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The use of plant extracts as potent reducing agents for the environmentally friendly production of nanoparticles (NPs) has recently attracted the interest of scientists. NPs have received high attention because of their novel properties. The aim of the present study is to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Raphanus sativus and study their effect as antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, and antidiabetic, agents, NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, and inducers of phagocytosis and autophagy. The antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral activities of ZnO NPs were investigated using different assays: well diffusion assay, MTT assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, reactive oxygen species generation, and apoptosis assay. Meanwhile, immunofluorescent assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry were used for detection of autophagy and phagocytosis. Docking was also achieved to study their binding mode as well as affinity within the target enzymes (glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase) (PDB:1MOQ) active site, estrogen receptor (PDB:3ERT) active site, and tubulin receptor (PDB:4O2B) active site. The results demonstrated that the ZnO NPs have an inhibitory role against bacteria and the proliferation of lung cancer cells (A549). IC50 was 22.78 µg/mL for A549 cells. For MCF-10, was 272.24 µg/mL, antiviral activity against influenza virus, and antidiabetic agent. Conversely, the results showed the ability of ZnO NPs to reduce inflammasome activity via induction of autophagy. The study’s findings show that R. sativus can be easily and effectively used to synthesize ZnO NPs, and they also highlight the ZnO NPs’ considerable potential as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, antidiabetic agent, and phagocytosis and autophagy inducer. Based on our findings, the green synthesized ZnO NPs could be used as promising therapeutic agents for biomedical applications.

Most patients are at advanced stages when they are diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma, leading to poor prognosis and a low 5-year survival rate. Serological markers, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and liver biopsy are the common clinical diagnostic techniques for liver cancer. Effective interventions in the early stage will be beneficial to improve the prognosis of liver cancer patients and reduce the global burden. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new diagnostic methods to improve the diagnosis and management of liver cancer. Nanotechnology has become a new frontier subject in medical detection along with the application of nanomaterials in the manufacture of drug carriers, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic devices. Many studies have shown that nanoparticles (NPs) can be applied to the clinical diagnosis of liver cancer in combination with existing technologies, providing a new method for the early diagnosis of liver cancer. In this review, we elaborate on the theoretical basis and characteristics of NPs in the diagnosis of liver cancer, and the research progress and prospects of NPs in the diagnosis of liver cancer are summarized.

Abstract Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is the most consumed dietary supplement and mainly biosynthesized by aerobic fermentation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (R. sphaeroides). Oxygen supply was identified as a bottleneck for improving CoQ10 yield in R. sphaeroides. In this study, a precise regulation strategy based on dielectric spectroscopy (DS) was applied to further improve CoQ10 biosynthesis by R. sphaeroide. First, a quantitative response model among viable cells, cell morphology, and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was established. DS could be used to detect viable R. sphaeroides cells, and the relationship among cell morphology, CoQ10 biosynthesis, and OUR was found to be significant. Based on this model, the online specific oxygen consumption rate (QO2) control strategy was successfully applied to the CoQ10 fermentation process. QO2 controlled at 0.07 ± 0.01 × 10− 7mmol/cell/h was most favorable for CoQ10 biosynthesis, resulting in a 28.3% increase in CoQ10 production. Based on the multi-parameters analysis and online QO2 control, a precise online nutrient feeding strategy was established using conductivity detected by DS. CoQ10 production was improved by 35%, reaching 3384 mg/L in 50 L bioreactors. This online control strategy would be effectively applied for improving industrial CoQ10 production, and the precise fermentation control strategy could also be applied to other fermentation process.

Abstract Digital light processing (DLP) is a projection-based vat photopolymerization 3D printing technique that attracts increasing attention due to its high resolution and accuracy. The projection-based layer-by-layer deposition in DLP uses precise light control to cure photopolymer resin quickly, providing a smooth surface finish due to the uniform layer curing process. Additionally, the extensive material selection in DLP 3D printing, notably including existing photopolymerizable materials, presents a significant advantage compared with other 3D printing techniques with limited material choices. Studies in DLP can be categorized into two main domains: material-level and system-level innovation. Regarding material-level innovations, the development of photocurable resins with tailored rheological, photocuring, mechanical, and functional properties is crucial for expanding the application prospects of DLP technology. In this review, we comprehensively review the state-of-the-art advancements in DLP 3D printing, focusing on material innovations centered on functional materials, particularly various smart materials for 4D printing, in addition to piezoelectric ceramics and their composites with their applications in DLP. Additionally, we discuss the development of recyclable DLP resins to promote sustainable manufacturing practices. The state-of-the-art system-level innovations are also delineated, including recent progress in multi-materials DLP, grayscale DLP, AI-assisted DLP, and other related developments. We also highlight the current challenges and propose potential directions for future development. Exciting areas such as the creation of photocurable materials with stimuli-responsive functionality, ceramic DLP, recyclable DLP, and AI-enhanced DLP are still in their nascent stages. By exploring concepts like AI-assisted DLP recycling technology, the integration of these aspects can unlock significant opportunities for applications driven by DLP technology. Through this review, we aim to stimulate further interest and encourage active collaborations in advancing DLP resin materials and systems, fostering innovations in this dynamic field. Graphical abstract

Geopolymer mortar can be used as an environmentally friendly sustainable construction material for the repair and strengthening of already-existing structures with the utilization of various recycled materials, such as fly ash, slag powder, etc. With mature application of fibers and nanoparticles in construction materials, nano-SiO2 (NS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers have been utilized to enhance the properties of geopolymer mortar, which has a major impact on the rheological properties of geopolymer mortar. The rheological property tests of geopolymer mortar were carried out in this study, and three indices including dynamic yield stress, static yield stress, and plastic viscosity were studied as rheological parameters. The results of the study were used to establish the relationships between PVA fiber content as well as NS content and rheological parameters. The results showed that a tendency of first decreasing and then increasing was observed in the rheological parameters with the addition of NS content from 0 to 2.5%. Compared with the geopolymer mortar without NS addition, the dynamic yield stress, static yield stress, and the plastic viscosity increased by 22.6, 12.4, and 22.9%, respectively, when NS content was 2.5%. The results showed that the rheological parameters of geopolymer mortar increased linearly with the increment in PVA fiber content which was less than 1.2%. In comparison to the geopolymer mortar without PVA fibers, the dynamic yield stress, static yield stress, and plastic viscosity increased by 65, 56, and 161%, respectively, as the PVA fiber content was 1.2%.

Abstract Comparative transcriptomics uncovered distinct expression patterns of genes associated with cofactor and vitamin metabolism in the high-yielding mutant strain Saccharopolyspora erythraea HL3168 E3, as compared to the wild-type NRRL 2338. An in-depth analysis was conducted on the effects of nine vitamins, and it was determined that thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, and hemin are key enhancers in erythromycin production in E3, increasing the erythromycin titer by 7.96–12.66%. Then, the Plackett-Burman design and the path of steepest ascent were applied to further optimize the vitamin combination for maximum production efficiency, enhancing the erythromycin titer in shake flasks by 39.2%. Otherwise, targeted metabolomics and metabolic flux analysis illuminated how vitamin supplementation modulates the central carbon metabolism with notable effects on the TCA cycle and methionine synthesis to augment the provision of energy and precursors essential for erythromycin synthesis. This work highlights the capacity for precise vitamin supplementation to refine metabolic pathways, thereby boosting erythromycin production, and provides valuable directions for application on an industrial scale. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases have been the leading cause of global mortality and disability. In addition to traditional drug and surgical treatment, more and more studies investigate tissue engineering therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular medicine. Collagen interweaves in the form of trimeric chains to form the physiological network framework of the extracellular matrix of cardiac and vascular cells, possessing excellent biological properties (such as low immunogenicity and good biocompatibility) and adjustable mechanical properties, which renders it a vital tissue engineering biomaterial for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, promising advances have been made in the application of collagen materials in blood vessel prostheses, injectable cardiac hydrogels, cardiac patches, and hemostatic materials, although their clinical translation still faces some obstacles. Thus, we reviewed these findings and systematically summarizes the application progress as well as problems of clinical translation of collagen biomaterials in the cardiovascular field. The present review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the application of collagen biomaterials in cardiovascular medicine. Graphical abstract

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) based hydrogels have gained more interest in the field of biomaterials because of their many biomedical uses (i.e., wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering) and intrinsic physicochemical and biological characteristics. They can be made using a variety of synthetic techniques, but all of them are very time-consuming. Among them, photopolymerization also referred to as light-induced polymerization, has drawn a lot of attention because of its benefits, which include not requiring the use of solvents, easy and quick network formation, energy efficiency, quick processing, control over both space and time and reliability of crosslinking density and matrix strength. Ultraviolet (UV)-curable hydrogels containing PVA as a main component are gaining interest because of their excellent properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, less cytotoxicity and remarkable mechanical strength. This review highlights the significance of UV curable systems and their components, types, advantages and disadvantages of photoinitiators (PIs), UV curable monomers and their structures, properties of UV-cured PVA hybrid hydrogels, and their characterizations and applications in different fields. The photopolymerization mechanisms, tunable properties, and unique advantages of these hydrogels have been explored in detail. Furthermore, it sheds light on recent advancements in PVA-based hydrogels research and future exploration in this domain.

Epoxidized natural rubber with 50 mol% epoxide (ENR-50) was compounded with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and subjected to torque response analysis using a moving die rheometer. It was found that different ZnCl2 concentrations (3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 millimoles (mmol)) mixed in ENR-50 exhibited positive torque responses, prompting further molecular characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated distinct absorption peaks at wavenumbers of 442 and 809 cm–1, which signify the presence of –O–Zn–O– coordination linkages. The curing characteristics of ENR and ZnCl2 compounds showed that increasing ZnCl2 content resulted in higher minimum and maximum torque values, but also led to a decrease in scorch time and cure rate index (CRI). Moreover, higher ZnCl2 concentrations enhanced the strength properties (tensile strength, moduli, stiffness, toughness, and hardness), crosslink densities, dynamic shear moduli, initial modulus during relaxation experiments, and thermal resistance, as evidenced by temperature scanning stress relaxation (TSSR), thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. However, an increase in ZnCl2 content led to a reduction in elongation at break due to the higher crosslink density within the coordination networks in the ENR matrix, which resulted in the movement constraint of the rubber vulcanizate.

Functional triblock copolymers (BCPs), i.e., poly(glycidyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(lauryl methacrylate)-b-poly(glycidyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate) triblock copolymers [(P(GMA/MMA)-b-PLMA-b-P(GMA/MMA)], were investigated as toughening modifiers for all-methacrylate polymer blends. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was copolymerized with methacrylic acid (MAA) in the presence of the BCPs. Without MAA in the polymethacrylate matrices, the BCP blends formed micron-scale phase structures by polymerization-induced phase separation. In matrices copolymerized with MAA, self-assembled nanostructures, such as curved lamellae, worm-like cylindrical micelles, or spherical micelles were formed. The BCP blends with worm-like cylindrical nano-micelles achieved much higher fracture toughness than those with spherical nano-micelles. The toughening mechanisms were elucidated by transmission electron microscopy. Cavitation was initiated in worm-like cylindrical nano-micelles, and the aligned cavitation formed craze-like deformation with increased loads. This relieves hydrostatic tensile stress in front of the crack tip, forming a large shear yield zone within the craze-like deformation region, contributing to high toughness.

Research into sustainable packaging materials has gained increasing importance due to the pressing environmental concerns related to plastic waste. The present study focused on developing a sustainable paper coating based on modified natural rubber (NR) latex filled with gelatin (GT). The graft copolymer latex of NR and poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) bearing quaternary ammonium groups, abbreviated as NR-g-QPVBC, was first synthesized. GT was then incorporated into the latex, and the combination of these materials resulted in a heat-sealable film with good tensile properties and a water barrier. The ionic crosslinking of the latex film was achieved by the reaction with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Heat-sealing studies of the NR-g-QPVBC latex film filled with GT (NR-g-QPVBC/GT) revealed its heat-sealability at 160 °C. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis further confirmed the diffusion of the chains across the interface during heat sealing. Dip coating was a method for depositing latex film on kraft paper. The paper coated with the NR-g-QPVBC/GT latex showed a significant increase in dry and wet-tensile strength compared to the uncoated paper. The sealing process was optimized to achieve a heat-seal strength of 755.31 N/m at a dwell time of 3 s and a temperature of 160 °C. The research's practical application was demonstrated by transforming the coated paper into various heat-sealable bags using a handheld bag sealer.

Natural rubber (NR) composites reinforced with sepiolite and crosslinked with phenolic resin were prepared. Effects of compatibilizer types and contents, namely 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) or epoxidized NR (ENR50), on curing, tensile, strain-induced crystallization, and stress relaxation were investigated. Compared to APTES, ENR50 provided a greater compatibilizing effect in the NR composites. The ENR50 introduced strong physical and chemical interactions between sepiolite and NR, while only physical interaction was present in the APTES compatibilized composites. Stronger interaction between rubber and sepiolite improved filler dispersion, swelling resistance, and tensile strength; and delayed stress relaxation of the composite. Increased addition of ENR50 improved the modulus and tensile strength, and the greatest tensile strength was achieved at 2 phr ENR50 with a 15% improvement over composite without compatibilizer. In the case of APTES, 2 phr level enhanced tensile strength, but a further increase in APTES content degraded tensile, swelling resistance, and stress relaxation responses, due to its plasticizing effect. Moreover, ENR50 enhanced the strain-induced crystallization and delayed stress relaxation of the composites more than APTES. Weaker interaction between rubber and filler in APTES filled composites was due to having only hydrogen bonds formed between rubber and filler, in addition to crosslinks.

This study examines the interface of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) fiber-reinforced thermoplastic starch composites to address market demand for their mechanical properties. We first used a combination of solution treatment (acid/alkali) and plasma modification to modify fibers. This method improves surface roughness and increases oxygen-containing groups of the fibers, which enhances the mechanical interlocking at the interface and promotes stronger hydrogen bonds between fibers and starch, respectively. Their synergy effect significantly strengthens interfacial adhesion and interfacial shear strength (IFSS). In contrast, cold plasma modification alone results in a smaller increase in IFSS because of its lower roughness and fewer oxygen-containing groups. Alkaline treatment and increased cold plasma power level are more conducive to higher IFSS through stronger synergistic effects. Although IFSS improved from 2.41 to 4.40 MPa after alkali and plasma treatments of 200 W, the tensile strength decreased from 811.46 to 351.55 MPa. To optimize the mechanical properties of composite materials, it is crucial to choose a kind of modification method that balances IFSS enhancement and tensile strength reduction.

Adding heterogeneous fillers with high thermal conductivity (TC) to polymer has been recognized as an effective way to increase the effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of polymer composites. Extensive researches have been conducted on the ETC of composites with heterogeneous fillers. However, the heat transfer enhancement mechanism of heterogeneous fillers remains unknown, and the combined effects of filler size, filler contact, interface thermal resistance (Rc) and other parameters on the ETC have not been explored. In this study, above combined effects are investigated. The results show that the filler contact and Rc are the key factors determining the ETC. The ETC of composite with filler contacts reaches 2.35 at filler content of 25%, which is 11.9% higher than that without filler contacts. The ETC also strongly depends on the R*c (dimensionless form of Rc) ratio (R*c1/R*c2) between two fillers, with it becoming asymmetrical when the amount of R*c(R*c1 + R*c2) is larger. The ETCs decrease with the increase of R*c1/R*c2 when the R*c1/R*c21. When R*c1 + R*c2 is a constant, the ETC increases with the competing effects of R*c. The models with filler contacts exhibit higher accuracy than other classical models in calculating the ETC across the entire range of filler content.

Abstract Defining suitable enzymes for reaction steps in novel synthetic pathways is crucial for developing microbial cell factories for non-natural products. Here, we developed a computational workflow to identify C12 alcohol-active UDP-glycosyltransferases. The workflow involved three steps: (1) assembling initial candidates of putative UDP-glycosyltransferases, (2) refining selection by examining conserved regions, and (3) 3D structure prediction and molecular docking. Genomic sequences from Candida, Pichia, Rhizopus, and Thermotoga, known for lauryl glucoside synthesis via whole-cell biocatalysis, were screened. Out of 240 predicted glycosyltransferases, 8 candidates annotated as glycosyltransferases were selected after filtering out those with signal peptides and identifying conserved UDP-glycosyltransferase regions. These proteins underwent 3D structure prediction and molecular docking with 1-dodecanol. RO3G, a candidate from Rhizopus delemar RA 99–880 with a relatively high ChemPLP fitness score, was selected and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). It was further characterized using a feeding experiment with 1-dodecanol. Results confirmed that the RO3G-expressing strain could convert 1-dodecanol to lauryl glucoside, as quantified by HPLC and identified by targeted LC-MS. Monitoring the growth and fermentation profiles of the engineered strain revealed that RO3G expression did not affect cell growth. Interestingly, acetate, a major fermentation product, was reduced in the RO3G-expressing strain compared to the GFP-expressing strain, suggesting a redirection of flux from acetate to other pathways. Overall, this work presents a successful workflow for discovering UDP-glycosyltransferase enzymes with confirmed activity toward 1-dodecanol for lauryl glucoside production. Graphical abstract

Among the different micro- and nanostructures located on cuticular surfaces, grooming devices represent fundamental tools for insect survival. The present study describes the grooming microstructures of the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae) at the adult stage. These structures, situated on the foreleg tibiae, were observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the presence and distribution of resilin, an elastomeric protein that enhances cuticle flexibility, were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Eye and antennal grooming behavior were analyzed to evaluate the particle removal efficiency in intact insects and in insects with ablated grooming devices. The grooming devices are constituted of long setae from which a concave cuticular lamina develops towards the medial side of the leg. Each seta shows a material gradient of resilin from its basal to the distal portion and from the seta to the cuticular lamina. The removal of the grooming devices induces a strong increase in the contaminated areas on the eyes after grooming. Further studies on insect grooming can provide valuable data on the functional morphology of insect micro- and nanostructures and can represent a starting point to develop advanced biomimetic cleaning tools.

Focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is a novel technique for the development of multimaterial nanostructures. More importantly, it is applicable to the fabrication of free-standing nanostructures. Experimenting at the nanoscale requires instruments with sufficient resolution and sensitivity to measure various properties of nanostructures. Such measurements (regardless of the nature of the quantities being measured) are particularly problematic in the case of free-standing nanostructures, whose properties must be separated from the measurement system to avoid possible interference. In this paper, we propose novel devices, namely operational micro-electromechanical system (opMEMS) bridges. These are 3D substrates with nanometer-scale actuation capability and equipped with electrical contacts characterised by leakage resistances above 100 GΩ, which provide a platform for comprehensive measurements of properties (i.e., resistance) of free-standing FEBID structures. We also present a use case scenario in which an opMEMS bridge is used to measure the resistance of a free-standing FEBID nanostructure.

High spin polarization and low resistivity of Fe3O4 at room temperature have been an appealing topic in spintronics with various promising applications. High-quality Fe3O4 thin films are a must to achieve the goals. In this report, Fe3O4 films on different substrates (SiO2/Si(100), MgO(100), and MgO/Ta/SiO2/Si(100)) were fabricated at room temperature with radio-frequency (RF) sputtering and annealed at 450 °C for 2 h. The morphological, structural, and magnetic properties of the deposited samples were characterized with atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The polycrystalline Fe3O4 film grown on MgO/Ta/SiO2/Si(100) presented very interesting morphology and structure characteristics. More importantly, changes in grain size and structure due to the effect of the MgO/Ta buffering layers have a strong impact on saturation magnetization and coercivity of Fe3O4 thin films compared to cases of no or just a single buffering layer.

Most commercial anticancer nanomedicines are administered intravenously. This route is fast and precise as the drug enters directly into the systemic circulation, without undergoing absorption processes. When nanoparticles come into direct contact with the blood, however, they interact with physiological components that can induce colloidal destabilization and/or changes in their original biochemical identity, compromising their ability to selectively accumulate at target sites. In this way, these systems usually lack active targeting, offering limited therapeutic effectiveness. In the literature, there is a paucity of in-depth studies in complex environments to evaluate nanoparticle stability, protein corona formation, hemolytic activity, and targeting capabilities. To address this issue, fluorescent silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) are here functionalized with zwitterionic (kinetic stabilizer) and folate groups (targeting agent) to provide selective interaction with tumor cell lines in biological media. The stability of these dually functionalized SiO2NPs is preserved in unprocessed human plasma while yielding a decrease in the number of adsorbed proteins. Experiments in murine blood further proved that these nanoparticles are not hemolytic. Remarkably, the functionalized SiO2NPs are more internalized by tumor cells than their healthy counterparts. Investigations of this nature play a crucial role in garnering results with greater reliability, allowing the development of nanoparticle-based pharmaceutical drugs that exhibit heightened efficacy and reduced toxicity for medical purposes.

Although the microwave-assisted sol–gel method is quite frequently used for the preparation of oxide nanostructures, the synergism of the reaction pathways is not fully explained. However, state-of-the-art theoretical and practical results of high novelty can be achieved by continuously evaluating the as-synthesized materials. The present paper presents a comparative study of Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by both sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the as-obtained powders were established and correlated with their newly proved functionality, namely, the ability to photogenerate distinct reactive oxygen species (·OH or O2−) and to act as photoactive materials in aqueous media. The solar light-induced mineralization of oxalic acid by Mn-doped ZnO materials was clearly observed while similar amounts of generated CO2 were measured for both catalysts. These inexpensive semiconductor materials, which proved to be light-responsive, can be further used for developing water depollution technologies based on solar light energy.

Graphene oxide (GO) undergoes multiple transformations when introduced to biological and environmental media. GO surface favors the adsorption of biomolecules through different types of interaction mechanisms, modulating the biological effects of the material. In this study, we investigated the interaction of GO with tannic acid (TA) and its consequences for GO toxicity. We focused on understanding how TA interacts with GO, its impact on the material surface chemistry, colloidal stability, as well as, toxicity and biodistribution using the Caenorhabditis elegans model. Employing computational modeling, including reactive classical molecular dynamics and ab initio calculations, we reveal that TA preferentially binds to the most reactive sites on GO surfaces via the oxygen-containing groups or the carbon matrix; van der Waals interaction forces dominate the binding energy. TA exhibits a dose-dependent mitigating effect on the toxicity of GO, which can be attributed not only to the surface interactions between the molecule and the material but also to the inherent biological properties of TA in C. elegans. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of GO’s environmental behavior and toxicity and highlight the potential of tannic acid for the synthesis and surface functionalization of graphene-based nanomaterials, offering insights into safer nanotechnology development.

The limitations of traditional drug therapy have driven the creation and development of novel cell membrane-coated nanoparticle (CMNP) platforms. Since the introduction of the CMNP concept and method in 2011, an increasing number of studies focusing on this field have been widely conducted. Despite the growing body of literature, comprehensive bibliometric analysis in this field is still lacking. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of CMNP-related publications sourced from the Web of Science Core Collection database, covering the period from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2023. The analysis included co-authorships, co-citations, and co-occurrences of countries, institutions, authors, references, and keywords. Visualized tools such as Citespace, VOSviewer, and R Package Bibliometrix were employed to present the data. A total of 780 studies were included, with China contributing the highest number of publications (75.64%, n = 590). The number of annual publications increased consistently from 2011 to 2023, indicating a growing global interest in the CMNP field. Prof. Liangfang Zhang from the United States is recognized as the founder and leading figure in this area. The top three academic journals in this field, based on publication volume, are ACS Nano (32 publications, IF 2022 = 17.1), ACS Applied Materials Interfaces (32 publications, IF 2022 = 9.5), and Advanced Functional Materials (31 publications, IF 2022 = 19) among 185 scholarly journals. Reference and keyword analysis revealed that erythrocytes and macrophage membranes are significant research hotspots. The primary diseases targeted by CMNP research are cancer and pulmonary inflammation. In addition, CMNPs are frequently studied in conjunction with photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Furthermore, this study also summarized the timelines for various cell membrane coating methods and the three-step preparation process for CMNP. This comprehensive bibliometric analysis provides valuable insights to guide future research in the CMNP field, highlighting the importance of clinical application. Research on cell membrane-coated nanomaterials, particularly those related to cancer and pulmonary inflammation, is expected to remain a focal point. In addition, there is a need for the further development of other potential cell membrane-coated nanomaterials. This bibliometric analysis serves as a resource for researchers to quickly and comprehensively understand the current hotspots and emerging frontiers in this field.

The COVID-19 pandemic strongly stimulated research on anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus treatments. The present study reviews a nanotechnology approach to this task, i.e., in other terms, a nanomedicine approach. Nanotechnology aims to create nanostructures or nanoparticles, also called nanoformulations, for targeted delivery of drugs, as well as improved drug release control. This approach is particularly promising to enhance the antiviral effect of natural pro-drugs. Here, we review several nanoformulations developed for the targeted delivery of medications against SARS-CoV-2. We draw special attention to repurposing strategies for known antiviral and natural therapies. Also, functionalized nanoparticles with specific targeting moieties and functional groups were discussed. The summary could motivate researchers to pursue more studies in this exciting area by seeking nanotechnology-based, cutting-edge, tailored delivery strategies for the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Graphical illustration of various strategies of nanoscale engineering boosting charge separation in semiconductor photocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production.

Abstract Background Lychee seeds were fermented by three kinds of bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevillus and ganoderma lucidum mycelium), and two effective strains were selected by two indexes of activity content and antioxidant, so as to further verify whether lychee seeds have waste multiplication effect and can protect cells damaged by oxidation from anti-inflammatory, anti-aging and safety. Results The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and proteins in the solution fermented by Ganoderma lucidum mycelium did not increase, thus affecting the antioxidant capacity of the solution was far less than that of the water extract. The active content of the other two fermentation solutions was higher than that of the water extract, and the ability of scavenging free radicals of the two solutions increased with the increase of the volume fraction. At the cellular level, the two fermentation solutions showed repair effects on UVA-induced damaged cells. The contents of type I collagen (COL-1), total antioxidant capacity and ELN were increased, the contents of reactive oxygen species and MDA were decreased, and the expressions of inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-a, iNOS and COX-2 were decreased in HaCaT cells. From the gene level, the mRNA contents of IL-6, TNF-a, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax and Bcl were significantly decreased. The test of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (HTET CAM) showed that there was no bleeding and litchi seed fermentation liquid was not irritating. Conclusions Therefore, two kinds of litchi seed fermentation can be used as natural plant raw materials for cosmetics, and have strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging functions on skin, and also have good human safety. Graphical Abstract

Abstract The challenges associated with animal testing in pharmaceutical development have driven the search for alternative in vitro models that mimic human tissues more accurately. In this study, we present a simple and cost-effective method for generating 3D cell sheets and spheroids using curvature-controlled paraffin wax films, which are easily accessible laboratory materials that eliminate the need for extracellular matrix (ECM) components or thermo-responsive polymers. By adjusting the curvature of the paraffin wax film, we successfully generated human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPdLF) cell sheets and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) spheroids. Key parameters, such as cell density, substrate curvature, and incubation time, were identified as critical factors for optimizing the formation of these 3D structures. In addition, the use of quantum dots (QDs) for cell tracking enabled long-term visualization and distinction between different cell types within complex tissue-like structures. We further demonstrated that wrapping the hBMSC spheroids with HPdLF cell sheets partially replicated the connective tissue structure of the periodontal ligament surrounding the tooth root. This highlights the potential of this platform for the construction of more sophisticated tissue-mimicking assemblies. In conclusion, curvature-controlled paraffin wax films provide a versatile and practical approach for 3D cell cultures. This simplifies the generation of both cell sheets and spheroids, offering a promising tool for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, where precise cell-to-cell interactions are essential. Graphical abstract

Abstract Hypertension is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease, affecting one-third of adults. All antihypertensive drugs have potential side effects. Gut metabolites influence hypertension. The objective of this study was to identify antihypertensive gut metabolites through network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques and to validate their antihypertensive mechanisms via in vitro experiments. A total of 10 core antihypertensive targets and 18 gut metabolites that act on hypertension were identified. Four groups of protein metabolites, namely, CXCL8-baicalein, CXCL8-baicalin, CYP1A1-urolithin A, and PTGS2-equol, which have binding energies of − 7.7, − 8.5, − 7.2, and − 8.8 kcal-mol−1, respectively, were found to have relatively high affinities. Based on its drug-likeness properties in silico and toxicological properties, equol was identified as a potential antihypertensive metabolite. On the basis of the results of network pharmacology and molecular docking, equol may exert antihypertensive effects by regulating the IL-17 signaling pathway and PTGS2. A phenylephrine-induced H9c2 cell model was subsequently utilized to verify that equol inhibits cell hypertrophy (P

Abstract With the severity of chronic kidney disease worldwide, strategies to recover renal function via tissue regeneration provide alternatives to kidney replacement therapy. To exclude side effects from direct cell transplantation, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are great substitutes representing paracrine cell signaling. To build three-dimensional structures for implantation into the 5/6 nephrectomy model by incorporating bioactive materials, including multifunctional EVs (mEVs), porous PMEZE/mEV scaffolds were developed in combination with edaravone (EDV; E) and mEV based on PMEZ scaffolds with PLGA (P), MH-RA (M), ECM (E), ZnO-ALA (Z). The oxygen free radical scavenger EDV was incorporated to induce tubular regeneration. mEVs were engineered to serve regenerative activities with a combination of two EVs from SDF-1α overexpressed tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (sEVs) and intermediate mesoderm (IM) cells during differentiation into kidney progenitor cells (dEVs). mEVs displayed beneficial effects on regeneration by facilitating migration and inducing differentiation of surrounding stem cells, and EDV improved kidney function by regulating the GDNF/RET pathway and their downstream genes. The promotion of MSC recruitment was confirmed with sEV particles number dependently, and the regulation of the GDNF/RET pathway by the effect of EDV and its enhanced effect by mEVs were elucidated using in vitro analysis. The regeneration of tubules was additionally demonstrated through the increased expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) and cadherin-16 (CDH16) for proximal tubules, and calbindin and PAX2 for distal tubules in the renal defect model. With these, structural regeneration and functional recovery were achieved with kidney regeneration in the 5/6 nephrectomy mice model. Graphical abstract

Abstract Lateral flow assay (LFA) systems use metal nanoparticles for rapid and convenient target detection and are extensively studied for the diagnostics of various diseases. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are often used as probes in LFAs, displaying a single red color. However, there is a high demand for colorimetric LFAs to detect multiple biomarkers, requiring the use of multicolored NPs. Here, we present a highly sensitive multiplexed colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay by multicolored Plasmon-controlled metal–silica Isoform Nanocomposites (PINs). We utilized the localized surface plasmon resonance effect to create multi-colored PINs by precisely adjusting the distance between the NPs on the surface of PINs through the controlled addition of reduced gold and silver precursors. Through simulations, we also confirmed that the distance between nanoparticles on the surface of PINs significantly affects the color and colorimetric signal intensity of the PINs. We achieved multicolored PINs that exhibit stronger colorimetric signals, offering a new solution for LFA detection with high sensitivity and a 33 times reduced limit of detection (LOD) while maintaining consistent size deviations within 5%. We expect that our PINs-based colorimetric LFA will facilitate the sensitive and simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers in point-of-care testing. Graphical Abstract

14C, a radionuclide, which is widely used in all works of life, such as medical research and determination of PM2.5, has been realized autonomous production in China. It relied on imports, which was expensive and unstable supply in the past time. At present, Qinshan Nuclear Power has started 14C production to completely solve the problem of the serious shortage of 14C independent supply in China. Aluminum nitride powder is the main raw material for the preparation of 14C, whose elemental aluminum directly affects the safety and quality of 14C isotopic targets in nuclear reactors. Aluminum nitride is very stable in an inert high temperature environment. But a lot of elemental aluminum will react with water producing hydrogen in a high temperature environment which can result in the expansion of component rods or it will react with cladding tubes producing hydrogen embrittling effect, and these can affect the quality of 14C isotopic target. According to the characteristic of aluminum nitride insoluble in acid, this study researched different dissolution effect of elemental aluminum in aluminum nitride nano-powder by nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. It was found that the above mentioned acid can only dissolve a small amount of aluminum nitride powder, and there was a small amount of aluminum nitride powder suspending in solution, which would seriously interfere the determination of elemental aluminum. At present, microwave digestion, laser ablation, X-ray fluorescence and other methods are used to dissolve or determinate aluminum nitride, but they are not suitable for the determination of elemental aluminum. The determination of elemental aluminum is generally used in pharmaceutical, soil, tea and other samples, but most of the aluminum in the above samples exists as an impurity element, or aluminum is combined with organic matter, which is easy to separate from elemental aluminum. However, it is difficult to achieve complete separation of elemental aluminum(unbound elemental aluminum) and the aluminum nitride matrix in the aluminum nitride powder. This study used replacement reaction to selectively dissolve elemental aluminum. Then the suspended aluminum nitride powder was separated by filter membrane filter. By this method, it could solve the determination interference to elemental aluminum. This study established the determination of elemental aluminum in aluminum nitride nanoparticles by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS), which has the advantages of low determination limit, high accuracy, fast determination speed and small matrix effect. This method’s linear range is 10-100 μg/g and the relative standard deviation is 3.8%(n=6). Using high purity alumina powder to verify the established determination method, the dissolution efficiency can reach 96%-98%.

Brachytherapy can kill cancer cells more effectively and make the normal tissues around the tumor free or less irradiated. It has become an effective means for the treatment of malignant tumors. 103Pd has a half-life of 16.96 days and a significant advantage in the field of brachytherapy due to its unique decay properties. In order to achieve the large-scale production of 103Pd, the preparation process based on Cyclone-30(C30) cyclotron was studied. The rhodium metal was electroplated on the copper target base by pulse electroplating method. The rhodium-plated target was transferred to C30 solid target station for irradiation with beam energy of 16-18 MeV, and the beam current was 200 μA. In order to obtain Curie-level 103Pd, the beam integral should be more than 10000 μA•h. After irradiation, the target was transferred to the separation and purification hot cell, the rhodium plating was separated from the target base first, then was ground into powder, and dissolved by high temperature melting of potassium bisulfate. The rhodium was converted into soluble rhodium sulfate, and the 103Pd nuclide was separated and purified by AG1-X8 resin. The impurities of Rh, Fe, Cu and Zn were rinsed with 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid and 0.03 mol/L hydrochloric acid, respectively. At last, 103Pd was desorbed with a mixed solution of ammonium chloride-ammonia mixed solution(volume ratio 1∶1). The radioactive activity, radionuclide purity and specific activity of 103Pd were measured respectively. The preparation of sealed seed core was studied by using the prepared 103Pd feed solution. The results show that the rhodium plating layer is smooth and dense, and firmly bonded with the copper plate, the rhodium layers mass thickness is greater than 150 mg/cm2. The production capacity of 103Pd is greater than 37 GBq, the radionuclide purity is greater than 99.9%, and the specific activity is greater than 875 GBq/mg, and activity concentrations greater than 6.2 GBq/mL. The preparation field of 103Pd brachytherapy sources is more than 90%, it can meet the requirements. The 103Pd preparation process is stable, and the quality is controllable. The large-scale production capacity has been reached, and it provides a stable source for the research of 103Pd brachytherapy sources.

Inert gas argon has important applications in the fields of daily life, industrial manufacture and nuclear environmental monitoring. The key to its application is to selectively and efficiently separate and purify Ar from complex gas components. However, the separation of O2 and Ar at normal temperature is full of challenge due to their similar molecular sizes and adsorption properties as well as their close boiling point. In industry, high purity Ar is mainly produced by low temperature rectification, which is mature technology, but the equipment is large, high-energy consumption and explosive. Adsorption separation is a common method of gas separation. Molecular sieves are the most widely used material due to their huge specific surface area, aboudant pore structure and excellent adsorption properties. The silica tetrahedron in molecular sieve is electrically neutral, while the aluminum tetrahedron is electronegative, which makes it necessary to use H+ or Na+ outside the molecular sieve skeleton to maintain electrical neutrality. In actual application, the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbent can be enhanced by ion-exchange modification of molecular sieve material, so as to effectively improve the O2/Ar separation capacity of molecular sieve. In this paper, the application of ion-exchange modified molecular sieve materials in the field of O2/Ar adsorption separation was systematically summarized and reviewed. The results show that the O2/Ar separation coefficients of molecular sieves modified by alkaline earth metal ions like Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ can reach about 2.0, while that of Ce3+-exchanged X-type molecular sieve is as high as 5.9, it is an ideal adsorption material for O2/Ar separation. However, the high separation coefficient is limited to the range of low partial pressure, and the O2/Ar separation coefficient under normal pressure is below 2.0. The Ag+-exchanged molecular sieves, namely silver-loaded molecular sieves, have excellent Ar adsorption selectivity. At present, the O2/Ar separation coefficients of silver-loaded molecular sieve materials at atmospheric pressure are around 2.0, but the preparation cost of silver-loaded molecular sieves is high, and it is more suitable for small-scale separation applications, it means that the efficient separation of O2 and Ar at normal temperature and pressure is still challenging. The development of novel ion-exchange modified molecular sieve materials with high adsorption capacity and high adsorption selectivity for the separation of O2 and Ar is still one of the focuses and trends of future research projects.

In order to accurately simulate the large-scale migration of plutonium in groundwater(a three-phase system), it is necessary to understand the interaction mechanisms between plutonium(Ⅳ), natural colloid, and granite(immobile media). The experimental results show that plutonium pseudo-colloids(i.e., Pu(Ⅳ) sorbed on the surfaces of soil colloids) have the strong mobility(i.e., the recovery percentage of plutonium after plutonium pseudo-colloids transported through columns filled with pore media, R). The mobility R increases with soil colloid concentration ρ(0≤ρ≤375.4 mg/L, 1.3%≤R≤52.5%). The master complexation speciation of Pu(Ⅳ) on the surfaces of soil colloids is \begin{document}$\equiv {\text{SOPu}} $\end{document}(OH)3. The speciation percentage(＞95%) is positively correlated with the colloid concentration. The results of experiments and surface complexation calculations confirm that plutonium pseudo-colloids enhance the mobility of Pu(Ⅳ) and thus pose a greater risk of contaminating far-field waters than the dissolved Pu(Ⅳ). The calculations of DLVO interaction potential indicate that the trough depth of the second energy minima(Фmin2) between colloids and media deepens with increasing colloid concentrations. This attractive interaction potential results in an increase in the adsorptive deposition efficiency of plutonium pseudo-colloids on the media surfaces. The DLVO calculations are consistent with the observation: the mobility of plutonium pseudo-colloids become weak(375.4 mg/L＜ρ≤2017.8 mg/L, 52.5%＜R≤12.7%).

Radioactive TBP/kerosene(OK) organic waste liquid is produced in the process of uranium purification and spent fuel retreatment. In order to avoid the safety risks caused by the accumulation of radioactive organic waste liquid over the years, it is urgent to treat it. In this paper, the conventional Fenton oxidation method and microwave synergistic Fenton method were used to treat simulated radioactive TBP/OK waste liquid, and the effects of mass fraction of Fenton’s reagent ρ(\begin{document}$ {\text{Fe}}^{\text{2+}} $\end{document}) and ρ(\begin{document}$ {\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $\end{document}), initial pH and oxidation time(t) on the removal of chemical oxygen demand(COD) was experimentally investigated. The results of the conventional Fenton oxidation method show that: at the optimal process conditions, ρ(\begin{document}$ {\text{Fe}}^{\text{2+}} $\end{document})=20 mg/L，ρ(\begin{document}$ {\text{Fe}}^{\text{2+}} $\end{document})/ρ(\begin{document}$ {\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $\end{document})=1∶10, initial pH=1.90，t=15 min, the COD removal can reach up to 72.01%; the most important factor is the ratio of ρ(\begin{document}$ {\text{Fe}}^{\text{2+}} $\end{document})/ρ(\begin{document}$ {\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $\end{document}), followed by ρ(\begin{document}$ {\text{Fe}}^{\text{2+}} $\end{document}), initial pH, and oxidation time. The microwave synergistic Fenton method is superior to the conventional heating Fenton method, and even better than the conventional Fenton oxidation method, when under the same optimal reaction conditions. As for the microwave synergistic Fenton method, the COD removal can be increased to 95.80%. The dosage of Fenton reagent is also reduced from ρ(\begin{document}$ {\text{Fe}}^{\text{2+}} $\end{document})=20 mg/L，ρ(\begin{document}$ {\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $\end{document})=200 mg/L to ρ(\begin{document}$ {\text{Fe}}^{\text{2+}} $\end{document})=10 mg/L，ρ(\begin{document}$ {\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $\end{document})=100 mg/L. It can be seen that the microwave synergistic Fenton method not only further improves the COD removal, but also reduces the dosage of Fenton reagent.

In recent years, semiconductor photocatalytic methods have made great progress in the reduction and extraction of uranium from water. In recent years, due to its advantages of less pollution, low energy, and high material reuse efficiency, photocatalysis has become an important direction in the study of reduction and extraction of uranium in water, and it also has the potential to treat nuclear wastewater and extract uranium from seawater. This article reviews the mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of uranium, and the characteristics, synthesis and classification methods of catalyst materials. In order to make the classification more intuitive and specific, classification is based on composition rather than structure, and it is divided into titanium dioxide and its modified composite materials, graphite phase carbon nitride and its derivatives, bismuth photocatalysts, metal sulfide photocatalysts, etc. The advantages and disadvantages of different photocatalysts were analyzed and a series of comparisons were made to provide reference and basis for research on uranium extraction through photocatalytic reduction.

The separation and recovery of uranium from natural water is of great significance to the exploitation of unconventional uranium resources. In our paper, a novel polyacrylonitrile(PAN)/Hummers oxidized lotus seedpod carbon composite was prepared, and adsorption of U(Ⅵ) ion from U(Ⅵ)-CO3 solution under weakly alkaline condition was also studied. Batch adsorption experimental results show that at room temperature, pH=8.0, ρ(U(Ⅵ))=50 mg/L, cT(CO3)=2 mmol/L, the adsorption reaches equilibrium after 840 min, and the maximum adsorption capacity is about 51.92 mg/g. The increase of the pH values, calcium ion concentration, magnesium ion concentration and carbonate concentration inhibit the U(Ⅵ) adsorption. Thermodynamic results indicate that it is a spontaneous, endothermic chemical adsorption process. Characterization results show that the composite displays good structure stability during U(Ⅵ) adsorption process, meanwhile, the phenolic —OH and —COOH(C=O) are the main adsorption sites on the composite surfaces. In the presence of calcium/magnesium ions, the order of adsorption affinity of U(Ⅵ) on the composite material is as follows: Mg-U(Ⅵ)-CO3 system＞Ca-U(Ⅵ)-CO3 system. The results can provide the new materials for the separation and extraction of uranium from natural uranium-containing water.

Uranium-zirconium alloy is an important nuclear fuel in Integral Fast Reactor, which is of great significance to study its basic physical properties at high temperature by using advanced calculation methods. This work used deep potential molecular dynamics method, which combines the high accuracy of the first principles with the high efficiency of the classical molecular dynamics, to perform an evaluation of the static and thermophysical properties of body-centered cubic phase zirconium, uranium, and uranium-zirconium alloy. Firstly, the deep potential(DP) models of body-centered cubic zirconium(Zr-BCC), body-centered cubic uranium(U-BCC), and body-centered cubic uranium-zirconium alloy(U-Zr（BCC）) were trained by using deep neural network machine learning. Secondly, the DP models were used to predict equilibrium state equation, lattice constant, elastic properties, and phonon spectrum of the three systems, and the predicted results can reach the accuracy of the first principles. Then, the variation of heat capacity and density at constant pressure of Zr-BCC, U-BCC, and U-Zr（BCC） with temperature were predicted by using DP models, and the results are in good agreement with the experimental values. The research results show that the machine learning method provides an important path for successfully exploring more complex nuclear fuel properties.

As a reactor which can reusing low-abundance 235U resources, fast reactor construction is an important part of China’s three-step nuclear energy process. Due to high burnup and strong irradiation of the spent fuel oxides of fast reactor, the dry reprocessing method based on molten salt electrolytic refining has unique advantages such as the ability to handle the widest range of fuel types and higher stability of the reaction system. Before the electrolytic refining step, the oxide spent fuel needs to be reduced to metal through electrical or thermal reduction. Thermal reduction requires the use of calcium, lithium, and magnesium as reducing agents. Compared with other alkali metal reduction process, lithium reduction process at high temperature has the advantages of simple recovery process, moderate temperature and lower equipment requirements, it may become the future tendency of thermal reduction. In this paper, the research progress of lithium high-temperature chemical reduction of spent fuel in dry reprocessing and compared the characteristics of lithium thermal reduction processes in various countries was investigated. The mechanism of high-temperature reduction with lithium was deduced based on thermodynamic calculation, and the influencing factors of reaction were discussed from the perspective of kinetics. Finally, the relevant research on the electrolytic recovery of residual salt from thermal reduction was described. The different reaction routes and technological process of lithium thermal reduction were summarized. The shortcomings of existing research were summarized, and the trend of lithium thermal reduction in the future was prospected. It gave a reference for the research of the process flow in China’s dry reprocessing.

Due to anthropogenic and long-term geological factors, radionuclide leakage may occur in deep geological repositories of radioactive waste when groundwater infiltrates a failed waste canister. The released radionuclides can migrate to near and far field regions through groundwater, posing a serious threat to the ecological environment and human health. As a consequence, knowledge of radionuclide speciation in groundwater is essential for understanding their transport behavior. Uranium is one of the key elements of significant concern for deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. In this study, the uranium species in groundwater from boreholes BS03(pH=9.43) and BS05(pH=7.51) located at the Beishan area(Gansu province) were calculated by the hydrogeochemical software PHREEQC(version 3). The effects of pH, temperature, and initial uranium concentrations on ternary uranyl species are presented. The results indicate that UO2CO3(aq) and (UO2)2CO3(OH)\begin{document}$_3^- $\end{document} are the dominant species in a mildly acidic condition, while CaUO2(CO3)\begin{document}$_3^{2-} $\end{document} and Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) are the major species in neutral and weakly alkaline conditions. In BS05 groundwater, the concentration of Ca2+(5.11 mmol/L) is about three times higher than that of Mg2+(1.58 mmol/L). However, the concentration of calcium uranyl carbonate is estimated to be about 250 times higher than that of magnesium uranyl carbonate(MgUO2(CO3)\begin{document}$ _3^{2-}$\end{document}). With an increase of temperature, Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq), CaUO2(CO3)\begin{document}$_3^{2-} $\end{document} and UO2(CO3)\begin{document}$_3^{4-} $\end{document} concentrations progressively diminish. At uranium concentrations between 4×10−4 and 1×10−1 mmol/L (25 ℃), the dominant uranium species, in order of decreasing concentration are: Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq)(x＞62%)＞CaUO2(CO3)\begin{document}$_3^{2-} $\end{document}(x≈35%)＞MgUO2(CO3)\begin{document}$_3^{2-} $\end{document}/UO2(CO3)\begin{document}$_3^{4-} $\end{document}(x≈1%), irrespective of the concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+. In the near-neutral and slightly alkaline conditions, the results suggest that the formation of neutral Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) and anionic CaUO2(CO3)\begin{document}$_3^{2-} $\end{document} in Beishan groundwater reduces the distribution coefficient between uranium and environmental geo-medium, thereby enhancing the mobility and migration potential of uranium. The research findings contribute to understanding the transport and release mechanisms of uranium, as well as interactions between uranium species and engineered and natural barriers.

The penta-hybrid nanofluid is a nanofluid that contains five different types of nanoparticles. It can achieve higher heat transfer rates than conventional hybrid nanofluids due to the synergistic effects of the nanoparticles. It also has more diverse physical and thermal properties, which make it more adaptable for various applications. Therefore, this research examines the influence of localized magnetic fields on the vortex dynamics in a penta-hybrid nanofluidic flow in a vertical cavity with an aspect ratio of 1:10, driven by a top and bottom lid moving in the opposite direction. The stream-vorticity formulation is used to solve the dimensionless governing partial differential equation. A confined magnetic field in the form of horizontal and vertical strips has been applied instead of a uniform magnetic field throughout the flow domain, which is more realistic. Moreover, MATLAB codes developed by the authors are used to investigate how these parameters affect the flow and thermal properties of the nanofluids. The results suggest that magnetic fields have an impact on how stress, flow patterns, and temperature are distributed. Moreover, the presence of a magnetic field influences the spacing of isotherms, indicating a more even temperature distribution. It has also been observed that stress distribution is affected by the magnetic field, with higher stress levels near walls and regions with velocity-induced stress. However, in certain areas, the magnetic field can decrease shear stress depending on its strength and orientation. These study findings have implications for designing and operating nanofluidic devices. For instance, utilizing a magnetic field can help regulate flow patterns, temperature distribution, and stress distribution within nanofluidic channels. This capability could prove beneficial for a range of applications, such as cell separation, drug delivery, and nanofluidic heat exchange systems.

The alloys composed of magnesium (Mg) are deemed appropriate materials for utilization in the automotive, aerospace, and medical sectors due to their exceptionally high specific strength and density. Due to the strengthening mechanisms and superior mechanical properties, Mg–Gd systems pique the interest of researchers. The property enhancement is enabled by the formation of nano-scale stable (β) and metastable (β′) precipitates in the Mg–Gd system. Additionally, the concentration of the various alloying elements significantly influences the formation of the nano-level precipitates. This article presents an overview of the Mg–Gd system, focusing on its microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior. In addition, the variety of manufacturing processes utilized to fabricate the Mg–Gd system is also discussed. Enhanced mechanical properties were attained through the combination of casting/deformation methods and various heat treatment techniques. The mechanical and corrosion behaviors have been extensively discussed, in connection to the effects of the second phase/precipitates. This article provides an overview of recent developments pertaining to Mg–Gd alloy and extrapolates potential future developments.

Abstract Trehalose production via a one-step enzymatic route using trehalose synthase (TreS) holds significant promise for industrial-scale applications due to its simplicity and utilization of low-cost substrates. However, the development of a robust whole-cell biocatalyst expressing TreS remains crucial for enabling practical and economically viable production. In this study, a high-sugar tolerant strain of S. cerevisiae was screened and employed as a host cell for the cell surface display of TreS from Acidiplasma aeolicum. The resultant strain, S. cerevisiae I3A, exhibited remarkable surface displayed TreS activity of 3358 U/g CDW and achieved approximately 64% trehalose yield (10.8 g/L/h productivity) from maltose. Interestingly, no glucose by-product was observed during trehalose production. The S. cerevisiae I3A cells exhibited reusability for up to 12 cycles leading to potential cost reduction of trehalose products. Therefore, our study demonstrated the development of a high-sugar tolerant S. cerevisiae strain expressing TreS on its surface as a whole-cell biocatalyst for efficient and economical trehalose production with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Abstract (R)-2-Hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid ethyl ester ((R)-HPBE) is an essential chiral intermediate in the synthesis of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Its production involves the highly selective asymmetric reduction of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate (OPBE), catalyzed by carbonyl reductase (CpCR), with efficient cofactor regeneration playing a crucial role. In this study, an in-situ coenzyme regeneration system was developed by coupling carbonyl reductase (CpCR) with glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), resulting in the construction of five recombinant strains capable of NADPH regeneration. Among these, the recombinant strain E. coli BL21-pETDuet-1-GDH-L-CpCR, where CpCR is fused to the C-terminus of GDH, demonstrated the highest catalytic activity. This strain exhibited an enzyme activity of 69.78 U/mg and achieved a conversion rate of 98.3%, with an enantiomeric excess (ee) of 99.9% during the conversion of 30 mM OPBE to (R)-HPBE. High-density fermentation further enhanced enzyme yield, achieving an enzyme activity of 1960 U/mL in the fermentation broth, which is 16.2 times higher than the volumetric activity obtained from shake flask fermentation. Additionally, the implementation of a substrate feeding strategy enabled continuous processing, allowing the strain to efficiently convert a final OPBE concentration of 920 mM, producing 912 mM of (R)-HPBE. These findings highlight the system’s improved catalytic efficiency, stability, and scalability, making it highly suitable for industrial-scale biocatalytic production.

Abstract Microplastics, particularly those in the micrometer scale, have been shown to enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Recent research indicates that microplastics can potentially impact the central nervous system (CNS) by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the exact mechanisms of their transport, uptake, and subsequent toxicity at BBB remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the size-dependent uptake and cytotoxicity of polystyrene microparticles using an engineered BBB model. Our findings demonstrate that 0.2 μm polystyrene microparticles exhibit significantly higher uptake and transendothelial transport compared to 1.0 μm polystyrene microparticles, leading to increased permeability and cellular damage. After 24 h of exposure, permeability increased by 15.6-fold for the 0.2 μm particles and 2-fold for the 1.0 μm particles compared to the control. After 72 h of exposure, permeability further increased by 27.3-fold for the 0.2 μm particles and a 4.5-fold for the 1.0 μm particles compared to the control. Notably, microplastics administration following TNF-α treatment resulted in enhanced absorption and greater BBB damage compared to non-stimulated conditions. Additionally, the size-dependent toxicity observed differently between 2D cultured cells and 3D BBB models, highlighting the importance of testing models in evaluating environmental toxicity. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Hydrogel-based delivery systems have now emerged as a pivotal platform for addressing chronic tissue defects, leveraging their innate capacity to suppress pathogenic infections and facilitate expedited tissue regeneration. In this work, an injectable hydrogel dressing, termed AgNPs-dermal matrix hydrogel (Ag@ADMH), has been designed to expedite the healing process of wounds afflicted with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), featuring sustained antibacterial efficacy. The synthesis of the hydrogel dressing entailed a self-assembly process of collagen fibers within an acellular dermal matrix to construct a three-dimensional scaffold, encapsulated with plant polyphenol-functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The Ag@ADMH demonstrated exceptional biocompatibility, and enables a sustained release of AgNPs, ensuring prolonged antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the in vitro RT-qPCR analysis revealed that compared with ADMH, Ag@ADMH diminish the expression of iNOS while augmenting CD206 expression, thereby mitigating the inflammatory response and fostering wound healing. Especially, the Ag@ADMH facilitated a reduction in M1 macrophage polarization, as evidenced by a significant decrement in the M1 polarization trend and an enhanced M2/M1 ratio in dermal matrix hydrogels laden with AgNPs, corroborated by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analyses of macrophage phenotypes. The in vivo assessments indicated that Ag@ADMH minimized fibrous capsule formation. In a full-thickness skin defect model of MRSA infection, the formulation significantly attenuated the inflammatory response by reducing MPO and CD68 expression levels, concurrently promoting collagen synthesis and CD34 expression, pivotal for vasculogenesis, thereby accelerating the resolution of MRSA-infected wounds. These attributes underscore the injectable extracellular matrix hydrogel as a formidable strategy for the remediation and regeneration of infected wounds. Graphical Abstract

Abstract As one of the mainstream biodegradable materials, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) foams offer a sustainable alternative to traditional plastic foams, effectively reducing environmental pollution. However, the high cost and poor mechanical performance of PBAT foams impede their practical application. Herein, the glycidyl methacrylate-grafted biomass lignin (GML) was used to produce a PBAT/GML composite foam with good foaming performance and mechanical properties at high lignin-filling amounts by twin-screw melting free radical polymerization and supercritical CO2 foaming process. The compatibility of GML in the PBAT matrix was improved due to the formation of ester bonds in modified lignin, endowing the PBAT/GML (PGML) composite foam with exceptional foaming performance. Additionally, the mechanical properties of PGML composite foam were remarkably enhanced due to the introduction of the abundant aromatic structures of GML and the construction of a stable covalent crosslinking network. The compressive strengths and compression modulus of the PGML foam were improved by 2.53 times and 2.47 times, while its bending strength and bending modulus were improved by 1.27 times and 3.92 times compared to the neat PBAT. This research affords a new strategy for developing low-cost biodegradable biomass PBAT/lignin composite foam materials with good foaming performance and mechanical properties. Graphical abstract

Biological ion channels play an important role in living processes, such as maintaining osmotic pressure, signal transduction, and transmitting nerve impulses, and can selectively regulate the transmembrane transport of substances. Inspired by the structure and function of biological ion channels, researchers have prepared a variety of biomimetic nanochannels using advanced nanofabrication techniques to study the mechanism of ion transport in the nanoconfined space. In this study, we mainly introduce the current materials and preparation methods of nanochannels; compare the advantages and disadvantages of the current mainstream theoretical models and simulation software; clarify the influence of confinement effect and surface interface effect on the hydrogen bond structure characteristics and phase transition behavior of confined water in graphene nanochannels, revealing the driving effect of separation pressure in nanochannels on water transport, the micromechanical nature of the water flow boundary slip of nanochannels, and the dominant micromechanical mechanism behind the confined mass transfer phenomenon of nanochannels at different scales; and expound the regulation of nanomaterials based on ionic bond modification and the influence of ion transport properties in industrial desalination, energy enrichment, and detection. The future applications of nanochannel bionic design and regulation, ion-exchange filtration membranes, and ultra-high-speed water transport mechanisms are prospected.

The augmentation of the epoxy (EP) resin surface to advance flashover performance has become a pivotal point of global interest. This research introduces a novel surface modification method and its mechanism for insulation materials. The research follows an electron cyclotron resonance ion implantation system to subject the surface of EP insulation to ion beams with diverse energies, i.e., 6, 10, 20, 40, 50, and 60 keV for a consistent time of 300 s at an angle of 90°. The experimental phase includes the DC flashover examination under negative polarity. Besides, the simulation phase includes the Monte Carlo model constructed using SRIM software to examine the range and distribution of bombarded ions in the targeted insulation. Results reveal that the flashover properties are affected by the surface potential, surface conductivity, trap distribution, water contact angle, and elemental composition. Likewise, based on the outcomes and theoretical point of view, it is revealed that the bombardment of energetic ions enhances the trap depth, assisting in a reduction in surface conductivity, confining the surface charge movements, and extensively suppressing the secondary electron emission yield. Also, the enhanced trap depth induces homo-charge formation near triple junctions. Synergistically, the factors contribute to high flashover voltages.

Abstract Enset fiber is a promising feedstock for biofuel production with the potential to reduce carbon emissions and improve the sustainability of the energy system. This study aimed to maximize hydrogen and butanol production from Enset fiber through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process in bottles as well as in bioreactor. The SSF process in bottles resulted in a higher butanol concentration of 11.36 g/L with a yield of 0.23 g/g and a productivity of 0.16 g/(L h) at the optimal process parameters of 5% (w/v) substrate loading, 16 FPU/g cellulase loading, and 100 rpm agitation speed from pretreated Enset fiber. Moreover, a comparable result to the bottle experiment was observed in the bioreactor with pH-uncontrolled SSF process, although with a decreased in butanol productivity to 0.095 g/(L h). However, using the pre-hydrolysis simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) process in the bioreactor with a 7% (w/v) substrate loading led to the highest butanol concentration of 12.84 g/L with a productivity of 0.104 g/(L h). Furthermore, optimizing the SSF process parameters to favor hydrogen resulted in an increased hydrogen yield of 198.27 mL/g-Enset fiber at atmospheric pressure, an initial pH of 8.0, and 37 °C. In general, stirring the SSF process to shift the product ratio to either hydrogen or butanol was possible by adjusting temperature and pressure. At 37 °C and atmospheric pressure, the process resulted in an e-mol yield of 12% for hydrogen and 38% for butanol. Alternatively, at 30 °C and 0.55 bar overpressure, the process achieved a yield of 6% e-mol of hydrogen and 48% e-mol of butanol. This is the first study to produce hydrogen and butanol from Enset fiber using the SSF process and contributes to the development of a circular bioeconomy. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Mesophilic Argonautes (Agos) from microbial resources have received significant attention due to their potential applications in genome editing and molecular diagnostics. This study characterizes a novel Ago from Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis (PrAgo), which can cleave single-stranded DNA using guide DNA (gDNA). PrAgo, functioning as a multi-turnover enzyme, effectively cleaves DNA using 5′-phosphate gDNA, 14–30 nucleotides in length, in the presence of both Mn2+ and Mg2+ ions. PrAgo demonstrates DNA cleavage activity over a broad pH range (pH 4–12), with optimal activity at pH 11. As a mesophilic enzyme, PrAgo cleaves efficiently DNA at temperatures ranging from 25 to 65 °C, particularly at 65 °C. PrAgo does not show strong preferences for the 5′-nucleotide in gDNA. It shows high tolerance for single-base mismatches, except at positions 13 and 15 of gDNA. Continuous double-nucleotide mismatches at positions 10–16 of gDNA significantly reduce cleavage activity. Furthermore, PrAgo mediates DNA-guided DNA cleavage of AT-rich double stranded DNA at 65 °C. Additionally, molecular dynamic simulations suggest that interactions between the PAZ domain and different nucleic acids strongly influence cleavage efficiency. These findings expand our understanding of Protokaryotic Agos and their potential applications in biotechnology. Graphical Abstract