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UNLABELLED: Coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley fever, is a disease caused by the fungal pathogen Coccidioides. Unfortunately, patients are often misdiagnosed with bacterial pneumonia, leading to inappropriate antibiotic treatment. The soil Bacillus subtilis-like species exhibits antagonistic properties against Coccidioides in vitro; however, the antagonistic capabilities of host microbiota against Coccidioides are unexplored. We sought to examine the potential of the tracheal and intestinal microbiomes to inhibit the growth of Coccidioides in vitro. We hypothesized that an uninterrupted lawn of microbiota obtained from antibiotic-free mice would inhibit the growth of Coccidioides, while partial in vitro depletion through antibiotic disk diffusion assays would allow a niche for fungal growth. We observed that the microbiota grown on 2×GYE (GYE) and Columbia colistin and nalidixic acid with 5% sheeps blood agar inhibited the growth of Coccidioides, but microbiota grown on chocolate agar did not. Partial depletion of the microbiota through antibiotic disk diffusion revealed diminished inhibition and comparable growth of Coccidioides to controls. To characterize the bacteria grown and identify potential candidates contributing to the inhibition of Coccidioides, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on tracheal and intestinal agar cultures and murine lung extracts. We found that the host bacteria likely responsible for this inhibition primarily included Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of the host microbiota to inhibit the growth of Coccidioides in vitro and suggest that an altered microbiome through antibiotic treatment could negatively impact effective fungal clearance and allow a niche for fungal growth in vivo. IMPORTANCE: Coccidioidomycosis is caused by a fungal pathogen that invades the host lungs, causing respiratory distress. In 2019, 20,003 cases of Valley fever were reported to the CDC. However, this number likely vastly underrepresents the true number of Valley fever cases, as many go undetected due to poor testing strategies and a lack of diagnostic models. Valley fever is also often misdiagnosed as bacterial pneumonia, resulting in 60%-80% of patients being treated with antibiotics prior to an accurate diagnosis. Misdiagnosis contributes to a growing problem of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic-induced microbiome dysbiosis; the implications for disease outcomes are currently unknown. About 5%-10% of symptomatic Valley fever patients develop chronic pulmonary disease. Valley fever causes a significant financial burden and a reduced quality of life. Little is known regarding what factors contribute to the development of chronic infections and treatments for the disease are limited.

BACKGROUND: Double lumen endobronchial tubes (DLTs) are frequently used to employ single lung ventilation strategies during thoracic surgical procedures. Placement of these tubes can be challenging even for experienced clinicians. We hypothesized that airway anatomy, particularly of the glottis and proximal trachea, significantly impacts the ease or difficulty in placement of these tubes. METHODS: Images from 24 randomly selected Positron Emission Tomography - Computed Tomography (PET-CT) scans were evaluated for several anatomic aspects of the upper airway, including size and angulation of the glottis and proximal tracheal using calibrated CT measurements and an online digital protractor. The anatomic issues identified were confirmed in cadaveric anatomic models. RESULTS: Proximal tracheal diameter measurements in PET-CT scans demonstrated a mean ± standard deviation of 20.4 ± 2.5 mm in 12 males and 15.5 ± 0.98 mm in 12 females (p

Objective: Airway replacement is a challenging surgical intervention and remains an unmet clinical need. Due to the risk of airway stenosis, anastomotic separation, poor vascularization, and necrosis, it is necessary to establish the gold-standard outcomes of tracheal replacement. In this study, we use a large animal autograft model to assess long-term outcomes following tracheal replacement. Methods: Four New Zealand White rabbits underwent tracheal autograft surgery and were observed for 6 months. Clinical and radiographic surveillance were recorded, and grafts were analyzed histologically and radiographically at endpoint. Results: All animals survived to the endpoint with minimal respiratory symptoms and normal growth rates. No complications were observed. Computed tomography scans of the post-surgical airway demonstrated graft patency at all time points. Histological sections showed no sign of stenosis or necrosis with preservation of the native structure of the trachea. Conclusion: We established benchmarks for airway replacement. Our findings suggest that a rabbit model of tracheal autograft with direct reimplantation is feasible and does not result in graft stenosis or airway collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One promising approach to overcome drug resistance in asthma treatments involves dual-target therapy, specifically targeting the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) and muscarinic-3 acetylcholine receptor (M3R). This study investigated the anti-asthma effects and dual-target mechanisms of glycyrrhizic acid, hesperidin, and platycodin D (GHP) from Zhisou San. GHP administration effectively attenuated OVA-induced inflammatory infiltration and overproduction of mucus in asthmatic mice. Additionally, GHP treatment significantly suppressed M3R and promoted β2-AR activation, resulting in the relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle. These findings concluded that GHP mitigated asthma by targeting β2-AR and M3R to ameliorate airway inflammation and modulate airway smooth muscle relaxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terminal cells of the Drosophila larval tracheal system are perhaps the simplest delivery networks, providing an analogue for mammalian vascular growth and function in a system with many fewer components. These cells are a prime example of single-cell morphogenesis, branching significantly over time to adapt to the needs of the growing tissue they supply. While the genetic mechanisms governing local branching decisions have been studied extensively, an understanding of the emergence of a global network architecture is still lacking. Mapping out the full network architecture of populations of terminal cells at different developmental times of Drosophila larvae, we find that cell growth follows scaling laws relating the total edge length, supply area, and branch density. Using time-lapse imaging of individual terminal cells, we identify that the cells grow in three ways: by extending branches, by the side budding of new branches, and by internally growing existing branches. A generative model based on these modes of growth recapitulates statistical properties of the terminal cell network data. These results suggest that the scaling laws arise from the coupled contributions of branching and internal growth. This study establishes the terminal cell as a uniquely tractable model system for further studies of transportation and distribution networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES Tracheal regeneration is challenging owing to its unique anatomy and low blood supply. Most tracheal regeneration applications require scaffolds. Herein, we developed bio-three-dimensional-printed scaffold-free artificial tracheas. METHODS We fabricated bio-three-dimensional-printed artificial tracheas. Their anterior surface comprised hyaline cartilage differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells, and their posterior surface comprised smooth muscle. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultured and differentiated into chondrocytes using fibroblast growth factor-2 and transforming growth factor-beta-3. Initially, horseshoe-shaped spheroids were printed to cover the anterior surface of the artificial trachea, followed by the application of human bronchial smooth muscle cells for the posterior surface. After a 3-week maturing process, the artificial trachea was subjected to histological and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS The anterior surface of the artificial trachea comprised well-differentiated hyaline cartilage from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the smooth muscle expressed α-smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain 11. CONCLUSIONS A bio-three-dimensional-printed scaffold-free artificial trachea comprising different tissues at the front and back was successfully fabricated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are pleased to introduce the abstracts of the XXIII National Congress of the Italian Society of Thoracic Endoscopy (SIET), which will be held in Florence from 17 to 19 October 2024. The principal objectives of SIET are to (1) Promote research and innovation in the fields of thoracic surgery and endoscopy, facilitating the development and implementation of innovative techniques and technologies; (2) Provide education and training for surgeons, endoscopists, pulmonologists and other related specialties; and (3) Facilitate the exchange of knowledge with the aim of creating a cohesive and active scientific community. The Congress will address the integration of traditional surgical and endoscopic techniques with emerging technologies, with the goal of promoting innovation and education among professionals. The theme of integration will be explored throughout the programme, with a particular focus on the collaborative efforts of different medical specialties to improve patient outcomes. This event will host a multidisciplinary cohort comprising thoracic surgeons, endoscopists, pulmonologists, oncologists, pathologists, radiologists and anaesthetists, who will assume a pivotal role in the multidisciplinary sessions of the scientific programme. The Congress will include several core areas of expertise, including lung cancer, interventional endoscopy, pathology, and upper airway reconstruction. Emphasis will be placed on both the theoretical aspects of these subjects and their practical applications in patient care. The theme of integration will be explored throughout the programme, with particular attention on the impact of recent technological developments in the fields of thoracic surgery and endoscopy. Additionally, the Congress will examine the contributions of allied health professionals, including nurses, physiotherapists, and speech pathologists, to patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of thyroid papillary cancer is approximately 13.5 per 100,000.Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is usually associated with favorable survival and low recurrence rate.The mortality rate is estimated to be between 11% and 17%. Common metastatic sites include lung, bone, mediastinal lymph nodes, pelvic area, brain, and liver and rarely the trachea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mast cells (MCs) in rat airways have been classified into two subtypes: epithelial MCs and connective tissue MCs (CTMCs). However, the immunohistochemical characteristics, cellular morphology, and distribution of epithelial MCs in the upper airways remain unclear. The present study investigated the morphological characteristics and distribution of epithelial MCs using 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and other immunohistochemical markers in sectioned or whole-mount preparations of the rat larynx and trachea. A double immunofluorescence analysis revealed the colocalization of 5-HT immunoreactivity with c-kit, a stem cell factor receptor commonly used as a MC marker, in both epithelial MCs and CTMCs. Dopa decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in 5-HT synthesis, was detected in both subtypes, suggesting their ability to synthesize and release 5-HT. Tryptase and histidine decarboxylase (a biosynthetic enzyme of histamine), which are well-known mediators of MCs, were exclusive to CTMCs. Epithelial MCs were pleomorphic with long cytoplasmic processes, whereas CTMCs were round and lacked cytoplasmic processes. The density of epithelial MCs was significantly higher in the glottis and cranial part of the trachea than in the epiglottis and other parts of the trachea. The present results showed that the morphology and immunohistochemical characteristics of epithelial MCs were different from those of CTMCs in the rat larynx and trachea, and variform epithelial MCs were predominantly located at the entrance of the upper airways. Epithelial MCs may release 5-HT to regulate innate immune responses by modulating epithelial cell functions at the entrance gate of the upper airways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Down syndrome (DS) is associated with airway abnormalities including a narrowed trachea. It is uncertain whether this narrowed trachea in DS is a consequence of deviant fetal development or an acquired disorder following endotracheal intubation after birth. This study aimed to compare the tracheal morphology in DS and non‐DS fetuses using microfocus computed tomography (micro‐CT). Methods: Twenty fetal samples were obtained from the Dutch Fetal Biobank and divided into groups based on gestational age. Micro‐CT images were processed to analyze tracheal length, volume, and cross‐sectional area (CSA). Results: Mean tracheal length and tracheal volume were similar in DS and non‐DS fetuses for all gestational age groups. Mean, minimum, and maximal tracheal CSA were statistically significantly increased in the single DS fetus in the group of 21–24 weeks of gestation, but not in other gestational age groups. In 90% of all studied fetuses, the minimum tracheal CSA was located in the middle third of the trachea. Conclusion: Tracheal development in DS fetuses was similar to non‐DS fetuses between 13 and 21 weeks of gestation. This suggests that the narrowed tracheal diameter in DS children may occur later in fetal development or results from postnatal intubation trauma. The narrowest part of the trachea is in majority of DS and non‐DS fetuses the middle third. Level of Evidence: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:4389–4395, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Microbiome research has predominantly focused on the oral cavity and oropharynx's role in disease, while the upper airway, specifically the larynx and trachea, has been relatively overlooked. Examining the microbial communities in these regions can shed light on how dysbiosis influences diseases and their management. This review evaluates laryngotracheal microbial compositions in both healthy and diseased patients. Methods: We conducted a systematic review in EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central databases, yielding 1383 studies in the initial search. Inclusion criteria involved participants aged over 18 years and the use of next‐generation 16s ribosomal sequencing methods. Results: We included 10 studies—seven focused on larynx sequencing and four on trachea sequencing (one investigated both sites). In a healthy larynx, diverse species such as Streptococcus, Cloacibacterium, Prevotella, and Helicobacter were found. Benign laryngeal diseases exhibited reduced microbial diversity, mainly dominated by Streptococcus. Subglottic stenosis patients showed diminished diversity in both idiopathic and iatrogenic scars. Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma displayed increased diversity, primarily featuring Fusobacterium. Among non‐respiratory‐compromised surgery patients, the tracheal microbiome was more diverse in diabetics and those later developing lower respiratory infections. Pneumonia patients exhibited an abundance of Prevotella and Streptococcus, linked to an increased 28‐day survival rate, while Streptococcus and Haemophilus abundance correlated with successful extubation. Conclusions: The laryngotracheal region hosts a unique microbial community influenced by both benign and malignant conditions. Many lesions remain unexplored, underscoring the need for future studies encompassing diverse laryngotracheal conditions. Clinical trials assessing microbiome modifications may unveil novel therapeutic avenues. Level of Evidence: NA Laryngoscope, 134:4167–4175, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tracheal stenosis results from an altered inflammatory response to mucosal damage, which leads to impairment of breathing and can even be fatal if not treated promptly (Ind J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 73(4):447–454, 2020). ENT and head and neck surgeons face difficulties while treating tracheal stenosis. Mechanical stress from extended endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy, combined with hypoxic metabolic disturbances during an underlying event, is the most frequent cause of tracheal stenosis (Al-Azhar Int Med J 3(10):149-57, 2022). The main objective of the study is to assess the outcomes of tracheal resection and anastomosis in patients who presented with tracheal stenosis. This emphasizes the need for proper case selection and timely surgical intervention to relieve the airway obstruction and to ensure the effectiveness of tracheal resection and anastomosis as the less morbid approach by avoiding a midline sternotomy. The study was conducted in a tertiary care center on 25 patients who were admitted in ENT ward from the year 2011 to year 2021. Case records of those patients who underwent tracheal resection and anastomosis were analyzed on a retrospective basis. Detailed history taking and clinical examination with appropriate investigations like flexible bronchoscopy, computed tomography with 3-dimensional reconstruction, video laryngoscopy, direct laryngoscopy, and lung function tests were carried out for all the patients in the study as required. An evaluation of GERD was also done. Appropriate surgical procedure was done with regular post-operative follow-up for 18 months. Results: In our study, 92% of patients had satisfactory outcomes following tracheal resection and anastomosis, while some patients experienced minor complications. In 8% of patients, the primary surgery failed, among whom one patient underwent revision surgery and is doing well. The other patient with post-traumatic stenosis with a long stenotic segment underwent Shiann Yann Lee procedure in an outside center which resulted in failure following which T tube insertion was done. The patient showed improvement and was decannulated after a month. In our study of 25 patients with tracheal stenosis, postoperative complications occurred and were managed accordingly. However, there was no significant correlation between these complications and patient age, sex, extent of stenosis, preoperative Cotton-Myer grading, or the type of surgical procedure performed. This lack of correlation may be attributed to the limited sample size. Conclusion: Tracheal resection and anastomosis are challenging procedures and should be done only in centers with experience. Standard treatment consists of resection of the stenotic segment with end-to-end anastomosis. The geometry of the ends to be anastomosed is matched properly to avoid gaps or weak points and for air-tight seal anastomosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction While the 44-mm clay penetration criterion was developed in the 1970s for soft body armor applications, and the researchers acknowledged the need to conduct additional tests, the same behind the armor blunt trauma displacement limit is used for both soft and hard body armor evaluations and design considerations. Because the human thoraco-abdominal contents are heterogeneous, have different skeletal coverage, and have different functional requirements, the same level of penetration limit does not imply the same level of protection. It is important to determine the regional responses of different thoraco-abdominal organs to better describe human tolerance and improve the current behind armor blunt trauma standard. The purpose of this study was to report on the methods, procedures, and data collected from swine. Materials and Methods Live swine tests were conducted after obtaining approvals from the local institution and the Army Care and Use Review Office of the U.S. Department of Defense. Trachea tubes and an intravenous line were introduced before administering anesthesia. Pressure transducers were inserted into the lungs and aorta. An indenter simulating the backface deformation profiles produced by body armor from military-relevant ballistics to human cadavers was used to deliver impact loading to the liver region. A triaxial accelerometer was included in the indenter design. The animals were monitored for 6 hours, necropsies were performed, and injuries were identified. Biomechanical data of the energy, velocity, deflection, viscous criterion, force, and impulse variables were obtained for each test. Results Peak accelerations, velocities, deflections, forces, impulse, and energies ranged from 897 to 5,808 g, 21 to 59 m/s, 1.96 to 8.87 cm, 2.3 to 13.1 kN, 1.1 to 7.1 Ns, and 58 to 387 J, respectively. The peak viscous criterion ranged from 0.8 to 5.8 m/s. All animals survived the 6-hour survival period. Three animals responded with liver lacerations while the remaining 4 did not have any injuries. Conclusion The experimental design based on parallel tests with whole body human cadavers and cadaver swine was found to be successful in delivering controlled impacts to the liver region of live swine and reproducing liver injuries. Previously used biomechanical measures as potential candidates for injury criteria development were obtained. Using this proven model, tests with additional samples are needed to develop injury risk curves for liver impacts and obtain regional (liver) injury criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a systematic method for segmenting the main trachea and bronchioles in lung computed tomography scans. It begins with a stack-based three-dimensional region growth algorithm to outline the main trachea, which is then refined using morphological techniques to improve accuracy. The segmentation of bronchioles is achieved through domain labeling, lung tissue segmentation, adaptive binarization, and inner product analysis. The main trachea and bronchioles are integrated using an operating room (OR) operation and a novel splicing algorithm to form a complete tracheal tree. The method's accuracy is validated against manual labeling, showing a Dice coefficient of about 0.99, on average, in lung parenchyma segmentation and a segmentation overlap with expert results ranging from 79.89% to 93.31% in lung trachea tree segmentation. This robust methodology is thoroughly tested and validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical resection of the stenotic segment with end-to-end anastomosis is considered the gold standard in postintubation tracheal stenosis. However, outcomes of this concrete aetiology are not well described. With the aim to examine the extent, range and characteristics of the existing evidence, a scoping review was performed. Data sources included MEDLINE, Scopus, Ovid and the Cochrane databases. Inclusion criteria consisted of studies in adult patients with postintubation tracheal stenosis that reported characteristics, surgical management and outcomes. A total of 125 articles were identified, of which 10 were included in the final analysis. All studies were case reports or case series (level 4 evidence) grouping 110 patients, 75 males and 35 females. The age ranged from 15 to 71 years. Cotton–Myer stenosis grade was 1 [1 (0.9%)], 2 [25 (22.7%)], 3 [70 (63.6%)] and 4 [14 (12.7%)]. Stenosis location was in the tracheal upper-third in 108 (98.2%), in the middle-third in 1 (0.9%) and in the lower-third in 1 (0.9%). Stenosis length ranged from 1 to 5.6 cm. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 60 months (2 years for the most). Most frequent complications were transitory dysphagia in 13 (11.3%), granuloma formation in 8 (7.3%), dehiscence or air leak in 5 (4.5%) and wound infection in 4 (3.6%). Restenosis rate ranged from 2% to 25%. There was no perioperative mortality. Tracheal resection and primary anastomosis in postintubation tracheal stenosis appear to be safe and effective in the short and mid-terms; however, the very low level of evidence found prevents definitive conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracheostomy decannulation is a routine procedure in airway management. There is no standard decannulation method; however, the two commonly practiced approaches are tracheostomy downsizing and intermittent capping, which are both accompanied by multiple visits to the clinic and increase patient discomfort. Herein, we explore fiberoptic bronchoscopy application in a novel single-stage decannulation protocol. We conducted a retrospective study on tracheostomy patients eligible for decannulation. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed on patients with spontaneous ventilation for ≥48 h, age ≥18, hemodynamic stability, normal chest X-ray, adequate swallowing, effective cough, adequate consciousness, patent speaking valve, and absent history of recurrent aspiration. Tracheostomy removal occurred after evaluating the airway and ruling out tracheomalacia, tracheitis with stenosis, obstructive granulation tissue, and moderate-to-severe stenosis. We documented patients' demographic and clinical information, along with details of their post-decannulation course. Out of 58 patients admitted for tracheostomy removal, we excluded six patients (10.3%) from the study because, despite clinical indications for successful weaning, they exhibited abnormalities that interrupted the decannulation process. Of the remaining 52 patients, 50 (96.1%) were successfully weaned off, while two needed reinsertion during their hospital course. Bronchoscopy findings were unremarkable in 33 (63.5%) patients, and the most frequently observed abnormalities were paucity of vocal cord movement in 5 (9.6%) patients and granulation tissue formation in 5 (9.6%) patients. No further airway management was necessary after discharge. Our study introduces the innovative approach of single-stage bronchoscopic decannulation as a potentially beneficial tool for immediate decannulation. Based on our experience, we achieved a relatively satisfactory outcome following single-stage tracheostomy decannulation with bronchoscopy. The approach shows promise in providing valuable airway insights and predicting possible decannulation failures. Further research is needed to evaluate its impact on stress reduction for patients and surgeons, its superiority compared to traditional techniques, its long-term effects on healthcare, and its potential cost-effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cough is a common clinical complaint in small animal practice with limited treatment options for chronic underlying conditions. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of three antitussive drugs in a novel, minimally invasive canine acute cough model. Methods: Five clinically healthy Beagles were used to create an acute cough model by administering sterile saline via a transtracheally placed central venous catheter. Single‐dose antitussive effects of butorphanol, maropitant and Danpron were assessed. Cough frequency was measured before and at hourly intervals up to 3 h post‐administration of each drug, with a linear mixed model used for statistical analysis. Results: Butorphanol (0.3 m/kg, IM) significantly reduced cough frequency at 1 and 3 h post‐administration. Danpron (0.1 mL/kg, IM) also significantly reduced cough frequency 1 h post‐administration; however, this effect was not sustained at 3 h. Maropitant (1 mg/kg, IM) did not significantly reduce cough frequency. The cough induction method was effective and minimally invasive, with no adverse effects. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that butorphanol has a potent and prolonged antitussive effect in an acute canine cough model, whereas Danpron shows a transient effect. These findings provide valuable insights into the comparative efficacy of commonly used antitussive drugs in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tracheal stenosis is a pathology that is gradually increasing and requires intervention. Surgical treatment has been used as the gold standard for years, but it is difficult to decide on surgery in patients with comorbidities and high surgical risk. We aimed to evaluate the data of both treatment methods applied in our center. Materials: Our study was designed as retrospective and observational. The data of 61 patients who underwent resection & reconstruction and Methods or stent due to tracheal stenosis in our center between May 2002 - May 2019 were analyzed. Tracheal stenosis classifications, etiology, demography and treatment data, imaging measurements, and a satisfaction survey were used. Results: 53 patients who met the inclusion criteria were studied. Both treatment methods were found to be effective in reducing the stenosis and regressing the complaints. The average age in the stent group was higher than in the surgery group. As the intensive care period in the intubated state increases; Severe stenosis and deterioration of cartilage integrity increased. The satisfaction score of the surgery group was higher than the stent group. Conclusion: Both treatment methods are effective in improving respiratory functions and quality of life. The lesion was located higher in the surgical group and was longer in the stent group. Hospitalization times were longer in patients with severe stenosis and antibiotic changes were more frequent in patients using steroids. No statistically significant difference was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue engineering is a set of techniques for producing or reconstructing tissue that primarily aims to restore or improve the function of tissues in the human body. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mechanical and histological characteristics of decellularized tracheal scaffolds prepared in comparison with fresh trachea for use in tracheal repair. In order to prepare the scaffold, sheep's trachea was prepared and after cleaning the waste tissues, they were decellularized. Then decellularized scaffolds were evaluated histologically and laboratory and numerical study of the nonlinear mechanical behavior of tracheal tissue and scaffold and their comparison. Examining the results of histological evaluations showed that the decellularization of the scaffolds was completely done. These results were confirmed by hematoxylin–eosin staining. Also, the exact hyperelastic properties of tracheal tissue and scaffold were used in biomechanical models, and according to the presented results, the five-term Mooney–Rivlin strain energy density function became a suitable behavioral model for modeling the hyperelastic behavior of trachea and scaffold. In total, the results of this research showed that the scaffolds obtained from decellularization by preserving the main compositions of the desired tissue can be a suitable platform for investigating cell behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Tracheal stenosis results from an altered inflammatory response to mucosal damage, which leads to impairment of breathing and can even be fatal if not treated promptly (Ind J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 73(4):447–454, 2020). ENT and head and neck surgeons face difficulties while treating tracheal stenosis. Mechanical stress from extended endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy, combined with hypoxic metabolic disturbances during an underlying event, is the most frequent cause of tracheal stenosis (Al-Azhar Int Med J 3(10):149-57, 2022). The main objective of the study is to assess the outcomes of tracheal resection and anastomosis in patients who presented with tracheal stenosis. This emphasizes the need for proper case selection and timely surgical intervention to relieve the airway obstruction and to ensure the effectiveness of tracheal resection and anastomosis as the less morbid approach by avoiding a midline sternotomy. The study was conducted in a tertiary care center on 25 patients who were admitted in ENT ward from the year 2011 to year 2021. Case records of those patients who underwent tracheal resection and anastomosis were analyzed on a retrospective basis. Detailed history taking and clinical examination with appropriate investigations like flexible bronchoscopy, computed tomography with 3-dimensional reconstruction, video laryngoscopy, direct laryngoscopy, and lung function tests were carried out for all the patients in the study as required. An evaluation of GERD was also done. Appropriate surgical procedure was done with regular post-operative follow-up for 18 months. Results In our study, 92% of patients had satisfactory outcomes following tracheal resection and anastomosis, while some patients experienced minor complications. In 8% of patients, the primary surgery failed, among whom one patient underwent revision surgery and is doing well. The other patient with post-traumatic stenosis with a long stenotic segment underwent Shiann Yann Lee procedure in an outside center which resulted in failure following which T tube insertion was done. The patient showed improvement and was decannulated after a month. In our study of 25 patients with tracheal stenosis, postoperative complications occurred and were managed accordingly. However, there was no significant correlation between these complications and patient age, sex, extent of stenosis, preoperative Cotton-Myer grading, or the type of surgical procedure performed. This lack of correlation may be attributed to the limited sample size. Conclusion Tracheal resection and anastomosis are challenging procedures and should be done only in centers with experience. Standard treatment consists of resection of the stenotic segment with end-to-end anastomosis. The geometry of the ends to be anastomosed is matched properly to avoid gaps or weak points and for air-tight seal anastomosis.

No abstract available. Article truncated after 150 words. A 79-year-old man presented to our institution for evaluation of intermittent fevers, profound nasal pain with congestion, cough, sore throat, voice changes, fatigue, generalized weakness, and loose stools which had been progressively affecting the patient for the last 6 months. The patient has a past medical history of ulcerative colitis, hypothyroidism, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension. Just preceding the onset of symptoms, the patient had gone on a month-long trip through Africa and Asia. His symptoms were presumed infectious in the outpatient setting and had responded somewhat to an extended course of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole. The patient had an outpatient head and neck CT that demonstrated significant mucosal thickening of the maxillary sinuses (Figure 3A). An outside hospital CT of the abdomen/pelvis was unremarkable aside from sigmoid diverticulosis. The patient’s significant nasal pain and congestion along with the fevers was suggestive of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). The differential also included hematologic …

A thyroidectomy is a safe and low-risk procedure done for a wide variety of thyroid disorders. Complications of a thyroidectomy are commonly due to damage of structures adjacent to the thyroid gland. In this case report, we present the case of a 39-year-old patient with a cervical pneumatocele a month after thyroidectomy for thyroid papillary carcinoma. The symptoms included neck swelling when speaking that resolved with rest. A follow-up neck CT scan found a collection of air anterior to the trachea most compatible with cervical pneumatocele. Exploratory surgery ensued and a pneumatocele arising from a tracheal subcutaneous fistula was cauterized. On follow-up laryngoscopy a month later, no further complications were found, and the patient reported resolution of symptoms. Tracheal injury following thyroidectomy is a rare complication and CT imaging can be helpful in diagnosing these complications and expediting management.

Cervical tracheal adenoid cystic carcinoma (TACC) invading the thyroid gland is very rare and easily misdiagnosed as thyroid tumor, this paper reports a TACC invading thyroid in a 33-year-old woman who had been diagnosed as a thyroid follicular tumor in right lobe of thyroid by sonography and ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration in other hospital. She accepted surgical treatment in our hospital and was diagnosed as TACC by pathology, locally involving the thyroid. This paper presents the patient's clinical data, imaging findings, pathological diagnosis, treatment process and reviews the literature of TACC mimicking a thyroid tumor.

ABSTRACT. An actual clinical case of the diagnosis and course features of non-tuberculosis mycobacterial infection (NTMI) of the lungs and larynx in a patient treated at the Zaporizhzhia Regional Phthisiopulmonology Clinical Treatment and Diagnostic Center is presented. The clinical case demonstrates the difficulty of differential diagnosis of NTMI of the lung caused by scotochromogenic mycobacterium and tuberculosis, since the clinical and radiological manifestations for both diseases are identical, and there are no pathognomonic symptoms of NTMI. NTM affect the respiratory system and mimic the symptoms of tuberculosis, which significantly complicates not only timely differential diagnosis, but also leads to “treatment failure” of tuberculosis, which the patient did not have. After a month of antimycobacterial treatment an ulcerative lesion of the right vocal fold was diagnosed in the patient. Detection of the culture of NTM 1.5 months after its inoculation was the only one method of diagnosis in this case, the diagnosis NTMI of both the lungs and the larynx was made considering those results. The patient did not receive appropriate treatment before receiving the results of the bacteriological examination, which led to the development of negative clinical and radiological dynamics. But, despite the late diagnosis of NTMI, after 6 months of appropriate treatment the patient had a positive clinical and X-ray dynamics with healing of the ulcerative lesion of the right vocal fold. Thus, the presented case shows that despite the late diagnosis of NTMI of the lungs, which was complicated by NTMI of the larynx during antimycobacterial therapy, in the absence of severe concomitant lung diseases in the patient, after 6 months of appropriate treatment of NTMI, it was possible to achieve positive clinical and radiological dynamics with complete healing of the ulcerative lesion of the right vocal fold.

Background: The use of cuffed endotracheal tubes (ETTs) has become the standard of care in pediatric practice. The rationale for the use of a cuffed ETT is to minimize pressure around the cricoid while providing an effective airway seal. However, safe care requires that the cuff lie distal to the cricoid ring following endotracheal intubation. The current study demonstrates the capability of computed tomography (CT) imaging in identifying the position of the cuff of the ETT in intubated patients. Methods: The study included patients ranging in age from 1 month to 10 years who underwent neck and chest CT imaging that required general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation. The location of the ETT and of the cuff within the airway was determined from axial CT images at three levels (proximal, middle, and distal). Anatomical orientations were tabulated, and percent chances of each orientation were determined for the ETT and the cuff. Results: The study cohort included 42 patients ranging in age from 1 to 114 months. An ETT with a polyvinylchloride cuff was used in 24 patients, and an ETT with a polyurethane cuff was used in 18 patients. The ETT was located near the posterior wall of the trachea in approximately 24–38% of patients, being most likely to be centrally located at the proximal end and at its mid-portion. The middle part of the cuff was most likely to be positioned in the mid-portion of the trachea but tended to skew anteriorly at both the proximal and distal ends. Conclusion: This is the first study using CT imaging to identify the uniformity of cuff inflation within the trachea in children. With commonly used cuffed ETTs, cuff inflation and the final position of ETT cuff within the tracheal lumen were not uniform. Future investigations are needed to determine the reasons for this asymmetry and its clinical implications.

The authors have conducted a retrospective analysis based on two cases of patients with intra-tracheal pathologies who received treatment from the same surgeon at a tertiary referral center. The effective management of airways in patients with intra-tracheal lesions necessitates close collaboration between surgeons and anesthesiologists. Factors such as the size, location, rigidity of the tumor, and the remaining tracheal lumen space should be carefully considered. In situations where there is near complete obstruction of the trachea and a substantial risk of worsened respiratory function, resorting to cardiopulmonary bypass or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is advisable. This pilot study aims at devising an algorithm for the airway management of intra-tracheal lesions, although a larger case cohort is needed to assess its applicability and effectiveness.

OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of intratracheal administration of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on tracheal healing following implantation of a novel layered polyglycolic acid (PGA) material to replace a critical-size defect in rat trachea. METHODS A critical-size defect in the rat cervical trachea was covered with PGA. Distilled water (DW) or 3.125, 6.25, 12.5 or 25 µg bFGF was administered into the trachea for 2 weeks (n  = 6 for each of 5 groups). Regenerated areas of cilia, ciliary beat frequency and ciliary transport function (CTF) in the centre of the PGA were measured. To examine potential side effects of intratracheal administration of bFGF, the right lower lobe was pathologically evaluated. RESULTS All rats survived during the study period. Histological examination showed ciliated epithelization on the PGA material after 2 weeks. Bronchoscopy revealed stenosis due to granulation following administration of high concentrations of bFGF (12.5 and 25 µg). Compared with the DW group, groups administered 3.125, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 µg bFGF had significantly larger areas of regenerated cilia (15.2%, 27.0%, 41.3%, 33.1% and 31.0%, respectively; P  = 0.00143), improved ciliary beat frequency (7.10, 8.18, 10.10, 9.50 and 9.50 Hz, respectively), and improved CTS (6.40, 9.54, 16.89, 16.41 and 14.29 µm/sec, respectively). Pathological examination of the right lower lobe revealed pulmonary fibrosis and hyperplasia with high concentrations of bFGF (12.5 and 25 µg). CONCLUSIONS Intratracheal administration of bFGF effectively promoted tracheal regeneration at an optimal dose of 6.25 µg following implantation of an artificial trachea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES Our objective was to explore the safety and efficacy of a graphene oxide-loaded rapamycin-coated self-expandable metallic airway stent (GO@RAPA-SEMS) in a rabbit model. METHODS The dip coating method was used to develop a GO@RAPA-SEMS and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic)-acid loaded rapamycin-coated self-expandable metallic airway stent (PLGA@RAPA-SEMS). The surface structure was evaluated using a scanning electronic microscope. The in vitro drug-release profiles of the 2 stents were explored and compared. In the animal study, a total of 45 rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups and underwent 3 kinds of stent placements. Computed tomography was performed to evaluate the degree of stenosis at 1, 2 and 3 months after the stent operation. Five rabbits in each group were sacrificed after the computed tomography scan. The stented trachea and blood were collected for further pathological analysis and laboratory testing. RESULTS The in vitro drug-release study revealed that GO@RAPA-SEMS exhibited a sudden release on the first day and maintained a certain release rate on the 14th day. The PLGA@RAPA-SEMS exhibited a longer sustained release time. All 45 rabbits underwent successful stent placement. Pathological results indicated that the granulation tissue thickness in the GO@RAPA-SEMS group was less than that in the PLGA@RAPA-SEMS group. The TUNEL and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α staining results support the fact that the granulation inhibition effect in the GO@RAPA-SEMS group was greater than that in the PLGA@RAPA-SEMS group. CONCLUSIONS GO@RAPA-SEMS effectively inhibited stent-related granulation tissue hyperplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the Role of Cap Grafts in tracheocutaneous fistula Closure. A tracheocutaneous fistula (TCF) is an abnormal connection that forms between the trachea (windpipe) and the skin of the neck. If spontaneous closure does not occur, fibrosis of the surrounding tissue may result in a persistent TCF and in some cases, iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis at the level of tracheostoma, the so-called A-frame deformity. In all 5 patients, Conchal cartilage was harvested. The new de-epithelialized stoma is measured, and the previously harvested graft is cut to match the defect. Passing through the centre of the tracheal cartilage and into the centre of the auricular cartilage graft, 3-0 PDS, horizontal mattress sutures are placed sequentially around the periphery of the graft, stabilised with Right SCM flap and skin was closed in layers. In each of the five cases, we achieved a resounding success by skilfully closing the fistulas and meticulously restoring the structural integrity. Equally noteworthy, all patients expressed contentment with the cosmetic outcomes at both the donor site and the neck region, deeming it as an acceptable aesthetic result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycaprolactone (PCL) implants in large animals show great promise for tracheal transplantation. However, the longest survival time achieved to date is only about three weeks. To meet clinical application standards, it is essential to extend the survival time and ensure the complete integration and functionality of the implant. Our study investigates the use of three-dimensional (3D)-printed, biodegradable, PCL-based tracheal grafts for large-scale porcine tracheal transplantation, assessing the feasibility and early structural integrity crucial for long-term survival experiments. A biodegradable PCL tracheal graft was fabricated using a BIOX bioprinter and transplanted into large-scale porcine models. The grafts, measuring 20 × 20 × 1.5 mm, were implanted following a 2 cm circumferential resection of the porcine trachea. The experiment design was traditionally implanted in eight porcines to replace four-ring tracheal segments, only two of which survived more than three months. Data were collected on the graft construction and clinical outcomes. The 3D-printed biosynthetic grafts replicated the native organ with high fidelity. The implantations were successful, without immediate complications. At two weeks, bronchoscopy revealed significant granulation tissue around the anastomosis, which was managed with laser ablation. The presence of neocartilage, neoglands, and partial epithelialization near the anastomosis was verified in the final pathology findings. Our study demonstrates in situ regenerative tissue growth with intact cartilage following transplantation, marked by neotissue formation on the graft's exterior. The 90-day survival milestone was achieved due to innovative surgical strategies, reinforced with strap muscle attached to the distal trachea. Further improvements in graft design and granulation tissue management are essential to optimize outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of intravenous injection of iodine contrast agent on the tracheal diameter and lung volume. In this retrospective study, a total of 221 patients (71.1 ± 12.4 years, 174 males) who underwent vascular dynamic CT examination including chest were included. Unenhanced, arterial phase, and delayed-phase images were scanned. The tracheal luminal diameters at the level of the thoracic inlet and both lung volumes were evaluated by a radiologist using a commercial software, which allows automatic airway and lung segmentation. The tracheal diameter and both lung volumes were compared between the unenhanced vs. arterial and delayed phase using a paired t-test. The Bonferroni correction was performed for multiple group comparisons. The tracheal diameter in the arterial phase (18.6 ± 2.4 mm) was statistically significantly smaller than those in the unenhanced CT (19.1 ± 2.5 mm) (p < 0.001). No statistically significant difference was found in the tracheal diameter between the delayed phase (19.0 ± 2.4 mm) and unenhanced CT (p = 0.077). Both lung volumes in the arterial phase were 4131 ± 1051 mL which was significantly smaller than those in the unenhanced CT (4332 ± 1076 mL) (p < 0.001). No statistically significant difference was found in both lung volumes between the delayed phase (4284 ± 1054 mL) and unenhanced CT (p = 0.068). In conclusion, intravenous infusion of iodine contrast agent transiently decreased the tracheal diameter and both lung volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Performing an emergency cricothyroidotomy (EC) is extremely challenging, the devices used should be easy to handle and the selected technique reliable. However, there is still an ongoing debate concerning the most superior technique. Methods: Three different techniques were compared using a standardized, simulated scenario regarding handling, performing, training and decision making: The scalpel-bougie technique (SBT), the surgical anatomical preparation technique (SAPT) and the Seldinger technique (ST). First, anaesthesia residents and trainees, paramedics and medical students (each group n = 50) performed a cricothyroidotomy randomly assigned with each of the three devices on a simulator manikin. The time needed for successful cricothyroidotomy was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included first-attempt success rate, number of attempts and user-satisfaction. The second part of the study investigated the impact of prior hands-on training on both material selection for EC and on time to decision-making in a simulated "cannot intubate cannot ventilate" situation. Results: The simulated scenario revealed that SBT and SAPT were significantly faster than percutaneous EC with ST (p < 0.0001). Success rate was 100% for the first attempt with SBT and SAPT. Significant differences were found with regard to user-satisfaction between individual techniques (p < 0.0001). In terms of user-friendliness, SBT was predominantly assessed as easy (87%). Prior training had a large impact regarding choice of devises (p < 0.05), and time to decision making (p = 0.05; 180 s vs. 233 s). Conclusion: This study supports the use of a surgical technique for EC and also a regular training to create familiarity with the materials and the process itself.The trial was registered before study start on 11.11.2018 at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT: 2018-13819) with Nicole Didion as the principal investigator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (ISGS) is a rare fibrotic disease of the upper trachea with an unknown pathomechanism. It typically affects adult Caucasian female patients, leading to severe airway constrictions caused by progressive scar formation and inflammation with clinical symptoms of dyspnoea, stridor and potential changes to the voice. Endoscopic treatment frequently leads to recurrence, whereas surgical resection and reconstruction provides excellent long-term functional outcome. This study aimed to identify so far unrecognized pathologic aspects of ISGS using single cell RNA sequencing. Our scRNAseq analysis uncovered the cellular composition of the subglottic scar tissue, including the presence of a pathologic, profibrotic fibroblast subtype and the presence of Schwann cells in a profibrotic state. In addition, a pathology associated increase of plasma cells was identified. Using extended bioinformatics analyses, we decoded pathology-associated changes of factors of the extracellular matrix. Our data identified ongoing fibrotic processes in ISGS and provide novel insights on the contribution of fibroblasts, Schwann cells and plasma cells to the pathogenesis of ISGS. This knowledge could impact the development of novel approaches for diagnosis and therapy of ISGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Melanoma is a malignant lesion with aggressive behavior, with a rapid evolutionary process that may cause melanic and amelanic lesions, particularly in the mucosa. CLINICAL CASE: A 48-year-old male patient initially diagnosed as an asthmatic process and, given the poor response to treatment, he was sent to Otorhinolaryngology service, where a tracheal neoformation with a histopathological report of melanoma was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: The early identification of melanoma allows to offer the patient and clinician care choices and damage limitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artemisia monosperma is a plant with many traditional uses including some affecting smooth muscles. The A. momosperma essential oil (AMEO) prepared by hydrodistillation from fresh and dry aerial parts was compared qualitatively and quantitatively using GC/MS. The drying process affected the yield and composition of AMEO. The bronchodilator potential was explored using isolated guinea-pig trachea in ex-vivo organ bath setup. In the tracheal contractions induced by different spasmogens, AMEO was able to completely relax contractions induced by carbachol (CCh; 1 μM) and high K+ (80 mM) at closely related doses (p > 0.05) indicating a dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) and voltage-mediated L-type Ca++ channels blocker (CCB) as papaverine. The current study provides scientific support to the medicinal use A. monosperma in respiratory disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No studies have been conducted to define the lengths of the upper airway's different segments in normal healthy adults. Aims/Objectives: This study aimed to determine the length of the subglottis and extrathoracic trachea and the factors affecting it. Material and methods: This was an observational retrospective review study. Included 102 adult patients who underwent CT scan during the quiet inspiration phase of the upper airway. Results: The results revealed significant positive linear relationships between height and both anterior and posterior subglottic measurements (p < 0.001). Additionally, a statistically significant, moderately strong negative correlation between age and extrathoracic tracheal measurements (p > 0.001) was observed. Men exhibited longer anterior (p < 0.001) and posterior (p > 0.001) subglottic measurements. In both sexes, the average length of the anterior subglottis was 14.16 (standard deviation [SD]: 2.72) mm, posterior subglottis was 14.51 (SD: 2.85) mm and extrathoracic trachea was 66.37 (SD: 13.71) mm. Conclusion and significance: We concluded that a normal healthy adult's anterior subglottis length is 6.3–19.3 mm (mean: 14.16 [SD: 2.72] mm), posterior subglottis length is 6.1–20.0 mm (mean: 14.51 [SD: 2.85] mm) and extrathoracic trachea length is 25.2–98.5 mm (mean: 66.37 [SD: 13.71] mm). Age, height and sex affected the upper airway length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Anesthesia in red-eared sliders is necessary both for surgical procedures and for imaging techniques. Propofol is a nonbarbiturate anesthetic agent used for induction in many species and should be administered intravenously. Jugular intravenous cannulas provide safe access with the least lymph contamination for anesthetic administration. In this study, red-eared sliders were anesthetized with 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg propofol administered in the jugular veins. Our results indicate that the 10 mg/kg dose is efficient for inducing anesthesia for short non-painful procedures, whereas the 5 mg/kg dose did not prove to be enough for anesthetic induction. This study compares the effects of two different doses of propofol administered intravenously (IV), in the jugular vein, to red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). In this crossover study, 5 or 10 mg/kg propofol was administered to six Trachemys scripta elegans after cannulation of the jugular vein. Each turtle received each dose, G1 (5 mg/kg IV) and G2 (10 mg/kg IV), after a 7-day washout period. The parameters evaluated were heart rate, palpebral reflex, cloacal reflex, muscle relaxation, ease of handling, sensitivity to anterior and posterior pinch stimuli, and possibility of intubation. Additionally, respiratory rate was measured when possible, and the times from propofol administration to full recovery and from intubation to extubation were recorded. None of the turtles in G1 could be intubated, and this dose provided little relaxation and ease of handling, with a duration of effect until full recovery of 12.16 ± 8.32 (SD) min for this group. In G2, five out of the six turtles could be intubated, and the duration of effect was 32.33 ± 5.85 (SD) min. Heart rates were influenced by manipulation for catheter placement. There were statistically significant differences (p value ≤ 0.05) between the two groups in muscle relaxation degree, handling, cloacal reflex, and possibility of intubation. The 5 mg/kg propofol dose was not sufficient to induce anesthesia, even when administered in the jugular vein, in red-eared sliders. A dose of 10 mg/kg IV or higher should be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroidectomy is a surgery performed due to both benign and malign diseases in the thyroid. The overall complication rate is low, where most of them will appear within the first 24 hours after surgery. However, severe complications can occur as late as 14 days postsurgery. A woman in her late 30's underwent total thyroidectomy due to Graves' disease. There were no complications until she presented with swelling on her neck 10 days after surgery. She was diagnosed with cervical emphysema and treated with a controlled negative pressure drain until there was no more air leakage. We assumed that the emphysema was due to an occult injury of the trachea. Urgent evaluation and hospitalization are needed if the patient presents with swelling in the neck after thyroidectomy. Surgeons should be aware of this delayed complication, so they are able to inform and manage their patients accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of cuffed endotracheal tubes (ETTs) has become the standard of care in pediatric practice. The rationale for the use of a cuffed ETT is to minimize pressure around the cricoid while providing an effective airway seal. However, safe care requires that the cuff lie distal to the cricoid ring following endotracheal intubation. The current study demonstrates the capability of computed tomography (CT) imaging in identifying the position of the cuff of the ETT in intubated patients. Methods: The study included patients ranging in age from 1 month to 10 years who underwent neck and chest CT imaging that required general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation. The location of the ETT and of the cuff within the airway was determined from axial CT images at three levels (proximal, middle, and distal). Anatomical orientations were tabulated, and percent chances of each orientation were determined for the ETT and the cuff. Results: The study cohort included 42 patients ranging in age from 1 to 114 months. An ETT with a polyvinylchloride cuff was used in 24 patients, and an ETT with a polyurethane cuff was used in 18 patients. The ETT was located near the posterior wall of the trachea in approximately 24-38% of patients, being most likely to be centrally located at the proximal end and at its mid-portion. The middle part of the cuff was most likely to be positioned in the mid-portion of the trachea but tended to skew anteriorly at both the proximal and distal ends. Conclusion: This is the first study using CT imaging to identify the uniformity of cuff inflation within the trachea in children. With commonly used cuffed ETTs, cuff inflation and the final position of ETT cuff within the tracheal lumen were not uniform. Future investigations are needed to determine the reasons for this asymmetry and its clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors have conducted a retrospective analysis based on two cases of patients with intra-tracheal pathologies who received treatment from the same surgeon at a tertiary referral center. The effective management of airways in patients with intra-tracheal lesions necessitates close collaboration between surgeons and anesthesiologists. Factors such as the size, location, rigidity of the tumor, and the remaining tracheal lumen space should be carefully considered. In situations where there is near complete obstruction of the trachea and a substantial risk of worsened respiratory function, resorting to cardiopulmonary bypass or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is advisable. This pilot study aims at devising an algorithm for the airway management of intra-tracheal lesions, although a larger case cohort is needed to assess its applicability and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subglottic stenosis is a condition causing narrowing of the trachea, which can occur rarely secondary to trauma, infection, tumors, inflammatory, and iatrogenic causes. In our case, the child developed subglottic stenosis postcardiac surgery after being mechanically ventilated in the postoperative period. The causes for subglottic stenosis may be some trauma in the presence of coagulation abnormalities in cyanotic heart diseases such as TOF, the ischemia to the subglottic tissue by reduced perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass, and/or the trauma caused by crying and fighting of the child while being with the endotracheal tube. Anesthetic management of the surgery is challenging for the anesthesiologist due to the shared airway by the surgeon and the anesthesiologist. The inability to effectively ventilate the patient after induction of general anesthesia will result in catastrophic complications. Subglottic stenosis requires careful planning and execution along with proper communication between the team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their high pathogenicity, limited knowledge is available on intrahost migration pathways and microhabitat distribution of pseudaliid lungworms. In this study, the distribution of Halocercus delphini in the lungs of the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba, was analyzed on three scales: between the right and left lungs, within the lungs, and between worm clusters. Evidence of a relationship between the distribution of H. delphini and the perfusion of the lungs of S. coeruleoalba is provided by the consistent correlation of these two factors, both on a longitudinal scale and by the difference in parasite burden between the left and right lung. This relationship, when coupled with the nested pattern of colonization, suggests that this species, like many other metastrongyloids, migrates to the lungs via the circulatory system. Additionally, the concentration of lungworms around the major airways could be a further reflection of the well‐perfused nature of these passageways. Equally, this distribution could be a strategy to minimize the distance that larvae must travel to exit the lungs via the trachea, as do most other metastrongyloids. On a more localized scale, the tendency of H. delphini to form distinct heterosexual clusters even at low infection intensities indicates active mate‐seeking behavior for reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a case report of a patient with a history of aggressive thyroid cancer managed by surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation to the neck. A year later, he presented with hemoptysis. Endobronchial ultrasound showed a pulsatile vessel; however, a CT scan and conventional angiogram were negative. Three days later, a repeat angiogram revealed a pseudoaneurysm arising from the right common carotid artery. Carotid sacrifice was performed after passing balloon test occlusion. Three years later the patient presented with coil herniation into the trachea. The carotid stump was closed with a vascular plug to prevent rebleeding from coil removal. Four months later the patient experienced an intractable cough and underwent laryngoscopy-assisted removal of the residual coil mass. This case report discusses the rare scenario of a carotid blowout into the trachea and the subsequent course of events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volume and composition of airway surface liquid (ASL) is regulated by liquid secretion and absorption across airway epithelia, controlling the pH, solute concentration, and biophysical properties of ASL in health and disease. Here, we developed a method integrating explanted tracheal tissue with a micro-machined device (referred to as "ex vivo trachea-chip") to study the dynamic properties of ASL volume regulation. The ex vivo trachea-chip allows real-time measurement of ASL transport (Jv) with intact airway anatomic structures, environmental control, high-resolution, and enhanced experimental throughput. Applying this technology to freshly excised tissue we observed ASL absorption under basal conditions. The apical application of amiloride, an inhibitor of airway epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), reduced airway liquid absorption. Furthermore, the basolateral addition of NPPB, a Cl-channel inhibitor, reduced the basal rate of ASL absorption, implicating a role for basolateral Cl- channels in ASL volume regulation. When tissues were treated with apical amiloride and basolateral methacholine, a cholinergic agonist that stimulates secretion from airway submucosal glands, the net airway surface liquid production shifted from absorption to secretion. This ex vivo trachea-chip provides a new tool to investigate ASL transport dynamics in pulmonary disease states and may aid the development of new therapies targeting ASL regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is able to calculate the effect of tumor presence on the air velocity and relative pressure in the upper respiratory system as in vitro, using fluid-structure interaction method. Three exhaled airflows of 15 L/min, 26 L/min, and 30 L/min were considered to simulate airflow. In this regard, the velocity reaches its maximum in the larynx and oropharynx. The maximum velocities at 15 l/min, 26 l/min, and 30 l/min flow rates are 6.26 m/s, 10.58 m/s, and 12.14 m/s, respectively, which occur in the larynx. The highest relative pressure was experienced in the trachea. So that the maximum relative pressure in the flow rates of 15 l/min, 26 l/min, and 30 l/min was equal to 19.6 Pa, 51.1 Pa, and 65.8 Pa, respectively. Then, by doubling the flow rate, the maximum relative pressure reached more than tripled. The numerical models presented for the respiratory system can be useful for better treatment attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex structure, chemical composition, and biomechanical properties of craniofacial cartilaginous structures make them challenging to reconstruct. Autologous grafts have limited tissue availability and can cause significant donor-site morbidity, homologous grafts often require immunosuppression, and alloplastic grafts may have high rates of infection or displacement. Furthermore, all these grafting techniques require a high level of surgical skill to ensure that the reconstruction matches the original structure. Current research indicates that additive manufacturing shows promise in overcoming these limitations. Autologous stem cells have been developed into cartilage when exposed to the appropriate growth factors and culture conditions, such as mechanical stress and oxygen deprivation. Additive manufacturing allows for increased precision when engineering scaffolds for stem cell cultures. Fine control over the porosity and structure of a material ensures adequate cell adhesion and fit between the graft and the defect. Several recent tissue engineering studies have focused on the trachea, nose, and ear, as these structures are often damaged by congenital conditions, trauma, and malignancy. This article reviews the limitations of current reconstructive techniques and the new developments in additive manufacturing for tracheal, nasal, and auricular cartilages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The management of idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) poses a clinical challenge due to high recurrence rates following both endoscopic and open approaches, often leading to tracheostomy. The activation of abnormal T-cells and cytokine pathways has been linked to iSGS pathogenesis. Autologous adipose tissue centrifugation yields lipoaspirate, offering optimal anti-inflammatory effects and biocompatibility widely utilized in various medical settings. This report presents the first 3 cases employing endoscopic dilation (ED) in combination with local lipoaspirate injection to address recurrent iSGS. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted, involving multidisciplinary evaluation by the Tracheal Team at the University of Modena. Patients meeting specific criteria were directed to undergo ED + lipoaspirate injection. Results: Three patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The mean number of prior endoscopic procedures performed was 8. Endoscopic examination revealed 90% stenosis in patient A, 60% stenosis in patient B, and 60% stenosis in patient C. All patients presented inflammatory tissue or incipient granulations at the stenotic site, with an average time of 6 months between previous procedures. After 15 months, none of the patients required further procedures, and endoscopic examination revealed a significant reduction or disappearance of inflammatory tissue with a stable airway lumen. Conclusions: The observed results are encouraging in terms of reducing local inflammation and halting stenosis progression, especially in cases of short-term relapsing iSGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]