially due to an adjustment in tree metabolism, highlighting the importance of performing long-term experimental studies in natura for assessing drought legacy effects and thus forest adaptation to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant economics, the way plants allocate and utilize resources, affect multiple soil processes through interactions with root and associated microbial communities. However, the interplay between plant economics and microbial ecological strategies remains poorly understood, which is crucial for integrated manipulation of plant‐ and microbe‐mediated functions in mitigating climate change and sustaining soil health. We used a field experiment with 11 cover crop species grown monocultures in the same base soil to test whether microbial ecological strategies are associated with plant economic strategies and if their interactions are linked to soil functions. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on root and leaf traits to identify the loadings of cover crop species on the plant trait space. Metagenomic analysis of rhizosphere microbial communities was conducted to infer their ecological strategies based on genetically encoded community‐aggregated traits. We found a synchronous relationship between the conservation gradient of plant economic strategies and the trade‐offs in microbial ecological strategies. Conservative plant strategists, such as Lolium multiflorum, Triticum turgidum and Brassica juncea, fostered microbial communities characterized by high growth yield potentials (Y‐strategies). This included increased microbial carbon fixation pathways, citrate cycle, ribosome and valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis. As a result, microbial metabolic efficiency improved, shown by higher microbial biomass carbon content and a lower metabolic quotient (qCO2), led to enhanced soil organic carbon accumulation. In comparison, acquisitive plants like Astragalus sinicus, Vicia villosa, Trifolium incarnatum and Medicago sativa stimulated microbial resource‐acquisition strategies (A‐strategies). This included enhanced bacterial chemotaxis, secretion systems, biotin metabolism and cell motility pathways, which in turn increased soil exoenzyme activity and accelerated soil nitrogen mineralization. Consequently, these species enhanced soil nitrogen availability and had substantial feedbacks on subsequent main crop productivity. Synthesis. This study demonstrates how plant economic strategies influence the balance between different microbial ecological strategies, specifically the trade‐offs in Y‐ and A‐strategies. These interactions exert control over carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the soil ecosystem. The findings provide insights for implementing nature‐based solutions to improve agroecosystem management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutualistic relationships with photosynthetic organisms are common in cnidarians, which form an intracellular symbiosis with dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae. The establishment and maintenance of these symbionts are associated with the suppression of key host immune factors. Because of this, there are potential trade-offs between the nutrition that cnidarian hosts gain from their symbionts and their ability to successfully defend themselves from pathogens. To investigate these potential trade-offs, we utilized the facultatively symbiotic polyps of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana and exposed aposymbiotic and symbiotic polyps to the pathogen Serratia marcescens. Symbiotic polyps had a lower probability of survival following S. marcescens exposure. Gene expression analyses 24 hours following pathogen exposure indicate that symbiotic animals mounted a more damaging immune response, with higher levels of inflammation and oxidative stress likely resulting in more severe disruptions to cellular homeostasis. Underlying this more damaging immune response may be differences in constitutive and pathogen-induced expression of immune transcription factors between aposymbiotic and symbiotic polyps rather than broadscale immune suppression during symbiosis. Our findings indicate that in facultatively symbiotic polyps, hosting symbionts limits C. xamachana's ability to survive pathogen exposure, indicating a trade-off between symbiosis and immunity that has potential implications for coral disease research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Increasing crop yield depends on selecting and utilizing pleiotropic genes/alleles to improve multiple yield‐related traits (YRTs) during crop breeding. However, synergistic improvement of YRTs is challenging due to the trade‐offs between YRTs in breeding practices. Here, the favourable haplotypes of the TaCYP78A family are identified by analysing allelic variations in 1571 wheat accessions worldwide, demonstrating the selection and utilization of pleiotropic genes to improve yield and related traits during wheat breeding. The TaCYP78A family members, including TaCYP78A3, TaCYP78A5, TaCYP78A16, and TaCYP78A17, are organ size regulators expressed in multiple organs, and their allelic variations associated with various YRTs. However, due to the trade‐offs between YRTs, knockdown or overexpression of TaCYP78A family members does not directly increase yield. Favourable haplotypes of the TaCYP78A family, namely A3/5/16/17Ap‐Hap II, optimize the expression levels of TaCYP78A3/5/16/17‐A across different wheat organs to overcome trade‐offs and improve multiple YRTs. Different favourable haplotypes have both complementary and specific functions in improving YRTs, and their aggregation in cultivars under strong artificial selection greatly increase yield, even under various planting environments and densities. These findings provide new support and valuable genetic resources for molecular breeding of wheat and other crops in the era of Breeding 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convergence is considered powerful evidence for adaptation to similar natural selection pressures. However, for many ecologically and morphologically convergent species, it remains unclear whether convergence extends to reproductive strategies, which are particularly important because of their tight connection to fitness. Here, by measuring key life-history traits (e.g. reproductive status, egg size, oviposition frequency, reproductive effort) across a full annual cycle comprising both reproductive and non-reproductive seasons, we discover divergence in reproductive strategies in two Anolis lizards that are otherwise strikingly convergent in ecology, morphology, and behaviour. The Cuban brown anole (Anolis sagrei) rapidly produces many small eggs during a concentrated summer reproductive season, whereas the Puerto Rican crested anole (Anolis cristatellus) produces comparatively fewer, larger eggs over a longer period. Thus, despite evolving highly convergent ecomorphological phenotypes and both being constrained to a single-egg clutch, these species exhibit marked divergence in life-history trade-off strategies along the fast–slow continuum. Our results indicate that ecomorphological convergence evolved uncoupled from life-history pathways in these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multisectoral integration has been at the core of sustainability debates and is continuously rearticulated through different concepts. Following the 2007–2008 financial, food, and energy crises, a new concept, the water–energy–food nexus, gained prominence to identify trade-offs and synergies between water, energy, and food systems and guide the development of cross-sectoral policies. The nexus is essentially a systems-based perspective that explicitly recognizes these three systems as both interconnected and interdependent, and thus integrated approaches are required that move beyond sectoral, policy, and disciplinary silos. The nexus is also a political process, one in which the interplay of different types of power, as well as the actors wielding them, is not just a procedurally technical one. This tension between the nexus as a complex system and the nexus as a political process constitutes the core debating idea, in terms of feasibility, methods, and theory, in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study conducted along the coast of Odisha, India, reproductive trade-offs in isopods of the family Cymothoidae were investigated, focusing on the relationship between the number vs. volume of eggs and the percentage of brood to body volume. Ovigerous females from species with substantial sample sizes (n > 30) were analyzed to understand their survival strategies. The findings highlight distinct strategies among different parasite types within Cymothoidae. Buccal parasites such as Cymothoa frontalis and Cymothoa indica, along with branchial parasites like Joryma sawayah and Agarna malayi, generally produced a higher number of smaller eggs, except for A. malayi, which produced fewer but larger eggs. In contrast, the external body surface-attaching parasite, Nerocila orbignyi, was observed to produce fewer eggs of larger size. Across all parasite types (intraspecific), there was a statistically significant negative correlation between egg number and egg volume (p < 0.05). Buccal parasites were observed to have the highest percentage of marsupium volume relative to body volume, indicating a strategy to maximize egg storage. Conversely, external body surface-attaching parasites had the lowest percentage, possibly reflecting adaptation to a different reproductive environment. Additional observations revealed anatomical adaptations in all the studied isopod species which include the shift of the alimentary canal to the dorsal side to accommodate the development of the marsupial sac for egg incubation. In summary, these findings illustrate how parasitic isopods of the family Cymothoidae manage trade-offs between reproductive potential and success, crucial for their species’ continuity and survival strategies in coastal ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to biodiversity declines worldwide, over 190 nations committed to protect 30% of their lands and waters by 2030 (hereafter, 30×30). Systematic conservation planning and return on investment analysis can be helpful tools for determining where protection efforts could deliver the most efficient and effective reserve design, and supporting decision‐making when trade‐offs among objectives are required. Here, we propose a framework for efficient "30×30" implementation and apply it to the state of California (USA). Because conservation of a region's full suite of biodiversity is the primary objective of the global initiative, we prioritized representation in our analysis. We used Zonation to identify networks that close the gap in representation of major habitat types in California's protected area network and that also conserve the places important for biodiversity or climate change mitigation. We identified networks that are efficient relative to metrics likely to be important in implementation including land acquisition cost, number of transactions, and conservation benefit per hectare, and we illustrate not only trade‐offs associated with these metrics but also differences in the co‐benefits achieved. Five of the eight major habitat types in California are not currently protected at a 30% level statewide, and if representation was achieved solely through private land acquisition, targets could be met for as little as $5.84 billion, with as few as 364 transactions, or with 2.18 million additional conserved hectares. Implementation of 30×30 will likely require more flexibility than a single network design. A "no regrets" action would be to protect properties that were prioritized across all networks and additional implementation should include properties with characteristics of any of the individual networks. Our analytical framework and implementation guidance can be applied to other geographies and jurisdictions to increase the likelihood of both meeting 30×30 targets and delivering the conservation benefits they aim to secure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between migratory strategies and life-history traits helps explain how migratory organisms balance the energetic costs and survival risks with the benefits of migration. However, there is no consensus on how life-history traits associate with migration, and on migrant's position at the slow–fast continuum of life history. Birds subject to different selective pressures are likely to show distinct patterns from each other. We used data from egg collections to investigate the relationship between reproduction and migration by assessing clutch size and egg size of 58 migratory and non-migratory tyrant flycatchers breeding in South America. We first compared clutch size and egg size of migrants and non-migrants, and then we assessed how migrants balance these reproductive traits with migration distance. Despite energy expenditure faced by migrants during their journey, migratory behavior was not a factor influencing clutch size and egg size of migrants and non-migrants. On the other hand, migration distance positively correlated with clutch size in migrants. Our study provides evidence that migration distance may constrain migrants in terms of costs and pressure reproduction in the direction of a faster life-history strategy, while migratory behavior per se may not be a determinant to place migrants in the slow–fast continuum of life history. Thus, among tyrant flycatchers breeding in South America variation in migratory strategies might be more important than migratory behavior in interacting with life-history traits. This study also demonstrates the potential of museum egg collections to test ecological hypotheses that investigate large-scale variation in breeding parameters of birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Adaptive responses to climate change, based on heritable variation in stress tolerance, may be important for plant population persistence. It is unclear which populations will mount the strongest future adaptive responses. It may be fruitful to identify populations that have escaped trade‐offs among performance traits, which can hinder adaptation. Barring strong genetic constraints, the extent of trade‐offs may depend on spatial relationships among climate variables shaping different traits.Here, we test for climate‐driven ecotypic variation and trade‐offs among drought and freezing sensitivity, and growth, for Lemmon's willow (Salix lemmonii) in a common garden study of 90 genotypes from 38 sites in the Sierra Nevada, USA.Salix lemmonii exhibits ecotypic variation in leaf turgor loss point, a measure of drought sensitivity, from −0.95 to −0.74 MPa along a gradient of spring snowpack. We also find variation in spring freezing sensitivity with minimum May temperature. However, we find no trade‐off, as the climatic gradients shaping these traits are spatially uncorrelated in our study region, despite being negatively correlated across the Sierra Nevada.Species may escape adaptive trade‐offs in geographic regions where climate variables are spatially decoupled. These regions may represent valuable reservoirs of heritable adaptive phenotypic variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of public opinion on welfare policies implement increasingly concrete and complex survey measures that frequently assume relative preferences on the part of respondents. Yet, we lack evidence on whether voters hold such structured attitudes toward welfare policies. We rely on novel survey data from eight West European countries to study horizontal attitudinal constraint in welfare policy preferences. Addressing both logical and relational consistency, we find that most respondents hold structured welfare belief systems and relative preferences about where reform is more important, even when confronted with complex questions and explicit trade-offs. Moreover, by addressing individual-level heterogeneity, we show that differences related to sociodemographic factors and political attitudes are rather minor. Consistent welfare preferences are not exclusive to highly sophisticated individuals. These results have important implications for survey research implementing increasingly complex measures of preferences, such as explicit trade-offs or rating tasks, in social policy as well as in other policy areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark pigmentation of adults resulting from cold exposure during development is ubiquitous among insects. Yet the costs associated with the developmental plasticity of melanisation have been explored only for a handful of species.We explored two hypotheses relating to colour plasticity of insects. First, if melanin pigments are costly to synthesise and require allocation of resources, increased melanisation should be negatively associated with performance traits (the cost hypothesis). Second, given the positive association between melanisation and immune responses or desiccation resistance in some species, melanisation and performance may co‐vary positively (the positive covariance hypothesis). Furthermore, given the typical differences in reproductive effort and activity between females and males, we expect these performance–melanisation relationships to differ between sexes.We assessed whether temperature‐induced melanisation of the globally invasive beetle Harmonia axyridis f. succinea (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was related to standard metabolic rate and flight performance while accounting for developmental temperature and family affiliation.Melanisation explained little variation in standard metabolic rate at most temperatures tested (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C). For flight performance and after the cold‐rearing regime, lighter coloured female beetles had increased flight speed compared with darker females, whereas the opposite was found in males. In addition, in warm‐reared beetles, darker individuals had lower mean flight speeds.The results suggest that at least some flight performance costs are associated with developmentally induced melanisation, supporting the cost hypothesis. Disparities in these relationships between males and females suggest that the drivers underlying variation in melanisation differ between sexes. Importantly, variation in melanisation was more acute for females reared in the warm regime compared with equally treated males and to cold‐reared individuals. We propose new directions to test hypotheses pertaining to the maintenance of colour variation and performance between sexes in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the complex relationships among ecosystem services (ESs) and their driving mechanisms is essential for effective ecosystem management and enhancing human welfare. Nonetheless, the current research on these issues still remains limited; therefore, further theoretical exploration is required. This study aims to quantitatively illustrate the trade-off strength of ESs and investigate the spatiotemporal heterogeneity connections between these relationships and various anthropogenic and natural factors in Baiyangdian basin, China, integrating InVEST, RMSE, geographical detector and MGWR methods. From 2000 to 2020, the total water yield (WY) and nutrient export (NE) increased, while the total carbon storage (CS) and habitat quality (HQ) decreased slightly. The trade-offs of ESs showed spatiotemporal heterogeneity. The most serious trade-off occurred between regulating services (CS and NE) and supporting services (HQ) in 2000, which was mainly distributed in the densely forested and grassed western and northern regions of the basin. The trade-off intensities of half of the pairwise ESs in 2020 increased, with the strengthened areas mainly located in the southeast of the watershed where built-up lands are concentrated. Various factors dominated the trade-offs among ESs, with the interactive effects of multiple drivers being more significant than those of individual factors. Land use type, vegetation cover and precipitation have the most pronounced effect on the trade-offs among ESs. The findings of this study may suggest and advocate for spatial ecological strategies to enhance the integrated and holistic advancement of various ESs and also serve as a reference for regional ecosystem governance and the attainment of sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the impacts of land-use management on the specific ecosystem services (ESs) is very important in eco-fragile regions. This study simulates the combined effects of future land-use management on ESs typical in the Chinese Loess Plateau to examine the different ecological effects of a climate adaptation scenario versus two reference scenarios (agroforestry development and business-as-usual). We integrated spatially explicit land-use modeling and biophysical simulation methods to map ecosystem service provisioning for food production, carbon storage, water conservation, and soil conservation, supported by multiple data sources. Based on our results, the BAU and agroforestry development scenarios all show declining trends in service provision compared to the base period. Conversely, climate adaptation strategies can synergistically increase existing ecosystem service provision. We believe that land management oriented towards climate resilience strategies can promote ecological restoration and ESs supply synergically in the Loess Plateau region and benefit regional. At the same time, we recommend that further attention is paid to the differentiated ecological and environmental conditions of different sub-basins. Moreover, regional agroforestry complex system models could promote local agriculture development and increase of ESs supply. Our research methods and results can support the local integrated land-use management in the Loess Plateau region, and provide useful references of policy-making for land-use issue in similar ecologically fragile areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urgent solutions are needed in cities to mitigate twin crises of global climate change and biodiversity loss. Urban nature-based solutions (actions that protect, sustainably manage, and restore ecosystems while simultaneously providing human wellbeing and biodiversity benefits) are being advocated for as multi-functional tools capable of tackling these societal challenges. Urban forest management is a proposed nature-based solution with potential to address both climate change mitigation and biodiversity loss along with multiple other benefits. However, bodies of evidence measuring multiple outcomes (e.g., biodiversity conservation and nature-based climate solutions) remain siloed which limits conservation and management opportunities. In this article, we present a systematic map of the literature on urban forest management strategies that measure both biodiversity goals (through avian conservation) and climate change mitigation goals (through carbon storage and sequestration). Methods: Following a published protocol, we searched for evidence related to urban forest management strategies for (1) avian conservation and (2) carbon solutions within the global temperate region in academic and grey literature. In addition to Scopus, ProQuest and Web of Science Core Collection, we searched 21 specialist websites. We screened English language documents using predefined inclusion criteria on titles and abstracts, and then full texts. All qualifying literature items were coded, and metadata were extracted. No study validity appraisal was conducted. We identified knowledge clusters and gaps related to forest management strategies for both topics. Review findings: Our searches identified 19,073 articles published, of which 5445 were duplicates. The title and abstract screening removed a further 11,019 articles. After full-text screening (1762 and 1406), a total of 277 avian and 169 forest carbon literature items met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final database. We found a large knowledge base for broad-scale avian metrics: abundance, species richness. We similarly found that both avian and carbon solutions most often used broad-scale forest management components: land use type, composition, and forested area and least often considered fragmentation, connectivity, and diversity metrics (abundance, richness). The most understudied avian metrics were foraging, resources, and survival while the most understudied carbon solutions metrics were soil carbon, dead wood and organic matter and infrastructure. Avian literature most often used an experimental design (56% with comparator, 44% no comparator) while forest carbon solutions literature was dominated by observational studies (86%). In both topics, studies most often occurred over short timelines between 0 and 1 and 2–5 years. The body of evidence for both avian and carbon outcomes present a scale-mismatch between the scale of forest management strategy (e.g., land use type) and scale of application (e.g., patch). For example, the majority of studies considered forest strategies at broad scales, like land use type or composition, yet were conducted at a patch or multi-patch scale. Our systematic map also highlights that multi-city and regional urban scales are underrepresented in both carbon solutions and avian conservation and will require additional research efforts. Finally, we highlight gaps in the inclusion of recommendations in both bodies of literature. Roughly 30% of articles in each topic's database did not include recommendations for practitioners or researchers. Conclusions: Our systematic map provides a database and identifies knowledge gaps and clusters of urban forest management strategies for (1) avian conservation and (2) carbon solutions. Overall, our map will allow researchers to fill existing gaps in literature through new research investigations, meta-analyses or systematic reviews while also pointing policymakers toward strong knowledge bases in addition to understudied or mismatched areas that require more funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logistics organizations' cultures inherently produce tension between safety and operational requirements. Perhaps counterintuitively, such tension is important for organizations to achieve safe practice and effective operational outcomes. In this study, we evaluate how logistics managers and workers create, identify, and manage various tensions between operational requirements and personnel health and safety during an extended period of uncertainty. Using a grounded theory (GT) approach, this research draws on multiple data sources from six global U.S. Air Force logistics organizations during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic. A six‐stage GT empirical analysis process revealed a tension‐centered approach to safe, effective logistics, presented as a substantive (middle‐range) theory with an accompanying process model. Data demonstrate operations‐ and people‐focused cultural elements are activated based on respective requirements, thus inducing tension between potentially competing, yet interrelated, areas. In high‐performing organizations, logistics managers and workers address tensions via a balanced focus to alleviate conflicts and conduct safe, effective logistics. This research responds to calls for organizational culture research using qualitative methods while offering implications for theory and practice. Specifically, logistics leaders can use the process model to prepare personnel to safely and effectively handle dynamic operational logistics in the face of unforeseen crises or changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Robust assessments are needed to identify the best circular economy (CE) approaches related to their contribution to achieving a CE by simultaneously considering the complexity of the three pillars of sustainability (environmental, economic, social). In this regard, the circular life cycle sustainability assessment (C-LCSA) framework was recently developed. This study aimed to demonstrate its applicability and capability of identifying trade-offs and interlinkages between the different dimensions using a case study of different CE approaches to carpet tiles. Methods: C-LCSA integrates circularity and life cycle sustainability assessments (LCSA). Thus, this study applied the material circularity indicator (MCI) in parallel to life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle costing (LCC), and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA). The last technique was applied as social hotspot assessment. Five CE approaches of carpet tiles produced in the US, including strategies like reducing the consumption of primary materials through recycled and bio-based feedstock or replacing carpet tiles for a longer overall service life, as well as recycling, were assessed and compared to their mainly linear counterpart. Results and discussion: The study revealed that recycling carpet tiles containing recycled and bio-based materials at the end-of-life (EoL) resulted in the lowest global warming potential (8.47 kg CO2 eq.) and the highest circularity (MCI value of 0.76, with 1 indicating the maximum level of circularity) compared to the other scenarios. However, this scenario had a trade-off with a higher acidification potential (0.039 kg SO2 eq.) and higher costs (US$19.98) compared to the disposal scenario. On the other hand, the scenario using primary, non-bio-based materials in production and disposing of the carpet tiles at their EoL performed the worst in circularity (MCI value of 0.11) and implied high environmental impacts while being more cost-effective (US$10.27). Conclusions: C-LCSA transparently revealed interlinkages in terms of circularity and the overall sustainability performance of different CE approaches. While no significant differences in terms of social hotspots were identified, approaches associated with a higher circularity and improved environmental performance in most impact categories tended to result in higher costs. This emphasized the need for individual and holistic assessments of the new CE approach to identify and address trade-offs. To enhance and foster C-LCSA in academia and industry, further studies applying the framework to different sectors are encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTCities are described as urban heat islands (UHI) due to the intensity of the heat generated by urban activities. Buildings, for example, absorb and emit heat, which contributes to urban heat. Cities contribute to global warming, which, over time, influences climate change. Cities contend with these challenges concurrently through mitigation and adaptation strategies. Through their unintended conflicts and trade-offs, the strategies may impact each other adversely. What are typologies of these trade-offs and conflicts, and how do they influence the effectiveness of UHI management by governments? To answer this research question, this paper used the desktop, case-study and evidence-based research techniques. The paper found and discussed specific conflicts and trade-offs between UHI mitigation and adaptation strategies, as well as effective integration, innovation and evaluation management mechanisms. The findings should provide actionable insights for urban policymakers and planners, on UHI management and long-term climate resilience in cities.

Abstract The evolution of cancer cells parallels species evolution in numerous ways. Variations arise and spread under the pressure of competition between cancer cells. Current investigations of tumor evolution echo earlier debates between biologists. These include the role of non-Darwinian mechanisms, the contribution of neutral evolution, and life history dynamics. The trade-off between proliferation and metastasis is the most well-studied application of life history theory to cancer evolution. This article briefly introduces some parallels between cancer and species evolution, focusing on the life history of evolving tumors. Next, we review evidence from simulation and experimental studies supporting task specialization and trade-offs in cancer. We also cover recent work on inferring tumor tasks from data. We then turn to the implications of multi-tasking and the utility of the theory in explaining critical aspects of tumor heterogeneity. Finally, we discuss some of the criticism and future directions of this research topic.

Abstract Across cultures, mothers balance childcare with other labour. Hunter-gatherer mothers face a daily choice of whether to take infants on foraging trips or leave them with caregivers in the settlement, as well as deciding with whom to forage. Yet, it remains unclear how infant presence affects mothers’ mobility and food returns during group foraging. Using GPS, heart rate measurements, and food return data from 348 foraging trips by 22 BaYaka mothers in the Republic of the Congo, we found that mothers go on longer-duration foraging trips when they take infants along, compared to when they leave them behind. Despite this, infant presence does not affect mothers’ mobility, energy expenditure, or food returns. Mothers also go on longer-duration and longer-distance trips during group foraging, compared to foraging alone. However, they have decreased food returns in larger groups with more adults, possibly due to food competition. Nevertheless, BaYaka mothers maintain their energy expenditure and net food returns in general, regardless of infant presence or group dynamics, likely due to their individual foraging strategies and support from group members. Particularly, children in foraging groups increase mothers’ food returns, aligning with women’s reports of children assisting as caregivers. These findings provide insights into how BaYaka mothers accommodate childcare with subsistence activities during group foraging.

Abstract Background Urgent solutions are needed in cities to mitigate twin crises of global climate change and biodiversity loss. Urban nature-based solutions (actions that protect, sustainably manage, and restore ecosystems while simultaneously providing human wellbeing and biodiversity benefits) are being advocated for as multi-functional tools capable of tackling these societal challenges. Urban forest management is a proposed nature-based solution with potential to address both climate change mitigation and biodiversity loss along with multiple other benefits. However, bodies of evidence measuring multiple outcomes (e.g., biodiversity conservation and nature-based climate solutions) remain siloed which limits conservation and management opportunities. In this article, we present a systematic map of the literature on urban forest management strategies that measure both biodiversity goals (through avian conservation) and climate change mitigation goals (through carbon storage and sequestration). Methods Following a published protocol, we searched for evidence related to urban forest management strategies for (1) avian conservation and (2) carbon solutions within the global temperate region in academic and grey literature. In addition to Scopus, ProQuest and Web of Science Core Collection, we searched 21 specialist websites. We screened English language documents using predefined inclusion criteria on titles and abstracts, and then full texts. All qualifying literature items were coded, and metadata were extracted. No study validity appraisal was conducted. We identified knowledge clusters and gaps related to forest management strategies for both topics. Review findings Our searches identified 19,073 articles published, of which 5445 were duplicates. The title and abstract screening removed a further 11,019 articles. After full-text screening (1762 and 1406), a total of 277 avian and 169 forest carbon literature items met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final database. We found a large knowledge base for broad-scale avian metrics: abundance, species richness. We similarly found that both avian and carbon solutions most often used broad-scale forest management components: land use type, composition, and forested area and least often considered fragmentation, connectivity, and diversity metrics (abundance, richness). The most understudied avian metrics were foraging, resources, and survival while the most understudied carbon solutions metrics were soil carbon, dead wood and organic matter and infrastructure. Avian literature most often used an experimental design (56% with comparator, 44% no comparator) while forest carbon solutions literature was dominated by observational studies (86%). In both topics, studies most often occurred over short timelines between 0 and 1 and 2–5 years. The body of evidence for both avian and carbon outcomes present a scale-mismatch between the scale of forest management strategy (e.g., land use type) and scale of application (e.g., patch). For example, the majority of studies considered forest strategies at broad scales, like land use type or composition, yet were conducted at a patch or multi-patch scale. Our systematic map also highlights that multi-city and regional urban scales are underrepresented in both carbon solutions and avian conservation and will require additional research efforts. Finally, we highlight gaps in the inclusion of recommendations in both bodies of literature. Roughly 30% of articles in each topic’s database did not include recommendations for practitioners or researchers. Conclusions Our systematic map provides a database and identifies knowledge gaps and clusters of urban forest management strategies for (1) avian conservation and (2) carbon solutions. Overall, our map will allow researchers to fill existing gaps in literature through new research investigations, meta-analyses or systematic reviews while also pointing policymakers toward strong knowledge bases in addition to understudied or mismatched areas that require more funding. Graphical Abstract

When foraging, internal needs for particular nutrients might affect food choice, and external constraints, such as predation risk, might impact trade-offs between foraging and risk avoidance. Examining both internal and external constraints simultaneously can provide important insights into how animals make decisions. We examined how internal nutritional needs and external cues of mortality risk jointly impact the foraging behavior of ants. Ant colonies require carbohydrates to support workers energetically and proteins to raise brood. Furthermore, colonies adjust their foraging activity in response to the environment, such as food availability and the presence of predators or heterospecifics. Here we examine the foraging decisions of groups of Argentine ants Linepithema humile, which differ in their nutritional needs in high-risk environments. We starved groups of ants for either proteins or carbohydrates and determined the foraging choices that ants made when cues of heterospecifics were present. We found that ants preferentially forage for carbohydrates in high-risk conditions. Furthermore, starvation for carbohydrates increased the ants preference for carbohydrates, even when cues of heterospecifics were present at both carbohydrates and protein resources. Starvation for protein also resulted in preferential foraging for carbohydrates, but it increased visitation to a protein food source in high-risk environments compared to when ants were starved for carbohydrates or for both resources. Examining the effect of both nutrition and mortality risk on foraging simultaneously provides insights about state-dependent risk-taking behavior that may have important implications for predicting the invasion of species into novel habitats.

Abstract Microbial communities are ubiquitous in nature and play an important role in ecology and human health. Cross-feeding is thought to be core to microbial communities, though it remains unclear precisely why it emerges. Why have multi-species microbial communities evolved in many contexts and what protects microbial consortia from invasion? Here, we review recent insights into the emergence and stability of coexistence in microbial communities. A particular focus is the long-term evolutionary stability of coexistence, as observed for microbial communities that spontaneously evolved in the E. coli long-term evolution experiment (LTEE). We analyze these findings in the context of recent work on trade-offs between competing microbial objectives, which can constitute a mechanistic basis for the emergence of coexistence. Coexisting communities, rather than monocultures of the ‘fittest’ single strain, can form stable endpoints of evolutionary trajectories. Hence, the emergence of coexistence might be an obligatory outcome in the evolution of microbial communities. This implies that rather than embodying fragile metastable configurations, some microbial communities can constitute formidable ecosystems that are difficult to disrupt.

Males in polygynous systems may be facing a trade‐off between the traits that enhance reproductive success and the need to cope with environmental change. To secure mates, males invest into large bodies, lavish ornaments and costly activities, but these investments may be incompatible with future environments. As climatic change intensifies, thermal stressors could be disrupting the energy‐intensive pathways that historically have yielded mating opportunity. We evaluated how traits associated with social dominance interacted with environmental conditions to shape mating behaviour and opportunity in moose (Alces alces), a heat‐sensitive species in which southern populations live at the edge of their thermal tolerance. We anticipated that males with favourable characteristics (e.g. age, weaponry) would allocate more to reproduction, resulting in increased mating opportunity. We expected that warm temperatures would limit reproductive effort, especially as age and weapon size increased. We quantified mating tactics, effort, and opportunity for male moose ranging in age from 1.5 to 11.5 years. We used hidden Markov models to detect mating tactics, accelerometer data to quantify movement effort, and proximity to females as a proxy for mating opportunity. We modelled these mating dynamics as a function of age, weapon size, and ambient temperature. Warm temperatures exaggerated age‐related differences in time and effort allocated to reproductive movement. Heat disproportionately limited reproductive effort in old males, the ages that also had the greatest mating opportunity. Even though warm temperatures altered mating behaviour, they did not reduce mating opportunity. Across temperatures, mating opportunity was highest in prime‐age and old males, yet time and effort devoted to reproductive movement decreased with age. Climate change, which is increasing autumn temperatures, may increase variation in reproductive effort across ages and depress the movement of old males, who are typically the primary breeders. The discrepancy between behaviour and opportunity suggests that movement is not a reliable pathway to reproduction and emphasizes the advantages of energy‐saving strategies, especially as environments become more taxing for heat‐sensitive species. We reveal the limitations of movement effort in polygynous mating strategies and the susceptibility of this critical life history stage to environmental change. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The labor market integration of migrants, focusing on employment and job quality, differs notably across Southern and Continental-Northern European nations, often involving trade-offs. Nonetheless, little is known about whether these diverse migrant inclusion models in European labor markets extend to the combination of employment and overeducation. Additionally, the role of gender in this context remains unclear. While overeducation is more prevalent among immigrants compared to native, its prevalence varies across countries. To fill this gap, we analyzed data from the 2015–2019 European Labor Force Survey in 17 European countries, considering gender and migrant origin – Western vs. non-Western. Results show that non-Western migrants and migrant women face more challenges than Western migrants and male counterparts, respectively. Among males, a trade-off model predominates, with low employment penalties but high overeducation penalties in Mediterranean countries, and vice versa in Continental and some Nordic nations. For females, those in Southern Europe align with the Mediterranean trade-off model, while those in most Continental and Nordic countries experience a double penalty. In Liberal countries, male migrants tend toward the Mediterranean trade-off model, while female migrants align with the integration model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organismal health and survival depend on the ability to mount an effective immune response against infection. Yet immune defence may be energy-demanding, resulting in fitness costs if investment in immune function deprives other physiological processes of resources. While evidence of costly immunity resulting in reduced longevity and reproduction is common, the role of energy-producing mitochondria on the magnitude of these costs is unknown. Here, we employed Drosophila melanogaster cybrid lines, where several mitochondrial genotypes (mitotypes) were introgressed onto a single nuclear genetic background, to explicitly test the role of mitochondrial variation on the costs of immune stimulation. We exposed female flies carrying one of nine distinct mitotypes to either a benign, heat-killed bacterial pathogen (stimulating immune deployment while avoiding pathology) or to a sterile control and measured lifespan, fecundity, and locomotor activity. We observed mitotype-specific costs of immune stimulation and identified a positive genetic correlation in immune-stimulated flies between lifespan and the proportion of time cybrids spent moving while alive. Our results suggests that costs of immunity are highly variable depending on the mitochondrial genome, adding to a growing body of work highlighting the important role of mitochondrial variation in host–pathogen interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Dialysis modalities and their various treatment schedules result from complex compromises ('trade-offs') between medical, financial, technological, ergonomic, and ecological factors. This study targets summarizing the mutual influence of these trade-offs on (trans)portable, wearable, or even (partially) implantable haemodialysis (HD) systems, identify what systems are in development, and how they might improve quality of life (QoL) for patients with kidney failure. Methods HD as defined by international standard IEC 60601–2-16 was applied on a PUBMED database query regarding (trans)portable, wearable, and (partly) implantable HD systems. Out of 159 search results, 24 were included and scanned for specific HD devices and/or HD systems in development. Additional information about weight, size, and development status was collected by the internet and/or contacting manufacturers. International airplane hand baggage criteria formed the boundary between transportable and portable. Technology readiness levels (TRLs) were assigned by combining TRL scales from the European Union and NATO medical staff. Results The query revealed 13 devices/projects: seven transportable (six TRL9, one TRL5); two portable (one TRL6–7, one TRL4); two wearable (one TRL6, one frozen); and two partly implantable (one TRL4–5, one TRL2–3). Discussion Three main categories of technical approaches were distinguished: single-pass, dialysate regenerating, and implantable HD filter with extracorporeal dialysate regeneration (in climbing order of mobility). Conclusions Kidneys facilitate mobility by excreting strongly concentrated waste solutes with minimal water loss. Mimicking this kidney function can increase HD system mobility. Dialysate-regenerating HD systems are enablers for portability/wearability and, combined with durable implantable HD filters (once available), they may enable HD without needles or intravascular catheters. However, lack of funding severely hampers progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to alleviate the contradiction between agricultural economic development and ecological protection in the oasis of Manas River basin, the thesis quantified the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of carbon stock (CS), water yield (WY), and soil retention (SR) services by using the InVEST model, based on which we analyzed the tradeoffs between the changes of ecosystem services (ESs) . Multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model was used to analyze the spatial relationships between ecosystem changes and their trade-offs and drivers were revealed. The results were as follows：from 2000 to 2015, cropland and built-up land area increased by 50.81% and 91.95%, and unused land and grassland decreased by 16.88% and 6.71%. CS and WY increased by 4.76% and 37.12%, while SR decreased by 9.94%. The trade-off relationship between CS, SR, and WY was heterogeneous in spatial distribution, and ESs tradeoffs high-value regions were mountainous area in the south. The intensity and properties of the correlation between the changes and tradeoffs of ESs and influencing factors were heterogeneous in spatial distribution, and dynamic degree of comprehensive land use changes, vegetation coverage changes, and soil organic carbon are the main driving factors of the changes and tradeoffs of ecosystem services. The study suggests that planting grassland in the mountainous areas of the Manas River basin and establishing water resource protection zones in the oasis areas while increasing the investment in oasis agricultural science and technology are effective ways to promote the sustainable supply of ecosystem services and alleviate the contradiction between oasis agricultural development and ecological protection [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canopy storage of seed (serotiny) is an important persistence strategy in fire‐prone environments. Serotinous populations can be threatened when fire intervals are shorter than the time needed to accumulate seed, or when longer than plant lifespans.Understanding how fire regimes influence canopy seedbanks requires study of the timing of plant maturity, seed output and germination traits. Research that spans plant functional types, such as resprouters or obligate seeders, helps to understand the mechanisms through which fire has influence.Using field data collected at 57 sites in a Mediterranean shrubland of southeastern Australia, we modelled how time since fire and mean fire interval influenced infructescence (hereby cone) production. Additionally, seed output, viability and germination speed were assessed in the laboratory.Reproductively mature resprouters were first observed 2 to 4 years post‐fire in the field, and reproductively mature obligate seeders 6 years post‐fire, depending on the species. Reproductively mature plants were not observed at short mean fire intervals: until 3 and 9 years for resprouters and nine and 18 years for obligate seeders, again, varying by species. When resprouter species reached maturity, we observed a decline in cone production as time since fire increased. This decline was not observed for obligate seeder species.Fire influenced the number of viable seeds produced within cones for one resprouter species, Allocasuarina paludosa, but we did not detect a relationship for other species.Germination speed was faster for species that produce few seeds per cone, and slower for species that produce many seeds, indicating a trade‐off between fire‐related seed traits. For example, Hakea rostrata, which holds two seeds per cone, germinated mostly within the first few weeks, while Callitris rhomboidea, which holds many seeds per cone, germinated asynchronously over 9 months.Short intervals between fires reduce canopy seed production for the serotinous species studied. Obligate seeders were more sensitive to frequent fire than resprouters. In the context of expected increases in wildfire frequency and droughts in Mediterranean ecosystems, our findings suggest that serotinous species' reproduction and recruitment will be differentially impacted depending on a suite of functional traits. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial communities are ubiquitous in nature and play an important role in ecology and human health. Cross-feeding is thought to be core to microbial communities, though it remains unclear precisely why it emerges. Why have multi-species microbial communities evolved in many contexts and what protects microbial consortia from invasion? Here, we review recent insights into the emergence and stability of coexistence in microbial communities. A particular focus is the long-term evolutionary stability of coexistence, as observed for microbial communities that spontaneously evolved in the E. coli long-term evolution experiment (LTEE). We analyze these findings in the context of recent work on trade-offs between competing microbial objectives, which can constitute a mechanistic basis for the emergence of coexistence. Coexisting communities, rather than monocultures of the 'fittest' single strain, can form stable endpoints of evolutionary trajectories. Hence, the emergence of coexistence might be an obligatory outcome in the evolution of microbial communities. This implies that rather than embodying fragile metastable configurations, some microbial communities can constitute formidable ecosystems that are difficult to disrupt. This Review discusses recent insights into the emergence and stability of coexistence in microbial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the potential for species to adapt to rapid climatic change has increased in recent years, with new studies examining heritability and evolvability; however, work on endotherms lags behind that on ectotherms. Increasing temperature fluctuations are expected to generate selection for the evolution of both heat and cold tolerance, which may involve multiple, genetically integrated traits that will shape the speed and direction of evolutionary responses. Divergent thermal optima across life stages in endotherms may lead to genetic conflicts within thermoregulatory systems, limiting thermal adaptation, and highlighting the need for studies examining multiple life stages. Accelerating rates of climate change have intensified research on thermal adaptation. Increasing temperature fluctuations, a prominent feature of climate change, means that the persistence of many species depends on both heat and cold tolerance across the entire life cycle. In endotherms, research has focused on specific life stages, with changes in thermoregulation across life rarely being examined. Consequently, there is a need to (i) analyse how heat and cold tolerance mechanisms coevolve, and (ii) test whether antagonistic effects between heat and cold tolerance across different life stages limit thermal adaptation. Information on genes influencing heat and cold tolerance and how they are expressed through life will enable more accurate modelling of species vulnerabilities to future climatic volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional approaches to safety assessment and management are limited when it comes to complex socio-technical systems, such as air traffic management (ATM). A modelling approach proposed in this paper relies on Resilience Engineering perspective, which is about work-as-done, where safety is one of the targets trading off with other goals. The model provides a description of everyday practices, procedures, strategies, etc. in providing, not only safe, but also efficient ATM system operations. The aim of the model is to help air navigation service providers (ANSPs) that still do not measure and monitor resilience to distinguish between main drivers of traditional safety and drivers of resilience emerging from everyday adaptation to uncertainties. The conceptual layer of the model uses the analogy of lever mechanism to represent the balancing between the demand side (including the uncertainties) and available resources on the supply side that considers air traffic controllers (ATCos), tools and working procedures. The quantitative layer of the model allows identification of periods of resilient behavior (negative demand-capacity imbalances) and thereby steers ANSPs in discovering sources of resilience and finding appropriate resilience indicators to monitor in the future. A data-driven application of the proposed model is shown with the example of Barcelona Area Control Centre – assessment of balancing conditions, analysis of proposed resilience indicators and discussion of the trade-offs. This research focuses on the tactical imbalances that emerge from work-as-done on an everyday basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]