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The Barriers to Seeking Psychological Help Scale (BSPHS) was originally developed to measure factors that kept college students from seeking mental health assistance. However, the underutilization of mental health services among adults is also common, and understanding the factors that inhibit adults from seeking help for mental health issues is necessary. One important first step to increasing the use of mental health services among this population is to identify the barriers preventing them from using such services through valid and reliable scales. However, no validated and reliable scale currently exists in the Turkish language to measure the barriers to seeking psychological help among adults. Thus, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the underlying factor structure and reliability of the BSPHS among Turkish adults. A convenience sample of 208 (134 female, 74 male, M=35.58) Turkish adults completed the BSPHS and a demographic information form. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test the underlying factor structure of the BSPHS using three competing models. Reliability analysis was also used to examine mean inter-item correlation and item-total correlations, as well as to estimate Cronbach alpha reliability. The results of this study suggest that the BSPHS has a similar five-factor structure as suggested by Topkaya, Sahin, and Meydan (2017). Reliability analyses also suggested that all subscales of the BSPHS had adequate mean inter-item correlation, item-total correlations, as well as Cronbach alpha reliability. Therefore, the BSPHS can be used to measure the factors that inhibit Turkish adults from seeking psychological help. Future studies can examine convergent, divergent, and predictive validity and test-retest reliability of the BSPHS among Turkish adults.

The purpose of this study is to examine the connection between relationship-specific irrational beliefs and relationship satisfaction in individuals in an intimate heterosexual relationship. A convenience sample of 294 Turkish participants (136 married and 158 dating) currently involved in a close romantic relationship completed the Personal Information Form, Relationship Assessment Scale, and Irrational Romantic Relationship Beliefs Inventory using a web-based online survey. Data were analyzed using the Pearson product-moment correlation analysis and standard multiple linear regression analysis. Results of this study indicated that relationship-specific irrational beliefs about different thinking and gender differences were negatively associated with relationship satisfaction in married and dating individuals. Moreover, relationship-specific irrational beliefs about the use of social time were also negatively associated with relationship satisfaction in dating individuals. The study results provide strong support for predictions of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy theory and suggest that some relationship-specific irrational beliefs are associated with relationship satisfaction in married and dating individuals. Results of this study also demonstrate that relationship therapists need to be aware the importance of disputing relationship specific irrational beliefs of clients who have relationship problems for increasing their relationship satisfaction. The study's findings may help provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role of relationship-specific irrational beliefs in relationship satisfaction in Turkish society., Author(s): Nursel Topkaya [sup.1] , Ertugrul Sahin [sup.2] , Feyzanur Mehel [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411049.9, 0000 0004 0574 2310, Department of Guidance and Psychological Counseling, Faculty of Education, Ondokuz [...]

The aim of this study was to examine the severity of the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in a nationally representative sample of secondary boarding school counselors and their association with sociodemographics, school counselor self-efficacy, self-esteem, happiness, and stressful life events. Participants consisted of 181 (52.5% women; M = 26.91) school counselors working at different secondary boarding schools across Turkey who completed the measures related to sociodemographics, happiness, self-esteem, school counselor self-efficacy, stressful life events, depression, anxiety, and stress. After confirming construct validity and reliability of the self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and stress scales, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlation analysis, and multivariate multiple regression analysis. The study results suggested that depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms are prevalent among school counselors, approximately 23% of whom experience at least moderate symptoms of depression and stress, and approximately 31% experience at least moderate symptoms of anxiety. Moreover, the results indicated that the most commonly experienced symptoms were dysphoria in depression, situational anxiety in anxiety, and impatience in stress among school counselors. This study also found that sociodemographic factors and school counselor self-efficacy were not associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. However, higher levels of happiness and self-esteem and fewer stressful life events experienced within the past year consistently showed a negative association with exhibiting decreased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among school counselors. Self-care activities focusing on increasing self-esteem and happiness and teaching skills to cope effectively with stressful life events may help to diminish the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among secondary boarding school counselors.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between three factors--depression, anxiety, and stress--with general self-efficacy and forgiveness of the self, others, and situations. A convenience sample of 542 students (335 females, 207 males) was recruited from a university in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey. Participants responded to the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-42), and a personal information form to determine their forgiveness, self-efficacy, depression, anxiety and stress levels, as well as their socio-demographics. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and multivariate multiple regression analysis. The results of this study suggested that forgiveness of self and situations were negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. However, forgiveness of others and general self-efficacy were not significant predictors of depression, anxiety, or stress. Mental health practitioners should focus on increasing their clients' forgiveness levels to help them cope effectively with negative affectivity symptoms including depression, anxiety, and stress in university students.

Research has consistently shown that barriers to seeking psychological help are multidimensional and negatively associated with formal help-seeking. However, studies examining the negative effects of barriers to seeking psychological help among diverse samples are scarce. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the negative effects of barriers to seeking psychological help among Turkish college students, in particular investigating the association between such barriers and depression, anxiety, stress, and self-efficacy. Participants included 529 college students (M=21.48, 63% female) recruited from various faculties in a university in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey. They completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Barriers to Seeking Psychological Help Scale, and a personal information form. One-way multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed. One-way ANOVA results showed that students who had previously sought psychological help had significantly higher depression, anxiety, and stress scores than other students and male participants had higher general self-efficacy scores than female participants. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses also revealed that the dimensions of barriers to seeking psychological help were positively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress and negatively correlated with general self-efficacy after controlling for gender and previous help-seeking experience. Reducing barriers related to seeking formal psychological help may help to foster psychological well-being among Turkish college students.

The aim of this study was to develop a scale to determine the barriers affecting psychological help-seeking in college students. In line with this purpose, the validity and reliability of the scale were examined in five different studies. Exploratory factor analysis results suggested that the scale consists of five dimensions, labeled as "fear of being stigmatized by society," "trust in the mental health professional," "difficulties in self-disclosure," "perceived devaluation" and "lack of knowledge." The confirmatory factor analysis cross-validated the scale's five-factor structure on a new college students' sample. The convergent and divergent validity of the scale were also supported with theoretically and empirically expected correlation with self-concealment, self-stigma, and attitudes towards seeking psychological help. Moreover, the scale was found to have an adequate stability coefficient across three weeks and appropriate levels of internal consistency coefficient reliability for each of the subscales in two different samples. These initial findings show that the Barriers to Seeking Psychological Help Scale is a valid and reliable instrument to measure barriers related to psychological help-seeking for college students. Future studies can examine the validity and reliability of the scale on different samples and cultures, as well as predictive validity on college students' decisions to seek counseling.

This study presents a reduced version of the Perception of Family Support Scale (PFSS)—a measure of family support designed for research and clinical purposes—and examine construct validity, invariance, and reliability evidence for scores obtained from the instrument. Data collection occurred in 2019. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with college student samples from Australia, Brazil, Hong Kong, and Turkey (N = 1,256), we identified an oblique three-factor model corresponding to the original scale's internal structure (e.g. affective consistency, family maladaptation, and family autonomy). We also found configural, metric, and scalar invariance, good reliability coefficients, and significant relationships with distress (e.g. depression, anxiety, and stress) across the four studied countries. These results indicate good validity evidence for using the brief version of the PFSS. Applications of the PFSS and implications of the current results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture plays an important role in the achievement goal orientations of students, which may vary as they progress through their lifespan. However, research examining achievement goal orientations in the Turkish cultural context is scarce. Based on contextual and developmental theories, the aim of this study was to examine sex and age differences in achievement goal orientations in Turkish high school students. Participants consisted of 386 female and 250 male high school students (61% female, M = 15.67 yrs; SD = 1.22) who completed the 2x2 Achievement Goal Orientation Scale. Two way analyses of variance were used to test the research hypotheses. Study results suggested that there was no difference between boys and girls in achievement goal orientation dimensions; however, older students were more likely to less mastery and performance approach oriented than younger students. Based on contextual and developmental theories, some cultural factors related to achievement goal orientations in Turkish high school students were discussed and future studies were recommended.

The aim of the current research is to identify which factors, and in what direction these factors influence adults' decisions to seek psychological help for their personal problems. The research was designed as a phenomenology model; the data was gathered through the semi-structured interview technique, which is mostly used in qualitative research designs. In selecting the participants, the criterion sampling technique--one of the purposeful sampling techniques--was used. Two criteria were decided upon in selecting participants; being, never having pursued psychological help previously or having terminated a previous process early. There were 6 male and 4 female participants in the study. The interviews were conducted face to face and recorded by a voice-recorder. The interviews were then examined using descriptive analysis techniques. Two main themes emerged as a result of the analysis; namely, factors that inhibited and factors that facilitated psychological help seeking in adults. Social stigma, unwillingness to share problems with an unfamiliar person, the belief that private problems should be kept in the family, one's belief that he/she can solve his/her problems, and not knowing enough about the psychological help process were determined as the sub-themes for inhibiting factors. On the other hand, the availability of psychological services, the belief in the benefits of psychological services, trusting in the mental health professional, and receiving help free of cost were determined as the sub-themes for the facilitating factors. The results were discussed in relation to the literature and several suggestions were made regarding how to overcome the barriers preventing individuals from seeking psychological help and how to make facilitative factors more acceptable, so as to increase people's willingness to seek help.

Although the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) is most often validated with the use of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on undergraduate students, exploratory factor analysis and multiple factor retention decision criteria necessitate the analysis of underlying factor structure to prevent over and under factoring as well as to reveal convergence and divergence in different factor analysis methods. This study examines the factor structure of SAAS using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with multiple factor retention decision criteria, and CFA in a large sample of adolescents in Turkey via secondary data analysis. The number of participants was 2,098 (1,072 female and 1,026 male; M = 12.77 years; SD=1.69) students attending 22 junior high schools. Results suggest that the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale is a valid and reliable measure with a unidimesional structure for Turkish early adolescents.

Using a sample of university students (N = 362), the role of gender and both the self-stigma and public stigma associated with one's decision to seek psychological help in predicting attitudes toward psychological helpseeking were examined. Moreover, gender differences regarding both the self-stigma and the public stigma associated with psychological help-seeking were investigated. Participants completed a demographic data form, the Self-stigma of Seeking Help Scale, the Social Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help, and the Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale-Short Form. The results of the hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that although both gender and the self-stigma associated with psychological help-seeking significantly predicted attitudes toward seeking psychological help, public stigma was not a significant predictor of attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Moreover, 24% of the variance in attitudes was accounted for by the variables of gender and self-stigma in the model. In addition, the results of the current study confirmed the findings of previous research which indicated that males are more likely to experience self-stigma and public stigma associated with psychological help-seeking when compared to females. Further results and implications were discussed.

Couple burnout has been linked to several negative consequences for both individuals and couples. Identifying the factors that predict couple burnout is essential for developing effective interventions to prevent or lessen its detrimental impact on marital relationships. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate sociodemographic factors, relationship self-efficacy, happiness, and self-compassion as predictors of couple burnout in Turkish married individuals. A convenient sample of 401 married individuals completed a questionnaire that comprised a Personal Information Form, Couple Burnout Measure—Short Version, Relationship Self-Efficacy Scale, Self-Compassion Scale, and Single-Item Happiness Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's product-moment correlation analysis, linear multiple regression analysis, and relative importance analyses. The results of this study suggest that being women, having a higher number of offspring, and lower levels of relationship self-efficacy, self-compassion, and happiness were significant positive predictors of couple burnout among married individuals. The type of marriage, monthly income, and duration of marriage were not significant predictors of couple burnout. Moreover, the results of the relative importance analyses consistently demonstrated that happiness was the strongest predictor of couple burnout among married individuals. The research findings demonstrate the multidimensional nature of couple burnout and provide a more nuanced understanding of its predictive factors. These results have potential implications for the development of evidence-based and targeted interventions in relationship education programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This current study was conducted to examine parental communication and perceived parental attitudes about sexuality with respect to gender among Turkish college students. Moreover, attitudes toward premarital sexuality with respect to gender were explored. A demographic data form, premarital sexual permissiveness scale, parental communication about sexuality scale and parental attitudes about sexuality scale were administered to 366 (217 female and 148 male) college students, aged 18 to 26. The results indicated that females held more conservative premarital sexual attitudes than males; females talked to their mothers, while males talked to their fathers more about sexuality issues. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that gender was significant on the perceived maternal attitudes about sexuality, whereas perceived paternal attitudes about sexuality were not found to be significant with respect to gender. Future research is needed to explore variables that may contribute to the differences in parental communication and perceived parental attitudes about sexuality.

Copyright of Journal of Social Policy Studies / Sosyal Politika Çalismalari Dergisi is the property of Journal of Social Policy Studies / Sosyal Politika Calismalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of marital conflict in the relationship between mindfulness and marital satisfaction in married individuals. Participants consists of 281 (239 female, 42 male) married individuals aged between 22 and 66. Participants completed a questionnaire including Mindfulness Scale, Marital Conflict Scale, Marital Life Scale, and Sociodemographic Information Form to determine their mindfulness, marital conflict, marital satisfaction, and sociodemographic characteristics. The findings of this study indicated that marital conflict has a mediating variable in the relationship between mindfulness and marital satisfaction in married individuals. In other words, higher mindfulness in married individuals is positively associated with a decrease in marital conflict and a decrease in marital conflict is positively related higher marital satisfaction among married individuals. Marriage and family counselors can implement interventions to increase conflict resolution skills and mindfulness among couples who have low marital satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have found that the stigma associated with seeking therapy--particularly self-stigma--can inhibit the use of psychological services. Yet, most of the research on self-stigma has been conducted in the United States. This is a considerable limitation, as the role of self-stigma in the help-seeking process may vary across cultural groups. However, to examine cross-cultural variations, researchers must first develop culturally valid scales. Therefore, this study examined scale validity and reliability of the widely used Self-Stigma of Seeking Help scale (SSOSH; Vogel, Wade, & Haake, 2006) across samples from 6 different countries (England, Greece, Israel, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United States). Specifically, we used a confirmatory factor analysis framework to conduct measurement invariance analysis and latent mean comparisons of the SSOSH across the 6 sampled countries. Overall, the results suggested that the SSOSH has a similar univariate structure across countries and is sufficiently invariant across countries to be used to explore cultural differences in the way that self-stigma relates to help-seeking behavior. (Contains 5 tables and 1 footnote.)

The Devaluation–Discrimination Scale (DDS) is among the most frequently used stigma scales for measuring the perception of social stigma related to mental illness. The DDS is also frequently employed to test predictions of modified labeling theory and is modified to use for specific disorders, such as depression, substance abuse, and alcohol use disorders. Although modified versions of the DDS have been subjected to psychometric analyses, the original has never undergone a full psychometric evaluation. Thus, the aim of this study was to comprehensively examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish adaptation of the original DDS, with all positively keyed items, across seven studies in Turkish student and community samples (N = 1,907). The results of the exploratory factor analysis indicated that a one-dimensional factor structure adequately explained the covariation among DDS items in a sample of college students. Moreover, the single-factor structure of the DDS was corroborated, and invariant across sex, age, educational level, mental health diagnosis status, and previous help-seeking experience among Turkish adults. The convergent and divergent validity of DDS scores also were supported by significant correlations in the hypothesized directions with self-stigma (r =.26), social stigma (r =.46), attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help (r = −.24), and intention to seek psychological help scores (r = −.24). The results of the reliability analyses suggested that the DDS has good temporal stability in a 1-month time interval (r =.83, intraclass correlation coefficient =.83) and possesses high to excellent internal consistency reliabilities ranging from.88 to.92 across five studies. The examination of the distribution of total DDS scores indicated that there were no floor and ceiling effects in DDS scores across five different samples. The Turkish adaptation of the original DDS may be used as a valid and reliable scale to measure the devaluation and discrimination perceptions of college students and adults against people with mental illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trakya Journal of Education is the property of Trakya Journal of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ictimaiyat is the property of Ictimaiyat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this research is to examine the role of post-traumatic stress symptoms, resilience and hope in post-traumatic growth in individuals who have overcome the novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19). The study group of the research consisted of 454 participants aged between 18 and 72. The mean age of the participants was 32.91, and the standard deviation was 11.18. Participants answered the demographic information form, Post Traumatic Growth Inventory, Trait Hope Scale, Post Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, and Adult Resilience Scale. The results showed that posttraumatic growth levels of women were significantly higher than men's posttraumatic growth levels. Moreover the posttraumatic growth levels of those who had the disease severely were higher than the post-traumatic growth levels of those who had the disease mildly and moderately. According to the recovery time from the disease, the post-traumatic growth levels of those who had the disease for a long time were found to be higher than the post-traumatic growth levels of those who had the disease in a short time. Post-traumatic stress symptoms, resilience and hope were found to be positive and significant predictors of post-traumatic growth. Post-traumatic stress symptoms, psychological resilience and hope-focused psychosocial interventions by mental health professionals and healthcare professionals during the epidemic may help people to endure an unknown disease and cope with the trauma that this disease has created in their lives, thus increasing their post-traumatic growth levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]