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The current research work highlighted the bio-fabrication of tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) by employing Phyllanthus emblica leaf extract. These investigations concentrated on the physiochemical characteristics of the developed material and examined their effectiveness as photocatalysts and antibacterial agents. The structural characteristics of the bio-fabricated SnO2NPs were investigated by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and UV spectroscopic techniques. Photocatalytic efficacy of the constructed materials was evaluated in the removal of the 2,4 dicholorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4 D); meanwhile, the antibacterial potency of the developed material was assessed against the chosen bacterial strain Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The XRD and SEM examination revealed that the particles are spherical with diameters ranging from 50 to 60 nm. Subsequently, the developed SnO2 NPs demonstrated significant photocatalytic potency in the removal of the 2,4 D from the aqueous solution, and approximately 74% of organic pollutants were removed from the aqueous solution within the period of 120 min. The antibacterial assay demonstrated that the developed material shows significant inhibition of the tested bacterial strain. Maximum inhibition was observed against the Klebsiella pneumoniae with the 21 mm zone of inhibition at 60 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A data-fitting method based on the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is proposed to determine the thickness and refractive index of films measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). To demonstrate this method, tin oxide (SnO2) films with transparent wavelength coverage (400–800 nm) are evaluated. The comparative analysis indicates that Psi and Delta parameter curves based on WOA fitting align more closely with those obtained through experiments. Furthermore, the thickness and refractive index of films obtained by WOA are in nearly agreement with the results from the well-known Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm. This validation confirms that it has great potential in the determination of film parameters in ellipsometry data fitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce surface defects and tune mismatched energy levels between the tin oxide (SnO2) electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite absorber, a mixture of urea and potassium acetate (U‐PA) is firstly utilized as a healing agent. The perovskite film deposited on the SnO2/U‐PA layer exhibits enlarged grains and shortened carrier lifetime compared to that on the pristine SnO2. The U‐PA treatment not only ameliorates the photocurrent but also adjusts interfacial energy level alignment, thereby reducing the energy barrier and augmenting open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of the photovoltaic devices. The device based on the SnO2/U‐PA ETL leads to the best conversion efficiency breakthrough of 19.24% and a high VOC of 1084.5 mV, which are much higher than those of the controlled device. Moreover, the unencapsulated device retains 70% of its initial efficiency after 800 h storage. The experimental results provide a facile and inexpensive guidance toward sustainable green energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In p–i–n perovskite solar cells (PSCs), fullerene derivatives are predominantly used as an electron transport material (ETM) despite their disadvantages, such as parasitic absorption in the short wavelength range and high cost. State‐of‐the‐art n‐i‐p PSCs are fabricated using SnO2 as the ETM due to their high charge transfer ability, transparency, and low cost. However, in p–i–n PSCs, dispersing SnO2 nanoparticles in a solvent that does not damage the perovskite and forming a uniform layer is challenging. Herein, a strategy of directly depositing SnO2 quantum dots (QDs) on perovskite using ethylenediamine (EDA) for high‐performance applications is reported, which involves a SnO2 QD solution designed with a damage‐free cosolvent. Treating the SnO2 QD layer with the EDA strategy creates a conformal SnO2 QD layer and improves charge transport. This strategy achieves a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.9% in PSCs with a 1.77 eV bandgap, which is the highest PCE reported for wide bandgap p–i–n PSCs using an inorganic ETM. The top SnO2 layer enables ITO deposition without sputtering damage and achieves a bifacial factor of 99% due to the high transmittance of SnO2 QD. The resulting four‐terminal all‐perovskite tandem exhibited a PCE of 27.0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic nose is an increasingly useful tool in many fields and applications. Our thermal electronic nose approach, based on nanostructured metal oxide chemiresistors in a thermal gradient, has the advantage of being tiny and therefore integrable in portable and wearable devices. Obviously, a wise choice of the nanomaterial is crucial for the device's performance and should therefore be carefully considered. Here we show how the addition of different amounts of Au (between 1 and 5 wt%) on Cu2O–SnO2 nanospheres affects the thermal electronic nose performance. Interestingly, the best performance is not achieved with the material offering the highest intrinsic selectivity. This confirms the importance of specific studies, since the performance of chemoresistive gas sensors does not linearly affect the performance of the electronic nose. By optimizing the amount of Au, the device achieved a perfect classification of the tested gases (acetone, ethanol, and toluene) and a good concentration estimation (with a mean absolute percentage error around 16%). These performances, combined with potentially smaller dimensions of less than 0.5 mm2, make this thermal electronic nose an ideal candidate for numerous applications, such as in the agri-food, environmental, and biomedical sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the gas-sensing characteristics of undoped SnO 2 , as well as indium (In:SnO 2) and titanium (Ti:SnO 2) doped SnO 2 nanostructures, which were synthesized using a homogeneous precipitation technique. Structural analyses indicate the presence of a tetragonal rutile phase with a preferred orientation along the (110) plane, with both doped samples showing shifts towards higher angles. Raman spectroscopy confirms the vibrational modes associated with SnO 2 in both the pure and In: SnO 2 samples, while the Ti: SnO 2 sample reveals vibrational modes corresponding to both SnO 2 and TiO 2. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicates shifts in the O-Sn-O and Sn-O bonds in the doped samples, suggesting the effects of doping. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results imply a combination of SnO and SnO 2 phases in the undoped SnO 2 , while In: SnO 2 samples display In-O bonding and the presence of metallic indium, and Ti: SnO 2 shows Ti-O bonding. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show agglomerated particles in the pure and In-doped samples, whereas the Ti-doped samples exhibit a flake-like structure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis verifies the integration of dopants into the SnO 2 crystal lattice, with average crystallite sizes measured at 44.46 nm for undoped, 34.06 nm for In: SnO 2 , and 42.63 nm for Ti: SnO 2. Gas-sensing experiments for CO 2 detection reveal that In: SnO 2 demonstrates the most significant sensing response. These results underscore the impact of doping on the structural, morphological, and gas-sensing attributes of SnO 2 nanostructures, offering important insights for the advancement of efficient carbon dioxide sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin oxide nanoparticles are well‐established materials with a wide range of applications, including optoelectronic devices and solid‐state gas sensors. Conventional synthesis methods of these systems are often based on batch processes. In this study, we compare batch and continuous synthesis methods for tin dioxide nanoparticles using precipitation and sol‐gel processes. For the continuous processes we applied the so called microjet reactor method. The nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, elemental analysis and XRD and exhibited particle sizes of 1.7–3.0 nm and crystallite sizes of 1.7–2.3 nm, consisting of tetragonal (P42/mnm) and orthorhombic (Pbcn) phases. We have evaluated different post‐synthesis purification methods to remove impurities such as chlorides and carbon‐hydrogen species. Each purification method exhibited unique advantages and side effects, providing insight into selecting the most appropriate method for specific applications. We also demonstrated the potential of these SnO2 nanoparticles as ethanol gas sensing materials and compared their performance with a commercial sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron‐transporting layers (ETLs) assembled from SnO2 nanocrystals show promise in addressing the stability issues faced by solution‐processed quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs). However, the electrical conductivity of SnO2 nanocrystals bottlenecks QLED performance, and efforts to achieve effective n‐type doping are constrained by dopant availability and charge‐induced exciton quenching. In response, Sb‐doped SnO2 nanocrystals with doping concentrations less than 1 mol% are explored, a range overlooked in previous research, and the ETL is designed accordingly. Comprehensive characterizations reveal that 0.45 mol% Sb doping transitions the electrical conduction from trap‐limited to trap‐free space‐charge‐limited, and 0.84 mol% doping results in Ohmic conduction, along with a 100‐fold conductivity enhancement. Meanwhile, trap‐filling mitigates the fluorescence quenching of the colloidal quantum dots, with significant increases only observed when doping concentrations exceed 0.45 mol%. Drawing inspiration from these findings, a SnO2 ETL with gradient Sb doping levels for QLEDs to decouple the conductivity–fluorescence tradeoff is developed. Consequently, this ZnO‐free QLED significantly outperforms comparable devices, achieving a luminance of 2.8 × 105 cd m−2, an external quantum efficiency of 18.3%, and a T95 operational lifetime of 4320 h at 1000 cd m−2, all while showing no signs of positive aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a potential competitor to the silicon photovoltaic technology. The most representative perovskite cells employ SnO2 and spiro‐OMeTAD as the charge‐transport materials. Despite their high efficiencies, perovskite cells with such a configuration show unsatisfactory lifespan, normally attributed to the instability of perovskites and spiro‐OMeTAD. Limited attention was paid to the influence of SnO2, an inorganic material, on device stability. Here we show that improving SnO2 with a redox interfacial modifier, cobalt hexammine sulfamate, simultaneously enhances the power‐conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the perovskite solar cells. Redox reactions between the bivalent cobalt complexes and oxygen lead to the formation of a graded distribution of trivalent and bivalent cobalt complexes across the surface and bulk regions of the SnO2. The trivalent cobalt complex at the top surface of SnO2 raises the concentration of (SO3NH2)− which passivates uncoordinated Pb2+ and relieves tensile stress, facilitating the formation of perovskite with improved crystallinity. Our approach enables perovskite cells with PCEs of up to 24.91 %. The devices retained 93.8 % of their initial PCEs after 1000 hours of continuous operation under maximum power point tracking. These findings showcase the potential of cobalt complexes as redox interfacial modifiers for high‐performance perovskite photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the surface chemistry and electrical responses of ultra-high-sensitivity SnO2 MEMS arrays to enable a novel sequential detection methodology for detecting nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ethanol (C2H5OH) as a route to achieve selective gas sensing in electronic nose (E-nose) applications. Utilizing tin oxide (SnO2) thin films deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD), the array achieves the lowest reported detection limits of 8 parts per billion (ppb) for NO2. The research delves into the detection mechanisms of NO2 and C2H5OH, both individually and in subsequent exposures, assessing the sensor's dynamic response across various operating temperatures. It demonstrates rapid response and recovery times, with averages of 48 s and 277 s for NO2 and 40 and 48 for C2H5OH. Understanding the role of individual gases on the SnO2 surface chemistry is paramount in discerning subsequent gas exposure behavior. The oxidizing behavior of C2H5OH following NO2 exposure is attributed to interactions between NO2 and oxygen vacancies on the SnO2 surface, which leads to the formation of nitrate or nitrite species. These species subsequently influence interactions with C2H5OH, inducing oxidizing properties, and need to be carefully considered. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to further improve the sensor's capability to precisely identify and quantify gas mixtures, improving its applicability for real-time monitoring in complex scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the structural, morphological, and optical properties of SnO2 and Cu-doped SnO2 films deposited on glass and FTO substrates using the RF sputtering technique. The Cu-doped samples were subsequently annealed in an oxygen flow at temperatures of 400 and 500 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that pure SnO2 thin films exhibited an amorphous structure on both substrates. In contrast, the Cu-doped SnO2 sample on the glass substrate maintained its amorphous state, while the sample on the FTO substrate transitioned to a tetragonal rutile structure. Thermal annealing further induced a transformation to a tetragonal rutile structure for samples on both substrates. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the incorporation of Cu into the SnO2 films. The estimated crystallite sizes ranged from 16 to 20 nm for the glass substrate and from 20 to 31 nm for the FTO substrate. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses demonstrated uniform surface morphology with a smooth texture and strong adhesion to the substrates. The band gap energy (Eg) values for the unannealed samples were found to be 3.52, 3.40, 3.50, and 3.29 eV. Notably, Cu doping and the deposition of SnO2 films on FTO substrates resulted in a reduction of the band gap. These findings provide valuable insights into the effects of Cu doping, annealing, and substrate type on the structural and optical properties of SnO2, paving the way for advanced optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar derived from biomass resources as a carrier to load SnO2 for electroreduction of CO2 not only can benefit carbon emissions, but it also can achieve waste utilization. However, the weak CO2 mass transfer and conductivity ability of SnO2/biochar limits its applications to such eCO2RR processes. This study focused on modifying SnO2/biochar with amino groups and investigated the effects of positioning of amino groups on the catalyst’s physicochemical properties and electrocatalytic behaviors. Elemental analysis revealed that anchoring amino groups on biochar (SnO2/C-NHx) is advantageous for increasing amounts of amino groups attached, thereby enhancing biochar adsorption energy and subsequently increasing the loading of Sn. The CO2 adsorption curve indicated that amino groups anchored on biochar facilitate CO2 adsorption due to high specific surface area of biochar. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that amino groups anchored on SnO2 (NHx-SnO2/C) resulted in highly electron-rich centers on Sn, which promoted electron transfer between the catalyst and CO2. Electrochemical tests demonstrated the improved performance of amino-modified SnO2/biochar. SnO2/C-NHx exhibited enhanced Faraday efficiency, whereas NHx-SnO2/C showed higher current density. The disparity in electrochemical performance can be mainly attributed to the different selectivity towards rate-controlling steps of electron transfer and mass transfer induced by the various positions of amino groups anchoring.

The study focuses on creating new boro-silicate glasses doped with SnO2 for radiation shielding. It examines how substituting Na2O with SnO2 affects their structural, optical, and shielding properties. Density increases from 2.406 to 2.488 g/cm³ with rising SnO2, measured via the Archimedes Method. The examination for the glassy phase was performed using the XRD diffractometer. UV/Vis spectrophotometer analysis reveals reduced refractive index (2.412–1.976) and increased optical absorption-band gap (direct: 3.648–5.662 eV; indirect: 2.994–5.163 eV) with SnO2 concentrations of 0–9 mol.%). The effectiveness of the radiation shielding was assessed over the 0.059–1.408 MeV gamma-ray energy interval. The analysis demonstrates that when the concentration of SnO2 increases, the synthesized glasses' linear attenuation coefficient improves. As the SnO2 content was raised between 0 and 9 mol%, the linear attenuation coefficient rose between 0.489 and 2.892 cm−1 (at energy of 0.059 MeV) and between 0.126 and 0.128 cm−1 (at energy of 1.408 MeV), respectively. As the SnO2 content was raised between 0 and 9 mol%.

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles doped with europium impurities were synthesized, and their ability to generate singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals was investigated for photodynamic therapy. They were detected using Anthracene and methylene blue reagentsThe process involved chemical synthesis of nanoparticles, followed by analysis of their structural properties and characteristics using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, the nanoparticles' optical properties were studied using Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) for potential tumor applications. The analysis of the results shows that the prepared nanoparticles have a tetragonal structure, with a size of 14 nm. Additionally, when excited at a wavelength of 275 nm, they exhibit emission peaks at 388, 412, 481, 667, and 735 nm. Nanoparticles not only have the appropriate photoluminescence spectrum needed for photodynamic therapy, but they also exhibit a strong afterglow. These nanoparticles can serve as an effective light source for treating deep tumors. To achieve this, the nanoparticles are stimulated outside the body and then used as a light source. In this study, UV and X-rays were employed to stimulate the nanoparticles and investigate their photodynamic therapy properties. The findings suggest that SnO2: Eu nanoparticles show promise as a novel and cost-effective treatment for deep tumor photodynamic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Tin oxide SnO2 hybrid structures were deposited on porous silicon substrates via spray pyrolysis method. The impact of the current density changes ranging from 5-15 mA/cm² with HF concentration of 18% was investigated at fixed substrate temperature of 250Co. The XRD analysis for nanostructures revealed the presence of tetragonal structure of SnO2. The Scanning electron Microscope (SEM) images showed the sponge-like structure of PSi with grooves and cavities following the deposition of SnO2 on the substrate. It can be seen, the grain diameter arrangement of the SnO2 was found to be in the range from 42-64 nm. The I-V characteristics showed that the resistance raises with the current density of the SnO2/porous silicon. The optical results refers that the absorption of SnO2 nanostructure increases with the number of spraying times for values of (10,15 and 20) respectively. Moreover, the results also revealed a degradation of the energy gap from 3.3 to 2.82eV at the same spraying values. The higher sensitivity was found around 49.35% at etching current density of 15mA/cm². The structure quality of the SnO2/PSi provides the possibility of using such structures in the high-quality sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the teaching of electron transport layer materials within the Traditional Energy and New Energy curriculum, using perovskite solar cells as a starting point. It integrates the cutting-edge research on chemical bath deposition (CBD) of tin oxide (SnO2) electron transport layers into teaching practice. The study employs scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) to characterize the SnO2 thin films prepared by CBD. It then applies these films to fabricate perovskite solar cells, evaluating their impact on device performance. The results show that compared to SnO2 thin films prepared by the traditional spin-coating method, those prepared by CBD are more uniform and denser, exhibit better crystallinity and higher electron extraction capability, ultimately achieving higher device efficiency. This research constructs a “Theory-Practice-Inquiry-Innovation” teaching model. By designing a teaching experiment on CBD of SnO2 electron transport layers, it effectively enhances students' learning interest, deepens their understanding of theoretical knowledge and stimulates their enthusiasm for exploring the field of new energy. This research provides a new approach for experimental teaching reform in universities and holds significant importance for cultivating new energy talents with practical skills and an innovative spirit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the gas‐sensing properties of sensors is important for the detection of ultralow‐concentration gases. As sensor signals are generated from the reactions on the surface of the sensor material, improving the surface structure of the sensor material can enhance the sensing properties. In this study, nanosheet‐type tin oxide with a metastable (101) crystal facet surface was used as the gas sensor material. To enhance the sensing properties, crystal facet‐controlled cerium oxide with superior oxygen storage capacity at moderate temperatures was decorated on the surface of the nanosheet‐type tin oxide material. An investigation of the sensor properties revealed that the decorated sensor exhibited improved gas selectivity and enhanced sensitivity to all tested gases. Prior to decoration, selectivity was observed for acetone and ethanol, whereas the decorated sensor exhibited high selectivity for acetaldehyde. The limits of detection of the decorated sensors were 245, 459, and 934 ppt for acetone, ethanol, and acetaldehyde, respectively. Thus, the proposed material can effectively enhance the sensing of extremely low‐concentration gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Biochar derived from biomass resources as a carrier to load SnO2 for electroreduction of CO2 not only can benefit carbon emissions, but it also can achieve waste utilization. However, the weak CO2 mass transfer and conductivity ability of SnO2/biochar limits its applications to such eCO2RR processes. This study focused on modifying SnO2/biochar with amino groups and investigated the effects of positioning of amino groups on the catalyst's physicochemical properties and electrocatalytic behaviors. Elemental analysis revealed that anchoring amino groups on biochar (SnO2/C-NHx) is advantageous for increasing amounts of amino groups attached, thereby enhancing biochar adsorption energy and subsequently increasing the loading of Sn. The CO2 adsorption curve indicated that amino groups anchored on biochar facilitate CO2 adsorption due to high specific surface area of biochar. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that amino groups anchored on SnO2 (NHx-SnO2/C) resulted in highly electron-rich centers on Sn, which promoted electron transfer between the catalyst and CO2. Electrochemical tests demonstrated the improved performance of amino-modified SnO2/biochar. SnO2/C-NHx exhibited enhanced Faraday efficiency, whereas NHx-SnO2/C showed higher current density. The disparity in electrochemical performance can be mainly attributed to the different selectivity towards rate-controlling steps of electron transfer and mass transfer induced by the various positions of amino groups anchoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycrystalline SnO2-HfO2 nanolaminated thin films were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on SiO2/Si(100) and TiN substrates at 300 °C. The samples, when evaluated electrically, exhibited bipolar resistive switching. The sample object with a stacked oxide layer structure of SnO2 | HfO2 | SnO2 | HfO2 additionally exhibited bidirectional threshold resistive switching properties. The sample with an oxide layer structure of HfO2 | SnO2 | HfO2 displayed bipolar resistive switching with a ratio of high and low resistance states of three orders of magnitude. Endurance tests revealed distinguishable differences between low and high resistance states after 2500 switching cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, thin-film manufacturing has required highly solution-processable and flexible transparent electrodes. Transparent conductive films with high stability were prepared in this work by embedding silver nanowires (AgNWs) in tin oxide (SnO2)-modified colorless polyimide for double-sided perovskite solar cells and heaters. The composite conductive films exhibit good light transmittance over 80% at 550 nm (T550) conductivity with the lowest sheet resistance of 10.0 Ω sq–1 and a smooth surface with a root-mean-squared roughness of 13.3 nm. The anticipated interaction between AgNWs and CPI mediated by metallic oxide (SnO2) has been achieved through the reduction of hydrophobicity by SnO2 on CPI. With a heat resistance exceeding 200 °C, CPI exhibits enhanced adhesive properties following optimized heat treatment at 210 °C, resulting in the formation of a substantial composite structure. The conductive layer can withstand 10 cycles of peeling experiments without peeling off. Furthermore, the top layer also selects SnO2 to smooth the stacking AgNWs networks. The complete coverage is used to passivate the surface defects of the electrode. Double-sided perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are fabricated based on the composite transparent electrode. The power conversion efficiency for the PSCs of 6.34% is attained close to the ITO side (8.72%). A flexible transparent heater was successfully constructed, which could reach up to 85 °C within a short response time (250 s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing hydrogen economy, hydrogen is expected to play a significant part in the decarbonization of the world's energy supply. However, the use of hydrogen technologies necessitates the implementation of rigorous safety measures, such as the deployment of accurate hydrogen gas detection systems. Tin oxide (SnO 2) has been mainly studied to detect H 2 gas-sensing applications due to its significant chemical and thermal stability properties. The present review article aims to provide state-of-the-art knowledge of current developments of low-cost, eco-friendly hydrogen (H 2) gas sensors (HGS) based on functionalized tin oxide (SnO 2) nanostructures (SNS), offering greater efficiency and enhanced precision. The review article discuss the various technologies with their fundamental mechanism of hydrogen gas sensing. In this review article, the different fabrication routes of SNS coupled with modifications in their structural, surface, chemical, and electrical properties via metal doping, heterojunctions, ion implantation, light-assisted, carbon, and polymer-based hybrids are taken into account. Further, the study emphasized factors affecting sensing performance, recent technological advancements, and prevailing challenges in the area of SNS-inspired HGS. The review presents a few knowledge gaps, translated herewith as future perspectives and recommendations to instant possibility for future research and development. Hence, the present study could foster novel initiatives that may pave the way to revolutionizing SnO 2 -based HGS. [Display omitted] • The review proves a state-of-the-art of current advances in SnO 2 -based H 2 sensor. • Article includes a comprehensive study of different hydrogen sensing technologies. • Different fabrication routes of SnO 2 -based H 2 sensors are summarized. • SnO 2 modifications via heterojunction, ion & light irradiation, etc. are explained. • Recent technological advancements, and prevailing challenges are well defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) holds a great potential for converting CO2 into valuable carbon‐based chemicals and fuels. A promising strategy for enhancing CO2RR performance is the deliberate structural design of electrocatalysts, which can maximize the utilization of inherent structural advantages. In this work, SnO2 nanocubes (NCs) and nanorods (NRs) are synthesized using a surface energy‐driven growth orientation method, where the stable (110) facet and the highly energetic (001) facet constitute the SnO2 nanostructures. Leveraging the inherent structural merits of different facets on SnO2, theoretical calculations reveal that the (001) facet plays a primary role in inhibiting hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), while both (110) and (001) facets are highly favorable for CO2‐to‐formate conversion under the external bias. As a result, SnO2 NCs with a higher facet ratio of (001)/(110) achieve nearly 100% selectivity for the formation of carbonaceous products during CO2RR. More importantly, a maximum partial current density of about 1 A cm−2 with a formate Faradaic efficiency (FE) of over 90% is achieved in a flow cell, distinguishing it from most of the reported Sn‐based electrocatalysts. These results highlight the strategic advantages of leveraging the inherent structure of nanomaterials for efficient CO2RR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramics based on tin oxide (SnO 2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) were sintered at temperatures up to 1400 °C. Except for the end members, all these ceramics are two- or three-phase composites containing spinel phase (Zn 2 SnO 4). Similar to pure SnO 2 ceramics, also the spinel-rich composite (50:50 mixture) does not exhibit densification after sintering at 1400 °C. Spinel Zn 2 SnO 4 is formed in all composites, with a major increase of spinel content at around 1000 °C. Young's modulus values, determined via impulse excitation, are between the exponential relation for convex pores and a benchmark relation for concave pores (or a percolation relation). The evolution of Young's modulus during sintering reveals significant differences between SnO 2 (weak increase above 1000 °C), ZnO (significant increase above 800 °C) and the composites (intermediate). Spinel formation is revealed during heating by a distinct peak (elastic anomaly) at around 1000 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce surface defects and tune mismatched energy levels between the tin oxide (SnO2) electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite absorber, a mixture of urea and potassium acetate (U‐PA) is firstly utilized as a healing agent. The perovskite film deposited on the SnO2/U‐PA layer exhibits enlarged grains and shortened carrier lifetime compared to that on the pristine SnO2. The U‐PA treatment not only ameliorates the photocurrent but also adjusts interfacial energy level alignment, thereby reducing the energy barrier and augmenting open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of the photovoltaic devices. The device based on the SnO2/U‐PA ETL leads to the best conversion efficiency breakthrough of 19.24% and a high VOC of 1084.5 mV, which are much higher than those of the controlled device. Moreover, the unencapsulated device retains 70% of its initial efficiency after 800 h storage. The experimental results provide a facile and inexpensive guidance toward sustainable green energy production.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated remarkable increase in their photovoltaic efficiencies over the past several years. Charge carrier properties including charge selectivity, extraction, and transport play key roles in device performances. Therefore, a comprehensive insight into the charge carrier dynamics and mobility within the bulk materials and at the interface is of great importance for the future development of this cutting‐edge technology. This review discusses the recent advances that have been made in SnO2 electron‐transporting layers and their limitations, followed by outlining the key development of novel strategies in improving SnO2 films through surface defect engineering, interface modification, and doping approaches. In addition, the recent developments are highlighted for identifying the origin of defect and trap center, and promoting SnO2 electron extraction and transporting capacity in PSCs. Importantly, the novel approaches are also discussed for studying photogenerated charge carrier dynamics of the devices. In conclusion, the own prospectives and outlooks are presented for the development of SnO2‐based PSCs, with a particular focus on addressing current difficulties in SnO2 and providing in‐depth understanding on the relationships between materials and devices.

Liquid metal‐based printing techniques are emerging as an exemplary platform for harvesting non‐layered 2D materials with a thickness down to a few nanometres, leading to an ultra‐large surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio that is ideal for sensing applications. In this work, the synthesis of 2D tin dioxide (SnO2) by exfoliating the surface oxide of molten tin is reported which highlights the enhanced sensing capability of the obtained materials to ammonia (NH3) gas is reported. It is demonstrated that amperometric gas sensors based on liquid metal‐derived 2D SnO2 nanosheets can achieve excellent NH3 sensing performance at low temperature (150 °C) with and without UV light assistance. Detection over a wide range of NH3 concentrations (5–500 ppm) is observed, revealing a limit of detection at the parts per billion (ppb) level. The 2D SnO2 nanosheets also feature excellent cross‐interference performance toward different organic and inorganic gas species, showcasing a high selectivity. Further, ab initio DFT calculations reveal the NH3 adsorption mechanism is dominated by chemisorption with a charge transfer into 2D SnO2 nanosheets. In addition, a proof of concept for prototype flexible ammonia sensors is demonstrated by depositing 2D SnO2 on a polyimide substrate, signifying the high potential of employing liquid metal printed SnO2 for realizing wearable gas sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several thin film deposition techniques for oxide semiconducting materials have been developed. In this study, we employed an innovative technique known as chemical wet and dry (CWD) technique to deposit undoped SnO2 thin films on soda lime glass (SLG) and quartz substrates. This approach is an upgraded variant of the dip-coating process, involving controlled substrate withdrawal and in situ annealing in an inert gas atmosphere, ensuring uniform thickness control and contamination-free coating. The presence of a well-made undoped SnO2 thin film on SLG and quartz substrates was confirmed using grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD). The films exhibit a mixed state of crystalline and amorphous nature, characterized by the presence of broad, strong peaks, suggesting Debye–Scherrer broadening. Furthermore, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) examinations showed an even distribution of particles on the film's surface, with particle sizes measuring between 10.58 nm and 9.17 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was utilized to detect functional groups within the film. This determination was substantiated by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis, confirming the film's composition. Optical investigations revealed that the films deposited on both SLG and quartz substrates possess remarkable transparency, exceeding 70% in the visible spectrum. The bandgap values range from 3.05 eV to 3.02 eV for SnO2 thin films deposited on SLG and quartz substrates, respectively. The variations in Hall mobilities, attributed to the impact of grain size, have been recognized, confirming the material's n-type characteristics as confirmed by Hall effect assessments. These prepared samples show promising prospects for use in forthcoming transparent conductive and optoelectronic devices, based on the aforementioned data and discoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Au addition on the acetone response of Cu2O-added porous SnO2 (pr-Cu2O-SnO2) powders, which were synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis employing polymethyl methacrylate microspheres as a template, were investigated in this study. The 3.0 wt% Au-added pr-Cu2O-SnO2 sensor showed the largest acetone response among all sensors. In addition, the magnitude of the acetone response was much larger than those of the ethanol and toluene responses. The catalytic activities of these gases over Au-added pr-Cu2O-SnO2 powders were also examined to clarify the key factors affecting their acetone-sensing properties. The Au addition increased the complete oxidation activity of all gases, and the complete oxidation activity of acetone was much higher than those of ethanol and toluene. These results indicate that the oxidation behavior during the gas-diffusion process in the sensitive Au-added pr-Cu2O-SnO2 layer of the sensors is quite important in enhancing the acetone-sensing properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research enhances ethanol sensing with Fe-doped tetragonal SnO2 films on glass, improving gas sensor reliability and sensitivity. The primary objective was to improve the sensitivity and operational efficiency of SnO2 sensors through Fe doping. The SnO2 sensors were synthesized using a flexible and adaptable method that allows for precise doping control, with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirming homogeneous Fe distribution within the SnO2 matrix. A morphological analysis showed a surface structure ideal for gas sensing. The results demonstrated significant improvement in ethanol response (1 to 20 ppm) and lower temperatures compared to undoped SnO2 sensors. The Fe-doped sensors exhibited higher sensitivity, enabling the detection of low ethanol concentrations and showing rapid response and recovery times. These findings suggest that Fe doping enhances the interaction between ethanol molecules and the sensor surface, improving performance. A mathematical model based on diffusion in porous media was employed to further analyze and optimize sensor performance. The model considers the diffusion of ethanol molecules through the porous SnO2 matrix, considering factors such as surface morphology and doping concentration. Additionally, the choice of electrode material plays a crucial role in extending the sensor's lifespan, highlighting the importance of material selection in sensor design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]