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Background: One bioassay for detecting acaricide resistance in livestock ticks is the adult immersion test (AIT), wherein engorged ticks are briefly immersed into a solution of a particular acaricidal compound and examined for mortality, their egg-laying capacity and offspring hatchability in vitro. Usually, the recommended label dose or an established discriminating dose of an acaricide is used to determine high mortality (≥ 95%) of susceptible tick strains. Such a test intends to detect the presence of resistance in a tick population. However, the adult immersion test does not directly translate the bioassay results to the predicted efficacy in the field. In this paper, we used the AIT as an initial screening bioassay supplemented with the resistance intensity test (RIT), a novel larval-based bioassay, wherein the resistance level can be determined and translated to the expected field efficacy. This was done by adopting World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines for resistance detection in mosquitoes, which combines a 1 × recommended dose with 5 × and 10 × concentrated doses to reveal low, moderate and high resistance intensity, respectively. Methods: Engorged Rhipicephalus microplus ticks were collected from cattle at six different ranches across Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as part of the state's acaricide resistance surveillance program. Groups of adult ticks from each field collection were subjected to the AIT from each field sample. Additionally, engorged female ticks from each ranch were allowed to lay eggs, and their larval progeny aged 14 to 28 days were then used in the RIT. Deltamethrin and a combination of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and piperonyl butoxide were used in both tests, and the results were statistically analysed. Results: The in vitro efficacy of deltamethrin against adult ticks in the AIT ranged between 8.74% and 25.38%. The corresponding RIT results on their larval progeny indicated a high resistance level. In the immersion test, the in vitro efficacy of the combination of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and piperonyl butoxide against adult ticks ranged between 49.31% and 100%. The corresponding RIT results on their larval progeny indicated a similar response ranging from fully susceptible to low or moderate resistance. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.883) showed a high correlation between tick mortality at the 1 × recommended concentrations of acaricides in both tests. Conclusions: The resistance intensity test is a valuable addition to the range of bioassays currently available for detecting acaricide resistance by determining the level of acaricide resistance. This is relevant to whether or not to continue using a particular acaricidal class for controlling cattle ticks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The 1986 disaster at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant released massive amounts of radioactive material into the local environment. In addition to radiation, remediation efforts and abandonment of military-industrial complexes contributed to contamination with heavy metals, organics, pesticides and other toxic chemicals. Numerous studies have evaluated the effects of this contamination on the local ecology. However, few studies have reported the effect of this contamination on vector-borne pathogens and their hosts. In this manuscript, we characterize tick-borne pathogen presence at two sample locations within the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone, one at the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) and another 16 km away in Chornobyl City (CC). Methods: Ticks and whole-blood samples were collected from free-breeding dogs captured at the NPP and CC. Endpoint PCR and quantitative PCR were used to identify tick species and to assess the presence of specific tick-borne pathogens, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Babesia spp., Bartonella spp., Francisella tularensis and general Anaplasmataceae. A droplet digital PCR assay was developed for Babesia canis and A. phagocytophilum to evaluate their presence in dogs from the two populations. Pathogen prevalences between the two sample populations were compared by calculating Z-scores. Results: Ticks were identified as Ixodes ricinus (n = 102) and Dermacentor reticulatus (n = 4). Overall, 56.9% of I. ricinus ticks were positive for at least one pathogen. A significantly higher prevalence of A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi was found in ticks at the NPP (44.0% and 42.0%, respectively) compared to CC (23.1% and 19.2%, respectively). Babesia spp. (including B. canis and B. caballi) were detected in 8.8% ticks at similar proportions for both populations. Interestingly, we found a significantly lower level of A. phagocytophilum in dogs at the NPP (1.8%) than in dogs at CC (11.7%). In total, 24.3% of dogs were positive for B. canis, evenly distributed across the two populations. Conclusions: The results of this study show contrasting pathogen prevalence in both ticks and dogs at the NPP and CC, which may reflect the differential exposures at the two locations. This work adds an important new component to our understanding of the consequences of prolonged exposure to environmental contamination on the wildlife and ecology within the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Members belonging to the tick genus Hyalomma function as a multi-host reservoir for several pathogens and important parasites infesting large animals, such as camels, goats, cattle and sheep. In Egypt, there is a high risk of pathogen transmission as camels and cattle are imported from Sudan and Ethiopia and shipped to slaughterhouses and animal markets located in populated areas. Hyalomma dromedarii ticks are semi-desert vectors and, similar to other members of the genus Hyalomma, characterized by long-term feeding. During this process, different physiological, biochemical and immunological interactions occur within both the feeding ticks and their hosts. These biological changes affect the different tick developmental phases. The aim of this study was to explore the transcriptome of mixed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) collected from H. dromedarii eggs, larvae, nymphs and fed and unfed adults, using the Gateway cDNA library prepared in pCMV sport6.1 vector Methods: The clones were sequenced and searched for potential secreted, membrane-associated or transmembrane (SMaT) sequences. The identified SMaT sequences were compared to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant protein sequence database using Blastx. Annotation and functional classification were achieved by comparison to sequences in the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and VectorBase databases and to the publicly available annotated proteomes of six hard tick species (H. asiaticum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, Dermacentor silvarum, Rhipicephalus microplus, Ixodes scapularis and Haemaphysalis longicornis) in addition to the published H. dromedarii sialotranscriptome. For the common sequences, we predicted the physicochemical properties, secondary structures and antigenicity of the fragments similar to matched sequences in the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database using three different methods. Results: The quality-trimmed sequences from the cDNA library revealed 319 SMaT transcripts among 1248 sequenced clones. Annotation of the SMaT sequences using the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database revealed only 232 non-redundant sequences with at least one match. According to the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Vectorbase databases, the SMaT sequences were either secreted (extracellular) (29 sequences) or cellular (transmembrane and membrane-associated) (203 sequences). These were classified into 10 functional classes: biogenesis (49 sequences), defense (9 sequences), development (36 sequences), signal transduction (28 sequences), transport (15 sequences), protein modification (33 sequences), homeostasis (6 sequences), metabolism (45 sequences) and miscellaneous/uncharacterized (11 sequences). A total of 60 sequences were shared between H. dromedarii SMaT, the sialotransciptome and six other hard tick species. The peptide fragments of these sequences that aligned to proteins from the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database were predicted to be promising epitopes and mapped to 10 functional classes at different ratios. Conclusions: Our immuno-informatics analysis identified 60 sequences common among hard tick species and encoded by H. dromedarii salivary glands. These annotated SMaT sequences of H. dromedarii will pave the way for the identification and discovery of novel potential protective antigens that are either secreted, membrane-associated or transmembrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are blood‐feeding parasites which act as major vectors for various pathogenic microorganisms affecting both animal and human health. Hard ticks are known to move passively (i.e. ‘hitchhike') on migratory birds as they transit between breeding and non‐breeding grounds. This potentially leads to exchange and establishment of non‐endemic tick species in novel environments. However, it is not yet clear if all migratory bird taxa play an equal role in movement of specific tick species, especially outside of medically important tick taxa. To clarify these interactions, we performed a systematic literature review regarding primary data of ticks moving on migratory birds within the African–Western Palearctic flyways. In total, 35 studies were found which showed 123 bird species from 37 families and 12 orders connected to potential movement of 30 tick species representing six genera (Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes, Rhipicephalus). Most tick species did not show high abundance for any bird species, or, if they did, only on very few. Only Ixodes ricinus and Hyalomma marginatum were estimated to be carried at above average burdens by multiple bird species. This could indicate an increased likelihood of these species to be moved during migration. Specific tick species or whole genera were only found in certain migratory seasons as expected based on their geographic distributions. Even so, species found in both migratory seasons did not differ in their estimated abundances on birds between seasons. This result could suggest that tick abundance on migrating birds is not always a direct result of geographic distribution and may suggest an understudied importance of stopover sites towards potential tick introduction or turnover. Taken together, the results presented here provide guiding information for future analyses integrating individual level variation into the current understanding of tick movement with migratory birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents evidence of antibodies against Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in various livestock species in Nigeria. The study screened 467 serum samples from cattle, goats, sheep, and camels collected between 2019-2020 in four Nigerian states. The results showed an overall seroprevalence of 37.7%, with the highest prevalence observed in camels from Kano State. The findings suggest that domestic animals in Nigeria may play a role in the epidemiology of the disease, highlighting the potential risk of human infection. [Extracted from the article]

Tick control mainly depends on using chemical acaricides that have led to the emergence of resistant tick populations along with environmental hazards. Natural alternatives including essential oils are now widely used to avoid the undesirable effects of chemicals on human, animals and environment. In this study, three commercial oils (myrrh, patchouli, and cypress) and their nanoemulsions (NEs) were tested against Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato unfed adults. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the nanoemulsions. Four concentrations with three replicates were used in the bioassay of oils and NEs against ticks using an adult immersion test. Furthermore, a toxicity study of the three oils and their NEs using normal fibroblast cells (BJ-1) was performed. TEM revealed particle size ranges from 29 to 211 nm with spherical droplets. The droplet size and polydispersity index were (29.30 nm & 0.367), (211.6 nm & 0.221) and (164.2 nm & 0.237) for myrrh NE, patchouli NE, and cypress NE, respectively. Myrrh and patchouli oils recorded high acaricidal activity followed by cypress oil with LC50 value 5 days after treatment of 9.01, 12.40, and 15.21%, respectively. The acaricidal efficacy of oil was potentiated in the NEs form which was proved by the reduction in LC50 values that were recorded 7 days after treatment 4.17, 8.57, and 5.04%, for myrrh, patchouli, and cypress NE, respectively. As an alternative for lab animals, we applied the cytotoxicity of myrrh, patchouli, and cypress on normal fibroblast cells. The oils showed low cytotoxic activity of 10.6, 21.5, and 23.6% for Myrrh, Patchouli, and Cypress, respectively. The nanoemulsion was revealed to be safe for normal cells up to a concentration of 0.62% (cytotoxicity%= 24.4, 34.4, and 16.3%, respectively), and the moderate cytotoxic effect appeared at around a concentration of 1.25% (cytotoxicity%= 42.2%, 57.0%, and 36.8% respectively). In conclusion, the three oils and their NEs have good acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus sanguineus unfed adults. Further toxicity studies on mammals are needed to ensure the safe use of these formulations for the control of ticks on infested animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rickettsial infections are often neglected and poorly recognized by physicians in many tropical and subtropical regions. Despite a number of recent reports describing rickettsial diseases in new locations and the discovery of new rickettsiae, medical science and research have largely neglected the diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment of rickettsial infections in subtropical and tropical areas; thus, much remains to be discovered. This study aimed to detect and characterize spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae in ixodid ticks infesting domestic ruminants in Khartoum State. Methods: Polymerase chain reaction targeting both genes that encode for citrate synthase (gltA) and outer membrane protein (ompA) was performed for the presence of SFG rickettsia followed by sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of the 202 ticks examined for the presence of SFG rickettsia, gltA gene was detected in 4 samples (2%). Furthermore, gltA‐positive samples were used to amplify the ompA gene, in which only two samples yielded positive results. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the positive samples revealed four different species of SFG rickettsiae: Rickettsia aeschlimannii, Rickettsia rhipicephali, Rickettsia massiliae and Rickettsia raoultii. Conclusions: These results indicated the presence of SFG rickettsia in Sudanese ticks. This also indicates that humans have an opportunity to acquire these infections. It is important to keep in mind the need for careful consideration of rickettsial infections in individuals with a fever of unknown origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Lyme-endemic areas, limited research has investigated the risk of tick-borne diseases among frontline workers in fire management. This study aimed to compare the exposure histories to ticks and tick-borne pathogens, knowledge, and prevention practices between individuals engaged in fire-related forest management and those participating in recreational activities within Santa Cruz County, CA, in an area of high risk of tick exposure. Methods: Blood samples from 55 forest workers and 58 members of the public were tested for bacterial DNA of and antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Rickettsia species. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to 54 workers and 84 members of the public to identify gaps in knowledge and prevention practices. Results: Although workers had a higher percentage of positive B. burgdorferi antibodies than the public (5.5% compared with 1.7%), the difference was not statistically significant. Conversely, rickettsial antibodies were more prevalent among the public (17.2% versus 3.6% for workers), but specificity to pathogenic bacteria could not be confirmed. No DNA for the three pathogens or antibodies against A. phagocytophilum were detected. Many workers and members of the public reported tick bites (67.4% of participants), with a notable 11% increase among workers in the odds of being bitten for each additional year spent working in forests. Although workers took greater precautions, significant knowledge and practice gaps were identified among both populations, such as an inability to distinguish tick species from common arthropods (mites, spiders, fleas), overestimating the size of ticks, and inappropriate tick-removal techniques. Conclusion: This study underscores the risk of tick-borne diseases faced by fire management workers in Lyme disease–endemic regions. The findings emphasize the necessity for future studies of Lyme disease within this population, and highlight the urgent need for enhanced training programs to minimize these risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, the wild boar (Sus scrofa) is the main invasive exotic species, responsible for causing various economic, environmental, and health damages to biodiversity. In view of the above, we aimed in our study to investigate the occurrence of endo and ectoparasites in free-ranging wild boars in the northwest region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. In total, 45 animals of different sexes and ages were examined in this research. Fecal and urine samples were processed using coproparasitological techniques. Multiple incisions in muscles, liver, and pancreas were also made to investigate cestodes and trematodes, and the entire epidermal region of the animals was analyzed for ectoparasites search. In our study, we demonstrate an occurrence of 97.77% (44/45) and 43.33% (13/30) of endo and ectoparasites, respectively, in wild boars, with the identification of eggs of Metastrongylus spp., Strongyloides ransomi, Trichuris suis, Stephanurus dentatus, and nematodes of the order Strongylida, as well as oocysts of Eimeriidae protozoa. Ectoparasite infestations were mainly caused by ixodids of the genus Amblyomma spp. and by larvae of Cochliomyia hominivorax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Songling virus (SGLV) within the genus Orthonairovirus, family Nairoviridae, is an emerging tick-borne virus associated with human febrile illness. However, no rapid detection method for SGLV has been established. Methods: In this study, four primer sets targeting the nucleocapsid protein gene of SGLV were designed for use in the LAMP assay and evaluated to identify the optimal primer set. Recombinant plasmids were constructed and utilized for assessing the sensitivity of the assay. Tacheng tick virus 1 (TcTV-1)-, Beiji nairovirus (BJNV)-, Yezo virus (YEZV)-, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV)-, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)-positive tick samples were utilized to assess the specificity. Field-collected ticks were also evaluated as biological specimens to validate the assay. Results: A SGLV-specific LAMP assay was established with a detection limit of 1 × 10–2 copies/μl and could be visually confirmed by a color change from purple to blue in SGLV-positive samples. No cross-reactivity was observed in the detection of TcTV-1, BJNV, YEZV, SFTSV, and TBEV using the LAMP assay. In addition to the detection of the same seven high-copy numbers of SGLV as the SYBR Green quantitative RT-PCR assay within a reduced timeframe, the developed LAMP method also effectively identified an additional sample with a low copy number in the field-collected tick samples. Conclusions: We successfully developed a sensitive, specific, and cost-effective visual method for the rapid detection of SGLV using the LAMP assay, which can be applied in pathogenesis and epidemiological surveillance studies of SGLV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks transmit pathogens of veterinary and public health importance. Understanding their diversity is critical as infestations lead to significant economic losses globally. To date, over 90 species across three families have been identified in South Africa. However, the taxonomy of most species has not been resolved due to morphological identification challenges. DNA barcoding through the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) is therefore a valuable tool for species verifications for biodiversity assessments. This study conducted an analysis of South African tick COI barcodes on BOLD by verifying species on checklists, literature, and other sequence databases. The compiled list represented 97 species, including indigenous (59), endemics (27), introduced (2), invasives (1), and eight that could not be classified. Analyses indicated that 31 species (32%) from 11 genera have verified COI barcodes. These are distributed across all nine provinces with the Eastern Cape having the highest species diversity, followed by Limpopo, with KwaZulu-Natal having the least diversity. Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, and Argas species had multiple barcode index numbers, suggesting cryptic diversity or unresolved taxonomy. We identified 21 species of veterinary or zoonotic importance from the Argasidae and Ixodidae families that should be prioritised for barcoding. Coordinating studies and defining barcoding targets is necessary to ensure that tick checklists are updated to support decision-making for the control of vector-borne diseases and alien invasives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our project aim was to create a survey that could be used in all populations and geographic locations throughout the U.S., regardless of the tick species or tickborne diseases present. As a first step, we developed a 57-item survey to assess knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding the prevention of tickborne diseases. The survey instrument was divided into sections: demographics and knowledge, demographics and attitudes, and demographics and behaviors. We recruited 91 college students to join focus groups, and each focus group was given only one section to discuss. Overall, each section was reviewed 5 times by five different focus groups. Feedback from the focus group participants showed that some questions had unclear terminology, resulting in participants having to guess at the meaning. We found that participants randomly selected responses if the answer they were looking for was not listed among the answer choices. Many participants were unfamiliar with the different repellents listed on the survey and recommended that we improve the survey by using or including brand names. Further, they suggested we provide more response options and relabel some responses. The focus group feedback resulted in a refined and more focused survey instrument that can be used to gather information for understanding how knowledge of and attitudes toward tickborne diseases can affect individual preventive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a human case of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection transmitted by a tick, confirmed by viral identification. Haemaphysalis aborensis, a tick species not native to Japan that has been observed to transmit the virus to humans, is now recognized as a potential vector of this virus in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of public awareness, educational emphasis, and research, tick-transmitted diseases in cats often take a back seat to those in dogs. While there is evidence that cats are parasitized by ticks and clinically affected by common tick-transmitted infections less often than dogs, some tick-transmitted infections can significantly affect feline health, and the importance of tick control for cats should not be overlooked. This article reviews the incidence and risk of tick parasitism in cats along with common tick-transmitted diseases and their relevance to feline health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Female ticks remain attached to their host for multiple days to complete a blood meal. This prolonged feeding period is accompanied by a significant increase in the tick's size and body weight, paralleled by noteworthy changes to the tick midgut. While the midgut is recognized for its established role in blood storage and processing, its importance extends to playing a crucial role in the acquisition, survival, and proliferation of pathogens. Despite this, our overall understanding of tick midgut biology is limited. Results: Our transcriptome analysis identified 15,599 putative DNA coding sequences (CDS), which were classified into 26 functional groups. Dimensional and differential expression analyses revealed four primary transcriptional profiles corresponding to unfed, slow-feeding, transitory (from slow- to rapid-feeding), and rapid-feeding stages. Additionally, comparing the current dataset with previously deposited transcriptome from other tick species allowed the identification of commonly expressed transcripts across different feeding stages. Conclusion: Our findings provide a detailed temporal resolution of numerous metabolic pathways in the midgut of A. americanum adult females throughout the feeding process, highlighting the dynamic transcriptional regulation of the tick's midgut as feeding progresses. Furthermore, we identified conserved transcripts across three different tick species that exhibit similar expression patterns. This knowledge not only enhances our understanding of the physiological processes within the tick midgut but also opens up potential avenues for developing control methods that target multiple tick species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the importance of the microbiome in the context of tick biology and vector competence has recently come into a broader research focus, the field is still in its infancy and the complex ecological interactions between the tick residential bacteria and pathogens are obscure. Here, we show that an environmentally acquired gut bacterium has the potential to impair Borrelia afzelii colonization within the tick vector through a secreted metalloprotease. Oral introduction of either Bacillus cereus LTG-1 isolate or its purified enhancin (BcEnhancin) protein significantly reduces B. afzelii burden in the guts of Ixodes ricinus ticks. This effect is attributed to the ability of BcEnhancin to degrade a glycan-rich peritrophic matrix (PM), which is a gut protective barrier essential for Borrelia survival. Our study highlights the importance of the gut microbiome in determining tick vector competence and provides a deeper mechanistic insight into the complex network of interactions between Borrelia, the tick, and the tick microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grazing management through pasture rotation has been mentioned as a viable alternative for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus; however, there is limited information on rotational grazing at field level. The objectives of this research were (1) to evaluate the effect of rotational grazing with 30 and 45 days of pasture rest and continuous grazing (without rest) on R. microplus tick loads in Brahman heifers and its most common crosses with Holstein; (2) to know the parasite dynamics of R. microplus under the three grazing systems in the humid tropics of Mexico; and (3) to determine the effect of the treatments on the characteristics of the pastures (availability of forage biomass, plant height, and soil cover). The experiment was carried out for 1 year from April 2022 to March 2023, with three grazing treatments: Treatments 1 and 2 considered rotational grazing with 30 (RT30) and 45 days of rest (RT45), respectively, and Treatment 3 as continuous grazing (CT00). Thirty calves from 8 to 12 months of initial age were distributed in each treatment (n = 10). Every 14 days, the number of engorged and semiengorged female ticks in cattle was determined. Concomitantly, the region's temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall were recorded, as well as the agronomic characteristics of the pasture. Rotational grazing animals with 30 days of rest had the highest number of ticks, while grazing animals with 45 days of rest had the least. Tick load dynamics among groups did not correlate with climatic variables (p > 0.05). The height and grass cover presented significant changes due to grazing (p < 0.05), which could influence the tick cycle by the exposure of the soil, modifying the microclimatic conditions and consequently harming the survival and development of R. microplus in the evaluated systems. The negative effect of rotational grazing on the nonparasitic phase of R. microplus deserves further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lyme borreliosis is the most frequent zoonotic disease in the northern hemisphere and is transmitted by ticks of the genus Ixodes. Although many people are bitten by ticks in private yards, our understanding of the factors associated with their presence in these areas remains limited. To address this gap, we used a citizen science approach to identify the local and landscape features associated with tick presence in yards. Methods: This study was conducted near Nancy, a city in northeastern France, from 2020 to 2022. Citizen scientists collected ticks in their yard on a single event (n = 185) and measured 13 yard features. Additionally, we computed 11 features related to the landscape composition and spatial configuration surrounding these yards. Using generalized linear mixed models, we determined the yard and landscape features associated with the presence of ticks and nymphal Ixodes ricinus (hereafter nymphs), the life stage, and species that mostly bite humans. Results: Despite a low density, ticks were found in 32% of the yards, including yards in urbanized areas. At the transect level, the likelihood of finding a nymph was nearly three times higher in transects shaded by vegetation compared to those in open areas, with no relationship between nymph occurrence and transect location or grass height. At the yard level, the occurrence of ticks and nymphs was related to both yard and landscape characteristics. Nymph and tick occurrence were more than twice as high in yards with signs of deer and a wood/brush pile compared to those without these characteristics, and increased with the connectivity of vegetation areas and the percentage of forest areas in the landscape. Conclusions: Our study reveals that private yards across an urbanization gradient are locations of tick exposure with tick presence linked to both yard and landscape factors. These findings emphasize the importance of public awareness regarding tick exposure in yards and provide crucial insights for future public health prevention campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to determine when ticks last fed and assign them to a specific feeding cohort is important in attempts to explain their population dynamics; the biochemical measurement of stored lipid, has been widely used for this purpose. However, when relating feeding history to behaviour or infection status, a non‐destructive approach to its assessment would be of value and, to this end, previous studies have attempted to use morphometric indices. Within any instar, the sclerotised scutal components of the body will not vary with increasing starvation while the alloscutal components will, and the resulting ratio should provide a measure of time since feeding. Here, the aim was to determine whether such a morphological ratio (described here as the hunger index) changed predictably with starvation in Ixodes ricinus L. (Ixodida: Ixodidae). For this a cohort of 300 I. ricinus nymphs was collected from the field in February 2021 and starved in a humidified incubator at 15°C and 80% relative humidity (RH). Every 2 weeks, 50 nymphs selected at random were removed and killed by freezing; morphometric measurement was followed by the measurement of lipid using a standard spectrophotometric approach. Both hunger index and stored lipid changed significantly with increasing starvation and were positively correlated with each other. However, the change in morphometric ratio was relatively slight (11%) over 9 weeks and the variation was high. The data suggest therefore that morphological measurements could be used to provide, at best, only broad categorisation of the hunger status of individual I. ricinus ticks in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick‐borne zoonoses are an emerging health issue. The expansion of ticks is mainly driven by climatic changes but also by new approaches to the management of the natural environment, increasing the abundance of vertebrate host species and thus the potential exposure to tick bites for both humans and companion animals. In this context, a holistic approach to studying ticks' ecology is required. In the present work, we shed light on the link between environmental tick abundance (global and specific of Ixodes ricinus nymphs, as the highest zoonotic threat) and the temporal occupancy of wildlife host species retrieved from camera traps (namely, wild ruminants, mesocarnivores and wild boar). We modelled this relationship by integrating abiotic factors relevant to tick survival, such as the vegetation cover and saturation deficit, and estimated the accuracy of prediction. To collect these data, we deployed camera traps in a peri‐urban Natural Park in Northwest Italy to monitor wildlife for 1 whole year while collecting ticks in front of camera traps by dragging transects every 2 weeks. Overall, wildlife temporal occupancy showed an additive impact on tick abundance for species that are preferential hosts (deer and mesocarnivores) and a detractive impact for wild boar, which also presented a lower tick burden, particularly with regard to the tick species collected in the environment (mainly I. ricinus and Haemaphysalis punctata). Accuracy of prediction was higher for I. ricinus nymphs rather than the global model. Temporal fluctuations in the tick population were also highlighted. Wildlife temporal occupancy was not constant and varied between seasons according to feeding habits. In conclusion, we highlighted the utility of camera trap data to investigate tick ecology and acarological risk. This information is crucial in informing monitoring and prevention strategies to decrease the risk of tick bites in humans and thus zoonotic risk of tick‐borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Ticks can harm horses and transmit diseases, making them a growing concern for owners and veterinarians. Veterinarians play a crucial role in providing advice on tick prevention and control. Yet, no research has examined their perspectives on equine ticks and tick‐borne disease (TBD). Objectives: The objective was to assess equine veterinarians' experiences, knowledge and practices related to fundamental aspects of tick biology and identification, tick bite prevention and TBD in the United States. Study design: This project surveyed equine veterinarians in the United States about their knowledge of ticks and TBD affecting horses using nonprobability convenience sampling. The survey questions were grouped into six categories: respondent demographics, knowledge of ticks and TBDs, tick control option availability, tick and TBD frequency in horses and veterinary education and information availability. Methods: Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi‐square analysis and t‐tests. The sample was divided into Northeast and United States veterinarians, and a significance level of p < 0.05 was set. The study aimed to inform continuing education development for veterinarians by assessing their knowledge, practices and perceptions of ticks and TBDs. Results: The results indicate that while equine veterinarians know the importance of TBDs in equine health, knowledge on ticks and TBDs varies significantly. Main limitations: Limitations for the current study include potential response bias and a limited sample from many states. Conclusions: There is a need for increased tick control and prevention options and more animal‐specific resources for tick and TBD prevention. Veterinarians and horse owners require greater education and comprehensive information to prevent tick‐borne illnesses in horses. Collaborations between academia, industry and the human medicine community are suggested to build capacity for training veterinarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-dose doxycycline after high-risk tick bites can prevent Lyme disease, which disproportionately affects children. We described single-dose doxycycline dispensings in an outpatient cohort in the United States. During 2010–2020, a total of 427 105 patients received ≥1 dispensing(s); most were aged ≥65 years. Lyme disease postexposure prophylaxis may be underprescribed for some groups, including children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the Systematic & Applied Acarology journal discusses the occurrence of Haemaphysalis warburtoni ticks in the Western Ghats region of Tamil Nadu, India. These ticks are significant in transmitting Kyasanur Forest Disease in India. The study reports the first observation of Ha. warburtoni in South India, particularly in the hills of Dindigul district. The research highlights the importance of studying tick species diversity in different climatic regions to understand the evolution of the Haemaphysalis genus. [Extracted from the article]

This article investigates the role of local fauna in Western Kazakhstan as potential reservoirs of the camelpox virus (CMLV). The study emphasizes analyzing possible sources and transmission pathways of the virus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological methods, including virus neutralization tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Samples were collected from both young and adult camels, as well as rodents, ticks and blood-sucking insects in the Mangystau and Atyrau regions. The PCR results revealed the absence of viral DNA in rodents, ticks and blood-sucking insects; also, the ELISA test did not detect specific antibodies in rodents. These findings suggest that these groups of fauna likely do not play a significant role in the maintenance and spread of CMLV. Consequently, the primary sources of transmission are likely other factors, potentially including the camels themselves. The study's results indicate the need to reassess current hypotheses regarding infection reservoirs and to explore alternative sources to enhance strategies for the control and prevention of the camelpox virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While the influence of landscape and microclimatic conditions on tick populations is well-documented, there remains a gap in more specific data regarding their relationship to rewilding efforts with large herbivore activity. Objective: This pilot study, spanning from 2019 to 2021, explores the effects of naturalistic grazing by large semi-wild ungulates on tick abundance in the Milovice Reserve, Czechia. Methods: Tick collection was observed using flagging techniques at two distinct sites of rewilding area: one grazed, actively utilized by animals involved in the rewilding project, and one ungrazed, left fallow in neighboring areas utilized only by wild animals. Transects, each measuring 150 m in length and 5 m in width (750 m2), were established at these two sampling locations from March to September between 2019 and 2021. To minimize potential bias resulting from tick movement, a 300 m buffer zone separated the two sites. Data analysis employed a generalized estimating equations (GEE) model with negative binomial regression. The study assessed potential variations in tick abundance between selected transects, considering factors such as plant cover seasonality, temperature, and humidity. Results: During the collection periods, we gathered 586 live ticks, with 20% found in grazed areas and 80% in ungrazed areas. Notably, tick abundance was significantly higher in ungrazed areas. Peaks in tick abundance occurred in both grazed and ungrazed areas during spring, particularly in April. However, tick numbers declined more rapidly in grazed areas. Microclimatic variables like temperature and humidity did not significantly impact tick abundance compared to landscape management and seasonal factors. Conclusion: Rewilding efforts, particularly natural grazing by large ungulates, influence tick abundance and distribution. This study provides empirical data on tick ecology in rewilded areas, highlighting the importance of landscape management and environmental factors in tick management and conservation. Trophic rewilding plays a crucial role in shaping ecosystems and tick population dynamics in transformed landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Rickettsia spp. are vector-borne zoonotic pathogens that cause febrile illness in humans. Rickettsioses is not included in the Colombian national surveillance system and is subsequently expected to be underreported. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Rickettsia spp. and the closely related Orientia tsutsugamushi in two indigenous populations residing in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Materials and Methods: Serum samples (n = 539) were collected from the Wiwa and Koguis people between 2021 and 2022. Serum samples were screened for spotted fever group (SFG) and typhus group (TG) Rickettsia spp. using the Fuller laboratories Rickettsia IgG IFA kit and for O. tsutsugamushi with the Scrub Typhus Detect™ IgG ELISA. Results: We observed an overall seroprevalence of 26.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.5–30.1] for Rickettsia spp. of the SFG, 5.4% (95% CI 3.6–7.6) for Rickettsia spp. of the TG and 4.3% (95% CI 2.7–6.3) for O. tsutsugamushi. Common risk factors for zoonotic disease infections were assessed for 147 of the Wiwa participants. Increased odds of seropositivity for SFG Rickettsia spp. were observed for Wiwa participants who cared for livestock, including assisting with the birth of cattle (odds ratio [OR] = 8.85; 95% CI 1.54–50.90; p = 0.015) and goats (OR = 7.60; 95% CI 1.70–33.90; p = 0.008). Conclusions: These results highlight a notable exposure to Rickettsia spp., especially the SFG, in rural Colombia. Together with recent reports of high mortality for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in nearby regions of South America, more detailed investigations focusing on improving knowledge and awareness as well as "One Health" and "causes-of-fever" studies are needed. The characterization of Rickettsia spp. infections in humans, livestock, and tick vectors with their potential transmission routes could make a high impact on these easily treatable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We document a case of Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis in a patient in Connecticut, USA, who became ill after a bite from a Gulf Coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum). We used PCR to amplify R. parkeri DNA from the detached tick. The patient showed a 4-fold rise in IgG reactive with R. parkeri antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a spatially-explicit discrete-time model that describes tick population dynamics and incorporates the developmental stages for an individual tick. The model allows for two types of movements across patches: (1) active tick movement and (2) movement of ticks through a host. We analyse the dynamics of the model under a nonlinear fecundity term that exhibits an Allee effect. We show that the system has bounded solutions and, under certain conditions on the parameters, is monotone. Using the next generation matrix approach, we define the net reproductive number of the multi-patch model, $ R(0) $ R (0) , and establish conditions under which $ R(0) $ R (0) determines the local and global asymptotic stability of the extinction equilibrium. We then show that the model exhibits rich dynamics including a monostable equilibrium, multi-stable equilibria, and cycles. Finally, we perform some numerical studies to further examine how dispersal and Allee effects impact tick survival and system stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a method is presented to obtain the discrete model of the fractional-order system (FOS) in complex z -domain. An indirect modelling approach has been implemented for the proposed work. Initially, a stable first-order discrete-time operator is formulated by interpolating Tustin and reduced Tick integrators. Later, the fractional-order differentiator has been modelled in two stages. The first stage employs Oustaloup method to obtain the approximate model of the fractional-order differentiator (FOD) in s -domain. The second stage uses the newly formulated operator to discretize the s -domain model for attaining stable discrete rational model of the FOD in z -domain. The efficacy of the proposed method over some of the prevailing methods has been presented with appropriate simulation outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks and tick-borne pathogens pose a great threat to human and animal health. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of ticks that infest camels and investigate the presence of tick-borne pathogens in the blood of camels, associated ticks, and surrounding rodents as reservoirs. From 100 inspected camels, from different localities in the Giza governorate, 1000 ixodid ticks were collected; these ticks belonged to three genera: Hyalomma, Amblyomma, and Rhipicephalus. The genus Hyalomma was represented by four species, Hyalomma dromedarii was the most prevalent species (55.4%), followed by Hyalomma excavatum (22%), Hyalomma impeltatum (11.6%) and Hyalomma rufipes (2.8%). The genus Amblyomma was represented by two species, Amblyomma gemma (2.8%) and Amblyomma marmoreum (2.7%), while the genus Rhipicephalus was represented by only one species, Rhipicephalus pulchellus (2.7%). Ticks, camel blood, and rodents (total number 100 brown rats) are screened for tick-borne pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi, Babesia sp., and Coxiella burnetii) using PCR. Camel blood was found to be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (66.6%), Borrelia miyamotoi (55%), and Babesia sp. (11.6%). Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected in all the collected ticks but was not detected in the blood of camels or rodents. Borrelia miyamotoi was detected in 12.5% of H. impeltatum, 55% of Camels, and 6% of the rodents, which may indicate a proposed risk of dispersal of B. miyamotoi, the agent of tick-borne relapsing fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) significantly affect the health and production of small ruminants, particularly among resource-poor and small-scale farmers in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. This study surveyed 153 farmers across seven districts to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices using a KAP survey. The results revealed a significantly low level of awareness among farmers about the impact of climate change and the economic effects of ticks on animal health. The key preventive measures, such as proper acaricide use and wearing protective clothing, were often neglected, increasing the risk of TBDs. The roles of the government, non-government organizations, veterinary doctors, and local communities are essential to implement effective awareness and education programs to address these gaps. Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) pose potential health threats to small-scale farmers of grazing animals in the upper highlands of Balochistan, Pakistan. This study was conducted based on a questionnaire survey involving 153 farmers of grazing animals in seven districts to access their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding ticks and TBDs. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, based on Fisher's test, were used to assess risk factors for determining preventive measures. The findings revealed a low level of knowledge among the participants. For instance, there was a lack of awareness of the effects of climate change and the economic impact of ticks on animal health. The essential precautions, such as the non-indiscriminate use of acaricides, wearing dark-colored clothing, and limiting children's interaction with grazing animals, were often overlooked. However, the farmers had a positive attitude towards tick control, but they mostly relied on the knowledge of local communities. The neglect of such measures places these farmers and their children at risk of contracting TBDs. This study also indicates minimal involvement from the government in educating farmers and controlling ticks. The role of stakeholders, including the government, non-governmental organizations, veterinary doctors, and local farmer communities, is crucial to address these issues and to implement effective training programs that address misconceptions about ticks and TBDs. Overall, this study highlights the importance of implementing awareness and education programs to address the misconceptions about ticks and TBDs among farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Hiking trails in a natural park may increase the risk of tick exposure for people and pets, as ticks dropped by wildlife can easily latch onto individuals walking nearby. Understanding the range of movement of ticks dropped by wildlife hosts on trails, along with the acarological risks linked to park infrastructures, is crucial for guiding actions to reduce exposure to ticks and tick-borne pathogens. This study examines how tick abundance changes with increasing distance from hiking trails, focusing on a range of 0 to 4 m. We observed a decreasing trend in tick abundance that varies by developmental stage: nymphs show a steady decline in abundance as distance increases, while larvae exhibit a peak near the trail, followed by a sharp drop at greater distances. These findings highlight how the immediate proximity of a hiking trail may serve as a potential source of tick bites for both humans and pets. Hiking trails may act as hotspots at the wildlife–human interface, posing an acarological risk for people and their pets. Ticks that are maintained in the environment by wild animals may quest on people walking along the trails. Assessing the risk of tick bites for people involved in outdoor activities is a further step in mitigating the risk of tick-borne diseases. This work describes the variation of tick abundance along a gradient of distances from hiking trails, where wildlife passage is favored by higher accessibility. Hiking trails with dense vegetation on the sides were sampled for ticks along a 100 m dragging transect, located in a natural park in North-Western Italy. Additional transects were replicated at 1, 2 and 4 m away from the trail on both sides. After morphological identification, descriptive statistics and modeling were applied to determine the abundance patterns across distances. Larvae were most abundant near the trail, peaking at 1 m and dropping sharply at further distances. Nymphs showed a more gradual and consistent decrease at progressing distance from the trail. Few adults were collected, preventing the identification of a clear trend. With higher tick abundance, the immediate vicinity of hiking trails may represent a source of acarological risk for humans and pets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is limited knowledge about tick diversity in the Amazon region. Here, we survey small terrestrial mammals for tick infestation at the Rio Pardo settlement, Amazonas State, Brazil. Sampling included rainy and dry seasons and four ecotones (primary forest, forest in regeneration, field crops and households). Each animal was inspected for ticks, which, if present, were placed in 70% alcohol and identified. Parasitological indexes were calculated and the presence/absence of ticks on hosts was tested for possible associations with independent variables (ecotone, host sex, host order, host family, host age and season). A total of 208 small mammals were captured, 47 individuals (10 species) in the primary forest, 124 (15 species) in the forest in regeneration, 11 (7 species) in the field crops, and 26 (4 species) in the households. A total of 14 small mammals were infested by ticks (overall prevalence: 6.7%; 95% CI: 3.72 − 11.04%), which consisted of 51 specimens that were identified into four species, as follows: Amblyomma humerale (32 nymphs); Ixodes luciae (6 females); Amblyomma coelebs (1 nymph); and Ornithodoros mimon (1 larva). In addition, 11 larvae were retained as Amblyomma spp. Only host order showed association (P = 0.002) with tick infestation, with marsupials 5.5 times more infested than rodents. Our record of O. mimon on D. marsupialis is the first on this host species, and the first record of a Argasidae tick in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that actively screened free-living terrestrial small mammals and provided data on prevalence, mean intensity and mean abundance of tick infestations in the Brazilian Amazonas state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann), the Asian longhorned tick, is a species native to East Asia, but invasive to Australia, New Zealand, and most recently, the United States. It has spread rapidly across the eastern United States after being established in New Jersey in 2017. Aiding this rapid expansion is the ability of this tick to reproduce parthenogenically and feed on diverse host species. In cattle, this tick can cause heavy burdens and act as a vector for the pathogenic hemoprotozoan parasite Theileria orientalis, genotype Ikeda, creating economic losses that impact the cattle industry. Here, we report Asian longhorned ticks, collected from cattle, a dog, and pastures and morphologically identified at the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory as H. longicornis before molecular confirmation through PCR amplification of the cox1 gene. Blood samples from infested cattle were collected and assessed molecularly for the presence of T. orientalis, with no pathogenic DNA detected. This report describes the first record of H. longicornis in Oklahoma and the farthest westward detection of this tick in the United States to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to classic Lyme disease (LD), Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome (BYS) has the following distinctive characteristics: it is transmitted in the Amazon area and Northeast, Central-West, Southeast, and South regions of Brazil by hard ticks, notably Amblyomma cajannense or Rhipicefalus sp. The absence of Ixodes sp. ticks in areas at risk of BYS in Brazil is probably the main reason for the disease's differences from LD in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Biodiversity and climate probably favor the formation of atypical pleomorphic Borrelias, which have not yet been cultivated or isolated. Clinically, the first manifestation of BYS is the erythema migrans as in the classic forms of Lyme disease, but BYS is distinguished from LD by its prolonged clinical evolution, with a high frequency of relapses and the appearance of autoimmune manifestations. Prevalent symptoms are headache and erythema nodosum. Five clinical cases of BYS in patients who contracted the disease in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest are described here. This syndrome should be considered among differential diagnoses in patients bitten by ticks in Brazil who present with erythema migrans and/or headache. It is important to pursue an early diagnosis because symptoms respond well to antibiotics in the early stages; if treatment is started late, a chronic course with articular and neurological sequelae can be detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick and tick-borne pathogens are among the major threats to animal health and production causing huge economic losses in the form of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Due to the scarcity of epidemiological data and appropriate diagnostic methods, the study was carried out to detect Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata from buffaloes of Sheikhupura, Jhang, and Rawalpindi districts by using duplex PCR. A total of 1,152 blood samples of buffaloes were screened for epidemiological investigations. DNA extracted from blood samples was used for the amplification of the msp1ß gene and cytochrome b gene by using single and duplex PCR. The prevalence of these pathogens and associated risk factors were observed through the multiple logistic regression method. The overall prevalence of a single infection of A. marginale was found to be 14.26% and for T. annulata it was 15.28%. The mixed infection, through duplex PCR in the buffalo population, was observed as 12.92%. Different associated risk factors were evaluated to assess their association with the prevalence of these pathogens. Generally, the prevalence was significantly higher in female buffaloes (P=0.0001) during summer season (P=0.0001). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of A. marginale showed that Sequence Pak-4* was closely similar to sequences CP006847.1 and appeared in the same clade. Sequence Pak-4* was ascended to Pak-3* isolate and descendant to MK792344.1 Pakistani isolate. On the other hand, phylogenetic analysis of T. annulata showed that the Pak-2* sequence appeared to be descendants of Indian isolate MH78945.1. In the future, this study will be helpful for large-scale analysis of multiple species by using duplex and multiplex PCR and also for improving the control of associated tick-borne diseases in endemic regions through vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of issues like non-target toxicity, drug residues and drug resistance has stressed the need to search for effective alternatives such as botanicals. Hence, the current research was aimed at the evaluation of acaricidal and repellent efficacies of the Cinnamomum verum bark essential oil against the Rhipicephalus microplus ticks of cattle. Moreover, the C. verum essential oil was also analysed using GC-FID analysis which revealed the cinnamaldehyde as its major component. The acaricidal and the repellent efficacies were evaluated at five concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20%) of the C. verum essential oil. Different parameters like adult tick mortality, fecundity index, egg hatchability, oviposition reduction, reproductive estimation, product effectiveness, larval mortality and tick repellency were determined. The results indicated a dose-dependent effect of C. verum essential oil showing 20% concentration to be the most effective in view of the acaricidal and the repellent activities. Hence, this essential oil can be considered as a potential candidate for the effective control of cattle tick (R. microplus). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soft tick Ornithodoros turicata Duges (Acari: Argasidae) is a potential vector of African swine fever virus (ASFV). We evaluated the efficacy of two methods to collect soft ticks rapidly and efficiently from gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows, which are ubiquitous throughout large regions of the southeastern United States and their burrows are a known microhabitat of O. turicata. Burrow vacuuming was an effective and efficient tick collection method; no tick was captured employing CO2 trapping. Using an occupancy modelling framework, we estimated that the probability of detecting ticks from an infested burrow each time a sample was taken with this method was 58% and increased with the average relative humidity. With the occupancy model, we estimated that 70% of the burrows in the study area were infested with O. turicata. Manual sifting of the burrow material yielded more ticks (6.6 individuals/sample) than using a set of three sieves (2.9 individuals/sample), yet the probability of detecting the species was not different between the two methods (Pval = 0.7). These methods can inform the development of ASF vector surveillance and outbreak response plans in areas of high risk for ASFV introduction in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural foci of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Kazakhstan are geographically located in the southern regions of the country (Kyzylorda, Turkestan and Zhambyl regions), where the infection of ticks with the CCHF virus predominantly reside, tick species composition and the number of vectors are monitored annually. The objective of our research was to investigate the genetic variants of the CCHF virus in the southern endemic regions, as well as to monitor the spread of the CCHF virus in the western regions of the country (Aktobe, Atyrau and Mangystau regions). In total, 974 (216 pools) ticks from the western regions and 3527 (583 pools) ticks from the southern regions collected during 2021-2022 were investigated. The presence of CCHF virus was detected by real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT- PCR) in 1 pool out of 799 pools (0.12%) with Hyalomma scupense ticks captured in the CCHF-endemic Kyzylorda region. In the western regions, CCHF virus was not detected in ticks. The sequencing of incomplete fragments of the S, M and L segments of the CCHF virus in the detected virus was identified as genotype Asia - I. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate obtained in this study is grouped with the isolate from a patient with CCHF, which we reported in 2015 (KX129738 Genbank). Our findings highlight the importance of including sequencing in the annual monitoring system for better understanding the evolution of the CCHF virus in the study areas of our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatozoonosis has been reported in many species around the world. Few incidences have been reported in various species of wild felids. Tigers are endangered large cats and are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 under Schedule I. The study was carried out to estimate the positivity rate of hepatozoonosis in tigers of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India. Methods: Blood (n = 21) or tissue samples (n = 5) were collected from 26 wild captured / zoo-born or dead tigers during the quarantine period/post-mortem examination. Blood smear examination along with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) studies were conducted for the detection of hepatozoonosis. All the amplicons from the positive samples were purified and sequenced, and the sequences were subjected to nBLAST analysis to detect the species of Hepatozoon. The sequences were deposited into public domain database of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and accession numbers were allotted. A phylogenetic study was undertaken to understand the evolutionary lineage of the pathogen. Tissue distribution studies were carried out on tissue samples received during post mortem. A clinical case in a tiger cub was managed and sub-clinical cases were monitored for relapse. Age-wise, sex-wise, region-wise and captive time-wise positivity rate was estimated. The data was analyzed using statistical tools. Results: A total of 12 tigers were found positive for H. felis during the screening. A clinical case was diagnosed and successfully treated. The age group of 0–3 years reported a positivity rate of 66.66%, and all the cases found positive were reported between the age group of 0–7 years. Males reported a positivity rate of 58.33 per cent, while females reported 35.71%. Taboba and Andhari Tiger Reserve of the state had a positivity rate of 52.94 per cent. However, the statistical analysis for blood parameters and positivity rate by 't' test and Chi-squared test were found to be non-significant. Conclusions: An overall positivity rate of 46.15% indicates the wide distribution of hepatozoonosis among wild tigers of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India, which is strategically important considering the gene flow and migration of tigers. Hepatozoonosis can progress to clinical outcomes in young animals and require veterinary intervention. Molecular tools and phylogenetic studies can supplement important data on circulating species of Hepatozoon in the field. Further studies on the clinical management and epidemiology of the infection in wild felids will comprehend the cause of wildlife conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe zoonotic arboviral disease that occurs widely in Eastern and Western Europe, Asia and Africa. The disease is becoming of growing public health importance in Senegal. However, analysis of tick infestation, CCHF virus (CCHFV) circulation extent and risk factors during ongoing outbreak are scarce. A thorough outbreak investigation was carried out during a CCHF outbreak in Podor (Northern Senegal) in August 2022. Methods: Ticks and blood samples were collected from animals (cattle, goats and sheep) randomly selected from confirmed CCHF human cases houses, neighbourhoods and surrounding villages. Blood samples were tested for CCHFV antibodies using a commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Tick samples were screened for CCHFV RNA by RT‐PCR. Results: Overall, tick infestation rate (TIR) and CCHFV seroprevalence of livestock were 52.12% (95% confidence interval (CI): 45.54%–58.64%) and 43.28% (95% CI: 36.33%–50.44%), respectively. The TIRs were 87.7% in cattle, 57.6% in sheep and 20.0% in goats. These rates were significantly associated with location, host species and tick control (p < 0.001) but not with animal age and sex (p > 0.7). CCHFV seroprevalence was 80.4% (95% CI: 67.57%–89.77%) in cattle, 35.4% (95% CI: 25.00%–47.01%) in sheep and 21.2% (95% CI: 12.11%–33.02%) in goats. Age, sex, location, animal host and presence of ticks were significantly associated to the presence of antibodies. The 950 ticks collected included among other species, Hyalomma impeltatum (48.84%) and H. rufipes (10.21%). Five pools of Hyalomma ssp. were found CCHFV RT‐PCR positive. These infected ticks included 0.86% (4/464) of H. impeltatum collected on cattle and sheep and 1.03% (1/97) of H. rufipes collected on a sheep. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report on the extend of tick infestation and CCHFV infection in livestock during an outbreak in Senegal. The results highlight the risk of human infections and the importance of strengthening vector, animal and human surveillance as well as tick control measures in this area to prevent CCHF infections in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick-borne pathogen emergence is dependent on the abundance and distribution of competent hosts in the environment. Ixodes scapularis ticks are generalist feeders, and their pathogen infection prevalence depends on their relative feeding on local competent and non-competent hosts. The ability to determine what host a larval life stage tick fed on can help predict infection prevalence, emergence, and spread of certain tick-borne pathogens and the risks posed to public health. Here, we use a newly developed genomic target-based technique to detect the source of larval bloodmeals by sampling questing nymphs from Block Island, RI, a small island with a depauperate mammalian community. We used previously designed specific assays to target all known hosts on this island and analyzed ticks for four human pathogenic tick-borne pathogens. We determined the highest proportion of larvae fed on avian species (42.34%), whitefooted mice (36.94%), and white-tailed deer (20.72%) and occasionally fed on feral cats, rats, and voles, which are in low abundance on Block Island. Additionally, larvae that had fed on white-footed mice were significantly more likely to be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti, while larvae that had fed on white-footed mice or white-tailed deer were significantly more likely to be infected with, respectively, mouseand deer-associated genotypes of Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The ability to detect a nymph's larval host allows for a better understanding of tick feeding behavior, host distribution, pathogen prevalence, and zoonotic risks to humans, which can contribute to better tick management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to common skin pathogens, acute focal lymphadenitis in humans can, in rare cases, be caused by a zoonotic pathogen. Furthermore, it can develop in the absence of any direct or indirect contact with infected animals, in cases when the microorganism is transmitted by a vector. These clinical entities are rare, and therefore often not easily recognized, yet many zoonotic illnesses are currently considered emerging or re-emerging in many regions. Focal zoonotic vector-borne lymphadenitis and its numerous causative agents, with their variegated clinical manifestations, have been described in some case reports and small case series. Therefore, we summarized those data in this narrative overview, with the aim of raising clinical awareness, which could improve clinical outcomes. This overview briefly covers reported pathogens, their vectors and geographic distribution, and their main clinical manifestations, diagnostic possibilities, and recommended therapy. Vector-borne tularemia, plague, bartonellosis, rickettsioses, borreliosis, and Malayan filariasis are mentioned. According to the existing data, when acute focal bacterial vector-borne zoonotic lymphadenitis is suspected, in severe or complicated cases it seems prudent to apply combined aminoglycoside (or quinolone) plus doxycycline as an empirical therapy, pending definite diagnostic results. In this field, the "one health approach" and further epidemiological and clinical studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: When a species expands its geographic range, it may displace similar species in the new region. In the northeastern USA, lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) have encroached on the range of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis), becoming more numerous in a wide range of habitats. Both species carry human disease agents, and both rely heavily on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) for reproduction. We used 1265 yard surveys conducted in 2011–2024 to document the timing and pattern of lone star tick establishment on the island of Martha's Vineyard (MV), Massachusetts. Increases in lone star ticks coincided with new cases of ehrlichiosis and reports of the alpha gal syndrome "red meat" allergy. To provide an index of current tick abundance, we used drag sampling to quantify the numbers of each tick species per kilometer of trail at 14 study sites on eastern MV where both species have coexisted for a decade. Lone star ticks are now ubiquitous at the study sites, while blacklegged ticks are persisting at relatively high levels in the woods. We conclude that the risk of human exposure to pathogens carried by blacklegged ticks remains high and is complemented by additional health risks associated with lone star ticks. In the northeastern USA, the distribution of lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) has expanded northward in recent decades, overlapping with the range of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis). Blacklegged ticks carry pathogens for diseases such as Lyme, babesiosis, and anaplasmosis, while bites from lone star ticks cause other diseases and the alpha-gal syndrome allergy. Lone star ticks can become so abundant that they are perceived as more of a public health threat than blacklegged ticks. Using the island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, as a case study, we analyzed data from a total of 1265 yard surveys from 2011 to 2024 to document lone star tick presence and subsequent expansion from two peripheral areas, Chappaquiddick and Aquinnah, to all six towns. The timing of lone star tick expansion on Martha's Vineyard closely matched an increase in tick submissions to a pathogen testing center. At Chappaquiddick, drag sampling carried out in June 2023 and 2024 showed that both tick species were most common at wooded sites, where blacklegged nymphs were somewhat more abundant than lone star nymphs. However, lone star ticks occurred in a wider range of natural and peridomestic habitats than blacklegged nymphs, making them far more challenging for people to avoid and manage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of acaricide resistance in tick population is a major concern in livestock as well as in pet animals. Reduced responsiveness has been observed against commonly used acaricides in Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick infested dogs in the Agartala city of North-eastern part of India. Two acaricides Deltamethrin and Fipronil were chosen for acaricidal resistance study using Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Larval Packet Test (LPT). AIT study revealed the lowest and highest mortality of adult ticks at 25 ppm and 200 ppm concentration of Deltamethrin, respectively. Similarly for fipnonil, lowest and highest mortality was recorded at 25 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively. With increasing the concentration of both deltamethrin and fipronil, the reproductive index of ticks was found to be decreased with increased inhibition of oviposition. In LPT study, lowest mortality of R. sanguineus larvae was recorded at 25 ppm of deltamethrin and highest mortality at 200 ppm. For fipronil, lowest and highest mortality was recorded at 25 ppm and at 100 ppm, respectively. The study revealed that both the acaricides produced lower mortality of ticks at their market recommended doses. However, fipronil was found to be more effective than that of deltamethrin. The observed resistance warrants immediate measures to prevent further development of acaricide resistance in tick population in dogs in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of tick resistance against synthetic and eco-toxic chemical acaricides has stressed the need to find target-specific, non-toxic, and more potent alternatives such as botanicals. The current study was designed to investigate the acaricidal and repellent potential of ethyl acetate extract of Moringa oleifera seeds against Rhipicephalus microplus cattle ticks. Adult immersion test, larval immersion test, and tick climbing repellent assay were carried out to evaluate the acaricidal and repellent potential of M. oleifera extract. Five different concentrations (20, 10, 5, 2.5, and 1.25 %) of the ethyl acetate extract of M. oleifera were prepared to evaluate the acaricidal and repellent potential. Different parameters like adult tick mortality, larval mortality, egg hatchability, inhibition of egg hatchability, oviposition reduction, reproductive index, reproductive efficiency index, tick repellency, and product effectiveness were determined. Ethyl acetate extract of M. oleifera showed 70% adult mortality after 24 h treatment when 20% concentration was used. Similarly, 73% larval tick mortality was observed at 20% concentration. The results also showed the dose-dependent response of ethyl acetate extract of M. oleifera seeds against egg hatchability, inhibition of egg hatchability, oviposition reduction, reproductive index, reproductive efficiency index, and tick repellency, confirming that 20% concentration is effective as an acaricide and repellent against R. microplus. Therefore, the tested extract can be considered a possible candidate for controlling R. microplus in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick Island Incised (TII) is a relatively rare variety of Late Archaic fiber-tempered pottery found across sections of central and northern peninsular Florida. The striking stylistic divergences of TII from other Orange pottery types have led multiple researchers to invoke foreign influences or migrations to account for its appearance. This paper presents newly collected data on TII vessels from the Silver Glen complex (8LA1/8MR123) and related sites along the St. Johns River and northern Gulf Coast. These data, which represent the most detailed information yet collected on the technology, style, composition, and spatiotemporal distribution of TII pottery, are used to address numerous published speculations regarding the type's timing, origin, and cultural meaning. This research supports the idea that TII's aberrant style, which features symbolically powerful sinistral or left-opening spirals, can be explained as an example of skeuomorphism linked to preexisting lightning whelk shell cups. It further indicates that TII appeared during a particularly volatile time during the Late Archaic period and that its use and deposition in ritualized contexts may have been part of a deliberate effort to intervene in ongoing historical processes and mediate their impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the brief research report by Biebelberg and colleagues ([1]), a reader identified an error in the Findings section. The text reads, "There was a 30-fold variation in crude deaths depending on the primary site of infection (Figure 1, top), ranging from 1% (tick or vector-borne infections) to 33% (bacteremia)." This should read, "There was a 10-fold variation in crude deaths depending on the primary site of infection (Figure 1, top), ranging from 1% (tick or vector-borne infections) to 14% (bacteremia)." The text has been updated accordingly. [Extracted from the article]

Tick-borne pathogens are significant for human, veterinary, and wildlife health. Coxiella burnetii is an example that is widely distributed across various hosts and can cross species boundaries. In Pakistan, there is a scarcity of data regarding C. burnetii at the intersection of wildlife and livestock. Ticks were collected from ruminants and wildlife from the districts of Kasur, Pakpattan, and Okara in Pakistan. Five tick species totaling 571 ticks were collected, with the following distribution: 56.4% Hyalomma anatolicum, 22.4% Rhipicephalus microplus, 10.5% Hyalomma marginatum, 7.9% Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and 2.8% Rhipicephalus turanicus. Fifty tick pools were screened for C. burnetii to amplify a segment of the IS1111 using real-time PCR assays. Ticks collected from sheep and goats had a greater rate of positivity for C. burnetii (40% and 38%, respectively) compared to Indian long-eared hedgehogs with a prevalence of 2%. Coxiella burnetii was prominent in Rhipicephalus microplus (92.3%) and Hyalomma anatolicum (88.9%), followed by Rhipicephalus turanicus (66.6%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (33.3%), and Hyalomma marginatum (25.0%). Ticks from Pakpattan district displayed the highest prevalence of C. burnetii (88.9%), whereas the lowest was observed in ticks from Kasur district (77.3%). There was no significant association between tick gender and C. burnetii infection. Female host animals were more likely to harbor ticks containing C. burnetii, with a prevalence rate of 81.8%. The research underscores the urgent need for comprehensive studies on C. burnetii in Pakistan, especially at the interface of wildlife and livestock. The high prevalence rates observed in certain tick species and geographic regions emphasize the importance of targeted public health interventions. Future research should focus on elucidating the transmission dynamics and implementing effective control measures to mitigate the impact of these pathogens on human, veterinary, and wildlife health in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (the agent of Lyme disease) in Ixodes ricinus ticks removed from wild birds and questing ticks was investigated. A total of 345 ticks from 75 infested birds belonging to 10 species and 274 questing ticks collected from the surrounding vegetation were examined by PCR for Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. Pathogen DNA was found in 8.1% (28/345) of the bird-feeding ticks - 10.9% (11/101) in larvae and 7.0% (17/244) in nymphs. Prevalence of infection was 9.4% in ticks from the Eurasian blackbird (Turdus merula), 4.0% in ticks from the song thrush (T. philomelos) and 16.6% from the European robin (Erithacus rubecula). Detection of infected larvae (13.3%) collected from the Eurasian blackbird suggests that this species might contribute to the transmission to the vector I. ricinus. The overall prevalence of B. burgdorferi in the questing nymphs was 10.6%. This is the first report of B. burgdorferi s. l. infection in I. ricinus from wild birds in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]