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In this study, we considered tourism collaboration for sustainable development as a co-creative practice of learning about tourism in order to achieve benefits for local communities. We focused on projects run by non-governmental development organisations (NGDOs) and the challenges relating to their long-term impact. These challenges concern the projects' potential to facilitate the emergence and/or reinforcement of local learning communities. The study was conducted by an academic and a representative of the NGDO that constituted the empirical case. The empirical investigation was based on a variety of data sources and explored both the NGDO's strategic approach to collaboration and the experience gained from two projects. We identified factors that can be crucially important for the promotion of collaboration driven by local actors and extending beyond the limited time horizon of the NGDOs' projects. The paper contributes to the literature by adopting the concepts of co-creative practices and communities of practice (CoPs) to study collaboration, elucidating the evolving linkages connecting CoP constellations in learning communities. The study also presents some reflections on collaborative research with non-academics as a useful way of promoting plurality, depth and reflexivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines examples of indigenous conceptions of well-being and locally meaningful forms of community development in the Pacific and considers how these coincide, or collide, with development driven by the private sector. The focus is on indigenous communities who live in the vicinity of large multinational corporations, using case studies from Papua New Guinea and Fiji. We investigate how communities' perceptions of well-being intersect with the concept of development as it emanates from the private sector. In order to do this, we explore how communities perceive well-being, what materializes as being significant to its achievement, and what this means in the presence of international capital. Ultimately the purpose of investigating these concepts is to establish a point of reference for considering the effectiveness and value of corporate community development intervention from a community perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community-based tourism development typically assumes co-operation between different stakeholder groups at the local level, and thus combines different types of knowledge. However, this does not imply that a consensus exists between the stakeholders in the first place. In this article, we present a potential conceptual tool, namely boundary objects that could support stakeholders from different knowledge communities in working jointly towards a common goal and generate commitment towards it. The literature concerning knowledge communities and boundary objects is used as a theoretical framework. A three-year community-based tourism development project comprises the data of the article, and is used as a case study to illustrate the role of different knowledge communities, and to analyse the selected boundary objects. The results illustrate the importance of proper design of boundary objects in community-based tourism development processes, and highlight the features of a successful boundary object in generating ownership feelings towards development activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participation in wildlife-based community tourism within and around protected areas is seen as a tool to link biodiversity conservation and community livelihoods improvement. However, there is a deficiency of frameworks currently used to understand complex and dynamic relationships that exist among conservation, tourism and development. The community capitals framework is adopted to assess these linkages from a systems-thinking perspective in which community capitals’ stock and flow, explained by a community's participation in tourism determines the direction of change. Results of the Chobe Enclave Conservation Trust in Botswana indicate that all community capitals are interdependent and play a dynamic role in shaping the spiraling of community livelihoods. Participation in tourism led to both the spiraling up and down of community capitals. The spiraling up of community capitals is explained by increased livelihoods and diversification options facilitated by increased tourism income. The spiraling down is explained by the heightened human–wildlife conflicts and fragile wildlife–livestock co-existence, which led to livestock diseases, loss of beef market and the ecosystems’ fragmentation through the introduction of veterinary fences. Thus, the spiraling of community capitals is explained by the transformation of one stock of community capital to another in a systems-thinking dynamics fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand how local community members viewed and evaluated the success of a community-based tourism (CBT) project implemented in Laos. The study identified three distinctive groups according to levels of participation and responsibilities adopted, namelyactive participation,passive participation,andnon-participation. The findings suggest that there are mixed perceptions and evaluations of equal participation among community members. Theactive participation groupwas mainly comprised of community leaders, exhibited high levels of participation, including in the decision-making process, and thus positively evaluated their participation and the success of the CBT project in their village. However, the great majority of community members were in thepassive participationandnon-participationgroups, seldom participated in the project, and were sceptical of future CBT projects, as the current project appeared to be based on unequal participation from the very beginning. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Summary World Heritage and associated conservation-based tourism can generate significant national income, yet the top-down efforts to open up new tourist destinations can displace communities that are meant to benefit. In Ecuador, the administration of Rafael Correa has invested substantially in both new infrastructure and community level training in order to steer world heritage visitors into a more diversified tourist sector. Our research examined the attempt of one community at the crater lake Quilotoa (Cotopaxi province) to maintain control of their economy in the face of increased state investments. We asked, under what circumstances is a community able to both define and defend a zone of locally managed economic development? To answer the question, we carried out a participatory GIS mapping project focused on sites of conflict and community assemblies and supplemented the mapping with an economic survey and detailed career histories. Our research finds that, since 1988, cycles of conflicts within the community of Quilotoa and between Quilotoa and its neighbors came to define an effective, yet informal, territorial boundary within which residents were highly committed to mobilize to defend their work and investments. Interviews show the importance of territory as political resources used by the community to escalate commercial conflicts into matters of wide public concern and ultimately establish the institutional basis of non-agricultural work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residents' involvement in participatory processes which have to do with tourism and cultural heritage is a research subject with great impact on academic circles. However, most surveys focus on residents' views about the impacts of (cultural) tourism. There is a scarcity of research regarding how residents themselves perceive their engagement into procedures with cultural heritage displaying as epicenter. The paper investigates the notion of residents' participation in the city of Larissa, central Greece. Larissa is a city that now tries to put itself on the tourist map based on its special cultural heritage asset; the 1st ancient theatre. The basic aims of this survey are to identify the element which should primarily characterize the relationship between inhabitants and monuments and how participation can be implemented, to a great extent at least, when a city makes efforts for the first time, to create its destination image through cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of quality of life (QOL) and residential status on resident attitudes toward further tourism development. The measurement of tourism and quality of life (TQOL) is modified. Using a sample of 562 residents from Shenzhen OCT community of China, this study has identified six TQOL domains and examines the effects of each TQOL domains based on the residential status and residents' attitudes in supporting further tourism development. The results reveal that the positive supporting attitudes of residents depends on the selected TQOL domains, especially on non-material improvements of TQOL. Tenants and dormitory residents have more positive attitudes than those house owners. This study also identifies four resident clusters with different attitudes and it is found that the residents’ attitudes of tourism development depend on whether they perceive the community as a place for earning a living or a place to live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mainland Chinese consumers are increasingly crossing borders to purchase luxury brands. However, a large influx of tourists to a given destination has the potential to impact the quality of life of local residents. In this research, the influx of Mainland Chinese visitors (particularly those purchasing luxury products) to Hong Kong was investigated using a case study approach. How Hong Kong residents perceive this phenomenon and how it affects Hong Kong as a whole were topics of particular interest. The case study involved observations of Mainland consumers purchasing in Hong Kong shopping malls, in-depth interviews, and a focus group with Hong Kong residents, and compiling data from documents and video sources. The results are categorized into three themes: the economy, the environment, and attitudes. While the purchases boost Hong Kong's economy and generate profits for luxury goods retailers, Hong Kong people were found to have negative perceptions of the Mainland consumers' activity. This is because of the negative effects on daily life in Hong Kong. The Mainland consumers were found to be unintended endorsers of luxury brands, which negatively impacted their image among Hong Kong people. Based on the findings, theoretical implications are built up. In addition, the implications of these findings for public policymakers and luxury brands both in Hong Kong and elsewhere are discussed and recommendations for further research are made. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the growth of Community-Based Tourism within the broader discipline of tourism. New topics in the field have emerged such as responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, sports tourism and moral impacts of tourism. This phenomenon also reflects the multi-disciplinarity of tourism. In this article, using the Title, Abstract and Keywords (TAK) for instances in which the words (Community-based Tourism, Community Tourism and Community-Based Eco-Tourism) to subsume Community-Based Tourism (CBT), a search was made in various databases and found that CBT as a sub-specialty of tourism started to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The number of articles published specifically on CBT has been growing phenomenally. The major contribution of this article is that we now know the evolution of CBT and we also now know its trajectory of growth which has been upward. While the number of articles on CBT is growing, there is no journal dedicated solely to CBT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the origins of Community Based Tourism helps in mapping its possible trajectories. Past and current trends are important to unlock the possibilities in the future. This paper posits that with a better understanding of the original conceptualization, practices and roles of CBT, possibilities will abound to understand contemporary CBT matters. It argues that since its origins to current times, the CBT approach has endured a significant mismatch from the original aims and strategies of CBT in terms of practical approaches and outcomes. The hallmarks of a genuine CBT project include local control (rather than mere involvement), decision making at all the stages of the project's life cycle, equitable sharing of the collective benefits, within the context of a holistic, bottom-up approach to community development. Instead CBT projects have been distancing themselves to different degree from genuine CBT projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community tourism appears to be an alternative that mitigates the negative effects of mass tourism in less developed countries. In this kind of tourism, the attitudes and perceptions of residents play an important role in tourism planning and development. In this article, we analyze the perceptions and attitudes of residents in community tourism in the Island of Santo Antão (Cape Verde), an emerging tourist destination that is currently experiencing a considerable increase of tourists--which is altering the way of life of its communities. The fieldwork was carried out based on a survey of residents. The questionnaire was filled out by a random sample of respondents, with a total of 319 questionnaires obtained. The main results reveal that residents are in favor of tourism development, due to the positive benefits that it can bring, such as the recovery of traditional handicrafts, more investment in infrastructures, and higher quality hospitality and retail establishments. However, in order for tourism on the island to be sustainable and for the residents' perceived benefits to materialize, tourism initiatives need more participation by local residents, public administrators, universities, and nongovernmental organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doubt persists about ecotourism's ability to make tangible contributions to conservation and deliver benefits for host communities. This work in Costa Rica's Osa Peninsula tests the hypothesis that ecotourism in this region is more effective at improving well-being for local residents, at enhancing their access to key resources and information, and at supporting biodiversity conservation than other locally available economic sectors. Data from 128 semi-structured interviews with local workers, both in ecotourism and in other occupations, together with associated research, indicate that ecotourism offers the best currently available employment opportunities, double the earnings of other livelihoods, and other linked benefits. Locally, ecotourism is viewed as the activity contributing most to improvements in residents’ quality of life in the Osa Peninsula and to increased levels of financial and attitudinal support for parks and environmental conservation. Ecolodge ownership by local people is substantial, and many local ecotourism workers plan to launch their own businesses. The data offer a convincing rebuttal to arguments that ecotourism does little to address poverty or disparities in access to resources and equally rebuts claims that ecotourism is simply a part of the “neoliberal conservation toolkit” that cannot help but exacerbate the very inequalities it purports to address. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Viele internationale auswärtige Ämter nutzen die Online-Plattform Twitter mittlerweile als Kanal für Reisewarnungen. Dieser neue Informationskanal erlaubt den Betrieb von Anwendungen, die einem breiten Publikum aktuelle, hochqualitative Reiserisikoinformationen zugänglich machen. Unsere explorative Forschung hat das Ziel, die Rolle der Informationsquelle und Zielgruppe einer solchen Anwendung zu untersuchen. Die Resultate unserer Analyse zeigen keine substantiellen Hinweise darauf, dass nutzergenerierte Inhalte per se ungeeignet als Informationsquelle sind. Zusätzlich zeigt unsere Analyse, dass Vielreisende eine besonders interessante Zielgruppe sind. Online platform Twitter, has been recognized by international foreign offices as an outlet for travel warning. This new channel of information allows for the creation of applications that bring current and high quality travel risk information to the mainstream. Our explorative research aims at investigating the role of the information source and target audience of such an application. The results of our analysis show no substantial evidence that user-generated travel risk information would be per se unsuitable as an information source. Further, our analysis revealed that frequent travelers might be of special interest as a target group for the application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berlin is witnessing a massive tourism boom, and parts of it can be described as 'new urban tourism', which shows a preference for off the beaten track areas and 'authentic' experiences of the city. This form of tourism seems especially salient in Kreuzberg. It is here that an openly articulated critique of tourism attracted national attention in 2011 and has not ceased to do so since. This article aims to better understand the conflictive potential of (new urban) tourism in Kreuzberg. We argue that the readily expressed negative attitudes against tourists and the easily accepted link between tourism and gentrification have to be explained against the backdrop of certain housing-market dynamics. Rising rents and a diminution in the number of flats available for rent are fuelling fears of gentrification in Kreuzberg, while the interest shown in new urban tourism and the comparatively low-priced real-estate market in Berlin result in a growing number of holiday flats. Although adding only slightly to the tightening of the housing market, holiday flats render complex processes of neighborhood change visible and further sustain an already prevalent tourism critique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of spring break tourism in many destinations has become problematic, predominantly due to the excessive behaviour of college students. This paper examines residents' attitudes toward spring break tourism in South Padre Island (located in Texas, USA) through the lens of community attachment. By understanding the attitudes of residents of the host communities, tourism planners and policy-makers can create policies to shape the character of tourism according to the residents' needs. The findings suggest that, at this point in time, community residents perceive that the benefits of spring break tourism benefits exceed its' costs. Also, the short and intense season of spring break tourism allows residents to better deal with social costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how resident perceptions affect the successful implementation of community-based tourism (CBT) in a least developed country (LDC) scenario. By realizing how past and present experiences of war affect resident perceptions, including how they view themselves, their community and tourism, we can build an understanding of how to assess the capacity for a community to successfully embrace and sustain CBT for development. This will be achieved by exploring two cases of CBT in Cambodia: the Banteay Chmmar subdistrict and Banlung town. These two cases represent a successful and unsuccessful implementation of CBT in Cambodia as an LDC utilizing tourism for development. Learnings from this situation can be applied to other post-war tourism and development destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Land-use-change conflicts have shaped the conservation and tourism activities and human livelihood debate in the Usangu Plains over the last 10 years. This has led Ruaha National Park to become the largest national park in Tanzania and the second largest in Africa. The need to understand the rationale behind the expansion of Ruaha National Park and the local communities' views on tourism activities has become increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to examine land-use change in the Usangu Plains and its implication to local communities. Community members in five villages, Ikoga Mpya, Igomelo, Nyeregete, Mahango and Luhango, were surveyed using semi-structured interviews, focus groups and field notes. This resulted in a total of 79 semi-structured interviews, 4 focus group discussions and field observation data to analyse the situation in Usangu Plains. Data were analysed using NVIVO computer software for coding and themes’ generation. Major themes that emerged from the analysis were land-use change, tourism as a form of land use, tourism benefits and coping mechanisms. The findings from this study suggest that local communities do not perceive that they are benefitting from the change from agricultural to tourism practices. Changing the way local communities perceived themselves and are involved in conservation activities is the key to achieving the best conservation results and community residents’ involvement in future tourism activities in their areas. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Estudios y Perspectivas en Turismo is the property of Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Turisticos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios y Perspectivas en Turismo is the property of Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Turisticos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Total quality management (TQM) has been successfully applied to industry all over the world, but not rural tourism in China. Therefore, theoretically this study tries to examine why and how TQM theory should be applied in the practice of rural tourism in the context of new rural construction in China. Empirically, the study conducted a survey in An Yi Ancient Village of China checking how rural tourism TQM is applied and what the effects are. The study found out that the application of TQM in rural tourism has positive effects on economical, social and environmental benefits. The study also found that community-led rural tourism cannot fully realize TQM without educated and trained participants and a democratic system, and therefore suggests a comprehensive management system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure & Events is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sense of community is an important theme within studies on community psychology and tourism geography. It is defined as the psychological feelings attained by local residents as a result of interaction between local community residents and the collective population. A focus on residents' sense of community in tourism destination research not only places an emphasis on people, but is also an important premise of sustainable rural tourism. However, there is little research on a sense of community within the tourism arena at present. We analyzed a large amount of relevant literature and reviewed the relationship between a sense of community and its related result variables. We then constructed a model on Sense of Community within Rural Tourism Destinations (SCRTD). A case study was undertaken in Anji County in Zhejiang Province. Data were collected through 558 survey questionnaires examining place attachment, perception of tourism impacts, community involvement, resident satisfaction and personal benefits gained from tourism. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) methods, we explored five facets of sense of community within rural tourism destinations. We found that sense of community has five main dimensions; place attachment, the perception of tourism impacts, community involvement, resident satisfaction and the personal benefits gained through tourism. The sense of community in rural tourism destinations was significantly positively affected by place attachment, perception of tourism impacts, community involvement, resident satisfaction and personal benefits from tourism. Four of the five path coefficients were between 0.508 and 0.728, and their significance probabilities were all lower than 0.001. The path coefficient for "sense of community-tourism perception" was 0.13, and its significance probability was also lower than 0.001. Therefore, all five hypotheses in the conceptual model were supported; (1) Sense of community had a significant positive impact on place attachment. Its path coefficient was 0. 508 (f-value = 5. 936), thus hypothesis one was verified. (2) Sense of community had a significant positive effect on the perception of tourism impact. Its path coefficient was 0. 13 (J-value = 9.089), thus hypothesis two was also verified. (3) Hypotheses three to five reflected the impacts of sense of community on community involvement, resident satisfaction and the personal benefits gained from tourism. Their path coefficients were 0.728 (f-value = 8.807), 0.697 (f-value = 9.215), and 0.594 (f-value = 8.686) respectively. Hence the proposed structural model of sense of community in rural tourism destinations is feasible. This broadens the research scope of sense of community. Fostering a sense of community in rural tourism destinations can help to improve the degree of community involvement, to increase the residents' perceived positive tourism impacts, to reduce perceived negative tourism impacts, and to promote residents' active support for local tourism development. All of these are conducive to the promotion of scientific humanistic management in rural tourism destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop community potential for sustainable agro-tourism by community participation and develop training manual for community potential development. It showed that the people lacked knowledge on tourism management. They wanted to gain more income from selling agricultural products and also wanted to manage their household income. Hence, the implementation of training on packaging and household accounting for community people were conducted. Moreover, a training manual for community potential development was developed. It comprised the community potential development manual and the community tourism manual. It can be concluded that for sustainable tourism, economic growth together with conservation of local culture and environment with community participation and equitable distribution of income sharing should be considered. This small business will be developed to help people in the community to earn more income and be self-reliant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at how cultural and social norms affect the choice of geographic and personal names, using the case of Damgan in Morbihan, a department in Bretagne, France. Topics mentioned include the social effects of the urbnization of Breton culture, the impact of a large population of vacationing tourists on local society, and how new names can affect such aspects of daily life as the mail.

This article examines how the discourse of adventure, prevalent in study-abroad advertisements, constructs hierarchical relations between the study-abroad students' host and home societies and interpellates the students as subjects. Through text analysis of two US-based guidebooks on study abroad, this article shows how the discourse of adventure constructs the host society as isolated, unknown, and behind the times, with an unsound educational system, and the students' home society as always accessible and up to date, with a sound education system. Through its intersection with valorization of immersion and ideologies of outcome-based education, the discourse also interpellates the students as ‘adventurers’ and governs their desires regarding how to learn (through exploration) and what to gain (‘global competence’). This article offers critical analyses of the little-examined globalizing project of study abroad and its effects that go beyond mere reproduction of imperial travels. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Community tourism (CT) commonly influences the lives of local residents, and their attitudes in turn greatly affect the tourist experience. This study addresses a gap in the existing literature on CT by proposing a framework that integrates social exchange theory with the theory of reasoned action in order to map residents' decision-making processes about CT development. The results show that the attitude of community residents is a valid predictor of their intention to support tourism. In addition, perceived benefits for residents have a larger impact on attitudes about CT than perceived costs. Finally, the study concludes that the marketing program of a specific community had little impact on resident perceptions of CT development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses residents' perceptions toward cruise tourism development and its externalities. The research involved a primary data collection in Messina, during the summer peak of the cruise season in 2011. A correspondence analysis on the local residents' perceptions shows that residents have an overall positive attitude towards cruise tourism development with respect to social, cultural and economic aspects. Nevertheless, they moderately feel that cruise activity has a negative impact on their wellbeing (i.e. increase in micro-crime; increase in road congestion) and the environment (i.e. increase in waste, pollution, congestion in recreational areas). Significant differences, based on residents' characteristics, also exist in the perception and attitude towards cruise tourism development. Implications for policy makers are discussed and suggestions for further research are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios y Perspectivas en Turismo is the property of Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Turisticos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Relatively little is known about the motivations of responsible tourists, but even less is known about the contribution of the values construct in their decision-making. The values construct is well used in consumer studies in the knowledge that deeply held beliefs are the key to understanding motivation. Indeed, because values underpin individuals' moral choices they are also particularly relevant in an ethical context, and therefore highly appropriate in a study of responsible tourists. Much of the values research incorporates the Schwartz list of values (1992), but while it has received wide support in consumer research, there are disagreements about its utility in ethical consumer studies. These are the issues this paper seeks to address through the presentation and discussion of results from a recent study into the values of responsible tourists. The paper argues that while Schwartz's values typology might be useful in a general consumer context, its lack of universality means it offers insufficient insight into responsible tourists' motivations. This paper contributes to tourist motivation research by identifying several new values in a significant modification to the Schwartz values typology, and concludes by discussing how these additional values offer a deeper understanding of the motivations of responsible tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Several studies examine residents' attitudes towards tourism development. Similarly, significant research explores the determinants of tourist satisfaction and its effects in planning policies for tourism. The purpose of this study is to establish a connection between these lines of research, showing how the local population may impact upon the way tourists perceive a destination. This study was conducted in the tourist region of Algarve, Portugal, and involves four municipalities bearing different characteristics. Results from statistical analyses show that tourists lodging in municipalities where residents are more positive to tourism experience greater receptiveness and are more satisfied with the tourist experience. The implications for tourism management in heterogeneous tourism regions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revista Turismo em Análise is the property of Revista Turismo em Analise and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines how local residents perceive major tourism events in Macao, China. A cluster analysis revealed three clusters of residents with distinct views toward these events. Although the similarities of the major findings to those in previous studies are apparent, this study extends the others by identifying a new factor regarding the impact of events on a community. Also, unlike other studies that have focused on a single event, this study looked at a set of major events, thereby providing decision makers a more complete view of event tourism in a community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses socio-economic impacts of a tourism community-public-private partnership in a rural area in Namibia and its contribution to achieving some of the Millennium Development Goals. Building on an institutional analysis as well as an applied sustainable livelihoods approach, it is argued that the Grootberg lodge partnership contributes to nature conservation, poverty alleviation as well as capacity-building and empowerment at both the individual and collective levels (the triple bottom line). Indeed, empirical data gathered in 2006 and 2007 show that the Grootberg lodge has helped to improve the livelihoods of some rural households by distributing to them secure wage revenues, building their financial and physical assets and reducing their vulnerability; it has further provided employees with essential training sessions (human capital) and has involved community members in some of the tourism management decisions. These results, however, remain context related and dependent on some important unpredictable and intangible variables (trust and openness); as a result, further systematic livelihood studies in other contexts are called for in order to better inform policy-makers on the future promotion and development of tourism partnerships both in Namibia and worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Ghana's evolving tourism policies with special reference to its spatial and pro-poor impacts. Using a sample of 182 respondents around the Kakum National Park in Ghana's Central Region, an area which is rich in tourism assets but economically poor, it examines residents' expectations, experiences and perceptions about tourism development in the area. While some expectations were too much, others had been met, if only somewhat. Residents' experiences in terms of direct socio-economic benefits were modest. But largely on account of indirect gains from a range of pro-poor interventions, the majority had a fairly positive perception of tourism in the area. Respondents of communities beyond the Park's reception area had gained more from associated interventions rather than from tourism. Age and place of birth were also found to be key variables that influenced residents' perspectives on tourism development in the area. Nevertheless, residents' overall perception suggests that sustainable tourism development requires an approach that simultaneously improves the tourism product and enhances residents' livelihood options. The need for residents to be involved in decision-making if pro-poor tourism is to be successful was underlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the utility and use of travel guides by historians who are looking to study the history of metropolitan areas. The guides which are handed out for tourism purposes provides not only a detailed and informative description of the city or town but also allows researchers to have an insight into what particular monuments or areas were considered important enough to be pointed out on tours. What these guides can show about the history of urban areas is explored in the specific case of Brussels, Belgium from 1757 to 1775.

Resilience theory has management implications useful when planning for cruise ship tourism. In small coastal communities, cruise ships often provide welcomed economic incentives that can bolster a waning economy. However, in some coastal communities, the magnitude and intensity of passenger visits can reduce social resilience and induce an economic regime shift that leads to rapid socioeconomic reorganization. The implications of such a regime shift are a loss of economic diversity, reduced social resilience, and a loss of social capital. Planning for cruise ship resilience increases the likelihood of successful coping strategies and addresses the socioecological changes inherent to a cruise ship destination. Both Holling's adaptive cycle and the four principals for building resilience established by Berkes and Seixas are fundamental to a successful management plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from the theory of planned behaviour, which has not been widely used to study host behaviour towards tourism, this study attempts to contribute to the literature by developing a community support model for tourism. Based on the theory's postulates, overall attitude towards tourism, together with the perceived behavioural control and the subjective norms of the residents are proposed as the antecedents of support for the industry. Overall attitude is considered to be a function of the residents' perceived economic, social, cultural and environmental impacts of tourism. Furthermore, drawing from the literature on development economics, the authors further propose that the gender of the resident moderates the perceived behavioural control over tourism development, allowing for an understanding of the applicability of the planned behaviour theory (TPB) in a gendered context. A number of propositions for further testing emerge from the theoretical framework of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Societes is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tourism is increasingly perceived as important for island sustainability, though it also has impacts. Impacts on host communities have negative consequences on desired interactions with visitors, an important visitor appeal of islands. This paper uses social exchange and social representation theories to investigate island community perceptions of tourism development and impacts. The investigations highlight a diversity of island community perspectives, the salient tourism consequences, and importantly the processes that lead to the perceived impacts. On Magnetic Island, the development of resorts, changes to the type of visitor and consequent changes to the social environment were uncovered reasons not to interact with visitors. On Bruny Island, visitors overcrowding island infrastructure was highlighted as a key reason not to interact with visitors. On both islands, the reason not to interact was more due to the process of tourism development decision-making, rather than the consequent impacts of these developments. Overall, the research highlights the need for community inclusion and consultation in sustainable island tourism policy and planning, both to facilitate the process of sustainable development and to educate communities of the likely consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of resilience offers a coherent interpretation of linked human and environmental processes, and is increasingly accepted as a framework for understanding world systems. Resilience theory was developed in the early 1970s to model fluctuations in ecological systems, and was later applied to linked social-ecological systems. It has been explored in a range of anthropogenic contexts, including recent applications to tourism. Resilience is related to vulnerability approaches, popular amongst development practitioners, and has roots in complexity science. Tourism is a good example of a complex adaptive system and, as Farrell and Twining-Ward (2004) remarked, lends itself to the integrative, interdisciplinary and non-linear approach to interpreting the world which is fundamental to resilience. Applied to tourism systems, resilience explains the deeper forces underlying Butler's 'Tourism Area Life-Cycle', proposed in 1980 when tourism destination development was thought to progress in a linear fashion. Later versions of the model proposed a 'rejuvenation' stage, but the resilience concept goes further in explaining the cyclical and complex nature of systems, based on recovery from perturbation and the accumulation of various forms of capital which allow faster renewal and stronger structures. This paper explains the cycle and applies it to tourism in Asia, drawing on research into World Heritage Sites, community-based tourism and recovery from the Asian tsunami. Although resilience and complexity science are inherently anti-reductionist, factors underlying resilient systems are identified in order to link the conceptual discussion to a real world realm and formed into a model termed 'the Sphere of Tourism Resilience'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of mega-events such as the Olympic Games on tourism development in host territories. In the first part, we adopt a territorialisation approach to understand the relationship between the event and the host region. A mega-event is conceived as a great chance to generate new territory as it produces both tangible and intangible legacies that remain after the event ends: renewal of facilities for hospitality and accommodation, better infrastructures, better training for people in the tourism business, and improvement in international visibility. These legacies can represent a platform for future tourism development if local policies demonstrate the ability to re-territorialise a mega-event's temporary transforming effects on tourism into long-lasting ones. The paper then focuses on the case of Torino 2006. Moving from an overview to recent tourism data, some considerations of the post-event trends in the Olympic territory are proposed. Thus, the paper highlights several critical aspects for a re-territorialisation of the Olympic legacies and for tourism policies that can sustain the positive effects of the event over the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars and local planners are becoming increasingly interested in the contribution of tourism to economic and social development. In the European cities that currently lead the world rankings for tourist arrivals, local governments have actively promoted tourism. Mobility is an essential issue for tourists visiting large cities, since it is a crucial factor for their comfort. It also facilitates the spread of benefits across the city. This study uses an international database of European cities to examine whether city planners respond to the additional demand for urban public transport by extending service supply. Our results confirm that tourism intensity is a demand-enhancing factor in urban public transport. However, cities do not seem to address this pressure by increasing services. Tourism appears to exert a positive externality on public transport, since it provides additional funding for these services, but it also imposes external costs on resident users because of the congestion caused by supply constraints. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

For a broad understanding of tourism across the Taiwan Strait, this paper previously draws on an overview of tourism and the evolutionary process of “Mini Three Links” policy between Kinmen (of Taiwan) and Xiamen (of China). Further, using empirical testing, the paper assesses the perceptions of Kinmen tourists towards China. The results reveal the fact that low-politics activity or people-to-people contacts can be an effective force to reduce tension. The finding of the paper also indicates that as long as tourism across the Taiwan Strait continues to grow, the relationship between Kinmen and Xiamen can therefore be normalized and promoted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study examined, using social exchange theory, a range of variables involved in determining resident attitudes toward tourism development and the adoption of sustainable tourism. After a comprehensive review of the literature on the role of residents in tourism development, and of the use of social exchange theory, 430 completed questionnaires obtained in a Texas town involved in tourism were analyzed. A structural equation model was utilized to understand the effects of selected components of sustainability on the attitudes of the respondents about future tourism development and to test hypothesized causal relationships among the variables. The findings revealed that three major components of sustainable tourism, namely long-term planning, full community participation and environmental sustainability within tourism, are critically related to support for tourism and to the positive and negative impacts of tourism. The paper uses the findings to suggest critical implications that local governments need to consider when developing tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this study was to explore differences in residents'' perceptions of casino development between South Korea and Colorado. The communities surveyed are former depressed mining areas with significant historic characteristics. The secondary purpose was to investigate whether social exchange theory is appropriate to explain residents'' perceptions of the impact of casinos on community support for casino development. In general, three factors of residents'' perceptions and support were found to be significantly different between the two study sites. Furthermore, the effects of positive social impact on benefits, of both positive social impact and negative environmental impact on support, and the benefit factor on support level were significantly different between the two data collection areas. The study findings support the appropriateness of social exchange theory in explaining residents'' responses in both study areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Visitor attractions (VAs) play a crucial role in the success of a tourism destination, where they act as key motivators for visits and as resources for local communities. The range of stakeholders involved means their effective management is of key importance in the destination and in the overall success of a country''s tourism product, yet they are an under-researched sector of the tourism system. This Progress in Tourism Management paper reviews and reflects on research publications in relation to this sector. It sets the wider research context and identifies the key management issues experienced at VAs. The paper identifies the limitations of current work in this field and establishes how factors such as ownership and visitor volume help to explain the complexities encountered in managing VAs. The paper then covers a set of themes to structure discussion of previous research activity and offers a model of factors involved in the effective management of VAs. The paper concludes with the development of a research agenda for VA researchers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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