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Typical rocks at shallow depths of seismogenic faults are fluid-rich gouges. During earthquakes, on-fault frictional heating may trigger thermal pressurization and dynamic fault weakening. We show that frictional melting, rather than thermal pressurization, occurred at shallow depths during the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. One year after the Wenchuan earthquake, we found an ~2-mm-thick, glass-bearing pseudotachylyte (solidified frictional melt) in the fault gouges retrieved at 732.6 m depth from the first borehole of the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling Project. The matrix of pseudotachylyte is enriched in barium and cut by barite-bearing veins, which provide evidence of co- and postseismic fluid percolation. Because pseudotachylyte can be rapidly altered in the presence of percolating fluids, its preservation suggests that gouge melting occurred in a recent large earthquake, possibly the Wenchuan earthquake. Rock friction experiments on fluid-rich fault gouges deformed at conditions expected for seismic slip at borehole depths showed the generation of pseudotachylytes. This result, along with the presence of a second slip zone attributed to the Wenchuan earthquake at 589.2 m depth, implies that during large earthquakes, frictional melting can occur at shallow depths and that seismic slip can be accommodated by multiple faults. This conclusion is consistent with the evidence from surface faulting that multiple ruptures propagated during the Wenchuan earthquake.

Background Osteosarcopenia has been defined as the concomitance of low bone density (osteopenia/osteoporosis) and sarcopenia. Osteoporosis is characterized by alterations in bone microarchitecture and decrease of bone mineral density (BMD), whereas sarcopenia is the progressive decrease of both muscle mass and function that increase the risk of falls. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with poor bone strength and muscle wasting. Objective The aim of this study is to analyze the association between osteosarcopenia and T2DM in post-menopausal women (PMW). Methods We performed an age matched case-control study (1:2 ratio), considering as cases PMW affected by T2DM, and PMW without T2DM as control group. For all patients a DXA evaluation to investigate bone density and body composition measures were performed. Moreover, we carried out muscle strength and performance assessments. Outcome measures were femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD T-scores, appendicular lean mass (ALM), handgrip strength and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Data from both groups were analyzed and compared. Results Thirty-six PMW (12 T2DM vs 24 non-T2DM) were recruited. The frequency of osteosarcopenia was significantly higher in the T2DM group compared to controls (50% vs 17%; OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.05 to 23.79, p = 0.043). Handgrip strength was significantly lower in the T2DM group (10.09 ± 4.02 kg vs 18.40 ± 6.83 kg; p = 0.001). Conclusions Post-menopausal women with T2DM have a 5 times higher risk to have osteosarcopenia compared to non-diabetic ones. Further studies on larger cohorts are required to confirm these findings.

RESUMEN El estudio de biomoléculas extraídas a partir de productos naturales está cobrando cada vez más importancia en la evaluación de diferentes propiedades tales como las antioxidantes, aquellas que tienen la capacidad de inhibir la corrosión. El presente trabajo muestra los estudios computacionales realizados para evaluar principalmente tres moléculas polifenólicas, como son la catequina, la quercetina y el ácido gálico en su potencial efecto antioxidante, así como las posibles interacciones ante un sustrato de hierro que simula su estructura cristalina cúbica centrada en el cuerpo. Las moléculas polifenólicas fueron estudiadas mediante simulación computacional utilizando la teoría de la densidad funcional (DFT). Fueron optimizadas por el software Gaussian 09, por los cálculos del Estudio de Teoría Funcional de la Densidad (DFT), con el funcional B3LYP (tres parámetros híbrido de funcional Becke y Lee-Yang- Para) y conjunto de bases 6 -31G. Para el diseño de la celda unitaria de hierro se utilizó el software Vesta. Para la construcción de una red de celdas de hierro que simularía una superficie de acero de bajo carbono se utilizó el software Chemcraft. Para los cálculos de distribución de densidad de cargas de Mulliken de las moléculas polifenólicas se utilizó el software Spartan. En los cálculos computacionales se obtuvieron los gaps energéticos de las moléculas de ácido gálico (-4.71eV), catequina (-4.30eV) y quercetina (-3.73Ev). ABSTRACT The study of molecules extracted from natural products is becoming increasingly important for the evaluation of different properties such as antioxidant or corrosion inhibitor. The present work presents the computational studies carried out to evaluate mainly three polyphenolic molecules, such as catechin, quercetin and gallic acid, in their potential antioxidant activity, as well as the possible interactions with an iron substrate simulating its cubic crystalline structure centered on the body. The polyphenolic molecules were studied by computer simulation using Density Functional Theory (DFT). They were optimized by the Gaussian 09 software, by the Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, with the B3LYP functional (three hybrid parameters of the Becke and Lee-Yang-Para functional) and the set of bases 6-31G. The Vesta software was used to design the iron unit cell. Chemcraft software was used to construct a network of iron cells simulating a low carbon steel surface. Spartan software was used to calculate the Mulliken charge density distribution of the polyphenolic molecules. In the computational calculations, the energetic gaps of the molecules of gallic acid (-4.71 eV), catechin (-4.30eV) and quercetin (-3.73Ev) will be compared.

Introduction: Proximal humerus fractures are the seventh most frequent fracture in adults, and the third in patients over 65 years old, 5.7% of whole diagnosed fractures. Most of these fractures can be treated conservatively and achieve good results. However, more and more frequently we are confronted with dislo-cated and multifragmentary fractures, and with elderly and high functional demanding patients. In patients with osteoporosis and poor general conditions external fixation can be performed as rapid and mininvasive procedure with good outcome and low complication rates. The authors investigated the use of external fixa-tion in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures. The objective is to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method as a valid alternative to other surgical techniques. Materials and Methods: A multicentre study was conducted at 7 hospitals in Italy from 2014 through 2018. We recruited all proximal humeral fractures (as classified with the Neer system) that are surgically treated with the same external fixator DOS, for a total of 110 patients, evaluated later with Oxford Shoulder Scale (OSS) and disability of the arm, shoulder and hand score (DASH) at 1, 2 and 6 months. Results:The patients have passed from a score of 75,37 in the first month to a score of 29,47in the sixth month at the DASH and from 47,02 to 27,71 at the OSS. The data further confirm the increased incidence of these fractures in women and in a mean age of about 65. Conclusions:Al-though it does not represent the golden standard in the treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus, in our experience the minimal osteosynthesis with external fixator turned out to be a very valid help especially for the simplicity and speed of the method, as well as for the exciting functional results. sometimes superior to other methods. The preliminary results from the different centers have confirmed this hypothesis. We hope this will be a good starting point for further in-depth studies.

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) and fibromyalgia (FM) are underestimated painful musculoskeletal conditions that could impact function and quality of life. A consensus about the most appropriate therapeutic approach is still not reached. Considering the long course of the diseases, prolonged assumption of drugs, such as NSAIDs and pain killers, could increase the risk of adverse events, often leading affected patients and physicians to prefer non-pharmacological approaches. Among these, radial and focused extracorporeal shock waves therapies (ESWT) are widely used in the management of painful musculoskeletal conditions, despite the fact that the mechanisms of action in the context of pain modulation should be further clarified. We performed a scoping review on PubMed using Mesh terms for analyzing the current evidence about the efficacy and effectiveness of ESWT for patients with MPS or FM. We included 19 clinical studies (randomized controlled trials and observational studies); 12 used radial ESWT, and 7 used focused ESWT for MPS. Qualitative analysis suggests a beneficial role of ESWT for improving clinical and functional outcomes in people with MPS, whereas no evidence was found for FM. Considering this research gap, we finally suggested a therapeutic protocol for this latter condition according to the most recent diagnostic criteria.

RESUMEN El aprovechamiento de desechos vegetales para la obtención de carbón activado se ha empleado en los últimos años para la remoción de contaminantes metálicos pesados en aguas. Por ello, este estudio presenta la obtención de carbón activado a partir de cáscara de naranja (CACN) reciclada, sintetizado por dos procesos de activación y luego tratamiento térmico, para la remoción de iones cadmio, Cd(II), debido a su toxicidad alta. Las caracterizaciones por espectroscopía Raman y FTIR, indicaron la presencia de los grupos funcionales característicos del carbón. La evaluación del área superficial calculada por el método BET (Brunauer- Emmett-Teller), arrojó un área superficial específica de 154,96 m2.g-1 y una distribución de tamaño de poro de 6,70 nm y 12,39 nm calculada por el método de BJH (Barrett-Joyner- Halenda). El proceso de remoción en diferentes electrólitos soportes, se evaluó por el método electroquímico de voltamperometría de onda cuadrada (VOC), obteniéndose como electrólito óptimo para la remoción 0,1 mol.L-1 HCl. Además, el estudio del proceso cinético llevado a cabo en un tiempo de 6 horas, alcanzó una capacidad de remoción (qe) de Cd(II) de 7,52 g.g-1 y un porcentaje de remoción (%R) de 60%. Este estudio establece que el proceso de adsorción del Cd(II) por el CACN, sigue un modelo de pseudo primer orden, representado por Log(qmax - qt) = 0,94 - 0,0024t con r2 = 0,9134. ABSTRACT The use of vegetable waste to obtain activated carbon has been used in recent years for the removal of heavy metal contaminants in water. For this reason, this study presents the obtaining of activated carbon from recycled orange peel (OPAC), synthesized by two activation processes and then thermal treatment, for the removal of cadmium ions, Cd(II), due to its high toxicity. Characterizations by Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy indicated the presence of characteristic functional groups of carbon. The evaluation of the surface area calculated by the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) method, yielded a specific surface area of 154,96 m2.g-1 and a pore size distribution of 6,70 nm and 12,39 nm calculated by the BJH method (Barrett-Joyner-Halenda). The removal process in different supporting electrolytes was evaluated by the electrochemical method of square wave voltammetry (SWV), obtaining 0,1 mol.L-1 HCl as the optimal electrolyte for removal. In addition, the study of the kinetic process carried out in a time of 6 hours, reached a removal capacity (qe) of Cd(II) of 7,52 g.g-1 and a removal percentage (%R) of 60%. This study establishes that the Cd(II) adsorption process by OPAC follows a pseudo first order model, represented by Log(qmax - qt) = 0,94 - 0,0024t with r2 = 0,9134.

Metal allergy is an uncommon and not completely understood cause of failure in total joint arthroplasty (TJA). However, either immunopathology neither histologic studies clarified the mechanisms through which the metal ions could lead to the complications related to them. The lack of evidence around this topic also reflects the difficulties to diagnose the MRP in TJA. In fact, the diagnosis is generally based on the exclusion of other causes. Currently, skin-patch testing and lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) are being commonly used to investigate about metal hypersensitivity and a delayed type-IV hypersensitivity is the immuno-histologic response to metals involved in TJA loosening. A review of the recent publications about this topic has been made focusing on immunology, histopathology, and clinics to better understand a still debated topic in orthopedic practice.

Chronic periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most relevant complications in orthopaedic surgery, especially in the case of limb reconstruction with megaprostheses after malignant tumoral resection. This is the report of a case of a 35-year-old patient, affected by a chronic PJI around a knee megaprosthesis implanted after the resection of an osteosarcoma of the distal femur. “En bloc” resection and limb reconstruction with an expandable megaprothesis of the knee were performed at the age of 5 years old (1989). PJI occurred after the definitive megaprosthesis implantation (2002), and became chronic over the years. In 2019, due to a massive recrudescence of the infection and the severe femoral bone loss, the patient underwent a wide intercalary resection and a thigh stump reconstruction by transposition of the fibula and the distal third of the tibia in order to avoid a hip disarticulation. Although complex, the proposed treatment allowed improved outcomes in a young patient with high function requests, justifying the global surgical invasiveness.

Characterization of data network monitoring registers allows for reductions in the number of data, which is essential when the information flow is high, and implementation of processes with short response times, such as interchange of control information between devices and anomaly detection is required. The present investigation applied wavelet transforms, so as to characterize the statistic monitoring register of a software-defined network. Its main contribution lies in the obtention of a record that, although reduced, retains detailed, essential information for the correct application of anomaly detectors.

RESUMEN La esclerosis múltiple (EM) es la más frecuente de las enfermedades desmielinizantes del sistema nervioso central. Se trata de una patología compleja, con mecanismos fisiopatológicos aún no elucidados completamente y una presentación clínica variada. Es una entidad crónica, de alto costo para el sistema de salud, y usualmente se asocia a una importante discapacidad en los pacientes afectados. No existe una cura para la EM, sin embargo, se cuenta con más de 13 terapias modificadoras de la enfermedad que actúan en distintas dianas terapéuticas, enlentecen la progresión y mejoran el pronóstico. El objetivo de este escrito es presentar una actualización de EM, a través de 16 preguntas y temas controversiales. Estos 16 puntos responden a dudas puntuales y actuales, son presentados, analizados y, en los casos en los que la evidencia lo permite, se plantean recomendaciones. Las preguntas abordadas incluyen temas como diagnóstico, tratamiento, uso de nuevas tecnologías y manejo de los efectos adversos. Este escrito está destinado a neurólogos, médicos generales, residentes de neurología y cualquier profesional interesado en las enfermedades desmielinizantes. SUMMARY Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. It is a complex disease, with a pathogenesis not fully understood and multiple clinical presentations. MS is a chronic disease, represents a great cost to healthcare systems and is often associated with a high burden of disability in patients. Despite the absence of a cure, there are at least13 disease-modifying therapies that act on different targets of the pathogenic process. The main purpose of this review is to solve 16 controversial and current topics in MS. These 16 topics are analysed, and when there is enough evidence, we issue recommendations. The topics include diagnosis, treatment, use of new technologies in MS, and medication side effects. This paper is meant for neurologists, neurology residents, general physicians and any other healthcare personnel interested in demyelinating diseases.

The genomic characterization of solid tumors and a rapidly growing repertoire of target drugs are revolutionizing cancer treatment. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels are progressively used in clinical practice for target therapy in high-income countries. In contrast, limited access to tumor sequencing, among other barriers, precludes precision cancer treatment in low- and middle-income countries. To build towards the implementation of precision oncology in Chile and Latin America, we designed a 25-gene panel that contains predictive biomarkers for currently or near-future available therapies in Latin America. Library preparation was optimized to account for DNA integrity variability in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissue. The bioinformatic pipeline removes FFPE-induced artifacts and known germline variants; while identifying possible discrepancies in somatic mutations due to Latin Americans’ underrepresentation in the reference genome databases. Analytic sensitivity and accuracy were assessed using commercial standard controls for FFPE DNA and for germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, which are biomarkers for PARP inhibitors. Our panel detects small insertions and deletions and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) with 100% sensitivity and specificity down to allelic frequencies of 0.05, and with 100% between-run and within-run reproducibility for non-synonymous variants. The workflow was validated in 265 clinical samples, including breast, colorectal, gastric, ovarian, and gallbladder tumors and blood, leading to identifying 131 actionable variants. Therefore, this NGS panel constitutes an accurate and sensitive method for routine tumor biopsies that could replace multiple non-NGS assays and costly large NGS panels in the Latin American clinical context. The proposed streamlined assay and automated analysis are expected to facilitate the implementation of precision medicine in Latin America.