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Purpose: The purpose of this interdisciplinary study, combining management and linguistics, is to investigate how linguistic features in advertising influence consumer behavior in the tourism industry. This research aims to verify which linguistics features are used in advertisements and which linguistic strategies are most effective in persuading customers to choose specific travel services. Design/methodology/approach: The study adopts a qualitative content analysis methodology, examining promotional materials from leading travel agencies. The analysis focuses on linguistic elements at the lexical, syntactical, and rhetorical levels to determine how they contribute to the effectiveness of the advertisements. Findings: The findings underline the importance of employing a rich array of linguistic strategies in tourism advertising to enhance attractiveness and persuasiveness, directly influencing consumer engagement and decision-making. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation of this research is its focus on a select number of travel agencies, which may not represent the broader industry. Practical implications: This research offers practical information for marketers in the tourism industry, highlighting the importance of strategic language use in advertising materials. Social implications: The study contributes to our understanding of how language influences consumer decisions in the tourism sector. Originality/value: This paper fills a gap in the literature by linking linguistic features with advertising effectiveness in the tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

User-generated advertising (UGA) is critical to heritage tourism marketing. However, there is a research gap on the impact mechanism of UGA essential elements. Through three scenario experiments, this study explored the matching effects between human elements and review types in UGA of heritage sites and discussed these effects on potential tourists' online interactive behaviours. The findings revealed that (1) graphics with human elements are more effective when paired with subjective experience reviews, while graphics without human elements are better suited for cultural attribute reviews. (2) Matching effects positively influence potential tourists' online interactive behaviours, and psychological distance and awe play mediating roles in this influencing process. Our work provides significant insights for heritage tourism advertising marketing and contributes to the tourism advertising research framework and the marketing competitiveness of heritage sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is linked to new dynamics of capital accumulation in a wide variety of destinations worldwide, boosting the attraction of real estate investments. In Latin America, the state promoted tourism, advocating for the commodification of urban land leading to the regeneration of different historical centers, and then to displacement and segregation of the local population. Heritage recognition policies were a necessary part of triggering this trend, articulated with other urban dynamics, such as gentrification. Visual dimension of built environment understood as an urban landscape is a key in tourist and residential practices, as well as in investment strategies. Following an instrumental multiple study case strategy based on primary and secondary sources, and by fieldwork including interviews and photographic record, this article analyzes touristification in Antigua Guatemala (Guatemala) and Cartagena de Indias (Colombia), drawing on the theoretical concept of urban extractivism, and its relation with heritagization and gentrification processes. Both cities were founded during the colonial period, went through a heritagization process and are now consolidated as international tourist destinations. As a conclusion, touristification is considered as an expression of urban extractivism based on the reification of the built environment, in turn rooted on heritage recognition policies, overlapped with gentrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of visual information has received attention in the field of destination sensory marketing. However, the horizon height in a panoramic advertising image – one visual message often used in advertising – has yet to be researched. This research causes several noteworthy findings through three scenario-based experiments. Results reveal that the horizon height in a tourism panoramic advertisement should be tailored to the tourism activity type to enhance advertising effectiveness (i.e. increased travel intention): for a relaxing activity, customers should be exposed to a panoramic advertisement featuring a high horizon; for a challenging activity, a panorama with a low horizon is more persuasive. Findings also unearth the mediating (i.e. engagement) and moderating (i.e. narrative perspective) effects behind the interaction between the horizon height in a panoramic advertising view and tourism activity type on travel intention. These discoveries enrich the literature on tourism destination sensory marketing and provide destination marketers with a novel means of attracting visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaphor is a complex phenomenon in translation practice. Translators might omit or generalise metaphors into the target language due to metaphor being a translation problem. This study, however, argues that metaphor is a solution to promote tourism translation. The present research focuses on translation procedures of metaphors in tourism promotional materials by conceptualising source domains within metaphors. A small corpus is collected from an official tourism promotional website as research data. The ultimate purpose of the present research is to enhance the destination image of China by exerting the effects of twelve contextual factors employed with Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory (ECMT) on metaphor translation. By conducting a comparative analysis between original and suggested translations, the research finds HUMAN as the most common source domain in metaphors of tourism promotional materials. Besides, to fill in the gap of contextual factors in metaphor translation, a new concept, sub-translation, is also created in this research. The concept emphasises the contextual factors within metaphors, which provides translators in tourism sectors with a mediated space to sensibly select metaphor mappings in translation. The concept is potentially instrumental in facilitating the translation procedure and intercultural communication towards target tourists, thus promoting destination image.

One of the most important applications of information technology is in the tourism industry, and this industry, in the classical view, requires real space and moving from one place to another. But with the emergence of new digital and information technologies, the Internet and virtual space have taken a significant share of leisure time and tourism planning in such a way that, apart from the important role it plays in advertising and providing tourism services, a new type of tourism called Virtual tourism has taken shape. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze the use of virtual reality in the evolution of the tourism industry, especially cultural tourism: a bibliometric approach. For this purpose, the data of 109 studies conducted between 1997 and 2023 were retrieved from the Scopus database after applying restrictions for analysis and visualization. Descriptive data showed that the quantitative trend of articles had an upward trend from 1997 to 2018 and reached its highest level in 2019. But in 2021, this trend faced a decline, but from 2021 to 2023, it has risen again. In addition, the most cited articles, magazines, authors, universities and countries were also introduced. Two visualization analyses were performed using VOSviewer software: co-authorship analysis and vocabulary co-occurrence analysis. The findings of the co-authored analysis showed that China had the most cooperation with other countries. Vocabulary co-occurrence analysis also showed the most used words and research trends in this field. As a result, cultural tourism, virtual reality, cultural heritage, augmented reality, virtual museums, authenticity, innovation, knowledge management, tourism, information and communication technology have been among the most used words in the past years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Travel and tourism advertising is critical in developing positive associations to attract visitor patronage and build sustainable post-pandemic tourism. An important part of an advertising message is delivered through voice and other aspects of audio, for example, music. However, how audio features impact viewers of travel and tourism advertisements remains unexplored in the research. This study implements advanced audio analytics to test how various features impact upon viewers. The results show that voice quality is important in developing positive affect; advertisement viewers prefer speakers with quieter voices (less mean intensity) that have a higher level of clarity (higher harmonics-to-noise ratio). This can be explained via the heuristic route of the heuristic-systematic model. Music tempo was found to be important in stimulating reactions from advertisements, with faster music being associated with a higher level of positive affect. The paper concludes with practical and theoretical implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reason for this paper is to show how advertising in creating and changing the travel industry on the planet. The travel industry advertising is the business control of pulling in guests to a particular area. Lodgings, urban areas, states, purchaser attractions, assembly halls and different destinations and areas related with customer and business travel, all apply fundamental advertising methodologies to explicit strategies intended to build visits. In the travel industry, showcasing incorporates deciding the extraordinary selling advantage or advantages one region has over its opposition. An objective may offer individuals hoping to join business and delight simplicity of movement to and from the space, adequate show lobbies and lodgings, fascinating nightlife, and exercises for grown-up accomplices and kids. The travel industry advertising utilizes a wide assortment of interchange as procedures and strategies to advance regions and objections. A conference hall may buy commercials in exchange magazines for meeting organizers and send post office-based mail materials to partnerships that hold occasions. They may put promotions in tennis or golf magazines to draw in those buyers. The travel industry objections assemble sites and spot advertisements in shopper distributions read by their objective clients. The offices of trade are engaged with advancing their zones for the most part and the organizations inside their spaces explicitly. This regularly incorporates offering potential guests bundles loaded up with pamphlets, rebate coupons and different materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to conceptually integrate business to consumer (B2C) into business to business (B2B), with a holistic consumer-centric, technology-reinforced, long-term vision for tourism industries and companies to survive and succeed in the era of new technologies 4.0. The research suggests that the tourism-marketing-new technologies decision-making involves customers as the center of the design and decision process. Design/methodology/approach: The research design includes a qualitative study with 94 in-depth interviews, a literature analysis and a conceptual proposition. The qualitative study follows the tourism consumer desire data analysis, from categorization to integration. The literature analysis applies a systematic literature review approach based on the 29 most up-to-date new-tech papers from peer-reviewed journals. The analysis compares qualitative research findings and literature analysis results and matches the new technology applications with consumer desire understanding. The conceptual framework of tourism marketing/advertising is proposed based on qualitative research and literature analysis. Findings: The qualitative research deciphers that consumers, based on their imagination and memorization, desire therapy and sceneries and connect such desires to the empathetic and resonating advertising messages. The literature analysis synthesizes the new tech applications in tourism and matches the qualitative research findings with the deciphered desires in tourism. The conceptual model proposes that B2C should be integrated into B2B to provide value for both consumers and businesses and opens avenues of research on this topic. Research limitations/implications: This research has made the following theoretical contributions: it offers an in-depth understanding of consumer desire, often hidden or subconscious, in the field of tourism. Consumer desires regarding tourism are mostly subconscious and exist long before consumers are exposed to advertising messages. These desires reflect the search for therapy and sceneries and become "embodied" – they exist on multisensorial levels and become part of the body and life and will lead consumers into positive perceptions when marketing communications/advertisements resonate with them. In the latter case, they will subjectively judge advertising as "good," regardless of the advertising design quality. The research also connects consumer research with a new technologies research review and proposes a conceptual framework to integrate business to consumer (B2C) with business to business (B2B). As such, the research makes theoretical contributions to the integration or the "boundary blurring" between B2C and B2B research and practical suggestions that involved industries and consumers may all benefit from such integration. Conceptually, there is a lack of discussions of the pitfalls of new technologies, a dearth of empirical verification of the applications of new technologies in the proposed fields and a shortage of discussions about ethical issues. Qualitative methods, offering an efficient tool for understanding consumer desires in the tourism industry, have their own limits, as discussed in previous research. The sample is limited to the state of New York population and may be influenced by geographic, demographic and psychological characteristics related to the region. Practical implications: This research provides advertising practitioners, new technology innovators and tourism industries with a framework to face the combined challenges of understanding hidden consumer desires and applying adequate technologies that resonate with consumer desires to tackle relevant issues. The conceptual proposition of this research fills the gap between qualitative consumer research without concrete practical resolution and new technologies applications without in-depth consumer understanding. Through the conceptual framework, the author provides insights into how industries may benefit from consumer understanding. The business relationships among the industries of marketing, tourism and new technologies should be centered around consumers. Thus, B2C and B2B should be naturally integrated into business practices. Social implications: Social implications of this research include three major points: first, the understanding of consumer desire for therapeutic power in tourism, which invites more attention to tourism as part of social well-being design instead of a purely for-profit business. Second, a profound comprehension of what consumers need and desire, without which the applications of new technologies may cause severe societal problems. Third, a way to tailor to consumers' individuality and desires for advertising/marketing that may be considered abusive, stressful and socially destructive if applied in a nonpersonal manner. Originality/value: Conceptually, this research adds consumer desire, an originally B2C concept, to the B2B context regarding the new technology applications in tourism marketing/advertising. It contributes to the B2B literature by proposing a strong consumer-centric approach, especially the consumer desire understanding, that is not yet investigated in the B2B literature; and a combination of empirical study and literature analysis and the matching of the two for better practice of advertising/marketing, tourism and new technologies applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of eye-tracking in the field of tourism is not very widespread, most of the existing studies use this qualitative tool to investigate the viewing of tourism websites or advertising. In contrast, this paper focuses on the identification and examination of the negative effects associated with the phenomenon of overtourism through photographs. The primary research involved 14 participants, and the results were presented using heat-map plots. Participants devoted considerable time to viewing the signs of the negative impacts of tourism in the photos, but based on the responses to the questionnaire completed after the remote eye device survey, it was found that their willingness to travel was not affected to a considerable extent in a negative direction by the undesirable elements in the photos. Broken down by gender, women spent less time exploring natural beauty and built heritage, while men spent more time viewing these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of advertising is widely analysed in relevant literature; however, the emphasis is mainly on its commercial part. Advertising-related aspects in regard to domestic tourist behaviour still lack scholars' attention. Therefore, outdoor advertising and its possibilities of attracting domestic tourists are under-assessed. The purpose of the study is to determine the effective advertising layouts to be used in static outdoor domestic tourism advertisements. Accordingly, this study contributes to the literature by analysing the peculiarities of static outdoor advertising layouts and determining the most effective compositions of its creative elements. The most appealing advertising layouts are determined. Applying the principles of conjoint analysis, the main elements (i.e., attributes) of the advertising layout are established and composed into profiles, encompassing different element levels. The attributes used in the analysis are "headline position" (4 levels), "picture" (4 levels), "text" (3 levels) and "colour scheme" (4 levels). The results (based on profile rankings) allow determining relative attribute importance and attribute level performance. To verify the results, eye-tracking is performed. The study allows modelling recommended advertising layouts to be used in outdoor advertisements in domestic tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on collaboration theory, this research investigates the effect of joint versus single brand advertising on tourists' behavioral responses with two experiments. Study 1 employs a field experiment to examine the effect of joint brand advertising on tourists' actual information search behavior. Study 2 uses a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of joint brand advertising on tourists' intention to visit a destination and measures whether this relationship is mediated by product interest. Study 1 suggests that, compared to single brand advertising, joint brand advertising increases tourists' search behavior. Study 2 shows that joint brand advertising stimulates product interest, which in turn increases tourists' intention to visit. The mediating role of product interest disappears when a destination brand forms a partnership with a lesser-reputed travel intermediary brand. The research provides implications for theory development in the area of tourism advertising, while also identifying best practices for advertisers on how to optimize the effectiveness of their campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This limited mobility of tourism academics is mainly because most advertised jobs are full-time and permanent; and because of the linear/horizontal recruitment of academics in the United Kingdom, which equates with limited promotion opportunities (Keller, Gordon & Storlie, 2013). Universities are key stakeholders of the knowledge economy (Kleibert, [4]). Step 2: the profile of tourism academics from each university listed in Appendix A has been checked (using both, LinkedIn, and their university profile page) to identify the different institutions they have worked for. [Extracted from the article]

The conceptual framework of this paper is based on the concept of bounded rationality. During the decision-making process, the consumer uses images as mental shortcuts. The occurrence of the spillover effect has been confirmed in the literature. To this date, the effect of tourism advertising on the respondents' attitudes towards products originating from a particular country and the issue of whether it affects both dimensions of a country's image (cognitive and affective) have not been studied. The present study responds to these two gaps by developing an extended model of the spillover effect. A sample of 138 Japanese students participated in a pre-post experiment to provide feedback before and after exposure to advertising. Research results indicate that the commercial have created a more positive attitude among respondents in all areas measured. The current study adds to the growing body of cross-disciplinary literature on country image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore tourism advertising using specialized mobile applications and its impact on increasing tourism demand for the services of tourism organizations in Al-Kharj Governorate, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In order to do so, the descriptive-analytical approach, which is consistent with the nature of the study, was used with a questionnaire form distributed to the targeted study sample of 150 forms. Different statistical methods have been used to test the study's hypothesis. The study reached a wide range of results, the most important of which is the existence of an impact of tourism advertising by using specialized mobile applications on increasing demand for the services of travel and tourism organizations in Al-Kharj Governorate. Furthermore, a series of recommendations were provided, the most important of which is the need to catch up with technology and recent developments in the field of tourism advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines emotions generated in potential visitors through the promotional imagery used in fright tourism, a form of dark heritage tourism. In fright tourism, an unusual combination of human emotions of fun and fear are experienced by tourists through activities such as haunted house visits and ghost tours. A modified model, based on Russell's [1980. A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178] Circumplex Model of Affect, was developed to measure emotions in fright tourism advertising. The model was constructed with empirical data from the United States and New Zealand. The data were obtained through interviews with business owners of fright tourism attractions, focus groups, and a questionnaire of potential visitors. Findings indicated statistically significant correlations exist between human emotions in different quadrants of the model (positive/pleasant and negative/unpleasant). The findings suggest, contrary to the application of the Circumplex Model in more conventional tourism settings, that fright tourism business' advertisements induce contradictory emotions. The study challenges current understandings of visitor experiences and contributes to knowledge about how fright tourism heritage experiences may best be promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastronomy tourism and local food have become a powerful tool for tourism advertising because gastronomy often reflects the cultural identity of the destination. Local food images can help showcase the unique flavors of a particular region, making it more attractive to potential visitors. This study aims to analyze how regional tourism authorities share information about the diversity of traditional foods, promote gastronomic tourism, and enhance destinations' competitiveness by utilizing Instagram as a social media platform combining images with textual information. The ASEAN Tourism Online objectives are to promote the region as a single destination, increase tourism arrivals and receipts, and enhance regional connection. In this study, the official account of Southeast Asia Tourism on Instagram @visitsoutheastasiaofficial with keywords Taste of ASEAN marketing campaign. A qualitative approach using content analysis was used in this study. Data for this study were retrieved from 123 traditional food images posted on the official Instagram account from 2016 to 2022. A thematic analysis was used to classify themes. The findings presented categories ranging from the authenticity of traditional food, social media campaigns and promotions, local destination information, and gastronomic tourism activities. The majority of images posted related to the portrait of local cuisines. This analysis portrayed how the ASEAN tourism online wants to promote food as an attraction instead of food as a supporting element of tourism activities. The limitation of this study is only focused on the content of traditional visual food on the Instagram platform. Further research can be done using other social media platforms and comparing these findings with other destinations. It also provides an opportunity to gain insights into what people are saying about each destination, which can be helpful in terms of understanding customer preferences and opinions. The implication of this study will help national tourism organizations, culinary practitioners and academicians about the traditional food images on the social media platform to promote regional and city tourism. Additionally, it can help to identify potential opportunities for improvement or expansion within the region. Finally, researching other destinations through social media platforms can provide valuable information that could be used to create effective marketing strategies and campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how local culture sharing and altruistic values from the elderly affect satisfaction levels with travel and life satisfaction via tourism product selection. Stratified random sampling is used in this study, we invited 1,000 qualified elderly tourists to participate in the survey from hot spring areas in Taiwan. We received 242 usable responses and that was fully completed questionnaires. Our research analysis and hypotheses were evaluated with partial least squares (PLS) modeling using SPSS and SmartPLS software. The findings of the study point out the elderly look forward to vacationing with other members to enjoy the local values of wellness tourism at tourist destinations, the service providers provide suitable and special tourism products to attract elderly tourists. Likewise, hoteliers, will provide more fun facilities for the elderly; marketers of travel agencies can emphasize the fun of wellness tourism with advertising icons; therefore, a happy travel experience contributes to the dignity and quality of life of the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definitions, classifications, dynamics, sociological significance of tourism along with its historical coordinates represent an introduction to this cultural, economic, social and political sphere, which has resisted, reinvented itself and been reborn like the Phoenix Bird over time, leaving its mark for entire generations and being the economic, social, cultural and even religious basis for different social identities. Sociology of Tourism helps us to analyze the impact of an individual passing through a system as well as a large number of tourists, to establish the transformative impact of tourism on people, places and communities and their way of life, planning and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of the tourism area is currently directed to re-introduce and raise the historical value of tourist destinations, the economic level and income of local communities in developing micro-enterprises and the creative economy around tourist areas. To promote natural, cultural, artificial and other tourist destinations in Jambi City, the Jambi City Tourism and Culture Office (DISPARBUD) uses social media and websites to inform the public about the potential of tourist destinations in Jambi City, namely through the website https://disparbud.jambikota.go.id/sejarah/ and several Instagram accounts, namely @danau.sipin, @tp_pkk_danau_sipin, @jambiparadise, @kampoengradja, then to what extent and how the contribution and role of electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) in helping the city government and local communities to increase the progress of tourist destinations in the Jambi City area. Researchers use an exploratory type of research, namely a research approach that aims to find information, data and facts about a topic or problem that is not yet fully understood by a researcher. The data used in this study are primary data that can be obtained from direct interviews and through distributing questionnaires via Google Forms. The sample selection technique is based on chance, namely, anyone who incidentally meets the researcher and is willing to become a sample if it is deemed that the person who happened to be met is suitable for the data source. The sample in this study was local people in Jambi City, totalling 114 people. The findings of the results obtained that the variables of historical value and attractiveness of tourist destinations show significant results on visiting interest, while the eWOM variable has not shown a level of significance to the visiting decision variable. Therefore, to increase interest in visiting tourist destinations, it is necessary to synchronize information and data from tourist destination managers, local governments, tour guides, and local wisdom related to historical value, accessibility, and accurate infrastructure so that when the information is conveyed through eWOM, users are no longer confused or exhausted from the information obtained. Abundant and accurate information no longer complicates the decision-making process to determine the optimal visiting decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertising connects the institutional and business sector with the public, responding to a persuasive and commercial interest. Advertising connects the institutional and business sector with the public, responding to a persuasive and commercial interest. The promotion of tourist destinations is a key activity for public and private advertisers to effectively communicate with their audiences. These advertisements show citizens' interests and motivations for travelling in the 21st century. This study analysed 95 advertisements published in 2020 in the newspaper El País, the most widely read generalist print media in Spain, on the day of the week coinciding with the publication of the specialised supplement "El viajero" (The Traveller). A quantitative and qualitative content analysis has been carried out in order to respond to the main objective of identifying the main advertisers and the usual sales proposition in this type of advertisement, also explaining the narrative strategies used in tourism campaigns. The main conclusions are the importance of wellbeing in the campaigns carried out and the important presence of public bodies in the promotion of destinations, especially Spanish destinations, highlighting historical, cultural and environmental heritage, which take on the same importance as the offer of beaches or cruises. This is an advertisement aimed especially at young people who travel as a couple, reflecting social concerns and trends in an irregular year for tourism promotion due to the covid-19 pandemic. This time period was an exceptional context, with consequences on citizen attitudes towards travel, which undoubtedly limits the application of these conclusions to that specific time context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Fiji, Ghana, Jamaica, and the Maldives, the tourism sector is an important source of economic wealth. For example, in the Maldives tourism accounts for around a quarter of total GDP and is a main source of employment (Meierkord, 2018: 5). Similarly, the role of tourism as one of Jamaica's main industries has been stated in Deuber (2014: 29), and Hundt, Zipp and Huber (2015: 691) also mention that tourism is one of the key industries and employment sectors in Fiji. While many of these destinations use traditional channels of advertising such as print magazines, a considerable amount of advertising is carried out online via social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fright tourism, an unusual combination of human emotions such as fun and fear are experienced by tourists through activities such as haunted house visits and ghost tours. This study explores advertising materials for fright tourism attractions, including how business owners design them, and how potential visitors respond to them. The study aimed to examine how fright tourism attractions use text and images to convey the emotions customers may experience at the attraction, and affective response generated in visitors to these advertising materials, specifically tourist brochures. Data were obtained through interviews with business owners of fright tourism attractions and focus groups of potential visitors to discuss fright tourism advertising brochure design, and determine what affective responses were intended and subsequently generated (or not) by the tourism brochures. Findings from the research include that emotions and feelings are ambiguous terms that are often used interchangeably, and generic horror imagery is often used to communicate emotions through fright tourism brochures; however, perceptions of horror are highly subjective. This study helps broaden our understanding of the emotions experienced at fright tourism attractions, and how those emotions can be communicated through advertising materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pacha: Revista de Estudios Contemporáneos del Sur Global is the property of PACHA REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS CONTEMPORANEOS DEL SUR GLOBAL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to provide an in-depth review of current literature related to the rapid and inevitable spread of social networks as a source of information influencing consumer opinion. To achieve this, it looks at how internet platforms are becoming an invariable part of the user's daily life. The main trends showing the place and role of social networks such as advertising tools in the tourism industry are revealed. It also examines their impact on the end user, tourist preferences, how they change and comply with new understandings. Two hypotheses are put forward for proof. In the course of the research, the following scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis, graphical and systems approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the advertising of services emerged after Lovelock ([3], [4]) and Zeithaml, Parasuraman, and Berry ([10]) published seminal articles on services marketing that distinguished between goods and services. These first two articles both examine behavioral intentions in response to advertising messages; together, they offer managerial implications on advertising effectiveness in tourism. [Extracted from the article]

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted the tourism and hospitality industries worldwide. Tourism destination marketing has been an heated focus in tourism and hospitality academia, it is widely believed that it can promote the revival of industries in the post-pandemic era. But there is a lack of research on different graphic presentation forms in tourism advertisements. To bridge the gap in the related literature, this study aims at studying the impact of the image and text presentation forms of the scenic spot's name in tourism advertisements on tourists' visit intention to the tourist destination city by combining the theory of constructivism in cognitive psychology, SOR model, and affective-cognitive model to conduct a 2 × 2 between-group experiment. The study found that when the text part contains the scenic spot's name, the tourism advertisement has a significant impact on tourists' perceived advertising effectiveness, destination affective image, and visit intention. The results of eye tracking analysis also showed that fixation points are primarily distributed in the text part. Furthermore, this study explored the chain mediating mechanism of perceived advertising effectiveness and destination affective image and discovered that the impact of the text presentation form on the visit intention can be realized through the mediating effect of perceived advertising effectiveness and destination affective image. This study puts forward some suggestions for the tourism advertising and destination marketing of scenic spots with high-familiarity of destination cities with low-familiarity and improving the image of tourist destination cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Film Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This conceptual paper discussed about the COVID-19 pandemic caused many industries to face their downfall, and one of the industries is the tourism industry. As a corollary, a new type of tourism, virtual tourism, is required to promote and restore the tourist sector to its former glory while not dismissing the need for social distancing. Through virtual tourism, people no longer need to travel to a particular tourist destination to experience tourism, but they can now stay at their home and escape to another destination virtually. Aside from giving tourists another level of tourism pleasure, virtual tourism also contributes a lot to the industries such as heritage preservation, tourism marketing, tourism planning and as an opportunity for disabled person to experience tourism. Even though virtual reality technology does not provide the users with enough authentic experience due to the inability to touch the object in the virtual environment, but it can be considered as a good start to advertise virtual tourism as an alternative to conventional tourism especially during the pandemic era where every movement is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents general elements regarding rural tourism, agrotourism and the tourist potential of the rural area, the unique natural and anthropic tourist heritage of the Maramure? ethnographic area. The current stage of capitalizing the tourist potential is presented, by analyzing the main forms of rural tourism practiced in the area, by determining the indicators that characterize the number of rural tourist pensions, accommodation capacity and are proposed some strategies for tourism development and tourism promotion and advertising this area, at national and international level. In the first part, a realistic and pertinent analysis was made of the specific tourist potential of the Maramure? ethnographic area, through which it is clearly different from other ethnographic areas in our country and which capitalized at its true value can be a real magnet of attraction for domestic tourists, but especially for foreign ones. The second part highlighted the evolution and development of the number of pensions and accommodation capacity in this beautiful region, in the period 2016-2020, which was significantly affected especially by the pandemic situation in our country and other neighbouring countries and the European Union. Finally, based on the real situation of the development stage and use of the tourist potential in the studied ethnographic area, a series of new strategies for the development and promotion of the rural tourism and agrotourism activity were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the tourism industry has brought many economic and social changes in different countries of the world, and its economic importance compared to other industries has attracted the attention of many researchers and political and economic decision makers. The tourism industry in Iran, despite the historical background, high natural and cultural attractions in the region, compared to many countries, including Turkey, which is in the neighborhood of Iran, is not up to its name. In this research, the author tried to study the comparative tourism between Iran and Turkey by using the descriptive-analytical method, and by asking the question, what was the reason for the success of Turkey in the tourism industry compared to Iran? It seems that Turkey's success compared to Iran in the tourism industry is due to long-term planning, media attention and modern infrastructure, strengthening the private sector and removing social and cultural barriers, rather than natural attractions. The results of this research show that, firstly, the attention of the Turkish media in advertising and attracting tourism has a more defensible performance compared to Iranian media, and secondly, the opportunities and natural and cultural attractions of Iran with long-term planning and extensive and targeted advertising. Reducing the government's responsibility and using effective human resources can become an emerging power in the tourism industry in the future. Thirdly, Turkey can be a recreational tourism destination and Iran can be a cultural tourism destination with many potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies in destination marketing literature have shown that use of the "engaging celebrities" or "associating a place with a celebrity" strategy can be successful to market a place. Yet despite the proven effectiveness of this association strategy, there is not enough research into the idea of associating a destination with other kinds of familiar and admired symbols—such as famous brands, heritage, and narratives. The aim of the current study is to expand the theoretical discussion around the association strategy beyond celebrities and to analyze which techniques marketers have used in order to associate their destinations with a state narrative; this includes examining some of the narrative components such as local brands, symbols, values, events, and sites. This topic has not yet been addressed in either tourism marketing academic or professional literature. Because the state of Texas has one of the most familiar narratives, it makes for a good case study in which to examine how marketers use the state narrative to market their destinations. As a methodology, we used quantitative and mainly qualitative content analysis of 666 tourism ads for Texan cities and towns, published in Texas Travel Guides (2008–2018). The findings show seven techniques that marketers used in order to associate their destinations with the narrative. Using the state of Texas as an example may provide a test case for exploring how marketers associate their place with other US state narratives in promotional tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years the tourism sector has been hit by a number of uncertainty events. This paper studies how uncertainty impacts on the tourism markets and on the destinations price and promotion decisions. We consider a two-stage model with two reference destinations and product differentiation. Specifically, we distinguish between traveling and production costs/inputs uncertainty, and between informative and persuasive advertising. We found that uncertainty tends to increase prices as destinations pass uncertainty to consumers. However, in order to minimize the negative effect of higher prices in their bookings, destinations tend to intensify their promotion efforts. Altogether, uncertainty typically affects more consumers than destinations, which in most cases see their profits increase because of the increase in prices. • How uncertainty impacts on the destinations price and promotion strategies. • Distinguish demand vs supply uncertainty, informative vs persuasive advertising. • Uncertainty increases prices as destinations pass uncertainty to consumers. • Under uncertainty destinations tend to intensify their promotion efforts. • Uncertainty affects more consumers than destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study adopts a neuroscientific approach to explore children's real-time emotional experiences in responses to tourism advertisements with different valences. Sixty children were exposed to three high-positive valence and three low-positive valence tourism advertisements while their brain waves were collected via an electroencephalogram (EEG). Dynamic emotional trajectories of frontal alpha asymmetry, a neural indicator representing a person's positive emotions, were extracted from EEG data using time-frequency analysis. Children's emotions on five key moments (i.e., peak, end, beginning, trough, and middle) were analyzed. Results show that the high-positive valence videos resulted in higher asymmetry scores in middle moments rather in other moments. Moreover, gender and age could partially moderate the impact of video valence on asymmetry scores in middle moments. • Children's real-time emotions during advertisement viewing were measured. • An electroencephalogram was adopted to examine temporal fluctuation in emotions. • Emotions on peak, end, beginning, trough, and middle moments were analyzed. • High-positive valence videos resulted in higher asymmetry scores in middle moments. • The dynamic features of children's emotional trajectories varied by gender and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing studies have analyzed the advertising effects of metaphorical advertisements and straightforward adverts in traditional advertising media. However, their advertising effects on social media are still unclear. To address this issue, this study uses eye-tracking and questionnaires to examine two types of social media tourism advertising—metaphorical and straightforward in posts with both high and low popularity. This within-subject (n = 55) experiment was designed to examine the effects of social media tourism advertising types on visual attention and tourism intention and to identify the moderating role of post popularity based on the elaboration likelihood model (ELM). We found that advertising types had no significant effect on visual attention, but metaphorical advertisements increased tourism intention compared with straightforward adverts. Furthermore, we found that the level of post popularity moderated the effect of advertising types on visual attention. Specifically, metaphorical adverts in highly popular posts attracted more visual attention in the advertising text area and in the whole advert. Straightforward adverts in posts with low popularity attracted more visual attention in the advertising text area. This research advances the current literature by exploring the effects of social media tourism advertising types and has implications for managers deciding on strategies for social media tourism marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increasing competition in the tourism sector, destinations struggle to attract the attention of potential visitors through advertising. This article addresses the influence of emotions in tourism advertising, arguing that they are an effective predictor of individual behavior, and essential in destination choices, which have an important unconscious component. This bibliometric work discusses the role of emotional advertising, reviews the literature in order to describe the current state of knowledge in tourism and neuromarketing, and assess the valuable findings made by recent years due to advances in neuroscience. The literature review provided an in-depth understanding on how neuromarketing contributes to reveal tourists' implicit emotional responses that affect subsequent decision marking and seek to prove that neuromarketing research can increase tourism competitiveness through providing data to conduct more efficient campaigns. Consequently, the field is an important subject for further research and several lines of future investigation have been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media has been used as a platform to learn or share a person's travel experiences which enabled a new wave of marketing where influencers play a huge role. From this instance, would the consumers’ brand perception and usage intention be affected by these influencers that they see on social media? The study was characterized as descriptive-correlational research and gathered data through a survey using self-made questionnaires, validated by an academic practitioner and tested reliability with Cronbach alpha. With the Online Travel Agencies in the country as the subjects, and the travel enthusiasts who belong to the Millennial or Generation Z group and are living in the city, specifically in the Philippines’ National Capital Region, as the respondents of this study. Using a Raosoft calculator, the researchers collected 385 responses as the minimum required sample size for this study. The data collected showed a positive correlation between influencer marketing and brand perception of travel applications with a correlation coefficient of 0.622 using Spearman's Rho. However, there are specific characteristics that respondents look for in an influencer, primarily the ability "to inspire." and their credibility in promoting travel applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary era boasts about the growing consumerism potentials among children. The advertisers accordingly are locating new product categories and redesigning their advertising campaigns to attract the children. Advertisements aired on Indian television of certain product categories portray the new changes in children advertisements. Such modifications are initiated to develop Pester Power in children. As Pester Power has grown to be a significant tactic in children advertising, the advertisers are trying their best to utilise it. The generation of pester power can lead to purchase actions. This tactic was initially developed and employed by advertisers for children products. But, now-a-days this technique is used for Family Products. Employing a Descriptive Research Design, the researchers have conducted a study on Pester Power level of children aged 8-12 years. Also, the differences (if any) between pester power level and children’s age was studied. Following the children consumerism in new product categories, the advertisers have located Tourism advertisements as one promising product category. Therefore, the study focuses on Tourism products. The study area chosen was Kamrup, Assam. The study revealed Pester power ranges between Above Average-Below Average Level. The findings also directed about the existing differences between the age and level of pester power for Tourism advertisements. Responses indicated that with age the pester power level varies. Further, the researchers also concluded that Age acts as an important factor for determination of pester power. The contemporary era boasts about the growing consumerism potentials among children. The advertisers accordingly are locating new product categories and redesigning their advertising campaigns to attract the children. Advertisements aired on Indian television of certain product categories portray the new changes in children advertisements. Such modifications are initiated to develop Pester Power in children. As Pester Power has grown to be a significant tactic in children advertising, the advertisers are trying their best to utilise it. The generation of pester power can lead to purchase actions. This tactic was initially developed and employed by advertisers for children products. But, now-a-days this technique is used for Family Products. Employing a Descriptive Research Design, the researchers have conducted a study on Pester Power level of children aged 8-12 years. Also, the differences (if any) between pester power level and children’s age was studied. Following the children consumerism in new product categories, the advertisers have located Tourism advertisements as one promising product category. Therefore, the study focuses on Tourism products. The study area chosen was Kamrup, Assam. The study revealed Pester power ranges between Above Average-Below Average Level. The findings also directed about the existing differences between the age and level of pester power for Tourism advertisements. Responses indicated that with age the pester power level varies. Further, the researchers also concluded that Age acts as an important factor for determination of pester power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory marketing has been given much attention in tourism research and practice. However, few studies have analyzed the influencing mechanism of sensory marketing on consumers' visit intention from the perspective of information adoption. To fill the gap, this study integrates the classical Attention-Interest-Desire-Action (AIDA) model with the Information Adoption Model to examine the effects of multisensory cues in tourism destination advertisements on customers' visit intention. A conceptual model based on the modified AIDA model with four hierarchical processing stages, namely, perceived sensory stimulation (attention), perceived usefulness and credibility (evaluation), perceived attractiveness (interest), and visit intention (desire), is developed. The structural equation modeling technique is adopted to analyze the survey data gathered from 314 respondents in China. Results indicate that perceived sensory stimulation positively predicts perceived usefulness, perceived credibility, and perceived attractiveness, which subsequently promote customers' visit intention. Moreover, the mediating roles of perceived usefulness, perceived credibility, and perceived attractiveness are supported. This study enriches the literature on sensory marketing in tourism and the application of the AIDA model. The findings also provide destination marketers with several useful suggestions to promote the advertising effect with sensory information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality (VR) tourism provides individuals with a brief, but realistic, preview of travel destinations. Despite the increasing popularity of VR tourism in destination advertising, outcomes and underlying mechanisms of virtual tours remain underexplored. Guided by the theoretical framework of spatial presence, this experiment (N = 118) investigated how VR tourism affected behavioral intention to travel to a physical destination depicted in the virtual world and people's willingness to pay for travel in the context of destination advertising. Results revealed that VR tourism led to greater spatial presence, enjoyment, destination image, intentions to travel, and willingness to pay compared to reading an e-brochure. Spatial presence, enjoyment, and destination image mediated the impact of virtual tours on intentions to travel and willingness to pay, shedding light on the psychological mechanisms of virtual tours. Theoretical and managerial implications of VR tourism are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Second World War, 2019 definitely became one of the most significant strength tests for humanity that gave a boost to gradual but crucial changes in every person's mental worldview models, which are particular deeply established constructs of reality. There is no sphere of activity that has not been affected by the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Tourism became one of those areas most severely affected by the crisis, caused by pandemic conditions and quarantine measures. Consequently, they had to adjust to the new reality of life in circumstances of numerous human rights and freedom restrictions. This fact stipulates the topicality of the given comparative research. Based on the anthropocentric approach, the authors suggest the research methodology that lies in a complex approach to the discourse analysis as a platform for interrelations between the cognitive worldviews of addresser and addressee. Having identified the concepts-autochthons of the modern English-language tourism advertising discourse and determined their regular correlations, the cognitive map of the modern English-language tourism advertising discourse was designed. Having applied the comparative analysis of the cognitive maps of the traditional and modern English-language tourism advertising discourse, the authors determined the main suppositions of the English-speaking consumer of tourism services during pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Thus, the traditional view of the English-speaking consumer of tourism services is the perception of tourism as the phenomenon related to unhindered, comfortable traveling and family holidays with gastronomic delight, new acquaintances and positive emotions. However, during the pandemic period, for English-speaking tourism services, consumer tourism became necessary for a change of surroundings, like a sip of fresh air that is available only by following quarantine rules and only in those countries open for tourists. Safety and sanitizing become the most critical factors in choosing a tourist location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how real-time emotions elicited by advertisements affect post-viewing judgments, with the goal of determining whether the key moments of real-time emotions lead to enhanced global retrospective judgments. Facial electromyography (EMG) was used to measure objective and unbiased moment-to-moment emotions. One hundred and one participants watched three destination advertisements while their real-time facial EMG data and self-report ratings were collected. The results demonstrate that tourism consumers' average, peak, and end emotional experiences are correlated with their post-viewing attitude toward the advertisement. However, this study does not provide additional support for superiority of the peak and end moments in driving global retrospective evaluations in tourism advertising. The study advances our understanding of how consumers evaluate tourism advertisements based on more objective physiological data and extends the literature on key moments and retrospective evaluations. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traveling is one way to release stress from the hustle and bustle that occurs in our daily activities. With many things that we get from traveling experiences, we often document or keep them as mementos in various ways, for example the photos we post on social media, whatsapp status updates even with tempting captions so that they want to travel too for those who see them. The things that have been done without realizing it have carried out indirect promotions, namely providing information about what tourist attractions are, the variety of food, the beauty of tourist destinations, the shortcomings and advantages, and this is often expressed in the form of testimonials. With so many events like this, promotion of tourist destinations can be said to happen automatically. This is reduced to the element of motivation to travel to the emergence of travel decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]