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We investigated, under field conditions and during four years (2018–2021) the effects of five irrigation levels (T1: 100% of crop water requirement; T2: 80% of T1; T3: 60% of T1; T4: 40% of T1, and T5: 0% of T1 – rainfed) in interaction with three planting densities (PD1: 54 900, PD2: 64 900, and PD3 75 200 plants/ha) on the yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize in Srem, Serbia. The results indicate a large year-to-year variability, mainly due to the total amount and distribution of rainfall. Water regime and PD interacted significantly. Irrigation increased grain yield 28, 34, 30 and 18% for treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, compared to the T5; and significantly influenced the yield components. Planting density had significantly lower effects on grain yield compared to irrigation (+1.4–1.8%). WUE is maximised (3.436 kg/m3) at T4 under 75 200 plants/ha. Grain yield and WUE increased significantly with increasing PD, while the number of grains per ear and the weight of 1 000 grains decreased with increasing PD. In conclusion, limited irrigation at T2 under PD2 may be a viable method to maximise production efficiency and maize yield under the environmental conditions of this study and at sites with similar soil and climatic conditions.

Variable frequent drought periods in Vojvodina region (the southeastern part of the Pannonian Plain, Serbia), severely limit maize (Zea mays L.) production under rainfed conditions. A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sprinkler deficit irrigation and plant density on yield and water use efficiency of maize grown on silty clay loam soil under temperate continental climate. The experiment included fully irrigated crop (I1), three deficit irrigation treatments (I2, I3 and I4 corresponding to 80, 50 and 40 % of crop evapontranspiration, respectively) and non-irrigated treatment (I0), and three plant densities (LPD: 54,900 plants ha–1 ; MPD: 64,900 plants ha–1 ; HPD: 75,200 plants ha–1 ) in four replicates. The results showed that grain yield, CWP (crop water productivity) and IWP (irrigation water productivity) varied significantly with irrigation amounts, plant densities and seasons. The irrigation rates and plant density interact significantly. MPD and HPD differed significantly from LPD in almost all seasons. With increasing irrigation and plant density, yield and CWP showed an increasing trend. The relative values of IWP increased with the rise of plant density and decreased with the amount of irrigation. The highest four-year average yield (15.03 t ha–1 ) was obtained in the I1-HPD treatment, while the lowest (9.30 t ha–1 ) was obtained in the I0-HPD treatment. The highest average values of CWP and IWP were recorded at I3-HPD or/and I2-HPD. The lowest CWP and IWP values were determined for I4- HPD and I4-MPD, respectively. In the pedo-climatic conditions of Vojvodina and similar regions, we recommend growing maize under the I1-HPDtreatment to achieve high yields. Under the water shortage conditions, the application of I2-HPD treatment is a favorable strategy saving 37 % of irrigation water, while reducing maize grain yield by ~10 %.

Scarce water resources severely limit maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation in the temperate regions of northern Serbia. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation and planting density on yield and water use efficiency in temperate climate under sprinkler irrigation. The experiment included five irrigation treatments (full irrigated treatment – FIT; 80% FIT, 60% FIT, 40% FIT, and rainfed) and three planting densities (PD1: 54,900 plants ha–1 ; PD2: 64,900 plants ha–1; PD3: 75,200 plants ha–1). There was increase in yield with the irrigation (1.05–80.00%) as compared to the rainfed crop. Results showed that decreasing irrigation rates resulted in a decrease in yield, crop water use efficiency (WUE), and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). Planting density had significant effects on yield, WUE, and IWUE which differed in both years. Increasing planting density gradually increased yield, WUE, and IWUE. For the pooled data, irrigation rate, planting density and their interaction was significant (P < 0.05). The highest two-year average yield, WUE, and IWUE were found for FIT-PD3 (14,612 kg ha–1), rainfed-PD2 (2.764 kg m–3), and 60% FITPD3 (2.356 kg m–3), respectively. The results revealed that irrigation is necessary for maize cultivation because rainfall is insufficient to meet the crop water needs. In addition, if water becomes a limiting factor, 80% FIT-PD3 with average yield loss of 15% would be the best agronomic practices for growing maize with a sprinkler irrigation system in a temperate climate of Serbia.

Zemljišta obrazovana na krečnjacima zauzimaju veliku površinu u Srbiji, ali veoma malo podataka ima o njihovim osobinama. U ovom radu su prikazane fizičke i hemijske osobine posmeđenog kalkomelanosola i srednje dubokog kalkokambisola na planini Ozren. Na prevoju Vlasina odabran je lokalitet sa posmeđenim kalkomelanosolom pod prirodnom travnom vegetacijoma, a u blizini Ozrenskih livada odabran je lokalitet s kalkokambisolom pod prirodnom mešovitom šumom. Na navedenim lokalitetima iskopani su profili do matičnog supstrata iz kojih su po genetičkim horizontima uzeti uzorci u narušenom i nenarušenom stanju za laboratorijske analize. Određen je mehanički sastav, agregatni sastav i vodootpornost strukturnih agregata, gustina suvog zemljišta, ukupna poroznost, vazdušni kapacitet, vododrživa sposobnost, vodopropustljivost, pH vrednosti, sadržaj humusa, sadržaj fiziološki aktivnog fosfora (P2O5) i kalijuma (K2O), hidrolitička kiselost, kapacitet adsorpcije katjona (CEC), suma razmenljivih baznih katjona, te stepen zasićenosti razmenljivim baznim katjonima. Humusno akumulativni horizont, Amo, posmeđenog kalkomelanosola je praškasto glinaste teksture. Kambični (B)rz horizont oba zemljišta je glinovite teksture. Amo horizont kalkomelanosola odlukuje se mrvičastom strukturom (0,5–5 mm) veoma visoke vodootpornosti. Ukupna poroznost, vazdušni kapacitet i vodopropustljivost oba zemljišta je visoka. Njihova vododrživa sposobnost je visoka. Amo horizont kalkomelanosola se odlikuje visokim sadržajem humusa (>10%). Hemijska reakcija (pH u H2O) Amo horizonta je neutralna, dok je u (B)rz horizontima oba zemljišta umereno kisela. Oba zemljišta imaju visoke vrednosti CEC (>58 cmol kg–1) i veoma su zasićena baznim katjonima (>95%). Posmeđeni kalkomelanosol je srednje do visoko obezbeđen K2O, a kalkokambisol je srednje obezbeđen; dok su oba zemljišta veoma siromašna P2O5. Budući da ovo istraživanje pokazuje prilično povoljne fizičke i hemijske osobine istraženih zemljišta na ovom području zb

Climate changes are one of the biggest threats to food security. Sustainable agriculture, focused on eco-friendly practices for highly e cient food production, enables greater resilience and safety. This study experimented on intercropping and bio-fertilizer application as convenient ecological solutions for crop yield stability and quality. The experiment was conducted during 2018 and 2020 with soybean and common millet sown in three sowing patterns: alternating rows, alternating strips 1 (2 rows of soybean + 2 rows of millet), and alternating strips 2 (2 rows of soybean + 4 rows of millet), as well as sole crops (control), with or without a bio-fertilizer Coveron. Grain yield and nutrient grain yield response were calculated through land equivalent ratio (LER) and element-LER (E-LER), while quality was estimated based on the concentration of antioxidants (phytate phosphorus, total phenolic compounds, and yellow pigment) and elements in grains, including potential bio-availability of essential elements. Results revealed LER values to be >1 for all sowing patterns, with the highest one achieved in alternating strips 1 (1.38) together with a greater level of all antioxidants in millet grain. Intercropping significantly enhanced Fe and Mn accumulation in both crops and simultaneously decreased the concentration of potentially toxic elements (Al, Cr) in millet grain. Potential bio-availability of essential elements, expressed through the ratio between phytic acid and Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn revealed smaller values in intercropped soybean and millet with the bio-fertilizer. The bio- fertilizer also increased the concentration of some micro-elements in millet grain, classifying it as a highly dependent plant to microbial inoculation. Interaction of intercropping and bio-fertilizer was most pronounced for LER, E-LER, and accumulation of Fe and Mn in grains. These results highlighted the benefits of soybean–common millet intercropping, especially in combination with the bio-fer

Weed control in corn is a major challenge due to increasing problems with highly dominant weed species and herbicide resistance evolution. Common lambsquarters and johnsongrass constitute up to 80% to 90% of the weed population in many spring crops, such as soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and corn, in Serbia. Currently, acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides, such as the systemic selective sulfonylurea nicosul- furon, are most commonly used for chemical weed control of those species. A better under- standing of the impact of nozzle type and adjuvant use on nicosulfuron efficacy can help to improve control of common lambsquarters and johnsongrass and minimize herbicide resis- tance development. Field trials were conducted in Serbia from 2020 to 2022 to evaluate the impact of two adjuvants (a non-ionic surfactant [NIS] and a mineral fertilizer ammonium sul- fate [AMS]) and two nozzle types (drift-reducing nozzles and flat-fan nozzles) on common lambsquarters and johnsongrass control using nicosulfuron. Satisfactory biomass reduction of common lambsquarters (83% to 87%) and johnsongrass (83% to 97%) was achieved after nicosulfuron application. Adding a NIS adjuvant increased the biomass reduction for common lambsquarters (94% to 98%) and johnsongrass (90% to 100%) independently of the nozzle type used. Selection of nozzle type did not show consistent effects on common lambsquarters and johnsongrass control. Nicosulfuron efficacy was increased with NIS adjuvant for both nozzle types compared to nicosulfuron solo for both species, and Extended Range (XR) TeeJet® nozzles on average resulted in a higher efficacy for common lambsquarters compared to Turbo TeeJet ® induction. Adding a mineral AMS adjuvant resulted in lower biomass reduction for both nozzle types and weed species (65% to 78% and 61% to 91% for common lambsquarters and johnson- grass, respectively). Corn grain yield was predominantly influenced by annual meteorological

Organic agriculture offers many benefits through the increased nutritional quality of produced crops, agro-ecosystem preservation, and climate change mitigation. The development of an efficient nutrient management strategy in low-input systems, such as organic agriculture, which supports soil fertility and essential nutrients absorption by crops, is continually exploring. Thus, a study with maize–spelt–soybean rotation during a 5-year period in organic production was established to evaluate the variability in soil organic matter (SOM) and the status of available elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Si from the soil, as well as grain yield (GY) and the content of protein, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Si concentration in the grain of spelt, maize, and soybean. Significant variations in mineral elements in the soil, GY, and grain composition were detected. Spelt achieved the highest average GY, while soybean grain was the richest in a majority of examined nutrients. The soil Ca content was important for GY, while the protein level in grain was generally tied to the Mn level in the soil. It was recognized that soil–crop crosstalk is an important strategy for macro- and micro-nutrients management in the soil and grain of organically produced spelt, maize, and soybean. While a reduction in the GY and protein concentration in grain was present over time, it was established that a low-input system under dry-farming conditions supports nutrient availability and accumulation in grain, under semi-arid agro-ecological conditions of central Serbia.

Hibridi kukuruza dobijaju se ukrštanjem inbred linija, koje nastaju u procesu selekcije kontrolisanom samooplodnjom odabranih genotipova do postizanja homozigotnosti. U proizvodnji semena hibrida kukuruza potrebno je zakidati metlice na majčinskoj komponenti kako ne bi došlo do samooplodnje i smanjenja heterozisa hibrida F1 generacije. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi masa 1000 semena 12 inbred linija sa različitim tipom citoplazme. Istraživanja su sprovedena na dve pracele: Šlolsko dobro i Selekciono polje u toku dve godine. Ogledi su postavljeni po slučajnom blok sistemu u okviru svakog tipa citoplazme u tri ponavljanja. Statističko-biometrijska obrada podataka se zasnivala na srednjim vrednostima po ponavljanju i obuhvatila je analizu varijanse. Na osnovu analize varijanse utvrđeno je da postoje veoma značajne razlike između inbred linija na masu 1000 semena u zavisnosti od tipa citoplazme, godine i lokacije. Najmanu prosečnu vrednost mase 1000 semena imala je inbred linija L7 (259,5 g), a najveću inbred linija L1 (394,0 g). Prosečne vrednosti mase 1000 semena inbred linija, veoma značajno su (P≤1%) varirale u zavisnosti od godina ispitivanja i lokacija. Veća vrednost mase 1000 semena imale su inbred linije u drugoj. godini (326,58 g) u odnosu na prvu godinu (298,93 g). Na lokaciji Selekciono polje ostvarena je veća prosečna vrednost (321,62 g) mase 1000 semena u odnosu na lokaciju Školsko dobro (303,90 g). Veoma značajno (Lsd0,01) većuvrednost mase 1000 semena imale su inbred linije sa citoplazmom cms-C tipa u odnosu na inbred linije sa fertilnom i citoplazmom cms-S tipa. Masa 1000 semena inbred linija po godinama veoma značajno (Lsd0,01) se razlikovala kod većine linija osim L4, L10 i L12 gde nije bilo razlike. U zavisnosti od tipa citoplazme i godina ispitivanja veoma značajne (Lsd0,01) razlike mase 1000 semena nisu utvrđene samo kod inbred linija L4 i L11.Prosečne vrednosti mase 1000 semena inbred linija po lokacijama su se veoma značajno (Lsd0,01) razlikovale k

Human health is dependent not just on diet, but mainly on quality of agricultural products as a part of diet. If crops were grown on poorly fertile soils, or they are exposed to severe stresses, lesser amount of mineral elements, particularly essential elements, such as zinc, copper, manganese, magnesium, calcium, iron, and even sulphur, will be absorbed and accumulated, resulting in their deficiency in diets and increased incidence of various chronic diseases. Together with naturally low soil fertility, climate change, intensive agriculture is one of the main contributors of soil depletion. Thus, various long-term strategies, which are sustainable for agricultural plants and soils, at the same time, must be developed. It is of particular importance to increase a level of organic matter, as a source of mineral nutrients from the soil. The application through soil, as well as via plant foliage of various complex and organic fertilizers, containing macro- and micro-elements, and many stimulating compounds, enables better absorption and metabolisation of nutrients required for plants and nutrients essential for humans. Besides, bio-fertilizers, containing beneficial microorganisms have an important role in nutrients mobilization in soils, particularly from poorly accessible forms. Many biofertilizers contain microorganisms that are able to absorb atmospheric nitrogen, thus enriching soil, delivering it to the plants, enabling reduction in amount and costs of nitrogen addition into the soil. Promoting microorganisms are also able to enhance plants ability to absorb water and nutrients by their synergy with roots, resulting in stable and better growth performances of agricultural plants, thus increasing yield and its quality. Some other cropping practices, such as crop rotation, intercropping and use of cover crops, enriches soil with organic matter, reduces losses of nutrients through recycling of harvest residues, therefore increasing soil fertility, as well as quantit

Climate changes severely affect agricultural production, particularly dry farming. Even crops that are relatively tolerant to drought, like maize, have been recently influenced by meteorological extremes, thus significantly reducing yield potential. The adjustment of cropping technology in which soil tillage system is an essential maize growing practice is the only way for stable maize cultivation. The objective of the study was to monitor and understand how different tillage systems and fertilizer rates influence grain yield of maize grown in dry farming conditions. The study was initiated in 1978 in Zemun Polje, Belgrade, Serbia, on the chernozem soil type, while the results from 2011-2021 period are analysed. Maize hybrid ZP SC 606 has been sown at the middle of April every year. The experiment was set as a split-split-plot block design with four replications. The main treatments were three tillage systems: NT - no-till, RT – reduced, and CT - conventional tillage. In the no-tillage treatment, maize seeds were sown in the upper soil layer of 5-7 cm, directly by a special planter. In the reduced tillage treatment, soil tillage was performed in the depth of 8-10 cm, with a rotovator in autumn, while sowing is conducted in the spring after seedbed preparation (10-12 cm) with a conventional drill. The conventional tillage treatment consisted in shallow ploughing, immediately after wheat harvest in the depth of 10-15 cm, primary tillage (ploughing) in the depth of 25-30 cm in autumn and seedbed preparation (10-12 cm) inspring. The fertilizer treatments, as subplots, included control (Ø) - without fertilization, incorporation of 50kg/ha N, 50 kg/ha P and 50 kg/ha K in the autumn and supplemental N addition up to the 180 kg/ha N (F1) and240 kg/ha N (F2) before sowing in the spring. Variations in meteorological conditions of the season caused highvariability in maize grain yield. The lowest grain yield, in average, was achieved in 2021 (3.38 t/ha) and thehighest in 2014

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain is an important source of nutrients in human diet. The differences in content and relations between certain components of maize grain impact grain colour and its nutritional quality. The objective of the Study was to examine effects of different fertilization systems: mineral fertilizer (urea), organic fertilizer, and bio-fertilizer on white, yellow, and red coloured maize hybrids, regarding grain yield and variations in content of antioxidants: phytate, phenolic compounds, glutathione, carotenoids (yellow pigment), and reduction capacity of DPPH radical. Two-fold higher average grain yield and double fold lower concentration of phenols and carotenoids were present in 2018, in comparison to drier 2017. The lowest phytate content and the highest values of phenols and DPPH reduction capacity were present in red maize kernel, as a hybrid with the highest yield, while in yellow maize kernel, the highest values of yellow pigment and glutathione occurred. The bio-fertilizer expressed the positive impact on reduction of phytate concentration and increase of phenols concentration in maize grain, while urea increased concentration of yellow pigment and glutathione. Correlation analysis showed that reduction in phytate and carotenoids was significant and positive related with grain yield increase, while phenols showed positive correlation with reduction capacity of DPPH radical. Thus, it was shown that changes in fertilization methods could affect antioxidants status in maize grain, particularly in red coloured maize, which besides high yield potential, possess remarkable higher antioxidant capacity in regard to yellow and white coloured maize.

Maize is an important staple crop and a significant source of various nutrients.We aimed to determine the macronutrients, antioxidants, and essentialelements in maize genotypes (white, yellow, and red kernel) using threedifferent fertilizers, which could be used as a basis to increase the nutrientdensity of maize. The fertilizer treatments used bio- and organic fertilizers as asustainable approach, urea, as a commonly used mineral fertilizer, and thecontrol (no fertilization). We evaluated the yield, concentration ofmacronutrient (protein, oil, and starch), nonenzymatic antioxidants(phenolics, yellow pigment, total glutathione (GSH), and phytic phosphorus),and reduction capacity of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, aswell as essential elements that are commonly deficient in the diet (Mg, Ca, Fe,Mn, Zn, Cu, and S) and their relationships with phytic acid. The genotypeexpressed the strongest effect on the variability of grain yield and the analyzedgrain constituents. The red-kernel hybrid showed the greatest accumulation ofprotein, oil, phenolics, and essential elements (Ca, Fe, Cu, and S) than a yellowand white hybrid, especially in the biofertilizer treatment. The yellow kernel hadthe highest concentrations of yellow pigment, GSH, phytic phosphorous, Mg,Mn, and Zn (19.61 µg g−1, 1,134 nmol g−1, 2.63 mg g−1, 1,963 µg g−1, 11.7 µg g−1,and 33.9 µg g−1, respectively). The white kernel had a greater starchconcentration (2.5% higher than that in the red hybrid) and the potentialbioavailability of essential metals, particularly under no fertilization. Thissupports the significance of white maize as a staple food in many traditionaldiets across the world. Urea was important for the enhancement of theantioxidant status (with 88.0% reduction capacity for the DPPH radical) andincreased potential Zn bioavailability in the maize kernels (13.3% higher thanthat in the biofertilizer treatment). This study underlines the differences in theyield potential and chemical

Višegodišnja istraživanja su imala za cilj da ukažu na značaj gajenja kukuruza u tropoljnom plodoredu u odnosu na monokulturu, u pogledu smanjenja brojnosti korova kao i formiranja veće lisne površine i prinosa zrna kukuruza. Rezultati su pokazali da je smena useva u tropoljnom plodoredu K-P-S značajno doprinela da brojnost korova u kukuruzu bude manja (za 51,19%), a lisna površina i prinos zrna veći (za 13,98% i 45,87%) u odnosu na monokulturu kukuruza. Razlike u brojnosti korova, lisnoj površini i prinosu zrna kukuruza između varijanti sa punom količinom herbicida i polovinom od pune količine nisu bile značajne, što ukazuje na prednosti kombinovane primene hemijskih i agrotehničkih mera za poizvodnju kukuruza i smanjenje zagađenja agroekosistema., Maize cultivation in a crop rotation, especcially when legumes are incorporated, contribute to the high yield achievement and a reduction of weed infestation. In such a crop rotation system, the lower rates of herbicides could be applied in order to achive reduction of weed species distribution. The investigations were aimed to underline the importance of crop rotation in comparision to maize continuous cropping for weed distribution reduction and increase of maize leaf area and grain yield. The results of long-term investigation showed that crop rotation contibuted to the significant decrease of weed number (51,19%) and increase of leaf area and grain yield of maize (13,98% and 45,87%, respectively) in comparision to maize continuous cropping. Differences in weed number, maize leaf area and grain yield between herbicide treatments in the recommended and half of recomended rate were not significant, underlining the importance and high efficiency of combined application of cultural and chemical measures in maize cultivation and agroecosystem prevention.

Nedostatak novih aktivnih supstanci herbicida na tržištu, praćen pojavom rezistentnih korova na postojeće herbicide, kao i klimatske promene koje utiču na korove, čine suzbijanje korova veoma izazovnim. Pored ovoga, plan Evropske komisije da se smanji upotreba herbicida za 50 % do 2030. zahteva pronalaženje rešenja za uspešno suzbijanje korova uz manje oslanjanje na hemijske mere. Jedna od mogućnosti koja je na raspolaganju je da se uz herbicide u rezervoar prskalice doda adjuvant kako bi usvajanje herbicida od strane korova bilo efikasnije i kako bi se herbicidi primenili u manjim količima. U ovom radu ćemo ukazati na potencijalne pogodnosti adjuvanata u cilju povećanja efikasnosti herbicida., The lack of new herbicide active substances on the market, accompanied by the emergence of resistant weeds to existing herbicides, as well as climate changes that affect weeds make weed control very challenging. In addition to this, the European Commission's plan to reduce the use of herbicides by 50 % by 2030 conditions the need to find solutions for successful weed control. One of the options available is to add an adjuvant to the herbicides in the sprayer tank in order to increase the uptake of the herbicide by the weeds. In this paper, we will point out the potential benefits of adjuvants in order to increase herbicide efficacy.

Nicosulfuron as sulfonylurea and mesotrione as triketone are some of the most used herbicides for weed control in maize. The potential off-target movement and plant injuries of these herbicides were evaluated in a bioassay under controlled conditions. Both herbicides were applied in rates of 0.005X, 0.001X, 0.05X, 0.01X, 0.1X, 0.25X, 0.5X, 1X, 2X, and 4X, where X corresponds to 60 g ai ha-1, and 120 g ai ha-1 for nicosulfuron and mesotrione, respectively. Seven species were tested: lettuce, oil pumpkin, oilseed rape, paprika, soybean, sunflower, and tomato. After applications, plants were returned to the greenhouse and grown for more 21 days and following parameters were evaluated: visual injuries, leaf area, height, and dry biomass. All data were converted into a percentage of reduction compared to untreated control. The data were subjected to a non-linear regression analysis by four-parameter log-logistic model using R statistics. According to obtained results, rates of 0.03 and 0.06 X for nicosulfruon and mesotrione, respectively influenced all measured parameters. The most sensitive species to both herbicides was lettuce. The rates of 4.8 g and 6.1g of nicosulfruon reduced biomass by 80% in tomato and oil pumpkin, while 0.2 g and 0.9 g of mesotrione reduced biomass by 80%. Since our results have reported significant injuries following low herbicide rates, herbicide drift must be mitigated in order to prevent potential negative influence on the environment.

Cilj istraživanja bio je da se odredi uticaj različitog tipa citoplazme (cms-C, cms-S i fertilna), i faktora spoljašnje sredine na dubinu zrna dvanaest inbred linija kukuruza. Ogled sa inbred linijama postavljen je na dve lokacije (Selekciono polje i Školsko dobro) tokom 2017. i 2018. godine. Ogledi su postavljeni po slučajnom blok sistemu u okviru svakog tipa citoplazme u tri ponavljanja. Statističko-biometrijska obrada podataka se zasnivala na srednjim vrednostima po ponavljanju i obuhvatila je analizu varijanse. Na osnovu analize varijanse utvrđeno je da postoje veoma značajne razlike između inbred linija na dubinu zrna u zavisnosti od tipa citoplazme, godine i lokacije. Prosečan procenat dubine zrna inbred linija kretao se od 0.68cm do 0.89cm. Variranje dubine zrna inbred linija u zavisnosti od tipa citoplazme bilo je veoma značajno. Najveća prosečna vrednost za ovu osobinu zabeležena je kod sterilne citoplazme cms-C (0.78cm), a najmanja kod fertilne citoplazme (0.76cm). Srednje vrednosti dubine zrna inbred linija veoma značajno (P≤1%) su varirale u zavisnosti od godina ispitivanja i lokacija. Veću prosečnu dubinu zrna imale su inbred linije u 2018. godini u odnosu na 2017. godinu. Na prvoj lokaciji ostvarena je veća prosečna vrednost dubine zrna u odnosu na drugu lokaciju. Interakcija inbred linija x tip citoplazme x lokacija je pokazala da je bilo statistički značajnih (Lsd0.05) razlika u prosečnim vrednostima dubine zrna kod svih ispitivanih inbred linija. Interakcija tip citoplazme x godina x lokacija bila je veoma značajna (Lsd0.01) za osobinu dubina zrna, što ukazuje da inbred linije različitog tipa citoplazme različito reaguju u različitim godinama i lokacijama. Analiza dobijenih rezultata ukazuje na značajan uticaj tipa citoplazme na dubinu zrna inbred linija kukuruza.The aim of the present study was to determine effects of both, different types of cytoplasm (cms C, cms-S and fertile) and environmental factors on the kernel depth of 12 maize inbreds line

Cilj istraživanja bio je da se odredi uticaj različitog tipa citoplazme (cms-C, cms-S i fertilna), i faktora spoljašnje sredine na dubinu zrna dvanaest inbred linija kukuruza. Ogled sa inbred linijama postavljen je na dve lokacije (Selekciono polje i Školsko dobro) tokom 2017. i 2018. godine. Ogledi su postavljeni po slučajnom blok sistemu u okviru svakog tipa citoplazme u tri ponavljanja. Statističko-biometrijska obrada podataka se zasnivala na srednjim vrednostima po ponavljanju i obuhvatila je analizu varijanse. Na osnovu analize varijanse utvrđeno je da postoje veoma značajne razlike između inbred linija na dubinu zrna u zavisnosti od tipa citoplazme, godine i lokacije. Prosečan procenat dubine zrna inbred linija kretao se od 0.68cm do 0.89cm. Variranje dubine zrna inbred linija u zavisnosti od tipa citoplazme bilo je veoma značajno. Najveća prosečna vrednost za ovu osobinu zabeležena je kod sterilne citoplazme cms-C (0.78cm), a najmanja kod fertilne citoplazme (0.76cm). Srednje vrednosti dubine zrna inbred linija veoma značajno (P≤1%) su varirale u zavisnosti od godina ispitivanja i lokacija. Veću prosečnu dubinu zrna imale su inbred linije u 2018. godini u odnosu na 2017. godinu. Na prvoj lokaciji ostvarena je veća prosečna vrednost dubine zrna u odnosu na drugu lokaciju. Interakcija inbred linija x tip citoplazme x lokacija je pokazala da je bilo statistički značajnih (Lsd0.05) razlika u prosečnim vrednostima dubine zrna kod svih ispitivanih inbred linija. Interakcija tip citoplazme x godina x lokacija bila je veoma značajna (Lsd0.01) za osobinu dubina zrna, što ukazuje da inbred linije različitog tipa citoplazme različito reaguju u različitim godinama i lokacijama. Analiza dobijenih rezultata ukazuje na značajan uticaj tipa citoplazme na dubinu zrna inbred linija kukuruza.The aim of the present study was to determine effects of both, different types of cytoplasm (cms C, cms-S and fertile) and environmental factors on the kernel depth of 12 maize inbreds line

Physical properties play an important role in determining suitability of soil for agricultural, amelioration, ecological and technical purposes. They are influence on movement, storage and availability of water and nutrients for plants, ease of plant root penetration and movement of heat and air. Furthermore, they are also effect chemical and biological properties of soil. Although Fluvisols (alluvial-meadow soils) are one of the most widespread soils in Serbia, little research has been done on them. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the most important physical properties of long-term irrigated Fluvisols that were formed on the carbonate deposit of the White Drim River in Kosovo and Metohija (Serbia). Eight profiles, i.e. 23 undisturbed soil samples and 69 disturbed soil samples were examined. The depth of the upper part of the soil profile, which lies above the layer of sand, stones and gravel, in which the roots of the plants develop, is very uneven from profile to profile, i.e. it varies from small (approx. 30 cm) to very large (>200 cm). The investigated Fluvisols are heavy textured (>50% clay content). The results show a high variability of the physical properties in the surface layer of these soils. Most of the investigated physical properties of the eight open Fluvisol profiles, in addition to the heavy texture, are quite favorable and fairly uniform in the plow layer, while they are much less favorable, though not particularly unfavorable, under the plow layer in deeper profiles., Fizička svojstva igraju važnu ulogu u određivanju pogodnosti zemljišta za poljoprivredne, melioracione, ekološke i tehničke namene. Od njih zavisi kretanje, zadržavanje i dostupnost vode i hranljivih materija biljkama, lakoća prodiranja korena biljaka, te kretanje toplote i vazduha. Takođe, ona utiču na hemijska i biološka svojstva zemljišta. Iako su fluvisoli (aluvijalno-livadska zemljišta) jedno od najrasprostranjenijih zemljišta u Srbiji, oni su još uvek nedovoljno istraženi. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio proceniti glavna fizička svojstva stolećima navodnjavanih fluvisola formiranih na karbonatnom nanosu reke Beli Drim na Kosovu i Metohiji (Srbija). Proučavano je osam profila, tj. 23 uzorka zemljišta u poremećenom stanju i 69 uzoraka u neporemećenom stanju. Dubina gornjeg dela zemljišnog profila, koji leži iznad sloja peska, kamenja i šljunka, u kom se razvija koren biljaka, je veoma neujednačena idući od profila do profila, odnosno varira od male (oko 30 cm) pa do veoma velike (>200 cm). Istraženi fluvisoli pripadaju teškim glinušama (>50% frakcije gline). Rezultati ukazuju na visoku varijabilnost fizičkih svojstava u površinskom sloju zemljišta. Većina istraženih fizičkih svojstva osam otvorenih profila fluvisolova, i pored prilično teškog mehaničkog sastava, dosta su povoljne i uz to prilično ujednačene u orničnom horizontu, dok su znatno manje povoljne, mada ne izrazito nepovoljne, u podorničnom horizontu dubljih profila.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj različitog tipa citoplazme (cms-C, cms-S i fertilna) i vanjske sredine na frakciju sjemena srednje krupno pjlosnato dvanaestinbred linija kukuruza. Pokus je proveden tijekom 2017. i 2018. godine na dvije lokacije po metodici slučajnog bloknog rasporeda u tri ponavljanja, a statistička obrada podataka analizom varijance. Analizom varijanse utvrđeno je da postoje veoma značajne razlike između inbred linija u frakciji sjemena srednje krupno pljosnato (SKP) u zavisnosti od tipa citoplazme, godine i lokacije. Prosječni udjel frakcije sjemena srednje krupno pljosnato (SKP) značajno je varirao (P≤5%) u zavisnosti od tipa citoplazme. Najveći udjel frakcije sjemena srednje krupno pljosnato imala je sterilna citoplazma cms-C (7,0%), a najmanji fertilna citoplazma (6,5%). Srednje vrijednosti SKP frakcije sjemena inbred linija veoma značajno (P≤1%) su varirale u zavisnosti od godina ispitivanja i lokacija. Veću zastupljenost SKP frakcije sjemena imale su inbred linije u 2017. godini (7,75%) u odnosu na 2018. godinu (5,69%), kao i na lokaciji Selekciono polje (7,17%) u odnosu na lokaciju Školsko dobro (6,28%). Analiza dobivenih rezultata ukazuje na značajan utjecaj tipa citoplazme na srednje krupnu plosnatu frakciju sjemena., The aim of the present study was to determine effects of different types of cytoplasm (cms-C, cms-S and fertile) and environmental factors on the medium large flat seed fraction (MLF) of 12 maize inbreds lines. The trial with inbred lines was set up in 2017 and 2018 at two locations according to the randomised block design in three replication. Statistical data processing was done by analysis of variance. Very significant differences in the medium large flat seed fraction (MLF) among inbred lines, in dependence on the type of cytoplasm, year and the location were established. The average percent of the MLF seed fraction significantly varied (P≤5%) in respect of cytoplasm type. The highest and the lowest values of this trait were established in sterile cytoplasm cms-C (7.0%), and fertile cytoplasm (6.5%), respectively. The medium values of the MLF seed fraction very significantly (P≤1%) varied in dependence on the year and location. The greater percentage of the MLF seed fraction was determined in maize inbred lines in 2017 (7.75%) than in 2018 (5.69%), as well as in the location of Selekciono polje (7.17%) than in Školsko dobro (6.28%). The analysis of obtained results point out to a significant effect of the cytoplasm type on the medium large flat seed fraction.

Intercropping includes cultivating of two or more crop species simultaneously on the same filed. Benefits of intercropping can be achieved only if complementary crops are combined, which results in a higher and more stable yield in regard to sole crops. The competition of proso millet (M) and soybean (S) in different intercrop combinations (S-M, SS-MM, SS-MMMM), simultaneously testing influence of bio-fertilizer on them, was studied. In regard to competitive ratio and agressivity, all combinations showed soybean as dominant and millet as dominated specie. Since SS-MM combination has significantly separated from other two, with high values of competitive ratio and agressivity for soybean and low for millet, it can be concluded that ratio and planting pattern had significant influence on obtained results. Bio-fertilizer didn’t express greater impact comparing with intercropping, which influence was much more pronounced. Soybean showed its highest competitive ability in SS-MM treated with Coveron (3.36), while average aggressivity for this combination was 0.95. In contrast to soybean, in this combination millet showed its lowest values. Anyhow, deeper studies are desirable to find out the most productive combination for forage biomass production., Združivanje useva obuhvata gajenje dve ili više vrste biljaka istovremeno na istom prostoru. Prednosti združivanja mogu se ispoljiti samo u slučajevima kada se kombinuju komplementarni usevi, što rezultira višim i stabilnijim prinosom u odnosu na samostalne useve. U ovom istraživanju ispitivana je kompeticija prosa (M) i soje (S) u različitim kombinacijama združenih useva (S-M, SS-MM, SSMMMM), istovremeno prateći i uticaj bio-đubriva na njih. Što se tiče konkuretnog odnosa i agresivnosti, u svim kombinacijama soja je pokazala svoju dominatnost dok je proso bio izdominirana vrsta. S obzirom da se SS-MM kombinacija značajno izdvojila od ostale dve, sa visokim vrednostima konkuretnog odnosa i agresivnosti za soju i niskim za proso, može se zaključiti da su odnos biljaka i njihov prostorni raspored uticali na dobijene rezultate. Bio-đubrivo nije imalo velikog efekta u odnosu na samo združivanje, čiji se uticaj posebno istakao. Soja je pokazala svoju najveću kompetitivnu sposobnost u SS-MM kombinaciji tretiranoj Coveron-om (3.36), dok je prosečna agresivnost za ovu kombinaciju iznosila 0.95. Suprotno od soje, proso je iskazao svoje najniže vrednosti u navedenoj kombinaciji. U svakom slučaju, detaljnije studije su potrebne kako bi se pronašla najproduktivnija kombinacija za proizvodnju biomase.

Савремена пољопривредна производња за императив има економичну производњу здравствено безбедне хране, уз очување земљишта и воде, као природних ресурса. Примена редукованог наводњавања препознаје се као једана од могућности за смањење негативних утицаја суше са једне стране и уштеде воде и смањење утрошка енергије и радне снаге у пољопривредној производњи, са друге стране. Основни циљ истраживања предвиђених овом докторском дисертацијом јесте дефинисање потреба кукуруза за водом и рационалног режима наводњавања земљишта редукованим нормама заливања, и одређивање реалне евапотранспирације у условима водног стреса, која обезбеђује најбољу ефикасност коришћења воде наводњавања у дотичним агроеколошким условима. Циљ је такође да се утврди која је то најповољнија густина сетве у условима редукованог наводњавња, којим ће се остварити и високи приноси и ефикасност коришћења воде.Истраживања су обављена на експерименталном пољу за наводњавање Института за кукуруз “Земун Поље” у периоду од 2002. до 2005. године. Есперименталне парцеле величине 44,8 m2 различитих варијанти истраживања биле су постављене по шеми случајног блок распореда у четири понављања. Гајен је хибрид кукуруза ЗП 677 ФАО 600 групе зрења, у три различите густине: G1=54900 биљ.∙hа-1; G2=64900 биљ.∙hа-1 и G3=75200 биљ.∙hа-1. Примењено је пет режима наводњавања: Wо– природни водни режим земљишта (без наводњавања), Wi1, Wi2,Wi3 и Wi4 засновани на бази међусобног односа реалне (ЕТa) и референтне евапотранспирације (ЕТо) 0,4:1, 0,6:1, 0,8:1 и 1:1, респективно. Наводњавање је обављано методом орошавања, а додате количине воде наводњавањем мерене су водомером, за сваку варијанту проучавања.Током истраживања свакодневно је методом Penman-Monteith обрачунавана референтна евапотранспорација (ЕТо), динамика влажности земљишта мерена је декадно, термогравиметријским методом..., Cost-effective production of organic food with preservation of soil and water, as natural resources, is the imperative of contemporary agricultural production. The application of deficit irrigation is recognised as one of the options for reducing adverse effects of drought on the one hand and saving water and reducing in both energy consumption and labour in agricultural production on the other hand. The main aim set up in this doctoral dissertation was to define water requirements of maize plants and the rational soil water status ensured by deficit irrigation and to determine actual evapotranspiration under conditions of water stress that would provide the best irrigation water use efficiency under given agro-ecological conditions. The objective was also to establish the most favourable sowing density under conditions of deficit irrigation due to which high yields and efficient water use would be achieved.The studies were carried out in the experimental field for irrigation of the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje in the 2002-2005 period. The experimental plot size was 44.8 m2. The plots with various variants of studying were set up according to the four-replicate randomised complete block design. The maize hybrid ZP 677 of FAO 600 was grown in the following three sowing densities: G1=54,900 plants hа-1; G2=64,900 plants hа-1 and G3=75,200 plants hа-1. The following five irrigation regimes were applied: Wо – rainfed regime of the soil (without irrigation), Wi1, Wi2,Wi3 and Wi4 regimes based on the ratio of actual evapotranspiration (ЕТa) to reference evapotranspiration (ЕТо) that amounted to 0.4:1, 0.6:1, 0.8:1 and 1:1, respectively. The sprinkling irrigation method was applied, while irrigation water amounts were measured by a water gauge for each variant of studying.Reference evapotranspiration (ЕТо) was daily computed by the Penman-Monteith method, while the dynamics of soil moisture was measured by the gravimetric method each ten days. During the growing s