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This paper describes the target acquisition process from the perspective of modelling target acquisition as a part of modelling combat. Exchanging fire obviously is very important in combat. Conditions for direct fire are line-of-sight (LOS) and some kind if perception of the intended target. LOS is deterministic and can be calculated if there is a good digital representation of the terrain. But perception is considered a stochastic process with probabilities depending on the current situation. In most stochastic combat simulation programmes and wargames there is a module that models detection and perception. Because of the dynamic character of combat situations for observing are changing rapidly. The models are calculating situations every x seconds (typical 5 - 30). Within such a timeframe occurrences of events and the effects of these events are calculated. Illustrative events are new observations, firings, etc. The target acquisition module is responsible for an actual list of observations. Each time-frame the list is updated: old observations are checked (observers or targets can be killed or moved) and new observations can be added. Because of the dynamic character only calculations are made for the coming time-frame. For each observer and each potential target an observation probability is calculated and comparison with a random number determines if the considered observer/target will lead to a new observation. Input for for this module are elements of the situation at hand and characteristics of observer (such as the sensor used) and target (such as its dimensions). This paper addresses some of the limitations and problems of the current implementation of the target acquisition module., Presented at the RTO Systems Concepts and Integration (SCI) Panel, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 21-23 Jun 1999, p19-1/19-3. This article is from ADA388367 Search and Target Acquisition

This report gives results as obtained with finite element analyses using the explicit finite element program LS-DYNA for a longitudinal slice of a frigate's compartment loaded with a shock pulse based on the kick-off velocity concept. Effects investigated are nonsymmetry of the bulkhead, Rayleigh damping, plasticity and imperfections. Measurements of a full scale shock trial are shortly discussed. Variations of masses and stiffness arc investigated to find a better correlation between measurements and analysis results., Text in English; abstracts in Dutch and English.

The most promising short-term concept for a new impact resistant sonardome resulting from a brainstorm session, is the modification of the existing composite dome. Replacement of the carbon layers by E-glass woven roaming layers increases the impact capacity from 22 kj (penetration depth O,45m) tot 35 kJ (Penetration depth 0, 8m). Application of a rubber layer on top of the dome will increase the maintenance of acoustical properties! requirements in case of low impacts.

A representative case of damage to a steel sonar dome has been investigated by means of a finite element analysis. Since the impacting object which caused the damage is unknown, several assumptions with respect to this object had to be made: (1) shape, (2) size, (3) velocity, and (4) direction of impact. The main objective of this analysis is to estimate the contact force during impact and the deformation energy, which has been absorbed by the steel dome. The results can be useful in the design of future composite dome.

The superstructure of future naval ships might be built from glass reinforced polyester. Then the question arises if such flexible ship decks offer much shock reduction, that normal shock mountings in between the deck and equipment are no longer necessary. The present report compares vibration modes of typical decks built from steel and from GRP for various loading conditions. This as a starting point for a shock response analysis.

This report is a user's guide for the computer program GES. The objective of this program is to simulate ship installations with different kinds of energy systems. The program contains a library with special apparatuses to describe ship's propulsion installations and systems.

Text in Dutch.

This report gives results as obtained with a finite element analysis using the finite element program DIANA of a compartment of a Frigate loaded with a shock pulse based on the kick-off velocity concept. Three decks are included in the FEM model. The effects of discrete masses, either fixed at the deck or mounted at discrete springs (with and without damping), Rayleigh damping and excitation of the hull have been analysed. Responses at the decks are compared with the standard pulse shapes as defined in the Shock Handbook, which are generally used to define the shock loading of the equipment. Both the kick-off pulse and the standard pulses are based on the same underwater explosion.

Text in Dutch.

In the scope of the development of the Trojka drone a test structure has been subjected to 2 series of 3 underwater shock loads of increasing shock levels. During these tests TNO carried out measurements with 24 strain gauges, 28 accelerometers, 4 relative displacement transducers and 2 pressure transducers. This report presents the measured pressure signals, strain signals, relative displacements, accelerations, the calculated maximax shock response spectra (at 1% damping) and, by integration of the accelerations, velocities and displacements, of the second series of 3 measurements., Text in English and Dutch.

In the scope of the development of the Trojka drone a test structure has been subjected to a series of 3 underwater shock loads of increasing shock levels. During these tests TNO carried out measurements with 25 strain gauges, 24 accelerometers, 4 relative displacement transducers and a pressure transducer. This report presents the measured pressure signals, strain signals, relative displacements, accelerations, the calculated maximax shock response spectra (at 1 % damping) and, by integration of the accelerations, velocities and displacements., Text in Engish and Dutch.

The image quantity of the KDC-lO refuelling vision system has been evaluated in terms of resolution and contrast sensitivity. To this aim a new contrast test was developed. A comparison to other systems shows that the KDC-lO refuelling vision system is particularly tacking in its contrast representation. A recent adjustment to the system partially improved its characteristics. Part of the poor contrast representation is due to the incomplete image separation of the stereoscopic screen. On the basis of a quantitative analysis of the image quality recommendations for further improvement are given., in English and Dutch. Text in Dutch.

In a previous project a new sealer was developed for the Royal Dutch Navy to be used as an intermediate layer between the anticorrosive paint coaltar epoxy Compact TC and the antifouling paint VC-6-2. At the same time tributytin (2% w/w) was added to the VC-6-2 to increase its antifouling performance. In the actual report the results of practical application of the system (on a segment of the underwater surface of the HR.Ms de Ruyter) are given. Due to particular navy circumstances the inspection has been performed after four year. This period is considered too long for a realistic and adequate evaluation. The antifouling performance after four years appears to be only satisfactory only on a small part of the test surface, there are indications that this can be attributed to the application of the system. A recommendation is to omit the tributytin., Text in Dutch. Abstract in English. Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

The analysis concerns a simple 2D finite element model of a large resiliently mounted steel floor on a deck of a frigate subjected to the effects of UNDEX shock. For the prescribed motion at the deck edges, a kickoff pulse has been taken. The latter being obtained with the SWISS Code for an actual charge geometry. Cable wound shock mounts were installed. Shock response results were compared with those as obtained earlier for the same geometry. Stiffness of the middle deck was changed in order to study the effect of nearly coinciding eigen frequencies and the influence of damping was studied.

The Royal Netherlands Navy started a research project for modernizing the mine sweeping capabilities. A part of the project investigates the possibilities to use a system of mine sweeping drones which are unmanned and remotely operated, called Trojka system. Because the Trojka system will be exposed to severe underwater explosion shock loadings, extreme high demands were set with respect to shock resistance. In order to investigate the behaviour of the Trojka structure against shock load, underwater shock load tests were carried out on a full scale test model of the Trojka vessel. This report gives a description of the first series of shock tests. The project is done in close cooperation with the Wehrteehnische Dienststelle fir Schiffe und Marinewaffen (WTD71). The measurements have been carried out near Eckernforde, Germany. WTD71 did additional measurements as laser displacements, pressure transducers and accelerometers. This report only contains the measured results of TNO. In July and August 1996 only the first series of 3 shots have been carried out. The second series of 3 shots has been planned to take place in October 1996. The strain gauges were mounted by the Marine Electronisch en Optisch Bedrijf'(MEOB) as well as the cabling inside the drone. The measuring cables from drone to measuring ship were provided with connectors by the MEOB., Text in English. Summary in Dutch and English.

This report comprises the calculations called Sum S through 13 of a sequence of Sums' reported elsewhere. Various vibration modes are calculated and presented graphically. The modes concern the combination of a resilient floor upon a deck and some hull plating of the LCF. Vibration modes, Eigenfrequencies, Shock, Resilient floor., Text in Dutch.

Various providers of drive shafts, for instance Norca and Napco, offer their products to the Royal Netherlands Army. The steel drive shafts fail early as a result of metal fatigue. Perhaps the Norca product performs slightly better than the Napco. This report offers a summary of shaft features as they were tested or researched: chemical composition, hardness, toughness, microscopic structure. The report concludes that the differences in fatigue life are the result of a mix of these features. The existing shafts cannot be upgraded. There is no simple criterion to distinguish one shaft type from the other one., Text in Dutch. Report page and abstract in English.

As a part of the project road and weather conditions, a study was carried out with the aim to investigate the effects of rain on total daily traffic volume, and on driving behavior. With respect to the daily traffic volume, no effect of rain was found. Apparently, rain does not cause a major modality shift towards road traffic. Driving behavior in rain was found to be more cautious than in dry weather. The mean speed and the percentage of short time headways (< 1 s) were reduced in rain. Also the percentages of Time-To-Collisions < 5 and < 10 s were reduced in rain. However, since several safety studies reveal a higher accident rate in rain, this adaptation of driving behavior to rain is apparently insufficient to maintain the same level of safety., Text in English and Dutch.

To set up a navy specific risk inventory and evaluation, questionnaires have been prepared for employees and supervisors. A prototype software program has been developed to subject these people to the questionnaires. By means of a pilot investigation at the Social Medische Dienst, Driehuis, The Netherlands, the questionnaires and the software have been evaluated. The questionnaires have been updated thereafter. A lay-out has been made for the evaluation of the data to be gathered accordingly. Recommendations are made to continue this project., Text in Dutch. Abstract in English and Dutch.

Some minor mechanical failures at the rear of the DTI were analyzed. Two different malfunctions were identified. The first one comprises the breaking of too short bolts attaching the aluminum/bronze guide rails at the main construction. The remedy is the introduction of elasticity in this connection. The second problem, causing other bolts to break, is generated by the hammering of the moving part onto the static construction as a result of poor braking performance. This is a serious problem. A preliminary advice with respect to a local redesign was presented., Text in Dutch; Abstract in English.

The reduced stiffness method has been used to determine the onset of delamination for a number of different layups of AS4/3501.6, T300/934 and T300/520S graphite epoxy plates. The results are very good. The advantage is that it is not necessary to calculate detailed stresses in the third direction and to calculate local stresses at the surface of the plate. In order to make the method applicable for the Finite Element Method it is necessary to investigate situations with varying stresses. Also it is likely, that the onset of delamination will be different for the stresses in the two perpendicular directions of the laminate. In cases where both stresses are near to the delamination initiation stress, the two probably will interact. Also the interaction between transverse matrix cracking and delamination has to be investigated further.

Subjects have certain expectations about the mapping of motion directions of the control device on those of the controlled object on the accompanying display. When the actual mapping is according to this expectation, the relation is compatible. Compared to less compatible or even incompatible relations, less training is required, reaction times are faster, less errors are made, and mental workload is lower in compatible control display relations. Concerning this mapping of motions of device and controlled object (motion compatibility), a lot of research is conducted on configurations with only one or two degrees of freedom, in contrast with devices and displays with three or more degrees of freedom. Motion compatibility in 3D may be based on two different principles: spatial-motion mapping, and reference-plane mapping. In the first principle, motions of the device in space are always parallel to the motions of the object in the display. In the second, the plane of the device was used as reference plane for the display, and projected on the display as such. The present experiment investigates the effects of presence and absence of both mapping principles in a 3D positioning task. The results showed a positive main effect of reference-plane mapping, while no main effect of spatial-motion mapping, nor an interaction between both was found. The experimental task was executed faster and more efficient, and the task was learned faster in the reference-plane mapping conditions. These results indicate that motion compatibility between control and display with three degrees of freedom is mainly determined by motions in relation to (different) planes, and not to the 3D space as such. Motions in relation to the plane of the device are projected onto the plane of the display., Text in English and Dutch.

The analysis concerns a simple 2D finite element model of a large resiliently mounted steel floor on a deck of a frigate subjected to the effects of UNDEX shock. For the prescribed motion at the deck edges, a kickoff pulse has been taken. The latter being obtained with the SWISS Code for an actual charge geometry. Cable wound shock mounts were installed. Shock response results were compared with those as obtained earlier for a more stiff aluminium floor., Text in Dutch; Abstract in English and Dutch.

A dry chemical fire extinguisher and a special bracket, make SAVAL, have been exposed to shock tests. Failure was ascertained with the snap lock belt mechanism. After modification the lock mechanism proved to be working satisfactorily. The shock tests were carried out in accordance with the specification shock grade B(F). The tested dry chemical fire extinguisher inclusive bracket and modified lock meets the given shock requirements.

Through interviews with drivers and instructors of the YPR-765, an inventory was made of view problems with driving under armour. Problems with attitude and operational comfort were discussed too. An additional field experiment demonstrated that longitudinal and transversal vehicle positioning by beginning drivers was worse if executed under armour. Suggestions for improvement are given. The problems signalled appear to conflict with the operational demands put on an Infantry Battle Vehicle (IBV). Therefore, it is recommended to take the improvements suggested into consideration while drafting the program of demands of the IBV.

Under contract by the Royal Netherlands Navy, an exploratory study was conducted concerning the man-machine interface and task characteristics for controlling Maritime Unmanned Air Vehicles (MUAVs). This report describes a simulator experiment investigating how effective operators can track a moving target in a multi MUAV supervisory control task, under different verbal/cognitive workload conditions. Results of the experiment show that moderate and even high workload conditions did not affect the mean target coverage of the sensor image. This was about 100% at image update frequencies of 4 Hz and more, decreasing to about 60% at 1 Hz update frequency. This may be explained by the fact that, in the latter case, the tracking task became more discontinuous, which demanded more attention for anticipation. Since the subjects were instructed to give primary attention to the verbal/cognitive task, this extra attention was not fully available, in particular not during high workload conditions. This resulted in an increase of the mean viewing (tracking) error. It is suggested to focus further research on ways to improve operator performance and awareness at low image update rates, for instance by integrating synthetic information on orientation and MUAV status into the sensor image ('synthetic image augmentation').

The report presents a torsional vibration analysis of a ship's propeller shaft system driven by two diesel engines. The propeller shaft is unusual long: 74 meters. The results of the analysis are evaluated on basis of the specifications of Lloyd's Register of Shipping. Further, a comparison has been made with similar results using an electric propulsion system.

The report presents a torsional vibration analysis of a ship's propeller shaft system driven by an electric motor. The propeller shaft is unusual long: 43 meters. The results of the analysis are evaluated on basis of the specifications of Lloyd's Register of Shipping. Further, a comparison has been made with similar results using a diesel direct propulsion system.

The project aims at the documentation and synthesis of a compilation of European literature on wetland soil and biological processes, complementary to a review of American literature by WES. In total, 317 appropriate publications have been selected, and recorded in a database according to the WES "Matrix of Information on Critical Wetland Soil, Vegetation and Biological Processes". All records are characterized with some remarks. Most of the records deal with nutrient (C, N, P, S) cycling and tolerances of plants to wetland soil conditions (viz. low redox potentials and salinity). A synoptic overview of the main processes described in the selected papers, as well as the methods used to study these processes, is presented in a number of paragraphs. To each paragraph a short reference list is added.

With the rapid development of automatic control techniques a central question is how the division of labor between the human operator and the automaton should be optimally distributed. In this connection, the present study focussed on an intelligent, semi-autonomous, interface for a camera operator of a simulated Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV). This interface used inherent system knowledge concerning UAV motion in order to assist a camera operator in tracking an object moving through the landscape below. This landscape was sensored by the video camera attached to the UAV-platform and presented to the operator on a monitor display. The semi-automated system compensated for the translations of the UAV relative to the earth. This compensation was accompanied by the appropriate joystick movements ensuring tactile (haptic) feedback of these system interventions. The operator had to superimpose camera movements over these system actions required to track the motion of a target (a driving truck) relative to the terrain. Consequently, the operator remained in the loop; he still had total control of the camera-motion system. In order to investigate the effects of this semi-automation over a broad range of task situations, the tracking task was carried out under two conditions of update frequency of the monitor image and control mode difficulty.

An infrared all-sky mapper Scorpio has been developed at TNO-FEL. The system has been used to obtain 10 um sky and cloud backgrounds for about one year. The data cover an area of - 18 up to + 72 in elevation and 340 in azimuth with a spatial resolution of 0.8 mrad. The system has an absolute calibration. Data recording with 12 bit resolution, and image analysis are done with a MASSCOMP computer. The image processing is done in several steps. Non-sky areas in the images are blanked. Clutter calculations are performed in cells of 4 x 12 pixels, with local RMS as a basis. The use of a moving average in the RMS calculations diminishes the content of high clutter values. Clutter and radiance distributions are studied with elevation. Lowtran 7 calculations are performed with a model based cloud structure. These are compared with real Scorpio measurements and show good agreement. The results are discussed for a measured atmospheric height profile as well as for assumed model height profiles, based on ground level data. Scorpio images of a single day have been analysed in much detail. Clutter slope calculations show that it is an important measure for the clutter content of the sky images. An algorithm for cloudiness calculations is discussed. The detection of point targets is discussed., Original contains color plates; All DTIC/NTIS reproductions will be in black and white.

The program SHOCK3D deals with the shock response of a 3D structure, being composed from elastic parts, rigid bodies and non-linear mountings. Shock loading is in the form of prescribed shock motions as they are defined by several Navies in Equipment Shock Specifications (UNDEX shock) or in the form of prescribed forces. Mass- and stiffness matrices for the elastic parts are assembled within a separate f.e.m. program. A transient response analysis leads to time histories which can be plotted. Test problems have been added. A pc version may be used in case there is no need to include elastic parts.

This report presents the relative assessment of various long-haul communication systems in order to fulfill the need for communications between the rear area and Royal Netherlands Airforce (RNLAF) units deployed in out- of-area operations. Four different communication systems are compared with respect to the operational aspects: High Frequency (HF) radio communication systems; Military satellite communication (SATCOM) systems; Public access SATCOM systems (such as the INMARSAT system); Private SATCOM networks (based on the use of very small aperture terminals (VSATs)). The comparison is based on the current available communications assets. Future technical developments and their consequences for the system comparison are also discussed.

RIVM rapport:Abstract niet beschikbaar, Recently the Third Dutch National Environmental Outlook of the Dutch National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection and the Evaluation of the Second Transport Structure Plan were published. The reports describe possible future developments in the traffic and transport sector in the Netherlands and evaluate the present Dutch policies. This report is the background document for the traffic and transport sector. Considering the present dutch policy the main conclusions are: - The use of most vehicle types will grow between 1990-2015. - Between 1990 and 2010 energy use of the total traffic and transport sector still grow by about 15-20%. - Between 1990-2010 NOx-emissions of cars will diminish strongly. - Between 1990-2000 the VOC emissions of cars will diminish but still be almost twice as high as the target for 2000. - Targets for the year 2000 for noise nuisance are a stabilisation on the 1985 level. - In 2000 the number of kilometers along which the standards for one or more pollutants will be exceeded is much less than in 1990.

On short range HF links, where the receiving station is relatively close to the transmitting station, reception of long delayed echoes (up to 20 Ms) may occur due to backscatter. These backscatter signals will interfere with signals received through the 'legitimate' path, which is either groundwave or nearly vertically incident skywave. Even on low data rate this time dispersion of signals may cause intersymbol interference. In order to assess the influence of HF backscatter on short range HF data links, measurements were performed. Path delays were measured using a direct-sequence spread-spectrum technique. A carrier, BPSK modulated with a pseudonoise (PN) sequence, was transmitted and the received signal was correlated with the same PN sequence. Between June 1989 and June 1990, measurements were taken over a 66 km path in The Netherlands and, simultaneously, over a 958 km path between T-he Netherlands and Norway. Different frequencies in the HF band were used. The measurement results show that especially on the short range link, long delayed echoes appear. The backscatter effect depends on propagation conditions, thus on frequency, time of day, season and solar activity., This article is from 'Use or Reduction of Propagation and Noise Propagation in Distributed Military Systems: Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Panel Symposium Held in Rethymno, Crete, Greece on 15-18 October 1990 (Utilisation ou Reduction des Effets de la Propagation et du Bruit dans les Systemes Militaires Distribues,' AD-A244 895, p5-1 thru 5-12.

The primary purpose of this study is to determine whether or not plant (Cyperus esculentus) and earthworm (Eisenia foetida) bioassays applied to sediments adequately predict the long-term environmental impacts of disposed contaminated dredged material in upland sites. The information gained from this research may be used either to validate and/or modify existing bioassay procedures or to develop new procedures so that the long-term effects may be predicted prior to commencing dredging and disposal activities. The results of this project may also provide useful information for site vegetation management in minimising the movement of contaminants into the food chain.

The purpose of this final report is to supplement earlier toxicity tests exposing Eisenia foetida to Aroclor 1254 PCB. The data provided in this report are from three related studies: relationship of PCB exposure to reproductive success, rate of PCB bioaccumulation by Eisenia in artificial soil and rate of PCB bioaccululation by Eisenia placed in naturally-occuring PCB contaminated soils. Conclusions reached from the results of these experiments will be used to enhance the predictive capabilities of bioassay and field bioassessment procedures that are currently being applied to dredged material and contaminated soils. Keywords: Polybiphenyl chloride; Biological absorption; Netherlands; Reports.

State of the art chemical analysis techniques were used for characterizing the contamination of dredged material, animal tissue, and water samples. This report provides tabular summaries of all analytical work carried out to date, including concentrations of heavy metals and PCA and PCB in selected contaminated sediments and earthworm populations grown in the contaminated sediments. Sediment sources include Times Beach and adjacent Buffalo River, Bridgeport FVP, and Ottawa, Ill.

At Times Beach, Buffalo, N.Y., a prolific wildlife habitat has developed on a confined dredged material disposal facility. During 1983 studies were conducted to evaluate the availability of contaminants from the dredged material substrate to the animal community. The earthworm (Eisenia foetida) was used in growth chamber and field bioassay tests. After 28 days exposure the earthworms were harvested and analyzed for heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). Additionally, naturally occuring earthworms were collected from both the Times Beach site, and a reference site, and analyzed. The chemical analyses indicated significant accumulations of heavy metals, notably Cd and As; PCB's; and PAH's by the test and naturally occuring earthworms. The results of these studies were related to previously conducted plant bioassay and water quality studies at the site., This article is from 'United States - The Netherlands Meeting on Dredging and Related Technology (3rd) Held in Charleston, South Carolina on 10-14 September 1984,' AD-A182 670, p131-134.

The need for long-term predictive capabilities regarding contamination in waterways, dredged material, sediments, and soils is well recognized and is international in scope. The Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Contaminant Mobility focus on three critical areas: the fate and effect of contaminants in the environment; physical, biological, and chemical assessment procedures; and regulatory decisionmaking criteria. The prediction of the environmental effects and fate of contaminants in dredged material has been based primarily upon bulk chemical analyses and bioassays of sediments collected prior to dredging and disposal operations. Dredged material changes greatly with time through physicochemical weathering (i.e., aging) processes such as drying, oxidation, photodecomposition, and leaching, especially when placed into an upland disposal environment. These processes are influenced further by the activities (i.e., bioturbation) of microorganisms, plants, and animals. The fate and effects of contaminants in disposal sites are greatly influenced by these physicochemical and biological processes. The currently-used approaches (laboratory tests which do not allow for the effects of aging of dredged material following disposal) for evaluating sediments prior to dredging are inadequate for predicting the long-term fate and effects of contaminants in the disposal environment.

In 1987 an experimental study was started of the bioavailability of some contaminants in ecosystems growing on dredged material in a dumping site. Standard bioassays (earthworm bioassay with Eisenia foetida and plant bioassay with Cyperus esculentus) were carried out on substrates taken from an 25-year-old disposal site for dredged material, near Rotterdam, on which trees were planted some 15 years ago. Both the anoxic soil layer (resembling an unchanged dredged mud) and the humus-rich, upper soil layer (resembling mature dredged mud) were tested. Part of the Broekpolder was originally selected to see whether trees will grow on dredged material, and three species (Populus, Quercus and Acer) were planted separately in identical plots. Their impact on the mobility of contaminants in the mature humic soil layer is the focal point of this study. Keywords: Netherlands.

Mussels, Elliptio dilatata, were collected from a pristine lake and exposed in the Buffalo River, Lake Erie and a confined disposal site, Times Beach, Buffalo, New York. The mussels were exposed in a natural way, allowing them to burrow in the sediment or between stones. After a period of about 35 days the mussels were recollected and analyzed for PCBs, DDE and HCB. The Buffalo River was found to contain bioavailable PCBs and pesticides in three stretches only: 1) The two main branches, before they merge into the navigable stretch; 2) A stretch passing through several industrial estates downstream of Cazenovia Creek. This stretch is probably affected by an industrial discharge of a mixture comparable to Aroclor 1260; and 3) The mouth of the Buffalo River between the Marina and the Coast Guard Station. In Lake Erie, indications were found for a gradient in PCB concentration. Mussels exposed in Times Beach, were found to accumulate large amounts of lower chlorinated PCBs and pesticides. Remarkably, they did not accumulate any significant amounts higher chlorinated PCBs (hexa- and heptachloro-biphenyls). The gamut of PCB congeners in mussels exposed on either side of the endikement enclosing Times Beach revealed no evidence of bioavailable PCBs being transported form Times Beach into Lake Erie.

Aerially dispersed heavy metals from a high speed motorway have been shown to be entering an urban arboretum. Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (CD) were found as remote as 930 m from an east-west, multi-lane motorway. Both Pb and Cd were bioavailable to earthworms (Eisenia foetida) and both metals were more concentrated in surface soils than at depths of 1 meter. Seven sampling stations were established at progressive intervals along the 930 m transect. At all sampling stations, soil cores 15 cm deep and replicated four times were collected. The sod was removed from each sample except for one station 33 m away from the motorway. This was retained and tested along with some additional 1 m depth soil cores. All samples were transported to the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) where bioassay tests utilizing the earthworm (Eisenia foetida) were conducted under controlled conditions.

This paper presents the topics discussed at the Proceedings of the contaminant mobility Working Group, various tables and charts, and a list of attendees. Discussed are the methods of contaminant measurement and pathways for spreading contamination.

Ten (10) European scientists evaluated research programmes in relation to contaminant mobility from dredged materials into ecosystems. Intensive investigations and inventories were conducted at the Times Beach confined disposal site, which aided in the development of research objectives and future management concerns. Three Benton Harbor (ID) field sites were inspected, transects were lined out and sampling stations were selected. From each sampling station replicate soil or sediment samples were collected. Soil and sediments samples for an earthworm bioassay were collected from different depths representing the significant horizons that had been developed over time. A sampling station to collect background mussels for mussel watching at Times Beach was identified. Mussels were collected and exposed in Times Beach and Lake Erie. Mussels were also exposed at key locations in the Buffalo River in order to give an early warning to the District of future contaminant related dredging problems in the Buffalo River. High numbers of several waterfowl species have been found breeding in the Times Beach wetland. In order to assess uptake of contaminants that in the disposal site are present in the waterfowl, young ducks were shot prior to fledging. The bodies were subjected to a full histopathological inspection, including light-microscopic examination of the tissues. Aquatic and benthic inventories were conducted.

Times Beach, the confined disposal site for dredged material at Buffalo, New York, was created in 1972 and used until 1976. The site was not filled to its full capacity, resulting in an upland, a wetland and an aquatic area, which were rapidly invaded by plants and animals. By 1983, when studies were initiated, this invasion had resulted in established exosystems. The first studies were directed towards contaminant biomobility at the site and succession of terrestrial plant communities. This communication reports the occurrence of invertebrates in the aquatic portion of Times Beach and Lake Erie. The study is intended as a very general inventory for the purpose of finding groups of possible toxicological interest.

The model substances of polyurethane rubber filled with sodium chloride were investigated for thermo-mechanical properties at small deformations and for rupture properties. General rules for the prediction of mechanical properties of composite materials from such given filler characteristics as content, particle size or size distribution, shape, etc., are given. Results are insufficient for a quantitative prediction of the strength of the propellants from their composition. They should be able to serve as a guide in the search for the composition of a propellant with optimum strength.

Contents: Influence of particle size and content of filler on tensile properties and shear moduli. Mechanical properties of highly filled elastomers. II. Appendices. Correlation between density and composition. Swelling in solvents. Numerical data of dynamic mechanical measurements of shear moduli.