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Bu çalışmada, üniversite öğrencilerinin varoluşsal kaygılarıyla kişilik özellikleri, psikolojik ve fiziksel sağlık geçmişleri ve demografik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda ortalama yaşları 20.84 olan 319 üniversite öğrencisi çalışma değişkenleri ile ilgili ölçüm araçlarını doldurmuştur. Veriler demografik bilgi formu, Varoluşsal Kaygılar Ölçeği ve Temel Kişilik Faktörleri Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Bulgular, katılımcıların cinsiyet, yaş ve üniversitedeki sınıf düzeylerinin varoluşsal meseleler ile farklı şekilde ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Psikolojik bozukluk geçmişi daha yüksek varoluşsal kaygı düzeyleri ile ilişkiliyken, hayatı tehdit eden fiziksel hastalık geçmişi yalnızca daha düşük anlamsızlık kaygısı ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Kişilik özelliklerinin varoluşsal kaygıyı anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı bulunmuştur. Bulguların, varoluşsal kaygının ve bununla ilişkisi olan etkenlerin daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir., In this study, the aim was to examine the relationship between existential anxieties and personality traits, prior history of mental and physical health, and demographic characteristics in a sample of university students. Accordingly, 319 university students with a mean age of 20.84 completed the assessment tools for study variables. Data were collected by using a demographic information form, Existential Anxiety Scale and Basic Personality Traits Inventory. The findings showed that the participants' gender, age, and year in university were differentially related to existential concerns. A history of mental disorders was associated with higher levels of existential anxiety while a history of life-threatening physical illness was associated with only lower levels of meaninglessness anxiety. Personality factors were found to significantly predict existential anxiety. The findings would contribute to better understand existential anxiety and the factors associated with it.

Introduction: While road traffic accidents and fatalities are a worldwide problem, the rates of road traffic accidents and fatalities show differences among countries. Similarly, driver behaviors, traffic climate, and their relationships also show differences among countries. The aim of the current study is to investigate the moderating effect of driving skills on the relationship between traffic climate and driver behaviors by country. (Turkey and China). Method: There were 294 Turkish drivers and 292 Chinese drivers, and they completed the Traffic Climate Scale, the Driving Skills Inventory, and the Driver Behavior Questionnaire. The moderated moderation analyses were conducted with Hayes PROCESS tool on SPSS. Results: The results showed that safety skills moderated the relationship between internal requirements and violations both in Turkey and China. Safety skills also moderated the relationship between internal requirements and errors only in China and the relationship between functionality and violations in Turkey. Perceptual-motor skills moderated the relationships between external affective demands and errors, and also the relationship between internal requirements and positive driver behaviors in Turkey. It can be inferred that driving skills has different influences on traffic climate-driver behaviors relationship in different cultures and there might be cultural differences in the evaluation of drivers’ own driving skills. Practical Applications: Among driving skills, safety skills have a more critical role to increase road safety by decreasing number of violations. Interventions to increase safety skills of drivers might be promising for road safety.

This study investigated the optical information and control strategies used in visually guided braking. In such tasks, drivers exhibit two different braking behaviors: impulsive braking and continuously regulated braking. We designed two experiments involving a simulated braking task to investigate these two behaviors. Participants viewed computer displays simulating an approach along a linear path over a textured ground surface toward a set of road signs. The task was to use a joystick as a brake to stop as close as possible to the road signs. Our results showed that participants relied on a weak constant- $$\tau$$ strategy (Bingham 1995) when regulating the brake impulsively. They used discrete $$\tau$$ values as critical values and they regulated the brake so as not to let $$\tau$$ fall below these values. Our results also showed that proportional rate control (Anderson and Bingham 2010, 2011) is used in continuously regulated braking. Participants initiated braking at a certain proportional rate value and controlled braking so as to maintain that value constant during the approach. Proportional rate control is robust because the value can fluctuate within a range to yield good performance. We argue that proportional rate control unifies the information-based approach and affordance-based approach to visually guided braking.

The purpose of the study was to adapt the Honor Scale (HS), which is composed of four different honor codes including feminine honor, masculine honor, family honor, and moral integrity (Rodriguez Mosquera, Manstead, & Fischer, 2002b) by adding culture-congruent items, and examine the reliability and validity of the emerging scale. In line with this purpose, three studies were conducted. Study 1 (N = 57; Mage = 33.46, SDage = 15.53) was carried out to acquire additional culture-congruent items, which was used in the Study 2 (N = 422; Mage = 28.84, SDage = 6.84) on the purpose of assessing the reliability and validity of HS. Moreover, Study 3 (N = 818; Mage = 21.30, SDage = 2.15) was conducted to evaluate the generalizability of the Study 2, by using only the original HS items. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested a three-factor solution for the scale (feminine honor, masculine honor, and moral integrity). Cronbach?s alpha coefficients for the scale was .94 (Study 2) and .90 (Study 3); and ranged from .82 to .92 (Study 2) and .85 to .88 (Study 3) for the subscales. In conclusion, the results of the psychometric analyses show that the Turkish version of HS is a reliable and valid measurement tool for the studies relevant to this topic., Bu çalışmanın amacı, kadınlık, erkeklik, aile ve ahlaki bütünlük olmak üzere dört onur kodundan oluşan Onur Ölçeği’ni (Rodriguez Mosquera, Manstead ve Fischer, 2002b) kültüre uygun yeni maddeler ekleyerek Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve oluşan ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirlik bulgularını incelemektir. Bu amaçla üç farklı çalışma yapılmıştır. Mevcut kültüre uygun yeni maddeler eklemek amacıyla 1. Çalışma (N = 57; Ort.yaş = 33.46, S = 15.53), yeni maddelerin eklendiği ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirliğini test etmek için 2. Çalışma (N = 422; Ort.yaş = 28.84, S = 6.84) yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, bu çalışmadan çıkan sonuçların genellenebilirliğini anlamak amacıyla, sadece orijinal maddelerin kullanıldığı 3. Çalışma (N = 818; Ort.yaş = 21.30, S = 2.15) yapılmıştır. Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi bulguları, üç faktörlü bir yapıya (kadınlık, erkeklik ve ahlaki bütünlük) işaret etmektedir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlık katsayısının ? = .94 (2. Çalışma), ? = .90 (3. Çalışma), ölçeğin alt faktörleri için ? = .82 ve ? = .92 (2. Çalışma) ve ? = .85 ve ? = .88 (3. Çalışma) arasında değiştiği bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, psikometrik özelliklere dair bulgular ölçeğin Türkçe formunun konu ile ilgili yapılacak araştırmalarda kullanılabilecek düzeyde geçerlik ve güvenirliğe sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.

Drivers have an important place in the traffic system when the human factor is taken into consideration. Drivers from different cultures are exposed to different values, norms, and traffic systems, and these differences may form various driver behaviors. Thus, traffic climate and individual values can impact driver behaviors. In this study, the relationships between Schwartz's individual values and traffic climate dimensions were examined. Clusters were then created from the traffic climate dimensions and individual values, and the differences in driver behavior within these clusters were investigated. In order to examine similarities and differences between countries, the results from 5 countries (Estonia, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey)are presented. Correlational analyses indicated that, while internal requirements and self-transcendence are positively related in all countries, external affective demands and conservation are positively related in Estonia, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey. Additionally, external affective demands and self-transcendence are positively related in Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey. A three-cluster structure fitted the data well in all of the five countries. Within-country differences were observed in clusters of Russian and Turkish data in terms of driver behaviors. The detailed results are presented and discussed in relation to the literature., European Commission Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant [645690]

Nairne, Thompson, and Pandeirada [2007. Adaptive memory: Survival processing enhances retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 263–273] demonstrated that processing words according to their relevance to a survival scenario enhanced their subsequent retrieval in recall and recognition tasks compared to a variety of control scenarios. From an adaptive perspective, it is maintained that processing words in a survival context should also enhance memory for source; however, evidence in the literature is rather mixed regarding a survival context advantage for source memory. In the current study, we conducted four experiments to systematically investigate the survival advantage in source memory, when the context itself is the source, with both recall (Experiments 1A and 1B) and recognition tests (Experiments 2A and 2B). Results showed a survival advantage for item memory over the control contexts in all experiments. The survival context advantage was not extended to source memory performance in Experiment 1A. Results from all other experiments, however, indicated a survival context advantage for both item and source memory. Findings are discussed in relation to possible proximate mechanisms underlying the survival processing effect.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the mediating roles of driving skills in relationship between organizational safety strategies and driver behaviours among driving instructors. Driving skills consist of perceptual-motor skills and safety skills. Driver behaviours are investigated under four factors: violations, errors, lapses, and positive driver behaviours. Participants were 132 driving instructors (108 male and 24 female). In order to measure organizational safety strategies, Organizational Safety Strategies Scale (OSSS) was developed for driving schools. Results of the principal component analyses yielded one-factor solution for OSSS. In order to test the indirect effects of organizational safety strategies on driver behaviours through driving skills, multiple mediation analyses were conducted by entering age and annual mileage as the control variables. As organizational safety strategies were stronger, driving instructors had higher levels of perceptual-motor skills, which resulted in higher violations. On the other hand, as organizational safety strategies were stronger, driving instructors had higher levels of safety skills, which resulted in less violations and lapses. It can be inferred that; organizational stronger safety strategies might have negative influences on road safety through higher perceptual-motor skills; whereas there can be positive influences on road safety through higher safety skills. In addition, both skills are related to organizational safety strategies. Hence, driving schools should consider the asymmetric relationship between perceptual-motor skills and safety skills while improving their safety strategies to decrease violations and lapses. Organizations might also develop interventions to balance the stated skills to increase road safety.

The purpose of the present study was to develop, from the perspective of system justification theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994), an honor system justification (HSJ) scale aimed at evaluating individuals’ tendency to justify the honor system in the society. Initially, a 28-item pool was generated based on honor literature and the phrases expressed in the reports and news. An adult sample consisting of 433 participants (275 women, 158 men; Mage = 31.77, SDage = 7.61) was employed in the study. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested a one-factor 10-item solution, explaining 52.34% of the variance. Factor loadings ranged from .67 to .79 and item-total correlations ranged between .58 and .72. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for HSJ scale was .90. The significant correlation of HSJ with other honor-related variables (honor endorsement, attitudes toward violence against women for protecting honor) as well as other system justification ideologies (gender system justification, benevolent and hostile sexism) demonstrates the scale’s validity. In conclusion, the results of the psychometric analyses showed that HSJ is a reliable and valid selfreport measure that can be used in honor-related research., Bu çalışmanın amacı, sistemi meşrulaştırma kuramı (Jost ve Banaji, 1994) temelinde, bireylerin toplumdaki namus düzenini meşrulaştırma eğilimlerini değerlendiren namus sistemini meşrulaştırma (NSM) ölçeğini geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla; namusla ilgili alanyazın, raporlar ve haberlerdeki söylemlerden yola çıkılarak 28 maddelik bir havuz oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın örneklemi, 275’i kadın 158’si erkek olmak üzere toplam 433 (Ort.yaş = 31.77, S = 7.61) yetişkin katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri sonuçları, toplam varyansın %52.34’ünü açıklayan 10 maddelik tek faktörlü bir yapı ortaya koymuştur. Maddelerin aldıkları faktör yükleri .67 ve .79 arasında, madde-toplam korelasyonları ise .58 ve .72 arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca, NSM ölçeğinin iç tutarlık katsayısının .90 olduğu bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin namusla ilgili diğer değişkenler (namusu onaylama, namus adına kadına uygulanan şiddete yönelik tutumlar) ve diğer sistemi meşrulaştırma ideolojileri (cinsiyet sistemini meşrulaştırma, korumacı ve düşmanca cinsiyetçilik) ile anlamlı ilişkisi ölçeğin geçerli olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında, NSM ölçeğinin ilgili alanyazında kullanılmak için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

This study compared pedestrian behaviors in five countries (Estonia, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey) and investigated the relationships between these behaviors and values in each country. The study participants were 131 pedestrians for Estonia, 249 for Greece, 112 for Kosovo, 176 for Russia, and 145 for Turkey. The principal component analyses revealed that the four-factor structure of the Pedestrian Behavior Scale (PBS) was highly consistent across the five countries. ANCOVA results revealed significant differences between countries on the PBS items and scale scores. Specifically, Greek and Turkish participants reported transgressive pedestrian behaviors more frequently than Estonian, Kosovar, and Russian pedestrians while Kosovar participants reported transgressive pedestrian behaviors less frequently than Estonian pedestrians. In addition, Turkish and Russian pedestrians reported lapses and aggressive behaviors more frequently than Estonian, Greek, and Kosovar pedestrians. Finally, Turkish and Estonian pedestrians reported positive behaviors more frequently than Kosovar pedestrians. Unexpectedly, the regression analyses showed that values have varying effects on pedestrian behavior in the five countries. That is, context or country may determine the effect of values on pedestrian behaviors. The results are discussed in relation to the previous literature.

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This study examined whether the relationship between cultural variables and traffic fatality rates at the national level differs according to income level. In this study, culture was evaluated in the framework proposed by Hofstede (2001) and examined on the basis of five dimensions (individualism versus collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, femininity versus masculinity, and short-term orientation versus long term orientation). Correlation analysis showed that fatality rates were negatively correlated with individualism and long-term orientation, while these rates were positively correlated with power distance. Moderation analysis showed that income level moderated the relationship between long-term orientation and traffic fatality rates. The relationship between long-term orientation and traffic fatality rates was found to be statistically significant only in countries with middle-income levels. The current findings and limitations of the study were discussed by considering the relevant literature., Bu çalışma, ulusal seviyede kültür ve trafiğe bağlı ölüm oranları arasındaki ilişkinin gelir seviyesine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını incelemektedir. Bu çalışmada, kültür Hofstede (2001) tarafından önerilen çerçevede değerlendirilmiş ve beş boyut (bireyciliğe karşı toplulukçuluk, güç mesafesi, belirsizlikten kaçınma, maskülenliğe karşı feminenlik ve uzun vadeli oryantasyona karşı kısa vadeli oryantasyon) temelinde incelenmiştir. Korelasyon analizi, ölüm oranlarının bireycilik ve uzun vadeli oryantasyon ile negatif yönde ilişkiliyken, güç mesafesi ile pozitif yönde ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, düzenleyici değişken analizi sonuçlarında gelir seviyesinin uzun vadeli oryantasyon ve ölüm oranları arasındaki ilişkiyi düzenlediği bulunmuştur. Uzun vadeli oryantasyon ile ölüm oranı arasındaki ilişkinin sadece orta gelir seviyesindeki ülkelerde negatif yönde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu bulgulanmıştır. İlgili alanyazın dikkate alınarak mevcut bulgular ve çalışmanın kısıtlılıkları tartışılmıştır.

Beginning from the early 1990s, narrative therapies have begun to be used widely by mental health professionals. Recently, more specialized forms of narrative therapy, including trauma-focused approaches, have been developed. This paper reviews narrative therapy approaches which focus on trauma. Trauma-focused narrative therapies address qualitative and subjective aspects of trauma and aim to integrate the traumatic experience into the clients’ chronological life history. Positioning the client as the expert, narrative therapists help clients to deconstruct and reconstruct the narrative. In the literature, there are several structured trauma-focused narrative therapy approaches such as testimony therapy, narrative exposure therapy (NET), and life review therapy, and also collective narrative approaches. Although evidence is mostly anecdotal for these approaches, some studies have shown conditional effectiveness of NET for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Increasing the use of these approaches and examining their effectiveness for stress- and traumarelated disorders would help practitioners and researchers to better understand the validity and clinical utility of trauma-focused narrative therapy approaches, especially in Turkey where estimates of exposure to traumatic events are quite high., 1990’ların başından bu yana, öyküsel terapiler ruh sağlığı alanındaki uzmanlar tarafından daha yaygın olarak kullanılır hale gelmiştir. Yakın zamanda öyküsel terapinin, travma-odaklı yaklaşımlar gibi, daha özelleşmiş biçimleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu makalede, travma alanındaki öyküsel terapi yaklaşımları derlenmektedir. Travmaodaklı öyküsel terapiler travmanın nitel ve öznel yönlerine odaklanmaktadır ve travmatik deneyimi danışanların kronolojik yaşam öyküsü içine yerleştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Danışanı uzman konumuna yerleştirerek, öyküsel terapistler danışanların öykünün yapısını bozmasına ve öyküyü yeniden yapılandırmasına yardım etmektedir. Literatürde, tanıklık terapisi, öyküsel maruz bırakma terapisi (NET) ve yaşam incelemesi terapisi ve ayrıca, kolektif öyküsel yaklaşımlar gibi birtakım yapılandırılmış travma-odaklı öyküsel terapi yaklaşımları bulunmaktadır. Her ne kadar bu yaklaşımlara yönelik kanıtların çoğu anekdota dayalı olsa da, bazı çalışmalar travma sonrası stres bozukluğunun tedavisinde NET’in koşullu olarak etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu yaklaşımının kullanımının artırılması ve stres ve travma ile ilişkili bozukluklar için etkililiğinin incelenmesi uygulayıcıların ve araştırmacıların travma-odaklı öyküsel terapi yaklaşımlarının, özellikle travmatik olaylara maruz kalma oranlarının oldukça yüksek olduğu Türkiye’de, geçerliğini ve klinik yararını daha iyi anlamasına yardımcı olacaktır.

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What motives do people prioritize in their social lives? Historically, social psychologists, especially those adopting an evolutionary perspective, have devoted a great deal of research attention to sexual attraction and romantic-partner choice (mate seeking). Research on long-term familial bonds (mate retention and kin care) has been less thoroughly connected to relevant comparative and evolutionary work on other species, and in the case of kin care, these bonds have been less well researched. Examining varied sources of data from 27 societies around the world, we found that people generally view familial motives as primary in importance and mate-seeking motives as relatively low in importance. Compared with other groups, college students, single people, and men place relatively higher emphasis on mate seeking, but even those samples rated kin-care motives as more important. Furthermore, motives linked to long-term familial bonds are positively associated with psychological well-being, but mate-seeking motives are associated with anxiety and depression. We address theoretical and empirical reasons why there has been extensive research on mate seeking and why people prioritize goals related to long-term familial bonds over mating goals. Reallocating relatively greater research effort toward long-term familial relationships would likely yield many interesting new findings relevant to everyday people’s highest social priorities.

The present study was designed to examine the effect of effort/ability based contributions and in-group membership on the perceived fairness of positive and negative outcomes. Participants read a vignette about two target persons (one of them being an in-group member and the other an out-group member) working on a joint project. These co-workers’ inputs were manipulated in such a way that one of them contributed more with either a higher ability or more effort to the accomplishment of the project. Their outputs were also manipulated to have either positive (reward) or negative (cost) outcomes. Participants (160 university students) were asked to allocate reward in positive condition and cost in negative condition among co-workers in the vignette. Then, they were asked to rate the degree of fairness of the distribution of equal outcomes. The results revealed that when the contribution type is effort, participants allocated both the rewards and the costs according to equity norm. When the contribution type is ability, participants allocated costs equally. However, when the target person who contributed more with a higher ability is in-group member, the reward is distributed proportionally; while the person is out-group member, the reward is equally distributed. The equal distribution is judged to be fairer by the participants when the contribution type is ability rather than effort; when the outcome is cost rather than reward; and when the person who contributed more is out-group member rather than in-group member., Bu araştırma ödül ve bedel bölüşümüne ilişkin haklılık algılarında katkı türü ve iç-grup üyeliğinin etkisini incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak yetenek/çaba, ödül/bedel, iç-grup/dış-grup değişkenlerinin değişimlenmeleriyle oluşturulan deneysel koşulları temsil eden sekiz öykü kullanılmıştır. Öykülerde, yarışmaya katılmak üzere ortak proje yürüten iki kişiden biri iç-grup, diğeri dış-grup üyesi olup, yeteneği ya da çabasıyla sonuca daha az ya da daha fazla katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada üniversite öğrencisi 160 katılımcıya, başarı koşulunda ödülü, başarısızlık koşulunda bedeli nasıl paylaştıracakları sorulmuştur. Ayrıca kendilerine sunulan eşit derecede ödül ya da bedel paylaştırma önerisini ne ölçüde adil bulduklarını değerlendirmeleri istenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, çaba söz konusu olduğunda ödül ve bedelin iç-grup dış-grup ayrımı yapılmadan katkıya göre dağıtıldığını göstermiştir. Yetenek söz konusu olduğunda ise bedelin her iki gruba da eşit dağıtıldığı gözlenmiştir. Ancak katılımcılar, daha çok yetenekli olan iç-grup üyesi olduğunda ödülün katkıya göre, dış-grup üyesi olduğunda ise eşit dağıtılmasını tercih etmişlerdir. Katılımcılar, eşit pay dağıtımını, bedelin söz konusu olduğu durumda ödüle; yetenek söz konusu olduğunda çabaya; daha çok katkı gösteren dış-grup üyesi olduğunda iç-grup üyesine kıyasla daha adil algılamışlardır.

OBJECTIVE: Dry powder inhalers are a group of inhaled medications commonly used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although they can be more easily administered than metered dose inhalers, there is a high rate of errors in device use. The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between the ability to learn how to use a Diskus device and cognitive functions in patients with COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 30 inhaler-naive patients who were newly diagnosed with COPD. During their first visit, patients were administered a broad array of standardized neuropsychological tests and given a training on inhaler use. During the second visit, patients were divided into two groups according to their performance in the use of Diskus device: effective and ineffective. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients who completed the study showed a negative correlation between the cognitive test scores and Diskus training parameters. The number of errors and duration of training increased as the cognitive scores decreased. In Visit 2, a comparison between patients with ineffective and effective use of the Diskus device showed that cognitive function scores were higher in those with effective use. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of cognitive functions in COPD patients is important in establishing an effective inhalation treatment., 10.4103/ejop.ejop_6_18

The main aim of the present study was to investigate the moderating role of aggressive driving of others on the relationship between self-reported aggressive driving behaviors committed by driver himself/herself and drivers’ aberrant and positive driver behaviors (i.e. errors, violations, and positive driver behaviors) among drivers from Estonia, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey as the total sample in order to understand the grand pattern. The other aim was to examine the same moderating role of aggressive driving for each country separately. It was hypothesized that the combination of self-reported of aggressive driving behaviors committed by the driver himself/herself and perceiving aggressive acts of other drivers against them associates with more errors and violations for each country and the total sample. On the other hand, this combination was expected to associate with less positive driver behaviors. Surveys were completed by 743 participants from five countries (i.e., Estonia, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey). The Driver Anger Indicators Scale (DAIS) and the short version of the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) with items of Positive Driver Behavior Scale were used as measurement tools. Moderation analyses were conducted for the total sample and each country separately. The results of the moderation analyses indicated that there was a moderating role of perceiving other drivers as engaging in aggressive behaviors on the relationship between aggressive behaviors of the driver himself/herself and their errors or violations in the total sample and every country except for Russia. However, the significant interaction between aggressive behaviors committed by the driver himself/herself and other drivers' aggressive acts in traffic was related to more positive driver behaviors for Kosovar drivers and less positive driver behaviors for Russian drivers and the total sample. It could be discussed that the way of understanding aggressive behaviors for self and other related to aberrant and positive driver behaviors in traffic may be important to manage aggression for individual level and country level., European Union (EU) [645690]

The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of place of residence on marital satisfaction and early maladaptive schemas of married individuals. The sample consisted of 268 married individuals (134 females and 134 males) including 120 participants from rural and 168 from urban areas. The participants were given the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and a demographic information form. Findings showed that the level of marital satisfaction was higher in individuals living in rural areas compared to individuals in urban areas. Furthermore, it was found that participants from rural areas had higher scores at some of the schemas. In addition, different early maladaptive schemas predicted marital satisfaction for individuals in rural or urban areas. It seems important for mental health professionals working with married individuals and / or couples to take into consideration that marital satisfaction might be affected by distinct factors in rural and urban areas., Bu çalışmanın amacı yaşanılan yerin ve erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların evli bireylerin evlilik doyumu üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Çalışmanın örneklemi, 120’si kırsal ve 168’si kentsel bölgelerde yaşayan 268 evli bireyden (134 kadın ve 134 erkekten) oluşmuştur. Katılımcılara, sırasıyla Young Şema Ölçeği-Kısa Form 3, Çift Uyum Ölçeği ve demografik bilgi formu uygulanmıştır. Bulgular, kırdaki evli bireylerin evlilik doyumu düzeyinin kentte yaşayanlara kıyasla daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Bazı şema boyutlarında kırdaki katılımcıların puanlarının daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, kırda ve kentte yaşayanlarda evlilik doyumunu farklı erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların yordadığı görülmüştür. Evli bireyler ve / veya çiftler ile çalışan ruh sağlığı uzmanlarının, bu bireylerin evlilik doyumunun kırsal ya da kentsel bölgelerde farklı değişkenlerden etkilenebileceğini göz önünde bulundurmaları önemli görünmektedir.

Starting in late 1980's, Bill Timberlake and associates conducted a series of experiments on anticipatory contrast which showed that rats' feeding decisions were regulated by the nutritive value of currently ingested and anticipated food. The effects of nutrient sensing on feeding regulation have been studied intensively in rodents, and recently, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In this study, we developed a new behavioral test to study rapid feeding decisions of tethered flies within 6-8 s of ingestion. Using a two-phase experimental design, we presented individual flies one of four serial combinations of a non-nutritive sugar, arabinose, or a nutritive sugar, sucrose. Feeding decisions of wildtype (Canton-S) flies are altered both by immediate effects of nutrient sensing and 1-hour delayed effects of nutrient-feeding, and the two effects act additively to yield a signature pattern of behavioral contrast based on nutritive contrast. Feeding phenotype of flies that carry a mutation of the dSLC5A11 (cupcake) gene varied with the mutant allele and genetic background. Fasted dSLC5A11 mutants showed an overeating phenotype and a defect in short-term feeding regulation irrespective of the nutritive value of sugar. Flies that carried the dSLC5A1 11 allele showed differential feeding for arabinose and sucrose. However, dSLC5A112 allele yielded a conspicuous deficit in delayed effects of nutrient ingestion, but only when it was expressed on a Canton-S background. Our results suggest that dSLC5A11 might function to integrate external stimulus properties and internal state for feeding regulation and action selection.

resources and capacities. These resources and capacities reflecting the within-community aspects of resilience are suggested to be in interaction with the other elements of resilience (namely, actions, learning, and disaster risk governance), determining community resilience. In the case studies conducted in Turkey for earthquakes and in United Kingdom and Germany for floods, the most prominent resources and capacities for resilience were found to be socio-political (e.g., coordination and collaboration, characteristics) ones. Further, especially in Turkey, social solidarity and trust were critically important context variables, indicating that the obtained resources and capacities should not be treated as context-independent. In addition, the obtained resources and capacities were found to be intertwined with the different phases of disaster risk management. These findings point out the importance of considering the multidimensional nature of resources and capacities as well as their relation to other elements of disaster resilience in attempts to address resilience and plan policies aimed at increasing resources and capacities., Dirençlilik, bir diğer deyişle dayanıklılık, farklı bilimsel disiplinler tarafından farklı şekillerde tanımlanmaktadır. Psikoloji alanında, dirençlilik sıklıkla travmatik yaşantılar karşısında psikolojik ve fiziksel işlevi koruma olarak kavramsallaştırılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, günümüzde psikoloji alanındaki dirençlilik araştırmalarının birçoğunun bireysel-içsel kapasitelerin yanı sıra farklı düzeydeki ve/veya dışsal kapasitelere odaklanmaya başladığı görülmektedir. Afetler bağlamında ise; dirençlilik süreçlerinin bireylerin, toplumların ve kurumların afetlerden daha etkili toparlanmasına ve afet zararlarını azaltmasına olanak sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir. Son yıllarda, afetlerde dirençlilik kapasitelerinin anlaşılmasına yönelik çabalar artış göstermektedir. 2011-2015 yılları arasında Avrupa’da toplumların afetlere dayanıklılığını artırmak amacıyla yürütülmüş olan, Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu tarafından 7. Çerçeve Programları altında desteklenen FP7 emBRACE projesi kapsamında, Sürdürülebilir Geçim Kaynakları Yaklaşımı ve adaptif kapasiteler kavramı temel alınarak afet dirençliliği ile ilişkili kaynaklar ve kapasiteler belirlenmiştir. Projenin araştırma bulguları, afet dirençliliği açısından önemi olan beş kaynak ve kapasite ortaya koymuştur. Bunlar; doğa-/yer-temelli, sosyo-politik, maddi, fiziksel ve insani kaynakları ve kapasiteleri içermektedir. Dirençliliğin toplum-içi boyutunu yansıtan kaynakların ve kapasitelerin; dirençliliğin diğer boyutları olan eylemler, öğrenme ve afet risk yönetimi bağlamı ile etkileşim içinde toplumsal dayanıklılığı belirlediği düşünülmektedir. Türkiye’de depremlere ve İngiltere’de ve Almanya’da sellere dirençlilik konularında gerçekleştirilen vaka çalışmalarında; sosyo-politik (örn., koordinasyon ve işbirliği, karşılıklı güven, afet yönetmelikleri) ve insani (örn., cinsiyet, eğitim düzeyi, kişilik özellikleri) kaynakların ve kapasitelerin, dirençlilik açısından en belirgin kaynaklar ve kapasiteler oldukları bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, özellikle ülkemizde, sosyal dayanışmanın ve güvenin kritik öneme sahip bağlam değişkenleri olduğu ve sözü edilen kaynakların ve kapasitelerin bağlamdan bağımsız olarak ele alınmaması gerektiği yönünde bulgular elde edilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, kaynak ve kapasitelerin afet risk yönetiminin farklı aşamaları ile ilgili olduğu bulunmuştur. Söz konusu bulgular, afetlere dirençliliğin ele alınmasında ve kaynaklar ile kapasitelerin artırılmasına yönelik politika önerilerinin oluşturulmasında, kaynakların ve kapasitelerin çoklu boyutlarının ve bunların dirençliliğin farklı öğeleri ile ilişkisinin göz önünde bulundurulmasının önemine işaret etmektedir.

News camera operators are among the first responders to crises, emergencies, and other human suffering. This study is an attempt in the literature to explore trauma exposure and coping in news camera operators who are likely to experience primary and secondary traumatization simultaneously. Qualitative data from 20 news camera operators were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Two superordinate themes emerged: (a) physical and psychological impact and (b) strategies of coping. The results highlight challenges associated with the work of news camera operators. Mental health support and training for this group of media professionals are strongly recommended at the undergraduate and/or organizational levels.

Symbolic corpora are invaluable tool in computational music research. We built a symbolic corpus of Turkish makam music consisted of 600 pieces in 2011. Our aim was to collect a database of makam pieces in a simple format suitable for statistical analyses. There are 30 pieces in each of the twenty frequently used maqams (Acem Kürdi, Bayati, Evc, Hicaz, Hicazkar, Hisar Buselik, Hüseyni, Hüzzam, Isfahan, Karcığar, Kürdili Hicazkar, Mahur, Muhayyer, Nihavend, Nişaburek, Rast, Saba, Segah, Şehnaz, Uşşak). The pieces are selected from the six basic musical forms of the fasıl (the concert) structure (i.e. peşrev, beste, ağır semai, yürük semai, şarkı ve saz semai). Every note in a piece is manually annotated with a symbolic form representing its traditional pitch name, duration, and darb. The meta description includes the name of the piece, its composer, era, maqam, usul, form and the number of total measures. The symbolic Turkish maqam music corpus is freely available as Excel or Matlab files (https://osf.io/gkz9q/)., Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common respiratory sleep disorder. Mental fatigue and attention control difficulties during the day have been reported in several studies for patients who are diagnosed with OSA. At this study we recorded EEG signals during resting-state and selective attention ( Simon - Flanker ). Statistical analysis of time domain features of EEG signals showed that mobility and complexity are features that changed with respect to both Epworth score and AHI in patients with OSA., Obstrüktif uyku apnesi (OUA) uykuda en sık görülen solunum rahatsızlığıdır. OUA hastalarında gün içinde zihinsel yorgunluk ve dikkat kontrolü zorluğu literatürde rapor edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada dinlenim durumu ve seçici dikkat testlerinden elde edilen EEG sinyallerinin zamansal analizi sonucunda katılımcıları Epworth ve AHI kriterlerine göre ayırabilecek bir öznitelik aranmıştır. Bu araştırmada 10 katılımcıdan elde edilen sonuçlar rapor edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar Hjorth parametrelerinden devingenlik ve karmaşıklığın Epworth ve AHI kriterine göre sınıflanan gruplar arasında farklı olduğunu göstermiştir.

Traffic climate is about the road users’ attitudes towards traffic context and it is assumed that perceived traffic climate might influence drivers’ behaviors. In the literature, traffic climate was measured only by using self-report questionnaires. People might give biased responses to self-report measures due to social desirability. The aim of the current study was to develop the first implicit measure for traffic climate. In addition, both implicit and explicit attitudes towards traffic climate and their relationships with self-reported driver behaviors and outcomes of simulated driving were investigated in a young Turkish driver sample. According to the results, implicit measure of functionality was positively related to positive driver behaviors and negatively related to variance in lane positioning. Based on the findings, it can be suggested that drivers might have different implicit and explicit attitudes towards traffic climate. Additionally, it might be suggested that young drivers might need more experience to form stable attitudes towards traffic context. Interventions to change people's attitudes towards traffic climate to improve road traffic safety might be more effective if stated differences are taken into consideration., Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA-GEBIP programme)

GİRİŞ: Trafik kazaları ve bu kazalara bağlı ölümler ve yaralanmalar bütün dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de önemli bir problemdir. Gözlem çalışmaları ilgili önlemlerin belirlenebilmesi için öncelikle problem olduğu düşünülen duruma yönelik yapılabilecek çalışmalardan biridir. AMAÇ: Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye genelinde ve İstanbul özelinde emniyet kemeri kullanım oranlarının incelenmesidir. YÖNTEM: Bu kapsamda, Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü ve ODTÜ Psikoloji Bölümü Güvenlik Araştırma Birimi işbirliği ile Türkiye’de 81 ilde eş zamanlı emniyet kemeri kullanımı gözlemleri yapılmıştır. Yıllar arasındaki değişimleri değerlendirebilmek için gözlemler yılda bir kez olmak üzere 2013-2014-2016 yıllarında devam etmiştir. BULGULAR: Türkiye’deki genel emniyet kemeri kullanım oranı 2013 yılında sürücüler için %43.6 iken ön koltuk yolcuları için %35.9’dur. 2016 yılında ise bu oranlar sırasıyla %50.1’e ve %40.6’ya yükselmiştir. İstanbul özelinde baktığımızda ise değerler sürücüler için 2013 yılında %49.9 ve ön koltuk yolcuları için %42.6’dir. 2016 yılında ise İstanbul’daki sürücülerin kemer kullanım oranları %43.6’a düşmüşken, ön koltuk yolcularının oranı%34.9’a düşmüştür. SONUÇ: Türkiye’de pek çok ilde ve İstanbul’da sürücülerin, ön koltuk yolcularından daha yüksek oranda emniyet kemeri kullandığını görülmektedir. Ayrıca, şehirdışı yollarda daha fazla emniyet kemeri kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Araç tiplerine yönelik yapılan karşılaştırmalarda, şahsi araç sürücülerinin ve ön koltuk yolcularının, diğer araç sürücüleri ve ön koltuk yolcularından daha yüksek oranda emniyet kemeri kullandığı bulgulanmıştır. Emniyet kemeri kullanımını artırmak için ülke genelinde veya İstanbul gibi bölgesel alanlarda yapılacak uygulamalarda (örn., denetim, kampanya vb.) bu farklılıklar dikkate alınmalıdır. Ayrıca, bu faaliyetlerin planlanması, uygulanmasından sonra veri temelli izleme ve değerlendirme çalışmaları yapılması, uygulamaların etkinliğini değerlendirebilmek için önemli bir adım olacaktır.

Constituting the main framework and structural features of psychotherapy, therapeutic frame is studied from various perspectives in terms of its different aspects and functions. This case study aimed both to illustrate the practices of therapeutic frame and to discuss the role of therapeutic frame in understanding the emotional needs and internal representations of a depressive client. The case was presenting with depressive mood and a number of relationship conflicts. Psychotherapy process was conducted during clinical psychology education of the therapist in accordance with object relations theory framework. Concepts of transference and countertransference were also integrated in this context in order to examine the relational patterns and developmental characteristics. The effects of possible cultural factors on therapeutic frame’s functions and transference-countertransference dynamics were also discussed. All in all, the assessment of interpersonal and intrapersonal boundaries, planning the interventions, and elaborating on the presenting problems in psychotherapy are concluded to be closely related to the therapeutic frame’s functions of containment and external reality for this case example., Psikoterapi uygulamasının genel iskeleti ve yapısal özelliklerini oluşturan terapötik çerçevenin farklı yönlerine ve kendine özgü işlevlerine yönelik çeşitli bakış açıları mevcuttur. Bu olgu çalışması, hem terapötik çerçevenin uygulamadaki görüngülerine dair bir örnek sunmayı, hem de kavramın depresif özellikler taşıyan bir danışanın psikoterapi süreci boyunca duygusal ihtiyaçları ve zihinsel temsillerinin anlaşılmasındaki rolünü ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Danışan, depresif duygulanım ve ilişkisel çatışma sorunları ile psikoterapiye başvurmuştur. Psikoterapi süreci terapistin klinik psikoloji lisansüstü eğitimi kapsamında yürütülmüş, genel olarak nesne ilişkileri kuramı doğrultusunda ve özel olarak terapötik çerçeve kavramı açısından detaylı olarak kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, ilişkisel çatışmaları devam ettiren mekanizmaların ve gelişimsel özelliklerin psikoterapi ilişkisi içinde aktarım ve karşı aktarım yoluyla anlaşılması önemli bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kültürel etmenlerin gerek terapötik çerçevenin işlevleri, gerekse aktarım-karşı aktarım ilişkisi üzerindeki olası etkileri tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu olgu örneğinde içsel ve kişilerarası sınırların değerlendirilmesi, uygun müdahale yollarının planlanması ve danışanın şikâyetleriyle ilişkili ilişkisel zorlukların anlaşılmasında terapötik çerçevenin özellikle kapsayıcılık ve dış gerçeklik işlevlerinin ön plana çıktığı görülmüştür.

Five studies ( N = 5,150) relying on an exhaustive procedure addressed whether volunteer bias (VB) exists in friendship research among emerging adults (EAs). Consistently, the studies showed that women are more willing than men to participate in research on same-sex best friendship (SSBF). Studies 2 through 5 showed that friendship duration is not related to volunteering. Studies 3 and 4 showed that the friendships of volunteers were higher in positive friendship experiences compared to nonvolunteers. Finally, Study 5 showed that a significant portion of nonvolunteers ended up participating in research on SSBF. VB in research on friendship is an artifact that presents a concern for the generalizability and validity of findings relative to the friendship experiences of EAs. Recruitment strategies that could alleviate this problem are discussed.

The sequential congruency effect (SCE) is defined as the decrease in the congruency effect following incongruent trials compared to congruent trials. The effect of context repetition on the SCE was investigated in four experiments. In all the experiments, dynamic visual white noise was used as the contextual feature, and the number of congruent and incongruent trials was equal. In Experiments 1 and 2, by using eight-value Flanker and Stroop tasks, and excluding stimulus- and response-feature repetitions from the analysis, a SCE was observed in both context repetition and alternation conditions. In Experiment 3, using a two-value Flanker task, all trials consisted of stimulus- and response-feature repetitions, and a SCE was only observed in the context repetition condition. In Experiment 4, we used a four-value Flanker task, which enabled half of the trials to be partial/complete repetitions and the other half to be complete alternations. A SCE was observed in both context repetition and alternation conditions irrespective of the stimulus- and response-feature repetitions. This pattern of results suggested that the effects of context repetition on the SCE are subject to a number of factors including stimulus- and response-feature repetitions and contingency biases. When contingency information exists, the presence of stimulus- and response-feature repetitions was no longer effective in yielding effects of context repetition on the SCE. These findings suggest that the usage of information registered in episodic event representations including stimulus-, response- and contextual-features, control parameters and contingency biases results from interactions of a complex pattern of mechanisms, yet to be further explored.

Experienced listeners internalize musical tonal knowledge via statistical learning of pitch distributions as a result of exposure to musical environment. Cross-cultural studies of music cognition offer new perspectives to investigate the acquisition of tonal schema. Makam music is a rich musical system characterized by modal structures defined by micro-tonal pitch sets, and melodic progression patterns (aka seyir features). Makam schema is possibly acquired by internalizing the seyir in addition to pitch features. In the current study, we examined whether an ideal model of makam schema is built with multidimensional scaling analysis and with self-organizing maps (SOMs). We were interested in whether statistical information about seyir features, in addition to pitch distributions, would form an acceptable makam schema model. We qualitatively analyzed topographical organizations in the models to understand whether they reflect complex relations between makams. Multidimensional scaling analyses did not produce an acceptable model for makam schema. The SOM trained with pitch distributions provided an adequate model for makam schema. However, the SOM trained with both pitch distributions and seyir features was better in capturing the complex relations between makams. Further behavioral research is necessary to understand whether melodic progression patterns are intrinsic features of the tonal knowledge of the experienced listeners of makam music.

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of auditory and visuo-spatial secondary tasks on variability in lane position in predictable and unpredictable driving conditions. Sixty-six participants drove a simulated vehicle. Predictability was manipulated by adding wind gusts, and the secondary task load by either an auditory task (Experiment 1) or a visuo-spatial task (Experiment 2). Results demonstrated that in the predictable driving condition, lane position variability decreased when auditory secondary task load was given, but it was not affected by visuo-spatial secondary task load. In the unpredictable driving condition; however, while the auditory secondary task load did not affect lane position variability, visuo-spatial secondary task load increased it. The data suggests that the effects of cognitive load on lane maintenance may depend on the type of the secondary task beside predictability of primary task., Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu

The goal of the present study was to cross-validate two measures of cultural tightness and looseness, CTL: one used in a comparison within the United States, and the other used in a cross-country comparison. The former was based mainly on aggregation of state laws on controversial issues and religiosity and the latter on assessment of homogeneity in moral values among representative samples across countries. To cross-validate these two measures, both were recomputed at the US divisional level. Despite the differences in their methods of computation, the two measures of CTL correlated highly with each other, r=.92, and with theoretical variables of interest. Further, when the two measures of CTL were used simultaneously to predict theoretical variables of interest, neither remained significant suggesting that they were substitutable with each other. Convergence of results with measures computed via maximally different methods increases the confidence in the validity of these two CTL measures.

Nationhood is a dynamic and complex phenomenon, influenced by both top-down political and bottom-up social processes. Social representations theory allows us to address the in-between space where nationhood can be conceptualized as a shared political psychological phenomenon. In this study, the authors explore various constructions of Turkish nationhood in relation to the Kurdish issue of Turkey. Turkey's conflict with Kurds has been perceived from different identity or ideological positions. These perceptions are useful in tracking the dynamic constructions of Turkish nationhood. The Kurdish opening, introduced by the government in Turkey, was an official process of tackling the country's most important internal conflict through a series of reforms and policies. To understand the relationship between representations of nationhood and the way the Kurdish opening was received, 17 semistructured interviews were carried out in Turkey (in Istanbul, Ankara and Antakya) between March and August 2011. The findings highlight three main themes: Turkish issue, cultural dissonance, and narrative empathy. The authors emphasize the need to conceptualize nationhood as a consensually elaborated and shared social representation.

There is a substantial body of literature on behavior inappropriateness in face-to-face social settings; however, not much is known about what individuals consider inappropriate (or appropriate) on Internet-mediated social networks. Although online social networks enable the exchange of ideas between and among geographically and culturally diverse individuals, cultural differences across countries will likely affect individuals' perceived appropriateness of social network behaviors. To better understand this phenomenon, this study proposes a new construct of social network behavior inappropriateness (SNBI) and tests its relationship with a recently proposed national cultural dimension of personal-sexual attitudes, which captures country-level cultural norms.

NTR, This paper aims to discuss James J. Gibson's theory of visual perception in the context of embodied cognition. First, Gibson's theory is discussed in the context of simple vs. radical embodiment distinction proposed by Clark (348). Then, it is discussed in the context of conceptualization, replacement and constitution categorization proposed by Shapiro (Embodied Cognition: New... 4). In order to highlight similarities and the differences, Gibson's theory is also compared with other studies advocating the embodiment such as Thelen et al.'s (1) dynamical approach to cognitive development, O'Regan and Noë's (A sensory motor account... 1; What is it like... 1) sensorimotor approach to perception and Varela et al.'s (1) enactive approach to cognition. The paper ends with a summary of the meaning of the embodiment in Gibson's theory.

This chapter presents the perceptions of earthquake survivors and representatives of disaster?related institutions on what they see as related to resilience in the face of earthquakes. It discusses the findings relation to the emBRACE resilience framework and policy implications. In this Turkish case study, individual and community resilience pertinent to different phases of the disaster risk management cycle were evaluated from a psychosocial perspective with field work conducted in Van and Adapazari/Sakarya, as part of the emBRACE project. The chapter focuses on the results of the qualitative study which included in?depth interviews and focus groups. It also discusses the resilience indicators for capacities and resources, learning, and con? text features of the emBRACE resilience framework. The chapter provides a list of all indicators obtained from the two case sites as they relate to the resources and capacities element of the framework.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between pedestrian safety attitudes and pedestrian behaviors by using the attitude questionnaire developed for this study. For this purpose, in the process of data collection, the data were collected from a total of 553 pedestrians whose age ranged from 18 to 55 by using the newly developed Pedestrian Attitude Questionnaire and Pedestrian Behavior Scale developed by Nordfjærn ve Şimşekoğlu (2013). Exploratory factor analysis for the newly developed Pedestrian Attitude Questionnaire showed a two-factor structure named as attitudes towards other road users and attitudes towards traffic rules. To examine the relationship between pedestrian attitudes and pedestrian behaviors, hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. The results showed that attitudes toward other road users were positively related to transgressions and aggressive violations and negatively related to attentional violations, and attitudes toward traffic rules were positively related to transgressions, attentional violations, and aggressive pedestrian behaviors, Bu çalışmanın amacı yaya tutum ve davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi, bu çalışma kapsamında geliştirilen bir yaya tutum ölçeğini kullanarak incelemektir. Bu amaçla, veri toplama sürecinde yeni geliştirilen Yaya Tutum Ölçeği ve Nordfjærn ve Şimşekoğlu (2013) tarafından geliştirilen Yaya Davranış Ölçeği kullanılarak, yaşları 18 ile 55 arasında değişmekte olan 553 kişiden veri toplanmıştır. Yeni geliştirilen Yaya Tutum Ölçeği’nin faktör yapısı açımlayıcı faktör analizi kullanarak analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda Yaya Tutum Ölçeği’nin diğer yol kullanıcılarına ilişkin tutumlar ve trafik kurallarına ilişkin tutumlar olmak üzere iki faktörden oluştuğu görülmüştür. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla hiyerarşik regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, diğer yol kullanıcılarına ilişkin tutumların kural ihlalleri ve saldırgan davranışlar ile pozitif, dikkate dayalı ihlaller ile negatif ve trafik kurallarına ilişkin tutumların yayaların kural ihlalleri, dikkatsiz ihlalleri ve saldırgan davranışlarıyla pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir.

The consequences of globalization are a matter of debate. This study is an attempt to test the predictions of homogenization, polarization, and hybridization theorists with regard to the similarities and differences between and within societies. Utilizing four waves of the World Values Survey, from 1989 to 2007, this study covers 20 societies that represent 55% of the world population. The survey involved value statements in 72 areas by nationally representative samples. Results showed that differences between Western and non-Western countries' cultures tended to increase slightly over time, but that these increases in disagreement were not due to cultures moving in opposite directions. In all instances, they were moving in the same direction, with one of the cultures moving faster. The direction of influence was mostly from Western toward non-Western, lending support to the idea that globalization leads to homogenization, rather than to polarization or hybridization. Resume Les consequences de la globalisation sont largement debattues. Cette etude a pour objet de tester les predictions des theoriciens de l'homogeneisation, de la polarisation et de l'hybridation quant aux similitudes et aux differences entre et a l'interieur des societes. Utilisant les resultats de quatre vagues, de 1989 a 2007, du World Values Survey, cette etude concerne 20 societes qui representent 55% de la population mondiale. L'enquete porte sur des jugements de valeur dans 72 domaines par des echantillons nationaux representatifs. Les resultats montrent que la difference entre pays occidentaux et non-occidentaux a eu tendance a augmenter legerement avec le temps. Cependant, l'augmentation des divergences n'est pas due a ce que les cultures vont dans des directions opposees. Dans tous les cas, elles vont dans la meme direction, cependant l'une d'entre elles y va plus rapidement. L'influence s'exerce principalement des pays occidentaux vers les pays non-occidentaux, ce qui accredite plus encore l'idee que la globalisation conduit a l'homogeneisation, plutot qu'a la polarisation ou a l'hybridation.

This paper presents results from a series of evolutionary robotics simulations that were designed to investigate the informational basis of visually-guided braking. Evolutionary robotics techniques were used to develop models of visually-guided braking behavior in humans to aid in resolving existing questions in the literature. Based on a well-used experimental paradigm from psychology, model agents were evolved to solve a driving-like braking task in a simple 2D environment involving one object. Agents had five sensors to detect image size of the object, image expansion rate, tau, tau-dot and proportional rate, respectively. These optical variables were those tested in experimental investigations of visually-guided braking in humans. The aim of the present work was to investigate which of these optical variables were used by the evolved agents to solve the braking task when all variables were available to control braking. Our results indicated that the agent with the highest performance used exclusively proportional rate to control braking. The agent with the lowest performance was found to be using primarily tau-dot together with image size and image expansion rate.

Critics of deception in research allege harm to society, the discipline of psychology, the researchers and participants. However, neither empirical findings nor a ‘reasonable-person’ test seem to support those allegations. By and large, researchers who use deception consider its costs and benefits, and the kind and degree of deceit that is typically used in psychology is of a benevolent type. Moreover, participants prefer to participate in deception research rather than its non-deceptive alternatives. In the light of these premises, we argue that deception can be desirable, especially when considering cost and benefits to research participants.

Western music is characterized primarily by simple meters, but a number of other musical cultures, including Turkish, have both simple and complex meters. In Experiment 1, Turkish and American adults with and without musical training were asked to detect metrical changes in Turkish music with simple and complex meter. Musicians performed significantly better than nonmusicians, and performance was significantly better on simple meter than on complex meter, but Turkish listeners performed no differently than American listeners. In Experiment 2, members of Turkish classical and folk music clubs who were tested on the same materials exhibited comparable sensitivity to simple and complex meters, unlike the American and Turkish listeners in Experiment 1. Together, the findings reveal important effects of musical training and culture on meter perception: trained musicians are generally more sensitive than nonmusicians, regardless of metrical complexity, but sensitivity to complex meter requires sufficient exposure to musical genres featuring such meters.

Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be classified into groups A/C or B/D based on symptom intensity. Different threshold values for symptom questionnaires can result in misclassification and, in turn, different treatment recommendations. The primary aim was to find the best fitting cut-points for Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) symptom measures, with an modified Medical Research Council dyspnea grade of 2 or higher as point of reference.Methods: After a computerized search, data from 41 cohorts and whose authors agreed to provide data were pooled. COPD studies were eligible for analyses if they included, at least age, sex, post-bronchodilator spirometry, modified Medical Research Council, and COPD Assessment Test (CAT) total scores.Main outcomes: Receiver operating characteristic curves and the Youden index were used to determine the best calibration threshold for CAT, COPD Clinical Questionnaire, and St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire total scores. Following, GOLD A/B/C/D frequencies were calculated based on current cut-points and the newly derived cut-points.Findings: A total of 18,577 patients with COPD [72.0% male; mean age: 66.3 years (standard deviation 9.6)] were analyzed. Most patients had a moderate or severe degree of airflow limitation (GOLD spirometric grade 1, 10.9%; grade 2, 46.6%; grade 3, 32.4%; and grade 4, 10.3%). The best calibration threshold for CAT total score was 18 points, for COPD Clinical Questionnaire total score 1.9 points, and for St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire total score 46.0 points.Conclusions: The application of these new cut-points would reclassify about one-third of the patients with COPD and, thus, would impact on individual disease management. Further validation in prospective studies of these new values are needed. (C) 2017 AMDA - The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine.

NTR, The aim of the current study is to test the reliability and validity of the 'Conflict Resolution Styles Scale' (CRSS), which was developed by the researchers. For this aim, two studies have been conducted. In the first study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants who are either married or involved in romantic relationship. A large item pool was generated with the items developed from the interviews and the items developed by the authors after reviewing the related literature. Exploratory factor analysis with 200 dating participants (Mage=23.13, SDage =2.96) revealed that four factor solution is suitable for the CRSS. These factors were named as negative conflict resolution style, positive conflict resolution style, subordination, and retreat. In order to confirm the factor structure of the scale, 140 married couples (280 individuals; Mage =38.09, SDage =10.35) were participated to the second study. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to test the factor structure of the scale. The results of these analyses and the correlations with the related variables showed that CRSS was reliable and valid measurement tool in the assessment of the conflict resolution styles., Bu çalışmanın amacı çiftlerin çatışma çözüm stillerini ölçmek amacıyla geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla 2 ayrı çalışma yürütülmüştür. İlk çalışmada, romantik ilişki yaşayan ya da evli kişilerle yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hem bu mülakatlardan oluşturulan maddeler, hem de alanda uzman kişiler tarafından ilgili yazın incelenerek eklenen maddelerle geniş bir madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Romantik ilişki yaşayan 200 katılımcıyla (Ort.yaş = 23.13, S.yaş = 2.96) yapılan açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonuçlarına göre ÇÇSÖ için dört faktörlü yapının uygun olduğunu gözlenmiştir. Bu boyutlar, olumsuz çatışma çözme stili, olumlu çatışma çözme stili, boyun eğme ve geri çekilme olarak tanımlanmıştır. İkinci çalışmada ise 140 evli çiftten (280 kişi; Ort.yaş = 38.09, S.yaş= 10.35) veri toplanmıştır. Bu çalışmada ölçeğin faktör yapısı hem açımlayıcı hem de doğrulayıcı faktör analizleriyle test edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler ve ilgili değişkenlerle olan korelasyonları incelendiğinde, ÇÇSÖ'nün çatışma çözüm stillerini ölçmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olduğu bulunmuştur

Background and objective: Recently, comorbidities such as impaired cognitive function have been attracting more focus when considering the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here we investigated the relationship between cognitive function and the categories given in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines in 2011. Specifically, after controlling for non-COPD covariates, we assessed the clinical features that may be predictive of cognitive impairment in patients with COPD. Methods: We recruited 119 stable patients with mild to very severe COPD. We administered a broad array of standardized neuropsychological tests that assessed cognitive functions in the domains of attention, memory, psychomotor coordination and language. Results: Cognitive scores were significantly different between patients falling within GOLD 2011 categories. Scores were lower in patients with high future risk compared with low future risk. In parallel, there were significant differences in cognitive function between COPD patient subgroups when patients were grouped according to the forced expiratory volume in 1 s, exacerbation history and C-reactive protein levels. After controlling for non-COPD predictors, only exacerbation history remained a significant predictor of cognitive scores. Conclusions: The number of exacerbation events in a year may be used as a predictor of cognitive impairment in patients with COPD.

This paper utilizes evolutionary robotics techniques as a hypothesis generator to explore optical variables and control strategies that could be used to solve a driving-like braking task. Given such a task, humans exhibit two different braking behaviors: continuously regulated braking and impulsive braking. Based on an oft-used experimental task in human perception/action research, a series of evolutionary robotics simulations were developed to explore the space of possible braking strategies by examining how braking strategies change as the optical information is manipulated. Our results can be summarized as follows: (1) behaviors similar to human behavior were observed only when the constraints were selected correctly; (2) the optical variables τ and proportional rate yielded significantly better braking performance; (3) two different classes of impulsive braking behaviors were observed, including one not reported in previous studies: discrete impulsive braking and oscillatory impulsive braking; (4) the optical variable τ is used to initiate and terminate braking; (5) the evolved model agents use a proportional rate control strategy to regulate braking continuously. We argue that combining psychological experiments and evolutionary robotics simulations is a promising research methodology that is useful for testing existing hypotheses and generating new ones.

Objective: Causal uncertainty is being uncertain about the causes of social events. Causal uncertainty is related with effortful information processing, attributional processes, depression, anxiety, and negative affect. Although causal uncertainty is implicated in relation to many psychiatric as well as clinical and social psychological constructs, a Turkish version of Causal Uncertainty Scale is missing. The present study was carried out in order to translate the Causal Uncertainty Scale into Turkish, and examine its validity and reliability. Methods: It was translated into Turkish by three English-Turkish bilinguals who first worked independently, then worked together. Once a version was agreed upon, the scale was back-translated into English and was found to be equivalent. The final Turkish scale was tested upon 138 university students. Results: Item analysis, factor analysis, and internal reliability tests showed that the Turkish scale was internally reliable. Discriminant and predictive validity tests indicated that the Turkish scale was valid. There were no sex or age differences in Turkish scale, attesting further to its reliability and validity. Discussion: Future studies can use the validated Turkish Causal Uncertainty Scale both to replicate the findings found in other countries and to venture into new research areas.

The aim of the present study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) among Turkish adolescents. A total of 595 high school students (300 females and 295 males) whose ages ranged between 14 and 17 years participated in the study, and were administered the DERS, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the Childhood Depression Inventory (CDI). Confirmatory factor analyses supported the six-factor structure of the DERS among adolescents. In addition, results indicated sound internal consistency as well as concurrent validity. It is concluded that the DERS is a valid age-appropriate measure for investigating emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents.