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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic and recurrent inflammatory diseases. Although the typical symptoms are localized in the gastrointestinal tract, there are also extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) associated with IBD, probably caused by immune reactions secondary to the pathology of origin. Anybody can be affected by EIMs, which can be dermatological, pulmonary, ocular, musculoskeletal, hepatobiliary and neurological, et al. This represents a therapeutic challenge for clinicians, who must first establish a diagnostic and then a multidisciplinary therapeutic path, in order to guarantee an optimal quality of life for the patient.

Background: inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disorders that affect the gastrointestinal tract but which also present extraintestinal manifestations. One of the problems related to IBD is the presence of both female and male infertility. Aim: determine the correlation between IBD and male and female infertility by analyzing the literature. Material and methods: Studies carried out in the last twenty years have been selected through the pubmed search engine. Only studies were selected that in their conclusions showed a real correlation between IBD and infertility. Results: the first cause of infertility in both sexes is related to the surgical interventions that patients have to face during the course of the disease, but there are also psychological causes or causes related to the use of drugs used for therapy. Conclusions: further studies are needed to understand what are the real mechanisms underlying infertility in subjects suffering from IBD.

International audience; Correction Figure 4: Prototype of tumors upon sacrifice, formed in non-diabetic and diabetic mice treated with rapamycin, metformin and their combination with probiotics. Note the difference in tumor size in the different groups; animals from groups 4B and 8B treated with rapamycin and metformin in combination with probiotics had significantly smaller tumor size when compared to groups treated with Met alone, rapamycin alone or untreated animals.

The involvement of intestinal microbiota and dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) is a well-established fact to be taken into real consideration when developing tartgeted therapies. This review aimed to depict what advances in our understanding of the role of intestinal flora in the pathogenesis of IBD and CRC is shaping up the therapeutic protocols of their management. It was demonstrated that there is a circadian regulation of colocytes gene expression in response to microbiota. In addition, dysbiosis leading to a decrease in microbiome biodiversity was also described in IBD patients whereby thick layers of adherent mucosa associated bacteria exist both in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Probiotics based approaches using lactobacilli and Bibidobacteria improved clinical symptoms of IBD's through the GALT immune modulation. In addition, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has also been used for IBD treatment. It consists of transferring gastrointestinal microbiota from a healthy donor to an IBD patient by duodenal infusion of liquid stool suspension to establish microbial homeostasis. The passage of bacteria in the injured mucosal zone triggers chronic inflammation and eventually CRC development by creating a carcinogenic environment. Actually, high level of Fusobacterium nucleatun and other bacteria are prevalent in CRC patients, thus suggesting a potential role of these organisms in the initiation and progression processes due to the production of genotoxic metabolites causing a direct damage to DNA integrity. Moreover, regular probiotics intake was shown to actively prevent the whole process. In conclusion, the mutualistic relationship between microbiota and colonic mucosa proved useful in depicting some of the dynamics of the initiation and development of IBD and CRC. Therapies oriented towards establishing equilibrium of intestinal microbiota may represent the key strategy to switch off chronic inflammatory processes hitting colonic mucosa, thus preventing the onset of CRC.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in some bacterial species of colonic microbiota, the clinical signs and the intestinal changes in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. CD-1 male mice were randomly divided into three groups and inoculated intrarectally with saline, ethanol or TNBS solutions. Ethanol and TNBS treatments induced weight loss accompanied by mild and severe inflammation of the colon mucosa, respectively. However, TNBS-treated mice displayed significant differences compared to the saline group in terms of disease activity index and histological scoring. Both ethanol and TNBS groups showed an increased prevalence of Escherichia coli and Clostridium spp., a decrease in Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria counts, as well as changes in the relative proportions of bacteria in the colon. The results confirm the validity of TNBS treatment to study the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in CD-1 mice. Gut microbiota may become a diagnostic biomarker with therapeutic potential for IBD in the future.

Background and aim of work: posture is the position of the body in the space, and is controlled by a set of anatomical structures. The maintenance and the control of posture are a set of interactions between muscle-skeletal, visual, vestibular, and skin system. Lately there are numerous studies that correlate the muscle-skeletal and the maintenance of posture. In particular, the correction of defects and obstruction of temporomandibular disorders, seem to have an impoact on posture. The aim of this work is to collect information in literature on posture and the influence of the stomatognatich system on postural system. Methods: Comparison of the literature on posture and posturology by consulting books and scientific sites. results: the results obtained from the comparison of the of the literature on posture and posturology by consulting books and scientific sites. Some studies support the correlation between stomatognatich system and posture, while others such a correlation. Conclusions: further studies are necessary to be able to confirm one or the other argument. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Background: Nutraceuticals provide added health benefits for inflammatory bowel disese (IBD) and Epigallocatechin-3-galate (EGCG), a green tea catechin, has been shown to possess such anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. Aim: To evaluate the molecular modulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF_alpha), nuclear factor Kappa Beta (NF-Kbeta), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) by EGCG on experimental colitis. Matherial and Methods: Thirthy five male sprague-dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: Normal control group (n=5), EGCG group (n=9), TNBS group (n=9), and TNBS + EGCG group (n=12). For both TNBS and EGCG treated groups, 1 mg/Kg EGCG was administered daily by intraperitoneal injection, starting one week before the induction. at days 3, 10, and 17, rats were sacrificed and the descending colon was collected. The mRNA expressions of IL-6, TNF-alpha and NF-KB were measured by the polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the oxidative stress wasstudied by determination of ROS expression using dihydroethinidine (DHE) staining. results: The results showed that EGCG caused a significant decrease in the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-alpha and NF-KB compared to respective non-treated groups. In addition, ROS expression was reduced. Conclusions: These data provide evidence that EGCG is beneficial in TNBS-induced colitis; it exerts an antioxidant activity via decreasing ROS, and an anti-inflammatory effect via ameliorating histological findings and reducing IL-6, TNF-alpha and NF-KB.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), which includes both Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) are common in patients with IBD, and occur in 6-47% of patients with CD or UC. EIM can involve organs other than the gastrointestinal tract such as skin, eyes, joints, biliary tract and kidneis. Renal and urinary involvement particularly occurs in 4-23% of patients with IBD. Among the renal complications of IBD, seconfary amyloidosis (AA-type, AAA) is a rare but serious complication. renal amyloidosis has been proven to be the most common lethal manifestation of IBD-associated amyloidosis, since renal involvement rapidly leads to end-stage renal failure. A few studies suggest that AAA is more prevalent in CD than in UC, mainly occurring in male patients with an extensive long-lasting and penetrating ddisease pattern. The therapeutic approaches of IBD-associated AAA are based both on control of the chronic inflammatory process that causes the production and storage of serum amyloid A (SAA), which is a precursor of the amyloid, as well as on destabilizing amyloid fibrils so that they can no longer maintain their pleated sheet configuration; however, in patients with end-stage renal disease, the only therapeutic options still available are hemodyalisis and renal transplantation. Whether effective treatment exists for AAA remain controversial.

Crohn's disease (CD) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its etiology is multifactorial and involves a combination of genetic environmental factors. The interaction of these factors causes an imbalance of the microbiota, leading to the activation of several immunological and inflammatory mechanism. From an immunological point of view, there seems to be an involvement of the TIM-3/GALECTIN-9 pathway and of the autoregulation of lyTh1. These studies show that in patients with CD the autoregulation of lyth1 is lost due to a reduced concentration of galectin-9 and a reduced TIM-3 expression in LyTh1. This could be one of the reason for the state of perpetual activation of lyTh1, resulting in the chronic inflammation process.

In this article we want to analyze the function of the intestinal microbial flora. In the intestinal environment microorganism "good" microrganisms coexist with "bad". The coexistence between good and bad bacteria is balanced by a mutual action of contrast that has the purpose of maintaining the intestinal microbiota flora in a state of equilibrium. This condition is referred eubiosis. This article will attempt to analyze the beneficial role carried out by eubiotic microbial flora showing the negative effects of dysbiosis.

In 2015, a whole body dissection course was proposed by the University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, thanks to the cooperation with the University of Malta, Msida, Malta. The purpose of this study was to show the the difference between the studyof anatomy on books and on corpses. The article focuses its attention on the dissection method of the upper limb. The astudy was performed on two corpses, a male and a female, by using a basic surgeon kit. Blunt dissection method was used for fasciae, innards and to isolate vascular-nervous structures from the fat; we used scalped for cutis, sub cutis, muscles, fasciae, veins, arteries and nerves of the upper limb from the shoulder to the hand. The upper limb dissection shows the difference between how a real body appears and shows the difference between how a real body appears and how books represent it.

The aim of this work is to analyze the state of the art of temporo-mandibular joint (MJ) to understand the varoius stage of the development of the same during embryogenesis. Various theories have been analyzed, such as the formation of apoptotic or the important role of growth factors, or the Valencia et studies in which are analyzed to numerous articular diseases in various stage of development. By the aforementioned studies show that many factors, of a different nature, are to be involved in the prenatal developlment of this important joint.