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Highlights This work investigates the comprehensive exploration of transport properties in natural rubber/graphene oxide‐silica hybrid core‐shell (NR/GSC) nanocomposites, focusing on diffusion, sorption behavior, swelling parameters, and gas permeability. The study evaluates the performance of the composite membranes concerning oxygen and nitrogen gas permeability (71.3% and 68.48% reduction, respectively). The experimental results reveal the sorption behavior, swelling parameters, and transport coefficients of NR/GSC composites, providing valuable insights into the material's behavior in different environments. Among various compositions, GSC10 stands out as the optimal composition, exhibiting superior diffusion and gas permeability behavior compared to other compositions. How the filler geometry and concentration are interconnected on the transport properties is carefully dissected, offering a deeper comprehension of the correlation between filler characteristics and composite performance. The study predicts that the Peppas‐Sahlin model and Affine model for mole percentage solvent uptake and molecular mass between successive crosslinks, respectively, best fit experimental values. This work contributes to the growing knowledge in the field of nanocomposites, providing a meticulous perspective on the transport properties of NR/GSC membranes and emphasizing the superior performance of the GSC10 composition. NR/GSC hybrid nanocomposites showed reduced solvent uptake. A 71.3% reduction in oxygen and 68.48% reduction in nitrogen permeation. Theoretically modeled using Peppas‐Sahlin, Korsmeyer‐Peppas, Nielsen and s GSC nanoparticles shows excellent dispersion in NR matrix Enhanced fuel efficiency and reduced environmental footprint in tire manufacturing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIncorporating the substantial waste generated by the disposal of end-of-life tires into the manufacturing process of self-compacted concrete (SCC) presents a viable and environmentally responsible approach to address significant environmental concerns. An extensive study has been conducted to enhance the technical benefits and viability of using scrap vehicle tires as a substitute for traditional aggregates in concrete, particularly the performance of self-compacting concrete containing crumb rubber from waste tires. This study provides a comprehensive review and evaluation of the data derived from over 43 distinct studies on using crumb rubber (CR) as sand replacement in SCC to emphasize and verify the fundamental characteristics of such concrete. The primary objective of this review paper is to provide an in-depth evaluation of the impact of CR on the performance of SCC in its fresh and physical state. Moreover, in this study, fresh properties, including slump flow diameter, T500, V-funnel flow time, L-box height ratio, J-ring flow diameter, TJ500, J-ring high, sieve segregation, air content, and U-box test, and physical properties including porosity, water absorption, and fresh and dry density have been conducted. It has been found that the addition of CR has a detrimental effect on SCC's physical and fresh characteristics, apart from resistance to segregation. The predicted decrease/increase in the fresh and physical characteristics of the SCC, including CR, was given based on the findings of the studied papers. Furthermore, empirical models that illustrated the relationships between various fresh attributes were established using the findings of the examined research. Moreover, recommendations for future work and directions for this field of research have been detailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing manufacturing of tires, driven by the automotive sector, has led to various sustainability and waste management issues. Consequently, it is necessary to explore alternatives for the reuse of these wastes. Rubber has demonstrated properties that could make it an attractive material for use as a granular aggregate. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of crumb rubber (CR) on the mechanical behavior of a granular subbase (GSB) by replacing fine CR at 10% and 15%. An environmental analysis of the proposal was conducted using the SimaPro tool, and a series of laboratory tests were performed to assess physical and mechanical characteristics. The strength results indicate a decreasing trend as the CR content in the GSB increases. Specifically, in abrasion tests, the natural material showed an average result of 30.86%, while the mixes with 10% and 15% CR exceeded the maximum limit (50%), achieving results of 59.24% and 53.98%, respectively. In terms of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR), only the natural samples compacted at maximum energy exceeded the minimum requirements for low and medium traffic levels (30%). The highest CBR value for samples containing CR was 5%, whereas the natural GSB reached a maximum CBR of 33%. A similar trend is observed in environmental outcomes, with increases of up to 17% in abiotic depletion for the sample with 15% CR. Overall, the environmental analysis suggests that incorporating CR into the GSB could lead to an increase in various environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel auxetic structure applicable to airless tire spokes is designed based on the primitive-type triply periodic minimal surface (P-TPMS) to have higher stiffness through deformation under compressive force. For becoming higher stiffness by deformation, an unit cell of auxetic structure is proposed and its characteristics according to design parameters are studied. Based on the parametric study, a rotated primitive-type auxetic structure (RPAS) is designed, and the deformative behaviors of an airless tire with the RPAS spokes are compared with a generally used honeycomb spoke. Simulation and experiment results show that the designed RPAS tire exhibits more stable behavior through higher rigidity depending on the deformation state when compressed on flat ground and obstacles. This variable stiffness characteristic of RPAS tires can be advantageous for shock absorption and prevention of large local deformations. Also, the manufacturability of the designed auxetic structure is evaluated using real rubber-based additive manufacturing processes for practical application in the tire manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vulcanization process is widely used in industry for tire manufacturing. Therefore, zinc oxide is commonly utilized as an activator material, but unreacted zinc oxide remains in the final products and can be released into the environment with a significant impact. To reduce the amount of required zinc and to prevent leaching from tire material, zinc single site‐containing silica fillers are interesting candidates. In these materials, zinc sites are anchored on the surface of silica nanoparticles through their complexation with functionalized aminosilanes. Based on these, a novel powder sample is prepared via spray‐drying. The obtained supraparticles allow for a homogeneous distribution of the filler nanoparticles in the rubber matrix via their disintegration during the incorporation process. All synthesis steps are carried out in ethanol and water, respectively, at very mild temperatures to account for sustainability demands. As core of this study, the role of zinc ions and their amino‐complexation in nanoparticle dispersion stability and in supraparticle formation during spray‐drying is elucidated. Additionally, the superior performance of supraparticles as activator in rubber vulcanization is demonstrated. These show a higher curing efficiency, leading to lower curing time (−70%), higher torque values (+15%), and improved dynamic mechanical properties compared to the conventional ZnO activator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational health risk assessments of exposure to VOCs still need to be extensively studied to improve the safety standards in the industry. Based on the monitoring of organic pollutants at various workstations in a truck tire factory in Jiangsu Province, both semi-quantitative and quantitative health risk assessment methods were employed to assess health risk levels. The findings indicated that VOCs were categorized into five classes, which included alkanes, aromatics, halocarbons, carbon disulfide, and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). The highest concentration of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) was found in shaping workshop; alkanes were the most abundant class (74.2%), followed by aromatics (24.02%) and OVOCs (1.96%). Although the results of the semi-quantitative risk assessment showed that most of the organic compounds had low R values, various kinds of VOCs were detected; particularly, many harmful organic compounds (such as toluene, ethyl benzene) were detected in all the sampling sites. The quantitative risk in the calendering and vulcanizing workshop exceeded the acceptable level; both the carcinogenic risk of ethylbenzene in the tire-strip storage room, and trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene in the calendering workshop were unacceptable. Thus, the calendering and vulcanizing processes in rubber tire manufacturing should be priority-controlled processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The replacement of synthetic and petroleum-based ingredients with greener alternatives of natural origin is an imperative issue in rubber technology for the tire industry. In this study, a glycerin-esterified maleated rosin resin, derived from natural resources, is examined as a potential tackifier in styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) formulations. A comparison is made with two synthetic resins commonly used as tackifiers in tire manufacturing: a petroleum-derived aromatic resin and a phenolic resin. Specifically, this research investigates how these resins affect the structure, dynamics, and curing characteristics of SBR compounds, which are strictly related to the mechanical and technological properties of the final products. Moving die rheometer and equilibrium swelling experiments are employed to analyze vulcanization kinetics and crosslink density, which are differently influenced by the different resins. Information on the polymer–resin compatibility is gained by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamo-mechanical analysis, while solid-state NMR methods offer insights into the structure and dynamics of both cured and uncured SBR compounds at the molecular level. Overall, our analysis shows that the resin of vegetal origin has a comparable impact on the SBR compound to that observed for the synthetic resins and could be further tested for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's competitive business landscape, organizations must streamline their planning and management processes for efficiency and profitability. Effective resource management, especially in the case of human resources, is crucial. Scheduling challenges in human resource management become more complex when considering worker skills. Balancing fairness for workers and the company necessitates the inclusion of additional constraints and variables, making manual problem-solving more time-consuming and complex. This study proposes a Goal Programming Method, a mathematical model that addresses both primary and goal constraints, to optimize solutions and minimize deviation variables. The case study of a real manufacturer's Banbury process department with 51 workers, 24 tasks, and two shifts has been analyzed. The mathematical model is utilized to allocate tasks, optimize worker skill utilization, and identify positions to close when worker availability falls short. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with their ubiquitous presence across numerous global industries, pose multifaceted challenges, influencing air pollution and health outcomes. In response, countries such as the United States and Canada have implemented fenceline monitoring systems, enabling real-time tracking of organic solvents, including benzene. Initially, this focus was predominantly placed on the petroleum refining industry, but it has gradually been broadening. This investigation seeks to identify and analyze the specific VOCs produced in the tire manufacturing sector by utilizing both active and passive monitoring methodologies. The findings of the present study aim to recommend prioritized reduction strategies for specific VOCs. Percentage means the ratio of VOCs detected at the research site. At research target facility A, active monitoring demonstrated the presence of Methylene chloride (20.7%) and Carbon tetrachloride (15.3%), whereas passive monitoring identified Carbon tetrachloride (43.4%) and m,p-Xylene (20.8%). After converting these substances to their equivalent concentrations, we found a noteworthy correlation between the active and passive methodologies. At research target facility B, active monitoring detected n-Pentane (45.5%) and Isoprene (11.4%), while passive monitoring revealed Toluene (21.3%) and iso-Hexane (15.8%). Interestingly, even at sites like warehouses and test tracks where VOC concentrations were projected to be low, we observed VOC levels comparable to those in process areas. This underlines the fact that the dispersal of VOCs is considerably influenced by wind direction and speed. Specifically, in the tire manufacturing industry, emissions of Xylene and 3-Methylhexane, both having high photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), contribute significantly to air pollution. However, the overall detection concentration in the tire manufacturing industry was detected at a low concentration of less than 2 μg/m3. This is less than 9 μg/m3, which is the standard for benzene, which has strong carcinogenicity regulations. This suggests that additional research is needed on synthetic rubber manufacturing rather than tire manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Businesses are constantly making productivity improvements to survive in the highly competitive marketplace. Bottlenecks have been identified as one of the main factors limiting the system performance of manufacturing firms. Thus, identifying bottlenecks in the production process is extremely important to increase productivity. Considering its importance, this case study was designed to identify causes for not meeting the tire target and determine the implications of bottlenecks in the tire manufacturing process. For this purpose, simulation analysis was carried out for the solid resilience tire-building process. Through the investigation, the cushion layer-building process was identified as the bottleneck. To validate the identified limitation, Line balancing and Pareto analysis were conducted. Analysis results confirmed the presence of a bottleneck in the cushion layer-building process. Further, to identify the root causes for not reaching the maximum tire target, Cause-and-Effect analysis and 5WHY analysis were adopted. The study revealed that inadequately maintained outdated machines and frequent power failures are the leading causes of not meeting the maximum production. By answering these issues, the target production can be increased, and the results showed the opportunity to increase the efficiency of the manufacturing process by more than 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, countries worldwide have engaged actively in the research and development of green and sustainable materials in the face of the increasing depletion of petroleum resources, the need to reduce material waste, and the environmental pollution caused by the various types of waste. In the tire industry, the key materials for the various components of tires are mostly dependent on petroleum resources. Development of green tires and green processing technologies using sustainable materials is an important development direction for the future of the tire industry, and many tire‐manufacturing companies have proposed their visions for the development of eco‐friendly tires. Rubber, cord fabric, and additives are the main materials used in tire manufacturing. This article summarizes the research status of the green materials that can meet the requirements of environmental friendliness and sustainability, replace traditional materials, and reduce petroleum resource consumption in existing tire production. These materials mainly include natural rubber or bio‐based synthetic rubber, green renewable cord fabrics, and green processing additives. The prospects for the application of these new green materials in tire manufacturing are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Banbury mixing process (BMP) is to supplies the specific characteristic compounds for the tire manufacturing process. Idle time in the BMP was a problem caused by the aging process between mixing steps and the limited space for processing, measured in pallets. In this study, the resource-constrained project scheduling model (RCPS) is modified in case of the objective function and the input value of resource constraint to minimize idle time (SST). The complete minimization (Cmax) is changed from minimizing the starting time of the last job to the starting time of all jobs. In addition, the non-limited resource is defined as the input for the space capacity to reduce the idle time. As the results, the SST can provide the schedule that make less 5 time periods of idle time. Moreover, when considering the relationship between mixing and aging, aging process that is scheduled from SST starts immediately comparison to Cmax that some of aging process are not. Furthermore, the effect of the quantity of pallets was also examined. Although the non-limited resource does not make any delay to the schedule but the limited quantity is not. When pallets are limited, aging jobs were significantly impacted, with the last aging pallet being delayed. To reduce delays, it prepares an adequate supply of pallets that is close to or equal to its requirement that is defined by the non-limited resource. Further research combining the scheduling of the BMP with the tire manufacturing process and more techniques to modify RCPS are applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Rubber Industry is the property of Editorial Office of China Rubber Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The tire building process is a key part of tire manufacturing, serving as a bridge between the construction design and the finished tire, and the bladder is the core component to complete the shaping process. With the help of finite element method, the tire building process can be effectively reproduced, which help to carry out targeted problem solving and solution design. In this paper, the numerical simulation method is used to study the 205/55R16 radial tire building process, and the reliability of the simulation method is verified by comparing simulated green tire and its test section; then the shaping simulation model incorporating the bladder is established and compared with the finished tire parts to illustrate the reliability; On this basis, the influence of bladder parameters was analyzed by orthogonal design of experiment and simulated annealing optimization algorithm, the sensitivity of different parameters was obtained, the bladder parameters were optimized; compared with the bladder with original parameters, the optimized bladder effectively reduced the stress by 44.67 % and 55.54 %, while significantly improving the contact force between the bladders and the green tire. The results of the study provide a good methodological basis and theoretical guidance for tire design, manufacturing and bladder optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with their ubiquitous presence across numerous global industries, pose multifaceted challenges, influencing air pollution and health outcomes. In response, countries such as the United States and Canada have implemented fenceline monitoring systems, enabling real-time tracking of organic solvents, including benzene. Initially, this focus was predominantly placed on the petroleum refining industry, but it has gradually been broadening. This investigation seeks to identify and analyze the specific VOCs produced in the tire manufacturing sector by utilizing both active and passive monitoring methodologies. The findings of the present study aim to recommend prioritized reduction strategies for specific VOCs. Percentage means the ratio of VOCs detected at the research site. At research target facility A, active monitoring demonstrated the presence of Methylene chloride (20.7%) and Carbon tetrachloride (15.3%), whereas passive monitoring identified Carbon tetrachloride (43.4%) and m,p-Xylene (20.8%). After converting these substances to their equivalent concentrations, we found a noteworthy correlation between the active and passive methodologies. At research target facility B, active monitoring detected n-Pentane (45.5%) and Isoprene (11.4%), while passive monitoring revealed Toluene (21.3%) and iso-Hexane (15.8%). Interestingly, even at sites like warehouses and test tracks where VOC concentrations were projected to be low, we observed VOC levels comparable to those in process areas. This underlines the fact that the dispersal of VOCs is considerably influenced by wind direction and speed. Specifically, in the tire manufacturing industry, emissions of Xylene and 3-Methylhexane, both having high photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), contribute significantly to air pollution. However, the overall detection concentration in the tire manufacturing industry was detected at a low concentration of less than 2 μg/m3. This is less than 9 μg/m3, which is the standard for benzene, which has strong carcinogenicity regulations. This suggests that additional research is needed on synthetic rubber manufacturing rather than tire manufacturing.

The proposed method for tire specification character recognition based on the YOLOv5 network aimed to address the low efficiency and accuracy of the current character recognition methods. The approach involved making three major modifications to the YOLOv5 network to improve its generalization ability, computation speed, and optimization. The first modification involved changing the coupled head in YOLOv5 to a decoupled head, which could improve the network's generalization ability. The second modification proposed incorporating the C3-Faster module, which would replace some of the C3 modules in YOLOv5's backbone and head and improve the network's computation speed. Finally, the third modification proposed replacing YOLOv5's CIoU loss function with the WIoU loss function to optimize the network. Comparative experiments were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed modifications. The C3-Faster module and the WIoU loss function were found to be effective, reducing the training time of the improved network and increasing the mAP by 3.7 percentage points in the ablation experiment. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving the accuracy of tire specification character recognition and meeting practical application requirements. Overall, the proposed method showed promising results for improving the efficiency and accuracy of automotive tire specification character recognition, which has potential applications in various industries, including automotive manufacturing and tire production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Rubber Industry is the property of Editorial Office of China Rubber Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Today, the manufacturing industry faces worldwide challenges, ecological hazards, climate change, and the use of non-renewable natural resources, so industry players are manoeuvring in a sustainable direction. In this case, green manufacturing practices are used as a starter to contribute to products and services that can help achieve sustainable development goals. The research aims to explore green practices with empirical evidence in the literature and expert opinions of tire manufacturing industry practitioners. The study proposes a framework of key factors: TMC (Top Management Commitment), PPP (Pollution Prevention Practices), and PSP (Product Stewardship Practices) that can affect GPSI (Green Product Service Innovation) significantly affect SPSSP (Sustainable Product-Service System Performance). The study used statistical analysis to calculate the minimum sample size with (G*Power 3.1), the results were 205 respondents adequate, and structural model analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SmartPLS 4.0). The results show that TMC and PSP significantly affect SPSSP, but PPP does not affect SPSSP. The findings also suggest that the relationship between key factors and SPSSP can be mediated by GPSI. The recommendations of this study provide suggestions to top management for the adoption of GPSI as a novelty in green manufacturing, and as value creation for sustainable development achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tires are one of the most basic and important components of vehicles, including bicycles, cars, trucks, and aircraft. They consist of several layers that provide complex and dynamically changing functions. This work aims to optimize the mounting process of the tire apex to the bead. The bead locks the tire to the rim and helps minimize the risk of rim slip, and the apex provides dynamic stiffness, stress distribution, and driving stability. In mounting the apex onto the bead, air can be trapped between the apex and bead, which is an undesirable and significant problem in tire manufacturing. An FE model was created to simulate and optimize this process. After modifying the apex dimensions, the air was displaced from the space between the apex and the bead. Based on the simulation results, a set of recommendations for producing suitable apex shapes is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research, the results of which are summarized here, aimed to identify and assess the risks of occupational injury/illness for representative categories of workers within a multinational company producing tires. From the multitude of available methods it was chosen to use the method developed by the National Institute dor Research and Development in Occupational Safety Bucharest, which is quasi-generalized in our country and allows a realistic assessment without requiring detailed quantitative analyses. It was thus possible to to rank intervention priorities and to generate optimal measures to minimize occupational risks through technical-engineering and organizational prevention/protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonpneumatic tires (NPTs) have good safety and a good load-carrying capacity, and they replace the function of air in pneumatic tires with a solid spoke component. The radial stiffness and weight are the important indexes for evaluating the performance of an NPT. In this research, we designed an NPT according to the requirements of vehicle Chery eQ1 based on weight minimization. Taking the radial stiffness related to the bearing-capacity performance as the constraint condition, a topology-optimization algorithm is proposed to find the best thickness distribution of the spokes with the objective of minimizing the mass. First, the mechanical properties of the material were obtained with the test. Then, the FE model of an NPT with a Fibonacci spoke structure was built and validated with a radial-stiffness test on a five rigid test machine. The optimization algorithm was carried out by searching for the best thickness distribution of the spoke after verifying the reliability of the FE model. Finally, the optimized tire was manufactured, and the stiffness test was carried out to verify the feasibility of the optimization results. The results show that the spoke mass can be reduced by 9% by using the proposed optimization algorithm while satisfying the radial-stiffness constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixing of filler particles with elastomers is one of the most important steps in tire manufacturing process. Precipitated Silica (Si), as a filler, shows enhanced properties compared with carbon black when incorporated with an elastomer such as low rolling resistance, high wet grip performance, and high wear resistance. According to the standard rubber mixing process, the fragmentation of the filler particles in an elastomer during mixing must yield to breakage of particles to a size that enables homogenous mixing of the material. Hence, this experimental study is concerned with understanding the behavior of silica during its incorporation in the elastomer. Incorporation is done through shear forces present in the Internal Mixer. Different experimental methodologies are used to measure the particle size distribution. For free silica particles that have been fragmented but not incorporated, we use Laser granulometry. Silica embedded in elastomer is analyzed using X‐ray tomography. The results obtained suggest that free silica and silica embedded in elastomer follow erosion mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the resource allocation and vital manufacturing processes in the tire manufacturing industry was comprehensively optimized. The paper deals in detail with the Banbury mixing process, which produces homogeneous rubber materials for tire components. In addition, the mixing process models were established by the Plant Simulation software to validate and compare scenarios and experiments with realistic production constraints. Discrete empirical distribution (dEmp) was proposed for population data. Various scenarios were created for different resource and process. Experiments were set as different group of compound set. Experiment manager was used as a tool to set up scenarios and the experiments to provide alternative results. The study results display the production time and machine utilization. The shortest production time of experiment results represents the best group of each scenario. As results, the scenario, which BB1 is changed from non-productive Banbury mixer to special Banbury mixer along with the normal process is combined with second special process, provides the suitable production volume which can reduce of total production time for 8.06 %. Our study provides a variety of the resource utilization of a Banbury mixing process and suggests an efficient optimization method for production performance improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and styrene have been reported in tire manufacturing. This research was designed to evaluate the exposure to BTEX and styrene and their health risks in tire manufacturing in Iran. The health risk estimation was done by the United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) method using the Monte-Carlo simulation. Results showed that the concentration of benzene in some units, such as cement making; cement spraying, and tire building was more than the standard level. The units of cement spraying and calendaring had the highest and lowest cancer and no-cancer risks, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance tire durability, the antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is used in rubber, but it converts into the toxic 6PPD quinone (6PPD-Q) when exposed to oxidants like ozone (O 3), causing ecological concerns. This review synthesizes the existing data to assess the transformation, bioavailability, and potential hazards of two tire-derived pollutants 6PPD and 6PPD-Q. The comparative analysis of different thermal methods utilized in repurposing waste materials like tires and plastics into valuable products are analyzed. These methods shed light on the aspects of pyrolysis and catalytic conversion processes, providing valuable perspectives into optimizing the waste valorization and mitigating environmental impacts. Furthermore, we have examined the bioavailability and potential hazards of chemicals used in tire manufacturing, based on the literature included in this review. The bioavailability of these chemicals, particularly the transformation of 6PPD to 6PPD-Q, poses significant ecological risks. 6PPD-Q is highly bioavailable in aquatic environments, indicating its potential for widespread ecological harm. The persistence and mobility of 6PPD-Q in the environment, along with its toxicological effects, highlight the critical need for ongoing monitoring and the development of effective mitigation strategies to reduce its impact on both human health and ecosystem. Future research should focus on understanding the chronic effects of low-level exposure to these compounds on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, as well as the potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain. Additionally, this review outlines the knowledge gaps, recommending further research into the toxicity of tire-derived pollutants in organisms and the health implications for humans and ecosystems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prompted by a recent report that 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-q), a by-product of a common tire manufacturing additive that is present in road runoff, is toxic to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), extracts of water samples collected from an urban river were re-analyzed to determine if this compound was present in stormwater-influenced flows. In addition, extracts were analyzed for 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG), which is also used in tire manufacturing. Samples were originally collected in the fall of 2019 and winter of 2020 in the Greater Toronto Area of Canada from the Don River, a highly urbanized watershed in close proximity to several major multi-lane highways. These target compounds were analyzed using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometric detection with parallel reaction monitoring. Both 6PPD-q and DPG were detected above limits of quantification (i.e., 0.0098 µg/L) in all extracts. Maximum concentrations for 6PPD-quinone of 2.30 ± 0.05 µg/L observed in the river during storm events exceeded the LC50 for this compound for coho salmon (i.e., > 0.8 µg/L). In composite samples collected at intervals throughout one rain event, both compounds reached peak concentrations a few hours after initiation of the event (i.e., 0.52 µg/L for DPG and 2.85 µg/L for 6PPD-q), but the concentrations of 6PPD-q remained elevated above 2 µg/L for over 10-h in the middle of the event. Estimates of cumulative loads of these compounds in composite samples indicated that kg amounts of these compounds entered the Don River during each hydrological event, and the loads were proportional to the amounts of precipitation. This study contributes to the growing literature indicating that potentially toxic tire-wear compounds are present at elevated levels and are transported via road runoff into urban surface waters during rain events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As far back as mid 2016, Rivers State residents particularly those resident in Port Harcourt began noticing deposits of black soot in their homes, public places, on their clothings, cars, streets, plants and even on their bodies. Despite wide cries against it, the menace has continued unabated and in increasing densities and spread over the years except that the rains that last for a greater part of the year seem to reduce the deposit level of this soot apparently by washing some away. Several sources of black soot have been identified and include smoke generated from local, illegal refineries engaged in illegal production of diesel and kerosene, smoke from petrochemical industries, gas flaring from flow station of oil companies, smoke from industrial and domestic generators, smoke from exhaust of vehicles of all types, smoke generated from burning of vehicle tyres either at abbatoirs or for other purposes, smoke from burning of confisticated illegally refined petroleum products (though this act by the military has reduced as a result of widespread condemnation), smoke from fertliser companies and smoke generated from burning of solid waste in dumpsites located in and around Rivers State. Of all these sources, black soot genarated from the activities of local, illegal refineries have been identified to be the major culprit. This paper employed the use of e-questionnaires to elicit data from about 340 registered Estate Surveyors and Valuers resident or practicing in Rivers State. The data generated was subjected to further analysis using the one-way ANOVA to test the impact of soot in the City while F-ratio test was used to test for significance. The results revealed that black soot has significant impact on residential buildings in Port Harcourt. Amongst recommendations made were the need to immediately halt further illegal refining of crude, standardize local crude refining processes which must cover soot management and disposal systems before considering issuing of refining licenses to local refiners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to identify SHRM (strategic human resource management) essential practices for the TQM (total quality management) program regarding an Indian tire manufacturing company and formulate an inclusive interrelationship to prioritize them. Design/methodology/approach: Semistructured interview with ten experts from the company was made to give SHRM practices scores. The SLR (systematic literature review) and TOPSIS (technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution) techniques are used to establish the model for 12 key practices and rank them afterward. Findings: The findings clearly show that strategic planning and staffing, teamwork and leadership development have appeared as the top three essential practices. Simultaneously, performance measurement and evaluation, work design and analysis and promotion are identified as the bottom three practices. These essential practices are identified as contributing attributes. Practical implications: The findings prioritize the SHRM practices as contributing attributes that help other tire manufacturing industries identify their key practices. Moreover, it provides the necessary inputs comprised of ten experts' decisions to become more active and well prepared. Originality/value: The novelty of this study is to identify the key practices by using SLR and measured by the TOPSIS method to rank and consider a tire manufacturing company as a case-based approach to gain high productivity and competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a methodological justification for assessing the state of financial management of the enterprise using the category of "technological way". The paper presents a conditional view of the sedentary technological structure in the form of: axes as a group of interconnected new industries, technologies, enterprises; disk as a manufacturing sector that unites large industrial enterprises that produce competitive serial products; Tires are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises that generate the latest products and technologies and undergo trial marketing. The paper considers the structure of the axis of the technological structure of financial management of the enterprise, as well as providing financial instruments - financial assets and financial liabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]