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The study aims to explore the impact of some macroeconomic performance indicators on the poverty gap in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) during the period 1990-2021. The study used the econometric approach, where a correlation matrix was built be-tween the variables, while the poverty gap as a dependent variable, and (4) independent varia-bles, the rate of inflation, the rate of population growth, the rate of economic growth, and the ratio of reserves to external debt. Applying Unit Root test, then ARDL model to investigate the effect of independent variables on the poverty gap and using E-Views 12. The study found that the re-sults in general are matching with the economic theory, as in the short and long term, the rate of inflation is associated with an inverse relationship with poverty rates in the (MENA) countries dur-ing the period 1990-2021; the increasing ratio of reserves to external debt has a negative impact on the poverty rates in the MENA countries, the increasing exports had a positive impact to de-creasing poverty in MENA region, while the population growth rate is associated with a direct negative impact on the poverty gap in those countries and it has the highest influence on poverty compared to the other macroeconomic variables in this study, and the relationship between them goes in the same direction. The study confirmed that after (1) lag period GDP growth negatively affects the poverty gap, thus with an increase in the GDP the poverty also increases, but after (2) lag periods the study confirmed the positive impact of GDP growth on the poverty gap. So, the study recommends applying economic policies that reduce inflation rates by using fiscal poli-cy tools through reducing government spending or raising tax rates. Raising export rates through an industrial and agriculture policy that supports the quality and competition of local products in global markets, as well as raising the reserve ratio to the total external debt, which may occur in the event of an improvement in export rates accordingly. It also requires population policies that reduce population growth rates. And finally, economic growth couldn't reduce poverty without economic policies raising equality degree between individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research used panel data from 1995 to 2019 to examine the impact of financial development, natural resource, industrial production, renewable energy consumption, and total reserve on environmental degradation in (38) OECD countries by using dynamic panel data models, i.e., one-step difference GMM, one-step system GMM, and two-step system GMM model, respectively. The examined findings of one-step difference GMM, one-step system GMM, and two-step system GMM demonstrate that renewable energy consumption and natural resource help to reduce the environmental degradation while financial development, industrial production, and total reserve cause environmental degradation in OECD countries. Based on the examined results, significant policy implications are suggested to improve the environmental quality in OECD countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to investigate the role of political stability in the nexus between financial development, renewable energy, total reserves, agriculture value addition, and economic growth from 1995 to 2017 in 100 countries. The long-run causality was confirmed for GDP in politically free countries, which implies that political stability is beneficial for the economy. The GDP had bi-directional causality with financial development and total reserves. The increase in GDP was 0.199% (free countries), 0.097% (partly free countries), and 0.055% (not free countries) for 1% rise in financial development. The renewable energy-led growth hypothesis was confirmed in politically free and partly free countries. The impact of total reserves and renewable energy on GDP was insignificant in politically not free countries. The increase in GDP was 0.024% (free countries) and 0.106% (partly free countries) for 1% rise in total reserves. The economic advantage of agriculture value addition was more in politically not free countries (0.461%) followed by partly free and free countries. The agriculture value addition is required to stimulate the economy and ensure food availability. • It explored the nexus between renewable energy, finance, reserves, and economy. • It categorized 100 countries with respect to the status of political stability. • It used 2nd generation tests, and vector error correction model in the analysis. • The GDP hold long-run causality in politically free countries. • The GDP increases due to financial development, renewable energy, and total reserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological data on the results of the research and on the 'determined masses of reserves', i.e. the total (geological) reserves of nuclear mineral resources, uranium and thorium in Serbia, were obtained by research carried out in accordance with the legal regulations of SFR Yugoslavia and of SR Serbia. In this paper, the mentioned data are considered in the light of the newly adopted concepts, mineral resources and reserves from the Law on Mining and Geological Exploration of the Republic of Serbia (Official Gazette of RS No. 101/15). By the moratorium on the construction of nuclear power plants in the SFR Yugoslavia in 1989 and the Law on the Prohibition of the Construction of Nuclear Power Plants in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1995), half-century geological exploration of nuclear mineral raw materials started in 1948/1949 was interrupted. With this interruption, the many uranium occurrences and uranium deposits remained unexplored and unrated, and the separate categories of reserves B + C1 + C2 + D1 + D2 were not balanced, which reflects the low level of their research. Data on the total uranium reserves of categories B + C1 + C2 + D1 + D2 in Serbia, in the amount of 19 651 680 t or 13 537 779 t [14], are (with appropriate correction) shown via the 'established' conversion map (as a Bridging Document) in the classes of superiors , indicated and measured mineral resources (in situ) from the current Serbian law. The position of the author of the paper is to present the existing data on the total (geological) uranium reserves in the newly introduced terms from the current law and as such approximate to the interested users.

This paper uses monthly data to compare how international tourism receipts and the overall economy responded to the Arab Spring total reserves were used as an indicator of the overall economy because they reflect confidence in the economy through such factors as foreign direct investment and the effects of capital flight. To examine the response, interrupted time series was employed, using the outbreak of Arab Spring as the key interruption. To separate the impact of Arab Spring from other events, two treated and two untreated cases were selected. The results show that tourist spending recovered faster than the overall economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to inform about the spatial distribution of the lignite qualitative parameters and total lignite reserves in the Czech Part of the Vienna Basin-The South Moravian Lignite Coalfield (SMLC). The total reserves were estimated on the basis of several composed variant digital models of individual seams in four partial area of SMLC. Calculations of the reserves resulted from the identified spatial distribution of chemical-technological parameters obtained from the thousands analysis of samples taken from more than 4,000 exploration works. The basic model of the deposit was so-called geological model characterising genetic evolution of the deposit and defines the spatial positions of the coal seams. Subsequently developed variant economical models spatially define the selected areas by the quality of lignite expressed by the limits of ash yield. Based on the created models, it was found that in the past just 3-7 % (depending on the variant model) of the total lignite reserves SMLC had been extracted. The presented geological reserves are currently using the existing mining technologies only partially mineable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether a change in the relationship between total reserves held by banks, the M1 money supply, and real GDP (all in natural log form) has occurred. To address this issue, the study uses the Johansen (1991 and 1995) method of cointegration testing. Cointegration test results indicate that (of the cases considered) with a sample period beginning in 1959 but ending no later than the first quarter of 1995, the variables are cointegrated at the five per cent level. However, if the sample period begins in 1959 but ends later than the third quarter of 1995, cointegration is no longer found at either the five per cent or ten per cent levels, at least for the cases considered. The end of the cointegration between the natural logs of total reserves, M1, and real GDP occurred more than a decade before the recent financial crisis in the United States. Thus, what are some of the possible causes for the cointegrating relationship to cease? Could it be that as technology has improved and as some of those improvements have impacted the financial system, it became possible to finance a greater level of real GDP with a smaller number of dollars (and a smaller quantity of total reserves)? Did an increase in leveraging and off-balance-sheet transactions contribute to a change in the relationship between the variables? These possible explanations and other potential explanations could have caused a change in the ratios of currency to checkable deposits held by the public, excess reserves to deposits chosen by banks, and required reserves to deposits. A breakdown in the stability of any one of these ratios could end cointegration between total reserves, M1, and real GDP. Additionally, the study finds cointegration between the natural logs of the monetary base, M1, and real GDP in the United States for a sub-sample period ending with the second quarter of 2008. However, the study fails to find cointegration between the natural logs of the monetary base, M1, and real GDP in the U.S. if the sample period ends with the fourth quarter of 2011. Events related to the recent financial crisis could have caused a breakdown in the cointegration between the natural logs of total reserves, M1, and real GDP in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]