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Utilizing the solution casting technique, polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) films including polyethylene oxide and chitosan (PEO/CS) doped with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) as nanoceramic were successfully synthesized. The study investigated how varying TiO2 nanoparticle concentrations influenced the structural, optical properties, and antibacterial activity of the polymeric matrix. XRD patterns revealed an increase in the amorphous nature of the polymer blend as the content of TiO2 NPs inside the PEO/CS blend grew. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the interaction between TiO2 NPs and the PEO/CS blend. This confirmation is attributed to the observed vibrational changes upon the incorporation of TiO2 dopant into the polymer matrix. The UV–visible spectrum aided in the determination of optical energy band gaps (both direct and indirect), showing reductions in both Egd and Egin with higher TiO2 concentrations. SEM highlighted the partial compatibility between PEO/CS and TiO2, while transmission electron microscopy depicted spherical TiO2 NPs with diameters ranging from approximately 9 to 25 nm. Antimicrobial assessments indicated heightened efficacy in all nanocomposite samples compared to the pure PEO/CS composite, with a linear correlation to the quantity of TiO2 nanoparticles present. These findings strongly suggest the potential of these nanocomposites for food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, TiO 2 NPs have attracted great attention among the semiconductors because of stability, commercial availability, and ease of preparation. For this reason, NPs are widely used in wastewater treatment and membrane bioreactor (MBRs) In this study, the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle material was investigated on both the landfill leachate (LFL) treatment and membrane fouling performance. The system performance was evaluated for under varying TiO 2 concentrations (50–300 mg/L TiO 2), constant HRT (24 h), and constant backwashing (5 min)-relaxing (0.5 min) in AnMBR. The optimum conditions were determined as 300 mg/L TiO 2 and the corresponding to COD, Color, TOC and TN removal efficiencies were observed as 55 %, 23 %, 22 %, 30 %, respectively. The best membrane performance was observed at 300 mg/L TiO 2 corresponding to membrane fouling rate as 0.01 mbar/min. TiO 2 addition significantly mitigated membrane fouling (75 % decrease) for AnMBR. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria have been observed to be the dominant species in LFL and MBRs. The bacterial species responsible for membrane fouling were determined as Alphaproteobacteria, Sphingobacteria and Flavobacteria. The addition of TiO 2 was determined membrane fouling decreased in AnMBR. As a result of TiO 2 NPs were observed to thin the cake layer and postpone membrane fouling and filtration. [Display omitted] • The best membrane performances were observed at 300 mg TiO 2 /L. • Membrane fouling rate was determined as 0.01 mbar/min. • TiO 2 addition significantly mitigated membrane fouling (75 % decrease). • TiO 2 prevents cake layer formation and/or pore clogging and postpone. • Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria have been observed as dominant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalent use of nanoparticles has adverse negative effects on biosystems. Subsequently, this study aimed to use Caelatura nilotica to assess the ecotoxicity of TiO2 NPs and how Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) improves these effects. Two concentrations of TiO2 NPs (25 and 150 µg/L) were used for 28 days. TiO2 NPs bioaccumulation, gonadal weight, gonado‐somatic index, and histopathological alterations of gonads were determined. The tissues' accumulation of TiO2 NPs was concentration‐time‐dependent: it was 78.5 ± 28.93 μg/g dry weight in the exposed clams to 150 µg/L TiO2 NPs after 4 weeks of exposure. The gonadal weight and gonado‐somatic index significantly decreased of the exposed group to 150 µg/L TiO2 NPs over the experimental period that they ended with values (1.01 ± 0.57 gm, 19.15 ± 7.75%, respectively). There are some histological alterations in the gonads of C. nilotica such as necrosis, deteriorated connective tissue, increased fibrous tissue, a reduced presence of mature sperms and mature ova, and irregular shapes of testicular/ovarian follicles. When using Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), this led to a reduction in accumulation of TiO2 NPs by the end of the experiment. So, C. nilotica is a promising model to reflect the adverse nano‐toxics. DMSA emerges as a potentially valuable chelating agent that abolishes the negative effects of these nanoparticles. Highlights: Titanium oxide nanoparticles affect the histology and biometry of Caelatura nilotica gonads.C. nilotica can accumulate even minute quantities, of TiO2 NPs and bulk form.C. nilotica is a promising model to reflect the adverse effects of nanomaterials.Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) can abolish the negative effects of nanoparticles.DMSA can protect C. nilotica clams in nanoparticles polluted ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton seeds have poorer germination than other crops because of their high sensitivity towards insect pests and other biotic and abiotic stresses during the germination process. In the present study, inorganic bulk and nano nutrients of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized using the chemical reduction method and invigourated with cotton seeds. The characterization of nanoparticles was done by FESEM, HRTEM, UV/Vis analysis and FTIR. The delinted and fuzzy seeds of two American cotton varieties (H 1300 and H 1098-i) were nano-primed for 10 h with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) @ 400 ppm and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) @ 100 ppm. After nanoparticle invigouration, the seeds were analyzed for various parameters at different intervals (0 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months) such as germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, electrical conductivity, dehydrogenase activity, antioxidant enzyme activity. The results indicated that that different storage periods and nanopriming treatments had significant effects on all seed quality parameters except the effect of nanopriming treatments on germination percentage (excluding delinted seeds of H 1098-i). It is also revealed that the interaction effect of nanopriming treatment and storage period was non-significant on all parameters except EC. Maximum reduction in seed quality parameters was observed in control treatment and minimum was found when seeds were nanoprimed with ZnONPs @ 400 ppm. The differences in the response for both NPs can be attributed to their surface charge, and concentration used. Overall, ZnONPs and TiO2NPs could hold seed quality and vigour during the storage of cotton seeds of American varieties (H 1300 and H 1098-i). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work aims to biosynthesize and characterize titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) to evaluate antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and photocatalytic activity (under visible irradiation). X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption, zeta potential (ZP), field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX) were used to characterize. The antibacterial potential was evaluated by minimal inhibitory activity (MIC) against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Central composite rotational design (CCRD 23) was used for experimental design. XRD diffractogram and FEG-SEM micrograph showed characteristic peaks of TiO2-NPs (about 32 nm) and spherical shapes, respectively. TiO2-NPs had a negative charge surface (− 4.9 mV) with type V and H1 hysteresis and SBET = 118 m2 g−1, Dp = 9.2 nm and Vp = 0.2 cm3 g−1. EDX results indicated the presence of TiO2-NPs and the effectiveness of the green synthesis. The antimicrobial activity showed that there was no inhibition of any pathogen. About the safety profile, there was no reduction in cell viability in the 293 T, MDBK, and HaCat cell lines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation did not cause significant differences about the untreated control, indicating biocompatibility. The photocatalytic activity showed degradation of 90% of RhB dye using the ideal condition ([RhB] = 10 mg L−1, [TiO2-NPs] = 3.5 g L−1, and pH = 7.0) by CCRD under visible irradiation with a pseudo-first-order kinetic model (k = 0.0146 min−1). Therefore, TiO2-NPs present applications as alternative metallic nanoparticles for wastewater treatment and show potential for antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTIn this study, a composite of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (AgNPs-TiO2NPs) was examined for its synergistic effects on phytostabilization of lead (Pb) and mitigation of toxicity in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp). Seeds of V. unguiculata were wetted with water, 0.05 and 0.1 mgL−1 Pb and 25 mgmL−1 each of AgNPs, TiO2NPs, and AgNPs-TiO2NPs. Root lengths of V. unguiculata were reduced by 25% and 44% at 0.05 and 0.1 mgL−1 Pb, respectively, while shoot lengths were reduced by 2% and 7%. In V. unguiculata, AgNPs and TiO2NPs significantly improved physiological indicators and mitigated Pb effects, with TiO2NPs modulating physiological parameters more effectively than AgNPs. The composite (AgNPs-TiO2NPs) synergistically regulated V. unguiculata physiology better than individual nanoparticles. Compared to individual AgNPs and TiO2NPs, the composite (AgNPs-TiO2NPs) synergistically increased antioxidant activity by 12% and 9%, and carotenoid contents by 88%. Additionally, AgNPs-TiO2NPs effectively reduced malondialdehyde levels by 29%, thereby mitigating the effects of Pb on V. unguiculata better than individual nanoparticles. AgNPs-TiO2NPs enhanced Pb immobilization by 57%, reducing its translocation from soil to shoots compared to V. unguiculata wetted with water. The bioconcentration and translocation factors of Pb indicate that phytostabilization was most effective when the composite was used.A synergetic interaction between silver nanoparticles and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (AgNPs-TiO2NPs) was investigated in this study for their capability to promote phytostabilization of Pb pollution in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp). This study shows a notable improvement in plant physiological indices, antioxidant activity, and the immobilization of Pb when AgNPs-TiO2NPs are employed in synergy, as opposed to using them separately. Additionally, the study demonstrates how nanoparticles can synergize to enhance phytostabilization, offering promising prospects for sustainable phytoremediation strategies in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a novel synthesis method for producing stable titanium dioxide nanoparticles (<10 nm) dispersed in hydrophobic solvents using organophosphates. Our approach enables the control of nanoparticles' electric field responsiveness by altering the dispersing medium's composition, expanding their potential applications in electronics, photovoltaics, and photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide quantum dots (TiO2-QDs), synthesized using a microwave-assisted method, represent a significant advancement in photocatalysis, particularly in the treatment of environmental pollutants. This study focuses on TiO2- QDs synthesized at 200°C for a duration of 5 minutes, using titanium butoxide as a precursor. Characterization through TEM, XRD, PL, and UV-Vis-DRS analyses revealed uniform quantum dots with an average size of 5.28 nm, a bandgap energy of 3.22 eV, and a crystalline anatase phase, indicative of high photocatalytic activity. Notably, these TiO2-QDs demonstrated exceptional performance in degrading methylene blue (MB) in water, achieving a remarkable treatment efficiency of 97.6% in 120 min, significantly outperforming both conventional titanium dioxide nanoparticles and commercial titanium dioxide materials. The reaction conditions were evaluated based on factors such as catalyst dose, initial MB concentration, and pH. The results indicate that optimal degradation efficiency of MB was achieved at a pH of 7, with a catalyst dose of 0.15 g/L and at a low MB concentration. The efficiency slightly decreased to 94.5% after five reuse cycles, emphasizing its significant reusability and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in the utilization of metal oxide nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents. This review will focus on titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), which have been demonstrated to exhibit high antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi, chemical stability, low toxicity to eukaryotic cells, and therefore high biocompatibility. Despite the extensive research conducted in this field, there is currently no consensus on how to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of TiO2 NPs. The aim of this review is to evaluate the influence of various factors, including particle size, shape, composition, and synthesis parameters, as well as microbial type, on the antibacterial activity of TiO2 NPs against bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, the review offers a comprehensive overview of the methodologies employed in the synthesis and characterization of TiO2 NPs. The antimicrobial activity of TiO2 exhibits a weak dependence on the microorganism species. A tendency towards increased antibacterial activity is observed with decreasing TiO2 NP size. The dependence on the shape and composition is more pronounced. The most pronounced antimicrobial potential is exhibited by amorphous NPs and NPs doped with inorganic compounds. This review may be of interest to specialists in biology, medicine, chemistry, and other related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are becoming a major worldwide health concern, encouraging the development effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics. The study identified P. aeruginosa and assessed its antimicrobial sensitivity using the Vitek-2 system. Carbapenem-resistant genes were detected through Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MDR- P. aeruginosa isolates were used to biosynthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). A study involving 78 P. aeruginosa isolates revealed that 85.8% were MDR, with meropenem and amikacin showing effectiveness against 70% of the isolates. The most prevalent carbapenemase gene was blaOXA-48, present in 83% of the isolates. Majority of the isolates formed biofilms, and biosynthesized TiO2NPs were able to reduce biofilm formation by 94%. TiO2NPs exhibited potent antibacterial action against MDR-Gram-negative bacilli pathogens and showed synergistic activity with antibiotics, particularly piperacillin, with a significant fold increase in areas (283%). A new local strain of P. aeruginosa, identified as ON678251 in the World GenBank, was found capable of producing TiO2NPs. Our findings demonstrate the potential of biosynthesized TiO2NPs to manage antibiotic resistance and regulate the formation of biofilms. This presents a promising direction for the creation of novel antimicrobial agents or substitutes for use in clinical settings, particularly in the management of isolates capable of resisting multiple drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today nanotechnology is widely spread and plays an important role in many fields, especially the medical field. Nanoparticles (NPs) have unique physicochemical properties giving them additional activities which encourage their use in many applications. Nanoparticles can be synthesized through three main methods: chemical, physical, and biological. The best method is biological synthesis that is considered green, sustainable, eco-friendly, and economic. It depends on living organisms or their extracts including plants, bacteria, algae, fungi, and yeasts instead of toxic chemicals. Yeasts are promising microorganisms that recently attract the attention of many researchers to discover their potential in biosynthesis of nanoparticles that can be applied in different fields. Many research studies proved the ability of various yeast species to synthesize various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles whether intracellularly or extracellularly. Such nanoparticles include silver, gold, selenium, selenium sulfide, zinc sulfide, palladium, manganese dioxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Yeast-mediated nanoparticles have biomedical activities such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial. Studies revealed that yeast-synthesized nanoparticles have safe and nontoxic properties. Compared to research on NPs biosynthesis using bacteria and fungi, there are fewer research that focused on using yeast in NPs biosynthesis which makes it a promising area for more scientific discoveries in biosynthesis and applications of NPs. This review outlines previous studies involving biosynthesis and biomedical applications of yeast-mediated nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of the current study is to biosynthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) using green approach to biocontrol of different fungal strains isolated from historical Description of Egypt book. Nineteen fungal strains were isolated from deteriorated parts and identified by the traditional and molecular methods as Aspergillus flavus (8-isolates), Aspergillus versicolor (2-isolates), Aspergillus ustus (4-isolates), Aspergillus chinensis (2-isolates), Penicillium citrinum (2-isolates), and Penicillium chrysogenum (1-isolate). These fungal strains showed high cellulase, amylase, pectinase, and gelatinase activities which have a significant role in biodeterioration. The biomass filtrate of probiotic strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, was used to fabricate TiO2-NPs which characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, DLS, and zeta potential. The obtained data showed the successful formation of spherical and anatase phase NPs with sizes of 3–7 nm and zeta potential values of – 19.9 and – 36.8 mV. The main components of as-formed nanomaterial were Ti and O with weight percentages of 55.91 and 46.25, respectively. The biocompatibility of synthesized TiO2-NPs was investigated toward two normal cell lines, WI38 and HFB4, which reveal the low toxicity at high concentrations (IC50 > 300 μg mL–1). Therefore, concentrations ≤ 300 μg mL–1 were used to biocontrol of isolated fungi. Data showed the promising activity of various concentrations (300, 200, and 100 μg mL–1) of TiO2-NPs to inhibit the growth of fungal strains with varied inhibition zones and dose-dependent manner. This study exhibited the efficacy of probiotic bacterial strains in the synthesis of TiO2-NPs that can be used to preserve historical books from fungal deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, renowned for their abundance, non-toxicity, and stability, have emerged as indispensable components in various fields such as air purification, healthcare, and industrial processes. Their applications as photocatalysts and antibacterial agents are particularly prominent. The synthesis methods significantly influence the properties and subsequent applications of these nanoparticles. While several techniques exist, the biological approach using plant extracts offers advantages such as simplicity, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness. This study focused on the green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles utilizing spinach leaf extract. Within the scope of this investigation, the green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles through spinach leaf extract were synthesized and optimized, followed by a comprehensive examination of their morphological, structural, and chemical attributes with UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, FESEM, and EDX. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. coli and S. aureus was determined to evaluate their antibacterial potential. Optimal synthesis conditions were identified at 50 °C, using a 1/30 concentration and 20 ml of spinach leaf extract. Spherical anatase nanoparticles, ranging from 10 to 40 nm, were produced under these conditions. The change in the color of the extract, absorption at 247 nm, change and increase of the peak at 800 − 400 wavelengths, and the maximum intensity of X-ray diffraction at the angle of 25.367 with the crystal plane 101 were indications of the synthesis of these nanoparticles. Notably, the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity with MIC values of 0.5 mg/ml against E. coli and 2 mg/ml against S. aureus. This research presents a novel, eco-friendly approach to synthesizing titanium dioxide nanoparticles with promising antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle-based methods can compensate for yield and quality loss of crops affected by drought. The current study, performed in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design, addressed to evaluate the effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) at 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg L−1 under three irrigation regimes (full irrigation, partial root drying (PRD), and sustained deficit irrigation (SDI)) on Fragaria × ananassa cv. Camarosa. Results revealed that the PRD stress had more adverse effects on F. ananassa cv. Camarosa than SDI stress. Assessment of the behavior of TiO2 NPs in this study elucidated that mean productivity, yield stability index, and fruit number in plants grown under full irrigation increased when treated with 10 mg L−1 TiO2 NPs. Under the deficit irrigation, including PRD and SDI, all levels of TiO2 NPs mitigated mean productivity and yield stability index by ameliorating the fruit number and water use efficiency (WUE) and decreasing transpiration. Flowering and fruit set times were reduced by TiO2 NPs and deficit irrigation while their periods were enhanced by ones. It seems that when the strawberry was exposed to TiO2 NPs exhibited approximately drought tolerance. These nanoparticles ameliorated photosynthesis and mineral uptake and allocated dry matter to the root. These alterations can contribute to crop production in deficit irrigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in mitigating salt stress in common beans. The study found that the application of ZnO NPs through foliar application, nano priming, and soil application promoted plant growth and reduced salt stress. Nano priming was found to be the most effective approach. The study provides evidence of the potential of ZnO NPs in addressing salinity-induced growth inhibition in crops. [Extracted from the article]

Ca- and Cu-decorated TiO2 microparticles are titanium dioxide nanoparticles that have been decorated with calcium and copper ions. TiO2, CaO, and CuO are low-cost, non-toxic, and non-hazardous materials. The aim of the present study was the physicochemical characterization of Ca- and Cu-decorated TiO2 microparticles and the evaluation of their antimicrobial activity. Thus, Ca2+ and Cu2+ species were incorporated onto TiO2 surfaces by a two-step wet method. The obtained TiO2-CaO-CuO composites were characterized by several experimental techniques. The electronic structure and charge properties of the composites were investigated by density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, the composites were successfully tested for inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans standard strains. The zeta potential data indicate that the physiological condition of investigated microbial strains was strongly affected in presence of a dispersion of 10 μg/L of composites in a saline phosphate buffer also, the recorded SEM images show a damaged microbial cell surface in the presence of composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe use of nanofluids to improve thermal performance is a significant area of research. In this study, a ternary nanofluid (composed of water suspending silver, copper, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles) was used to investigate flow characteristics over a Riga plate. The analysis included Thomson and Troian slip conditions, variable viscosity, and nonlinear mixed convection. After establishing the dynamics of the flow accurately, the partial differential equations representing these formulations were transformed into dimensionless nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations. A solution methodology using the Chebyshev collocation method was developed to assess the impact of key physical parameters. The results obtain demonstrated consistency with existing literature under limiting flow conditions. The Hartmann number (Υ∈[0.0,1.5]) was found to increase the velocity of the ternary nanofluid by approximately 3.24%, while slightly reducing both temperature by about 0.58% and nanoparticle concentration by about 1.38% in the flow distribution. In contrast, varying the mass Grashof parameter (Λ3∈[0.0,0.3]) decreased fluid velocity but promoted higher temperature and concentration distributions. The decrease in nanoparticle concentration of the ternary nanofluid due to increasing ϕ3*∈[0.01,0.09] led to sedimentation of ϕ1* and ϕ2*. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological methods for creating nanoparticles utilizing plant‐based extracts have generated considerable interest due to their desirable ecological characteristics when compared to chemical methods. In this, TiO2 NPs were synthesized from the waste of the Hordeum vulgare L. We employed various methods for characterizing our sample, including Ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, AFM, Dynamic light scattering and Zeta‐potential to confirm the TiO2 NPs (Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles) synthesis followed by biological applications such as anti‐microbial, and anti‐oxidant assays to confirm TiO2 NPs biological properties. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 nanoparticles was also studied followed by a full factorial method to understand the consequences of time, pH, and concentration on the dye degradation. Apart from this, the synthesized nanoparticles were also used to check the agricultural efficacy on Phaseolus vulgaris plant seed, where it was seen that the TiO2 nanoparticles not only enhanced the growth of the plant at lower concentrations but also enhanced the photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll, phenol and flavonoid content of it when compared to higher concentration and control. The molecular aspects (DNA) were also analyzed by gel electrophoresis to check the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the DNA of plants at different concentrations. Our study focuses on making the best use of the waste of Hordeum vulgare L. to synthesize biogenic TiO2 nanoparticles that can prove themselves to be one of the significant options for the industrial, agricultural, and biological world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring electrokinetics phenomena in the context of diverse currents and nanoparticle blends introduces the possibility of novel biomedical approaches. This research is aimed at exploring the streaming patterns of electro-magnetized blood infused with titanium dioxide nanoparticles and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in a squeezed arterial channel under the influence of electroosmosis. The model is deliberated through the imposition of an intense external magnetic field that is aligned perpendicular to the channel, resulting in effects such as Hall and ion-slip currents and Joule warming. The distribution of electric potential within the electric double layer (EDL) is predicted by solving the Poisson–Boltzmann equation. The Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RKF45) shooting scheme via bvp4c solver in Mathematica is hired to execute the proposed blood flow model computation. By presenting informative graphs and tables, a study is carried out to comprehend and elucidate the physical effects of crucial factors on flow dynamical features and physical quantities. A statistical analysis is carried out to identify the intricate association of model parameters with physical flow characteristics, enriching the study’s novelty. Some key outcomes are that the blood temperature attenuates with swilling values of Hall and ion slip parameters. The skin friction on the artery’s upper wall is lessened when the electroosmosis parameter gets increase. Expanding volume fraction of nanoparticles results in an elevation of the Nusselt number on the upper wall. In squeezed artery, the streamlines in the blood flow are notably aligned. The study’s findings could contribute to improving drug delivery strategies, diagnostics, medical imaging, patient care, treatment outcomes, design of biomedical devices, such as stents and catheters, and understanding of blood flow behavior in intricate arterial configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) released into the environment is becoming more prevalent due to their increased usage, marine TiO2-NPs contamination is escalating concerns in coastal areas. To understand the potential impact of TiO2-NPs on transcript changes in pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii), transcriptome analysis on the gill tissues of pearl oysters was conducted after 14-day TiO2-NPs exposure and 7-day brief recovery. A total of 911 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the control group (TC) and the experimental group (TE) exposed to 14-day TiO2-NPs. Gene ontology (GO) analyses of the DEGs demonstrated their substantial enrichments in functions related to "hydrolase activity", "oxidoreductase activity", and "DNA integration". The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analyses of the DEGs indicated enrichment in several pathways, including "ubiquitin-mediated protein hydrolysis", "ECM-receptor interactions", "NODlike receptor signaling pathway", "Toll-like receptor", and "FOXO signaling pathway". This suggests that exposure to TiO2-NPs intensifies oxidative stress and apoptosis in pearls oysters, leading to negative effects such as disrupted protein homeostasis, decreased biomineralization activity, reduced neuronal excitability, weakened immune response, and reduced cellular metabolism. Transcriptome analysis identified 844 DEGs between the TE and recovery group (TR), which underwent a 7-day brief recovery period. GO analyses of the DEGs demonstrated their substantial enrichments in functions related to "DNA integration", "obsolete oxidation-reduction process", and "proteolysis". KEGG pathways analyses of the DEGs indicated enrichment in several pathways, including "lysine degradation", "glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism", and "NOD-like receptor signaling pathway". The findings indicated that although pearl oysters showed only slight relief after 7 days of brief recovery, they continued to experience negative effects from TiO2-NP exposure. Our findings shed light on the complex responses of pearl oysters to TiO2-NPs stress and offer valuable theoretical insights into the toxicological impact of TiO2-NPs on pearl oysters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern cosmetic products, with rich formulations of components, have become an ideal breeding ground for microorganisms. Implementing effective preservative systems is crucial to prevent microbial growth and contamination. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, a familiar ingredient in cosmetics, can decompose the outer membrane of microbial cells by producing free radicals. Chitosan has shown antimicrobial activities by impairing cell wall integrity by binding to it aiding in the release of cytosolic contents. In line with this, this work was centered on evaluating the antimicrobial efficiency of chitosan-coated titanium dioxide (CS-TiO2) nanoparticles against three bacterial species viz. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) and use them as a self-preservative agent in cosmetic formulations. The growth curve analysis exhibited a dose-dependent delay in bacterial growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) results revealed that the nanoparticles were effective at 31.25μg/ml and 62.5μg/ml concentrations in suppressing S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli, respectively. The redox imbalance, membrane lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and cell viability analyses showed that the CS-TiO2 nanoparticles could disrupt the membrane leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and altering the genetic material. Therefore, the conclusions drawn from this research highlight the proficient microbial performance of CS-TiO2, proposing its suitability for incorporation into consumer products, especially cosmetics. As far as the authors are aware, this study is believed to be the first to investigate the potential of CS-TiO2 nanoparticles as a self-preservative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study was aimed to determine the antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). Nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, particle size analyzer (PSA), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by standard agar dilution method. Antibacterial potential of nanoparticles was analyzed by standard disc diffusion method against bacterial strains including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia. Different concentrations of NPs (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 mg/mL) were incorporated to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of these NPs was analyzed by DPPH method and brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay, respectively. The MIC of TiO2NPs against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae was 0.04, 0.08 and 0.07 mg/mL respectively while the MIC of ZnONPs against the above strains was 0.01, 0.015 and 0.01 mg/mL. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed for K. pneumoniae i.e., 20mm and 25mm against TiO2 and ZnO NPs respectively, at 1.4 mg/mL concentration of NPs. The susceptibility of NPs against bacterial strains was evaluated in the following order: K. pneumoniae > P. aeruginosa > E. coli. The antioxidant activity of nanoparticles increased by increasing the concentration of NPs while cytotoxic analysis exhibited non-toxic effect of ZnO NPs while TiO2 had toxic effects on 1.2 and 1.4 mg/mL concentrations. Results revealed that ZnO NPs have more antibacterial and negligible cytotoxic potential in contrast to TiO2 NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to use recycled waste materials to modify the performance of composites used as dental fillings. For this purpose, depolymerized polyethylene terephthalate (DPET) polymers were prepared by recycling waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using the glycolysis process. DPET was then blended with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) at different weight percentages. Polymer blends were subjected to mechanical, physical, and biological tests. It is evident that PMMA blended with a 5 wt% of DPET exhibits the highest compressive strength which is approximately two times that obtained from neat PMMA, highlighting the suitability of these resins to replace amalgam and to be considered for dental restorations. It was also found that the water absorption of the blends investigated is relatively stable at 5 wt% DPET. The SEM images showed no distinguishable phases, highlighting the high compatibility between DPET and PMMA. The biological tests, including in vitro cytotoxicity, showed that the cell viability mean values of PMMA containing 5 wt% DPET is higher than that of control group. Interestingly, in dental practice, the reliable in vitro cytotoxic approach is considered as an important aid in clinical procedures in the use of dental filling systems. The microbiology study has shown that the inhibition zones against Streptococcus mutans of PMMA: 5 wt% DPET is higher than the control group. According to the obtained results, the blend of PMMA: 5 wt% DPET was selected as an optimum blend, which was then reinforced with various weight percentages of nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2). The composites were then tested under compression, microhardness, and impact tests. The results demonstrated the significant impact of TiO2 on enhancing the properties of the composites investigated. This can provide a new protocol for synthesizing nanocomposite materials for dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (NPs-TiO2) are used in several industries, with common applications due to their surface photocatalytic effect. An alternative use is the TiO2 addition to partially replace white Portland cement (WPC) to maintain the reflectivity surface over time. However, although it is known that the TiO2 addition influences the reaction kinetics of Portland cement, there are still literature controversies about how this material's physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics affect this dynamic. Therefore, this paper aims to monitor the chemical reaction after adding NPs-TiO2 in WPC suspensions and discuss its effect on the hydration process concerning TiO2 characteristics and the addition content. For this purpose, two TiO2 samples with distinct mineralogical characteristics—pure anatase (TiPC105) and a combination of rutile and anatase (TiP25)—were used. The evolution of hydration kinetics was analyzed by calorimetry, while XRD analyzed the suspension's mineralogy over time, and the hydrated compounds were quantified by thermogravimetry. It was found that the physical characteristics of the particles are more important for the suspension's reaction kinetics than their mineralogical characteristics. However, in early hydration, adding finer NPs-TiO2 did not lead to higher heat flow rates due to their tendency to agglomerate, reducing their effective surface area and consequently the area available for the precipitation of new hydrates. After a certain period, however, the trend usually found in literature prevails, with finer particles leading to higher reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles into concrete blocks for paving adds photocatalytic functionality to the cementitious matrix, providing self-cleaning and pollutant-degrading properties. However, wear and leaching from these pavements can release potentially toxic compounds into water bodies, affecting aquatic organisms. In this context, this study evaluated the toxicological effects of leachates from photocatalytic concrete containing nano-TiO2 with an average size of 10 nm and anatase crystallinity on Daphnia magna. Acute and chronic toxicity tests on neonates were conducted with two leachate extracts: one from reference concrete and one from photocatalytic concrete (with 9% nano-TiO2 added by mass of cement). In terms of acute toxicity, the reference concrete extract had an EC50 of 104.0 mL/L at 48 h, whereas the concrete with TiO2 had an EC50 of 64.6 mL/L at 48 h. For chronic toxicity, the leachate from reference concrete had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the size parameter with an LOEC of 4 mL/L, whereas the leachate from concrete with 9% nano-TiO2 did not have significant toxicological effects on any of the analyzed parameters (longevity, size, reproduction, and age of first posture) (LOEC > 6.5 mL/L). Furthermore, FTIR analysis indicated that TiO2 nanoparticles were not detected in the leachates, suggesting efficient anchoring within the cementitious matrix. The results indicate that there was no increase in the chronic toxicity of the leachate from the cementitious matrix when nanoparticles were added at a 9% mass ratio of cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a prevalent food additive, yet comprehensive data on particle size and dietary exposure are lacking in China. Transmission electron microscopy results revealed that the quantitative proportion of nanoparticles (NPs) in food-additive TiO2 was 37.7%, with a mass fraction of 9.89%. Laboratory test results showed that among the domestic products surveyed, candies excluding gum-based candies contained the highest content of TiO2. Using consumption data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018, the average dietary exposure for TiO2 and TiO2 NPs in the Chinese population were calculated at 34.84 and 3.44 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. The primary dietary sources were puffed food and powdered drinks. Exposure varied significantly across age and region, with children and Inner Mongolia residents having the highest intake. TiO2 NP exposure showed a negative correlation with age. Despite this, the dietary exposure risk of TiO2 NPs for the Chinese population remains deemed acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work demonstrates the optimization of a renilla-based real-time, ultra-bright, non-disruptive, high-throughput bioluminescence assay (HTS) to assess the metabolism of intact Streptococcus mutans biofilms and its utility in screening the antibacterial efficacy of experimental nanofilled dental adhesive resins containing varying concentrations of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (N_TiO 2). Methods. Optimization of the assay was achieved by screening real-time bioluminescence changes in intact Streptococcus mutans biofilms imposed by the various experimental biofilm growth parameters investigated (bacterial strain, growth media, sucrose concentration, dilution factor, and inoculum volume). The optimized assay was then used to characterize the antibacterial efficacy of experimental nanofilled dental adhesive resins. The assay's ability to discriminate between bacteriostatic and bactericidal approaches was also investigated. Results. Relative Light Units (RLU) values from the HTS optimization were analyzed by multivariate ANOVA (α = 0.05) and coefficients of variation. An optimized HTS bioluminescence assay was developed displaying RLUs values (brightness) that are much more intense when comparing to other previously reported bioluminescence assays, thereby decreasing the error associated with bioluminescence assays and displaying better utility while investigating the functionalities of antimicrobial nanofilled experimental dental adhesive resins with proven long-term properties. Significance. The present study is anticipated to positively impact subsequent research on dental materials and oral microbiology because it serves as a valuable screening tool in metabolic-based assays with increased sensitivity and robustness. The assay reported is anticipated to be further optimized to be used as a co-reporter for other Luc based assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are among the most universally engineered nanomaterials and widely used nanomaterials in the world. In order to predict the environmental impact and interaction between these NPs and coastal organisms, the amphipod Talitrus saltator was exposed to TiO2 NPs C1 = 151.5 µg.L−1 and TiO2 NPs C2 = 303 µg.L−1. Catalase activity increased significantly and reaches a maximum of about 0.8 ± 0.02 µMol/min/mg proteins after exposure to TiO2 NPs C2 showing possible oxidative mechanisms. In addition, acetylcholinesterase activity reduced significantly (p < 0.05) after exposure to the highest TiO2 NPs concentration, indicating neurotransmission disturbance treated with 303 µg.L−1 of TiO2 NPs. Locomotor behaviour for untreated and treated specimens with TiO2 NPs was studied under constant darkness (DD). Results revealed the existence of ultradian and circadian components. In addition, locomotor activity patterns were generally bimodal for untreated specimens and became multimodal for treated ones. We noted also a slippage of the activity peak from the middle of the subjective night for the control until the subjective day after TiO2 NPs exposure. Furthermore, the most important stability was observed for control individuals who were more active than treated ones. Overall, this laboratory study provides preliminary toxicity data for Talitrus saltator exposed to TiO2 NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honeybees are important insects, both economically and as pollinators. While foraging, bees can come in contact with environmental pollutants such as pesticides, possibly in combination with other xenobiotic compounds that may compromise bee health. Our current study investigated the acute exposure to nanosized titanium dioxide, a common additive in food, cosmetics, paints and agricultural products, along with deltamethrin (DLT), a well‐known pyrethroid pesticide. The effects of binary exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2‐NPs) nanoparticles at concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL with DLT were noted on Apis mellifera brain histology along with their possible synergism. In DLT‐ and combined TiO2‐NP‐DLT treated bees, survival rates were lowered and several histological alterations were observed including an increased number of cells with pyknotic nuclei, along with cytoplasmic vacuolization, chromatin compaction and degeneration indicating autophagic activity and a decrease in the cross‐sectional area of nanoparticle‐treated mushroom body calyces. A synergistic relationship between TiO2‐NPs and DLT was revealed, while LD50 for combined TiO2‐NP‐DLT treatment was 0.101, 0.09 and 0.02 μg/bee at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. In summary, results demonstrate that TiO2‐NP and DLT co‐exposure can induce damage in bee brain structures at higher concentrations, which indicates an additional risk factor for bee health in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of UV filters, such as benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), has raised concerns regarding their ecotoxicological effects on the aquatic environment. The aim of the present study was to examine the embryo-larval toxicity attributed to BP-3 or TiO2 NPs, either alone or in a mixture, utilizing zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of these compounds. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to BP-3 (10, 100, or 1000 ng/L) or TiO2 NPs (1000 ng/L) alone or in a mixture (BP-3 10, 100, or 1000 ng/L plus 1000 ng/L of TiO2 NPs) under static conditions for 144 hr. After exposure, BP-3 levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). BP-3 levels increased in the presence of TiO2 NPs, indicating that the BP-3 degradation decreased in the presence of the NPs. In addition, in the presence of zebrafish, BP-3 levels in water decreased, indicating that zebrafish embryos and larvae might absorb BP-3. Data demonstrated that, in general, environmentally relevant concentrations of BP-3 and TiO2 NPs, either alone or in a mixture, did not significantly induce changes in heart and spontaneous contractions frequencies, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), morphological and morphometric parameters as well as mortality rates during 144 hr exposure. However, the groups exposed to TiO2 NPs alone and in a mixture with BP-3 at 10 ng/L exhibited an earlier significant hatching rate than the controls. Altogether, the data indicates that a potential ecotoxicological impact on the aquatic environment exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a photocatalyst is widespread in materials chemistry; however, handling this material in powder form poses significant challenges. Therefore, it becomes imperative to process TiO2 into inorganic sheets with improved stability and ease of handling. In this study, a glass fibre cloth was utilized as an inorganic support, and TiO2 nanoparticles were integrated onto the glass fibre surface without employing binders. This integration was accomplished by treating the fibre with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at 60°C for 24 h. The NaOH treatment dissolved the fibre surface, forming a flower-like structure that facilitated the integration of TiO2 nanoparticles. The resulting glass fibre cloth, embedded with TiO2 nanoparticles, efficiently adsorbed and decomposed acetaldehyde gas. Further enhancement was achieved by subjecting the glass fibre cloth to heat treatment after the ammonium chloride treatment, leading to improved crystallinity and photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Using the glass fibre cloth as an inorganic substrate for TiO2 nanoparticles is promising for the fabrication of durable and high-performance photocatalysts with superior adsorption properties. Moreover, this technique offers a practical solution to the challenges associated with handling and processing TiO2 in its powdered form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study describes a facile one-pot solvothermal method for the synthesis of heterostructured (HS) Bi2S3–TiO2 (BT) nanoparticles (NPs) and utilizes its potential for sensing the nitrobenzene (NB) as a fluorescent probe. The characterization of as-synthesized BT NPs endorses the mixed morphology with an average particle size of 14 nm and the crystallography study depicted the orthorhombic Bi2S3 and tetragonal anatase TiO2 phases. The selectivity and sensitivity of BT NPs toward NB were examined by comparing the fluorescence quenching with a few other selected organic aromatic compounds. The appreciable quenching efficiency of 97% was achieved with NB. The visual response of the BT/NB mixture was noticed under UV light (λ = 3 6 5 nm). The quenching parameters of the BT/NB system have been evaluated by modifying Stern–Volmer and double logarithmic equations. The results attribute the prevalence of dynamic quenching within the concentration range (0.4 mM to 5 mM) and beyond 5 mM, both static and dynamic quenching coexist. Further, thermodynamic studies of the BT/NB system indicate the spontaneous hydrophobic interaction. Moreover, a reliable outcome has been demonstrated in the sensing application of BT NPs in real water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) can result in the reduction of sperm numbers, but the mechanisms have not been well elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of TiO2 NPs on cell cycle and apoptosis in spermatogonia and to explore the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in this process. The mouse spermatogonia cell line (GC-1) was treated with TiO2 NPs at different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL) for 24 h to detect cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, and key proteins related to cell cycle and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The agonist (IGF-1) and inhibitor (LY294002) of PI3K were used to verify the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in cell cycle and apoptosis. TiO2 NPs significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and resulted in apoptosis. TiO2 NPs downregulated the levels of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, including CDK4, CDK2, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E1, while upregulated the levels of p21 and p53 proteins. Furthermore, TiO2 NPs inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by decreasing the levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-mTOR. IGF-1 reversed the G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis caused by TiO2 NPs. However, LY294002 aggravated the G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis resulting from TiO2 NPs. Collectively, TiO2 NPs induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and apoptosis through inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which could be the main reason for the reduction in sperm numbers caused by TiO2 NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) are released into the natural waters in different ways and cause toxicity to aquatic life. Although various studies have reported the toxicity of nanoparticles for aquatic animals, there is limited information regarding the effects of environmental factors, especially salinity, on their toxicity. Simultaneous effects of TiNPs and water salinity were studied in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Oysters were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of TiNPs (low concentration: 50 µg/l, middle concentration: 500 µg/l, high concentration: 5000 µg/l) at different water salinities (Extremely low salinity: 5 g/l, low salinity: 15 g/l, middle salinity: 25 g/l, high salinity (normal salinity): 35 g/l) for 96 h. After nano-TiO2 exposure, the immune components in hemolymph (total hemocyte concentration [THC], phagocytosis), antioxidant enzyme activities in digestive gland (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase), oxidation stress index (malondialdehyde) in gills and the expression of immune-related genes (Vav-3 protein, cofilin, Galectin 4, pro-Cathepsin L, Rho protein, Ficolin, LPS/-1,3-glucan protein, Lysozyme, Defensin) in hemocytes were measured. The THC, phagocytosis, antioxidant enzyme activities, and immune-related gene expressions mostly decreased at salinities of 5 and 15 g/l in response to 500–5000 µg/l nano-TiO2 compared to non-exposed oysters and 50 µg/l nano-TiO2 group. An increase in water salinity up to 35 g/l mitigated the depressing effects of the nano-TiO2 on the immune and antioxidant components of the oysters. Exposure of oysters to 500–5000 µg/l nano-TiO2-induced oxidative stress at salinities of 5 and 15, since malondialdehyde levels were higher in these treatments compared to control and those in 50 µg/l nano-TiO2 group. The increase of salinity up to 35 g/l ameliorated the TiO2-induced oxidative stress. The results of the present study showed that the toxic impacts of nano-TiO2 can be ameliorated in the Pacific oyster with increase in water salinity, as the immune components, antioxidant enzyme activities recovered and oxidative stress mitigated when the salinity increased up to 35 g/l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present study describes a method for the preparation of green titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles from the peel of Solanum tuberosum, commonly known as potato, and the potato peel being a kitchen waste. The green synthesized TiO2 (G- TiO2) nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, TEM, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the G- TiO2 nanoparticles was also shown using the dye bromophenol blue. To explore the biocompatibility of the G- TiO2, the cell viability in normal as well as cancer cells was assessed. Further, the in vivo toxicity of the G- TiO2 nanoparticles was assessed using zebrafish embryos. The novelty of the present invention is to utilize kitchen waste for a useful purpose for the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles which is known to have UV light scavenging properties. Moreover, the potato peel is a natural antioxidant and possesses a skin-lightening effect. A combination of the potato peel extract and titanium dioxide prepared using the extract will have a combinatorial effect for protecting UV light exposure to the skin and lightening the skin colour.

Pharmaceuticals as an increasing water contaminant pose major hazards to water quality and human health. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has shown promise in the treatment of many contaminants, although it could be improved. The adsorption capacity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles doped calcined HAp (AgNPs-TiO2NPs@calcined HAp) for acetaminophen (ACT) and Ibuprofen (IBP) was investigated in this study. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) were used to characterise the AgNPs-TiO2NPs@calcined HAp. Both AgNPs and TiO2NPs absorbed maximally at 376 and 366 nm, respectively. The FTIR of AgNPs-TiO2NPs@calcined HAp revealed FTIR peaks at 1425, 925 and 590 cm−1 corresponding CO32- and PO43- characteristics of HAp, with XRD pattern revealing crystalline hexagonal-shaped HAp having a particle size of 31.72 ± 10.19 nm. The BET surface area and pore volume increased with doping to 446.11 ± 6.30 m2g−1 and 0.0167 ± 0.0024 cm3g−1, respectively while pore radius reduced slightly to 3.12 ± 0.08 Å indicating a microporous structure of the adsorbent. The surface of AgNPs-TiO2NPs@calcined HAp favoured adsorption of IBP and ACT at pH 2 and 9, respectively. Adsorption data of both drugs best fitted pseudo-second-order kinetics with equilibrium established at 50 and 60 min for ACT and IBP respectively. The adsorption ACT and IBP on AgNPs-TiO2NPs@calcined HAp followed an S-shaped pattern, with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms best-representing removal of ACT and IBP, respectively. The adsorption capacities ($${q_{max}})$$ q max ) ranged from 20.72 to 76.92 mgg−1 for ACT and 114.97 to 188.00 mgg−1 for IBP. The adsorption process was exothermic (-ΔH) and spontaneous (-ΔG) with a decreased degree of randomness (-ΔS). The adsorption mechanism was physisorption for ACT and alternated between physisorption and chemisorption for IBP. The adsorptive performance of AgNPs-TiO2NPs@calcined HAp for ACT and IBP removal implies it is a better adsorbent than most previously reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous solid films that promote large apparent contact angles are interesting systems since their wetting properties are dependent on both the surface structure and water penetration into the film. In this study, a parahydrophobic coating is made by sequential dip coating of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and stearic acid on polished copper substrates. The apparent contact angles are determined using the tilted plate method, and it is found that the liquid–vapor interaction decreases and water droplets are more likely to move off the film when the number of coated layers increases. Interestingly, it is found that under some conditions, the front contact angle can be smaller than the back contact angle. Scanning electron microscopy observations demonstrate that the coating process led to the formation of hydrophilic TiO2 nanoparticle domains and hydrophobic stearic acid flakes that allows heterogeneous wetting. By monitoring the electrical current through the water droplet to the copper substrate, it is found that the water drops penetrate the coating layer to make direct contact with the copper surface with a time delay and magnitude that depends on the coating thickness. This additional penetration of water into the porous film enhances the adhesion of the droplet to the film and provides a clue to understand the contact angle hysteresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Titanium alloys represent the prevailing material employed in orthopedic implants, which are present in millions of patients worldwide. The prolonged presence of these implants in the human body has raised concerns about possible health effects. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of titanium implants and surrounding tissue samples obtained from patients who underwent revision surgery for therapeutic reasons. The surface of the implants exhibited nano-scale corrosion defects, and nanoparticles were deposited in adjacent samples. In addition, muscle in close proximity to the implant showed clear evidence of fibrotic proliferation, with titanium content in the muscle tissue increasing the closer it was to the implant. Transcriptomics analysis revealed SNAI2 upregulation and activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. In vivo rodent and zebrafish models validated that titanium implant or nanoparticles exposure provoked collagen deposition and disorganized muscle structure. Snai2 knockdown significantly reduced implant-associated fibrosis in both rodent and zebrafish models. Cellular experiments demonstrated that titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) induced fibrotic gene expression at sub-cytotoxic doses, whereas Snai2 knockdown significantly reduced TiO2 NPs-induced fibrotic gene expression. The in vivo and in vitro experiments collectively demonstrated that Snai2 plays a pivotal role in mediating titanium-induced fibrosis. Overall, these findings indicate a significant release of titanium nanoparticles from the implants into the surrounding tissues, resulting in muscular fibrosis, partially through Snai2-dependent signaling. Graphical Abstract

Abstract The nanoparticles (NPs) of metals and metal oxides constitute significant components of technology in terms of monometallic NPs (MNPs). Over the last decade, the most fascinating and in‐depth uses of NPs have been found in the biomedical field, which has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of these particles. Significant strides have been made in the application of nanotechnology across various industries, including biomedical sciences. In biomedicine, two of the most important applications of NPs are in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Given their ability to deliver specific drugs, these next‐generation NPs provide safe and effective pharmacotherapies for a wide range of disorders. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs offer potential treatments for various applications, including hair care and cancer treatment. SeNPs help with abiotic stress, plant disease, and growth, while TiO2 NPs enhance bio‐imaging and drug delivery. This comprehensive review focuses on MNPs like Se (metal‐based) and TiO2 (metal‐oxide based). It covers their synthesis methods, nanoscale physicochemical properties, and the definition of specific industrial applications in various fields of applied nanotechnology, including biomedicine.

A facile carbon‐doping process is proposed to enhance the photocatalytic activity of anatase/rutile‐mixed phase TiO2 nanoparticles using polyethylene glycol (PEG). The TiO2‐PEG composite is loaded into a boat and covered tightly with Al foil to increase the pressure inside that boat during annealing. The boat is annealed for 1 h at different temperatures and PEG ratios. The annealing with 30% PEG at 300 °C enhances the decomposition of organic pollutants and bacterial inactivation under 405 nm light compared to the annealing without Al films. This annealing causes 2.5–3% carbon doping, introduces more oxygen vacancies, and converts PEG into organic compounds rich in CC bond components. These modifications of TiO2 can be attributed to carbon‐centered radicals produced from PEG during annealing. The modifications change the band structure to enhance the photogenerated carrier concentration responsible for the photocatalytic activity. The carbon doping narrows the anatase and rutile bandgaps, allowing the anatase phase to absorb 405 nm light. The introduced oxygen vacancies increase the electron‐trapping sites and raise the adsorbed oxygen groups enhancing the upward band bending and the depletion layer depth at the surface. The PEG‐converted compounds can transfer photogenerated electrons within the compounds to the TiO2 conduction band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-increasing expansion of chemical industries produces a variety of common pollutants, including colors, which become a global and environmental problem. Using a nanocatalyst is one of the effective ways to reduce these organic contaminants. With this in mind, a straightforward and effective method for the production of a novel nanocatalyst based on lignin-derived carbon, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and Ag particles (TiO2/C/Ag) is described. The preparation of carbon and Ag particles (in sub-micro and nano size) was carried out by laser ablation in air. The nanocomposite was synthesized using a facile magnetic stirrer of TiO2, C, and Ag. According to characterization methods, a carbon nanostructure was successfully synthesized through the laser irradiation of lignin. According to scanning electron microscope images, spherical Ag particles were agglomerated over the nanocomposite. The catalytic activities of the TiO2/C/Ag nanocomposite were tested for the decolorization of methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR), employing NaBH4 in a water-based solution at 25 °C. After adding fresh NaBH4 to the mixture of nanocomposite and dyes, both UV absorption peaks of MB and CR completely disappeared after 10 s and 4 min, respectively. The catalytic activity of the TiO2/C/Ag nanocomposite was also examined for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) using a NaBH4 reducing agent, suggesting the complete reduction of 4-NP to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) after 2.30 min. This shows excellent catalytic behavior of the prepared nanocomposite in the reduction of organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic element which impacts on biological systems and ecosystems. Because the toxicity of Hg species is highly dependent on their concentration levels and chemical forms, the sensitive identification of the chemical forms of Hg—i.e., Hg speciation—is of major significance in providing meaningful information about the sources of Hg exposure. In this study, a microfluidic-based device made of high-clarity poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was fabricated. Then, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2s) were attached to the treated channel's interior with the aid of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC). After coupling the nano-TiO2-coated microfluidic-based photocatalyst-assisted reduction device (the nano-TiO2-coated microfluidic-based PCARD) with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), a selective and sensitive, hyphenated system for Hg speciation was established. Validation procedures demonstrated that the method could be satisfactorily applied to the determination of mercury ions (Hg2+) and methylmercury ions (CH3Hg+) in both human urine and water samples. Remarkably, the zeta potential measured clearly indicated that the PDADMAC-capped nano-TiO2s with a predominance of positive charges indeed provided a steady force for firm attachment to the negatively charged device channel. The cause of the durability of the nano-TiO2-coated microfluidic-based PCARD was clarified thus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ternary composite membranes have been developed for battery separator applications. • Membranes have been developed by varying silver nanowires and titanium dioxide nanoparticle content. • Ternary composites show improved mechanical and electrochemical responses. • An ionic conductivity > 10−4 S/cm has been obtained independently of the filler type and content. • The highest discharge capacity value has been obtained for the 5 wt% AgNWs/5 wt% TiO 2 /PVDF-HFP membranes. In the realm of polymer composites, there is growing interest in the use of more than one filler for achieving multifunctional properties. In this work, a composite separator membrane has been developed for lithium-ion battery application, by incorporating conductive silver nanowires (AgNWs) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles into a poly(vinylidene fluoride- co -hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) polymer matrix. The composite membranes were manufactured by solvent casting and thermally induced phase separation, with total filler content varying up to 10 wt%. The ternary composites composites present improved mechanical characteristics, ionic conductivity and lithium transfer number compared to the neat polymer matrix. On the other hand, the filler type and content within the composite has little bearing on the morphology, polymer phase, or thermal stability. Once applied as a separator in lithium-ion batteries, the highest discharge capacity value was obtained for the 5 wt% AgNWs/5 wt% TiO 2 /PVDF-HFP membrane at different C-rates, benefiting from the synergetic effect from both fillers. This work demonstrates that higher battery performance can be achieved for next-generation lithium-ion batteries by using separator membranes based on ternary composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the heat transfer behavior of the magnetohydrodynamic blood-based Casson hybrid nanofluid in the occurrence of a non-Fourier heat flux model and linear thermal radiation over a horizontal porous stretching cylinder with potential applications in biomedical engineering. The present investigation utilised titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles, which exhibit considerable potential in the realm of cancer therapy. Thus, there is a growing interest among biomedical engineers and clinicians in the study of entropy production as a means of quantifying energy dissipation in biological systems. Suitable self-similarity variables are employed to transform the nonlinear mathematical equations such as velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient, and heat transfer rate, which are computed via homotopy perturbation method (HPM). HPM computations have been executed to solve the influences of various parameters such as porosity parameter (K = 0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0) , Curvature parameter (α = 0.0 , 1.0 , 3.0 , 5.0) , Casson parameter (β = 0.0 , 0.5 , 1.5) , inertia coefficient (Fr = 0.5 , 1.5 , 2.5) , thermal relaxation parameter ( δ ∗ = 0.0 , 0.5 , 1.0) , radiation (Rd = 0.0 , 0.5 , 1.0) , Eckert number (Ec = 0.0 , 0.1 , 0.2) , Brinkman number (Br = 0.5 , 1.0 , 1.5) and temperature difference parameter ( α 1 = 0.0 , 0.5 , 1.0). The comparison using the homotopy perturbation technique produces a more accurate and reliable consequence than the numerical method (Runge-Kutta method). The higher values of the Casson and Curvature parameters decrease the velocity profile. The temperature profile of M = 1 and M = 0 increases with improving values of the thermal relaxation parameter. Entropy generation rises to enhance Brinkman number values, whereas Bejan number exhibits the reverse influence. Improving the value of the heat source parameter declines the Nusselt number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are widely manufactured semiconductors, but their release into aquatic environments poses significant threats to ecosystems and human health. The environmental hazard associated with TiO2NPs in surface water primarily results from their photocatalytic activity, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Addressing this challenge is crucial for ensuring the safe utilization of TiO2NPs and preserving the environment. In this study, we developed a novel plasmonic membrane comprising titanate nanowires (TiNWs) functionalized with silica‐coated gold nanostars (AuNSts) to probe, in situ, the capture and measurement of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2NPs in complex media such as seawater. This method represents a unique and precise approach to real‐time monitoring of the presence and photocatalytic activity of TiO2NPs, thereby laying the foundation for establishing an environmental risk parameter for these particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and human activity have led to an increase in salinity levels and the toxicity of chromium (Cr). One promising approach to modifying these stressors in plants is to use effective nanoparticles (NPs). While titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and hydroxyapatite (HAP NPs) have been demonstrated to increase plant tolerance to abiotic stress by enhancing antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, and secondary metabolites, it is unknown how these two compounds can work together in situations when salt and Cr toxicity are present. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of foliar-applied TiO2 NPs (15 mg L−1) and HAP NPs (250 mg L−1) separately and in combination on growth, chlorophyll (Chl), water content, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity, phenolic content, and essential oils (EOs) of Solidago canadensis L. under salinity (100 mM NaCl) and Cr toxicity (100 mg kg−1 soil). Salinity was more deleterious than Cr by decreasing plant weight, Chl a + b, relative water content (RWC), EO yield, and increasing malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity. The co-application of TiO2 and HAP NPs proved to be more successful. This was evidenced by the increased shoot weight (36%), root weight (29%), Chl a + b (23%), RWC (15%), total phenolic content (TPC, 34%), total flavonoid content (TFC, 28%), and EO yield (56%), but decreased MDA (21%), EL (11%), SOD (22%) and CAT activity (38%) in salt-exposed plants. The study demonstrated the effective strategy of co-applying these NPs to modify abiotic stress by enhancing phenolic compounds and EO yield as key results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]