Search

For a seller that markets event tickets both in advance and on spot, a concern is that ticket resale may hurt its profitability. The conventional wisdom is for the seller to consider completely banning resale if possible. This article considers an alternative strategy in which resale is only partially restricted; specifically, resale is banned on spot but still allowed in advance. Using a two-period model in which buyers have discreet valuations, the authors show that it is possible for partial resale to outperform no resale (and also unrestricted resale at the other extreme) in terms of seller profitability when the following conditions hold: when the seller has limited capacity, when the number of high-valuation buyers is small enough, and when the number of early arrivers is not too large. An implication of this research is that when consumers conduct advance and spot resale in different channels, such as advance resale online and spot resale offline, the seller may be better off adopting different resale policies for different channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses actual word-of-mouth (WOM) information to examine the dynamic patterns of WOM and how it helps explain box office revenue. The WOM data were collected from the Yahoo Movies Web site. The results show that WOM activities are the most active during a movie's prerelease and opening week and that movie audiences tend to hold relatively high expectations before release but become more critical in the opening week. More important, WOM information offers significant explanatory power for both aggregate and weekly box office revenue, especially in the early weeks after a movie opens. However, most of this explanatory power comes from the volume of WOM and not from its valence, as measured by the percentages of positive and negative messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests for a structural shift in the relationship between revenues of ski lift operators and natural snow conditions. The analysis is based on time series data for the Swedish ski lift industry spanning from 1980 to 2017. Since 1970, snow depth in winter sport destinations has decreased markedly by about 5 cm per decade. Estimations based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model show that revenues (in constant prices) of ski lift operators are significantly positively related to natural snow conditions, given the impact of relative prices and real GDP. However, ARDL estimations with rolling windows reveal that the sensitivity of revenues from ski lift ticket sales to variations in snow depth is declining over time. For the subsamples starting at the end of 1980s onward, revenues no longer significantly depend on natural snow depth. This is likely due to the implementation of adaptation measures such as investments in snowmaking facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the fixed subscription ticket market for U.S. symphony orchestras, which is a crucial element of their business model and has experienced declining sales in recent years. We find that subscription ticket buyers are more sensitive to price changes than total ticket buyers. Hiring a new music director may increase subscription ticket sales, and economic downturns will decrease ticket sales. We find that increasing flexible subscriptions contributes to a decline in total subscription tickets and single ticket sales, in general. In addition, with increasing advertising costs per attendee and falling revenue from fixed subscriptions, symphony orchestra management should consider ticket prices, which have risen significantly in recent years, more strategically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early 1970s, Sweden has experienced an almost uninterrupted surge in demand for downhill skiing. However, from the 2009/2010 season, lift ticket sales have stagnated. With the use of monthly data, this study investigates the role of snow depth and economic factors in the demand for downhill skiing in Sweden. The empirical approach is based on a seemingly unrelated regression model, allowing snow conditions, but not economic factors to differ during the season. The estimates show that an early season increase in natural snow depth by 10 cm raises the growth rate of lift ticket sales by 9 percentage points in the same period. Further, the results indicate that downhill skiing is characterised by low income and price elasticities, implying weak impacts on demand for such changes. The price increase of lift tickets exceeds that of the inflation rate. The recent decline in demand might indicate changed leisure preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses a panel of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletic department revenue and expenditure data from 225 public colleges and universities to empirically investigate the behavior of athletic departments over the period 2006-2011. Three empirical relationships were explored: (a) how changes in total revenue affect disaggregated expenditure categories, (b) how disaggregated revenue streams influence total expenditures, and (c) whether changes in revenue categories change the size of the athletic department’s subsidy. The results show that additional athletic revenue increases expenditures for coaches 7.5 times more than direct expenditures for student-athletes, a ratio that increases for schools in power conferences. For every US$1 increase in ticket sale revenue, total expenditures can rise by US$0.83 and reduce a school’s athletic subsidy by US$0.19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systems of urban and suburban passenger transportation, according to the principles of the European Commission have a key role in achieving the goal of sustainable development and sustainable transport in cities. The fair system, tickets system and system for payment have significant impact on the public urban transport system, primarily because of the charge a fee for transport services, represents the basic mode of financing of system in addition to subsidies and grants from the city budget. If the percentage of payments from ticket sales is high therefore the amount of subsidies and grants will be smaller and thereby in the city budget remains more resources for the improvement of transport service. The main objective of this paper is to show the importance of application of modern ticketing systems and fare collection in relation to the applied system of public transportation in the cities. Also, authors will show some existing modern fare systems which are implemented in public transport in cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an interview with married gay couple Phil Jobbins and Reece Preston, co-founders of New Zealand-based national ticketing company iTicket. Among the issues they discussed include the advantages of running the business as a couple, the succes of the company which now handles the non-mainstream theatre contracts across the country, and the flexible and adaptable business model followed by the company.

The article offers information on the need for the development of effective laws to addresses legal challenges arising from ticket scalping and the rights to transferability of tickets in sporting events and live artistic performances such as concerts and stage plays. It analyzes the economics of the market in sales and resale of tickets under property and contract law of the U.S. It examines the legal status of original ticket purchasers as viewed by resale agent StubHub.

With the rapid development of cloud computing technologies, more and more service providers place their services in clouds for users. In the cloud environment, users can access the resources and services without knowing the location of data, computing devices and platforms. With the popularity of cloud computing applications, authentication and security issues of cloud computing have become important research topics. Considering the benefits of implementing a service system in the cloud environment and the convenience of the integration of different ticket-sale systems, we propose a novel and secure diverse ticket-sale system (DTS) in hybrid cloud using smart cards. The accuracy of involved participant authentication is demonstrated according to the BAN logic. The DTS contains a ticket integration platform that the service providers can delegate the sale of their service tickets to the integrated server, and the customers can freely browse and purchase electronic service tickets from the system in any networked place. We also show that the DTS system possesses many good features and can effectively resist a number of potential attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents several proven practices to help high school athletic administrators ensure a sound ticket sale strategy that are universally accepted as being effective. It discusses the three specific elements of the process which include preparing ticket sales operations prior to the contest, box office management on the day of the event and post-game accounting procedures.

This article analyzes the interdependency between the market for music recordings on the one side and the market for concert tickets on the other side, assuming that there are positive indirect network effects both from the record market to ticket sales for live performances and vice versa. In a model with two interrelated Hotelling lines, prices in both markets are corrected downward when compared to the standard Hotelling model. In the integrated business model, file sharing has an ambiguous effect on firms' profitability. As file sharing can indirectly increase demand for live performances, overall profits can either increase or decrease, depending on the strength of indirect network effects. Finally, file sharing may induce firms to switch from the traditional business model with two separate firms to an integrated business model where one agency markets both records and concerts (so-called 360° deals). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Background: A long distance to the bus stop, poor pedestrian accessibility and inadequate shelters are barriers to bus use for older people. Flexible route bus transport poses an opportunity to overcome these barriers. Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate whether the replacement of a fixed route bus service with a flexible route bus service improves the use of, and satisfaction with, buses. The study emphasises the impact on older people. Methodology: One fixed route service in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia, was replaced with a flexible route service. Use of the bus service was monitored via ticket sale data over a nine month period. Pension concession ticket sales were used to estimate use by older people. Satisfaction surveys were conducted before and eight months following the introduction of the flexible route service. Results: Use by older people approximately doubled over an eight month period following introduction of the flexible service. In addition, there was a significant (p=0.002) increase in overall satisfaction with the bus service following the introduction of the flexible route service. Similar improvements were found for younger people. Conclusion: Flexible route bus transport is a promising technology to help meet the transport needs of older people. Further research should investigate the cost-benefit ratio of flexible route bus services, and trial flexible route buses in other geographical and socio-cultural contexts. Flexible route bus services are not only “age-friendly”, but “people-friendly”. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Concert tickets can be sold at the same price or at different prices that reflect different seating categories. Price discrimination generates about 5% greater revenues than single-price ticketing. The return to price discrimination is higher in markets with greater demand heterogeneity, as predicted by price discrimination theory. The return to an increase from three to four concert seat categories is roughly half that of an increase from one to two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how efficient art organizations are in raising funds from private giving. We measure fundraising efficiency using a Bayesian estimation approach using the stochastic frontier production model. We show that fundraising efficiencies are generally quite low for art organizations in the U.S. when private giving is only considered as a fundraising output; however, when the effect of fundraising on ticket sales is considered, fundraising efficiencies improve substantially. We also show that government grants have a negative impact on fundraising efficiency and therefore partially crowd out private giving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the move of the secondary ticket market to mainstream practice and the ways that sport teams are responding to their tickets being resold in the U.S. The article discusses state regulation of ticket sales and reports that the secondary ticket market has become accepted through state deregulation and teams becoming involved in the secondary market. Conclusions stated that moving to paperless ticket technology could help sport teams in regaining their control and profit from ticket sales.

Direct demand models have been developed based on ticket sales data for 85 local rail stations in South Wales. Initially log-linear regression models were calibrated, incorporating a variety of independent variables. Geographical Information Systems were used to implement flexible station catchment definition methods, notably flow-specific catchments where population units were allocated to stations by minimising the total travel time to individual destinations. To validate these methods a survey of ultimate trip end locations was carried out on the Rhymney line in South Wales. To give consistency with predictions from trip end models, methods were developed to constrain predicted trip numbers for each flow based on the total trips observed or predicted from origin stations. Simple scaling had only limited success, so probabilistic trip distribution models were calibrated by using both the linear and non-linear regression. These gave superior results and explicitly incorporated the effects of intervening opportunities in the model form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet has dramatically changed the methods by which people purchase tickets to events. In the past decade, the secondary ticket market has grown exponentially, and today the online ticket resale industry is valued at approximately $4 billion. Although there are consumer benefits to this industry growth, some of the industry practices have precipitated a consumer backlash. This was typified in 2007 when many parents, hoping to purchase tickets to the Hannah Montana "Best of Both Worlds Tour," watched as tickets sold out online in only a few minutes or less. Coupled with this episode was the Ticketmaster v. RMG Technologies case, which dealt with brokers who were using software to aid in purchasing large quantities of tickets to high-profile events. Congress has finally started to pay attention in 2009. This Note argues that the time for national regulation of this growing market is now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the several issues discussed at a press conference on the second phase of ticket sales policy for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Highlights of the press conference include the second phase of ticket bookings, the statistics of first-phase ticket sales, and allocation of seat numbers. The press conference featured Shao Shiwei as the moderator and director of the Beijing Olympic Ticketing Center Zhu Yan.

The research proposes and implements a model of optimization which allows the managing of the demand through the price for a service of passengers' transport of the Railroad company "Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado de Chile", EFE corresponding to the METROTREN service. This application is based on the Revenue Management, which is referred to a set of strategies and tactics that companies use to administer scientifically the demand of their products and services. This study and its application is made considering the capacities and restrictions of the service METROTREN and it is compared to the current inserted model in the information system, reserve and sale of tickets for this service. According to the obtained results we conclude that it is feasible and profitable for the Metrotren service to apply a price variables strategy in function of the handling of defined demands and that although the new model allows to project an increase in the net revenues for on 12% a risk related with the possibility exists of Iosing demand for strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In January 2007, Major League Soccer (MLS) announced that international soccer sensation David Beckham would be joining the league playing for the LA Galaxy. This paper examines Beckham's effect on MLS ticket sales for the 2007 season. Depending on specification, our results indicate that Beckham increased ticket sales as a share of stadium capacity by about 55 percentage points. We then use these results to evaluate MLS's Designated Player Rule and to perform a back-of-the-envelope calculation of Beckham's benefit to the LA Galaxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consider a retailer who sells perishable products for which there is uncertain demand. Yield management with dynamic pricing is a standard practice that firms use for revenue management. For perishable products, recent analysis has focused on the distribution of flight capacity, referred to as ticket sales. Other non-storable, non-transportable, immaterial hospitality products include hotel capacity. The article discusses the extent to which hotel pricing strategies vary within the internet distribution system hrs.com. This study focuses on the distribution of hotel rooms available for booking on the internet for Vienna and gives an outlook to Euroland capitals. The main research interests are the underlying pricing models and the setting of the end price. Data was taken from hrs.com, which is the most important specialist for hotel room internet distribution in Germany according to recent studies by KMPG and others. The results include the identification of different pricing strategy clusters with regard to hotel category and hotel availability over a 22-day period for Vienna and one city from all Euroland countries (the capitals were studied for all cases except for the Netherlands, for which data was collected for Amsterdam). The study took the arrival days Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays into account, and used data for all these days from the 11th of July, 2005, to the 10th of October, 2005, for Vienna, and the first and the last of these dates as a comparison base for the other Euroland cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates how we can rationalise ticket pricing to capture the surpluses, commonly found in ticket markets, for the artist. In the past two months, ascertain-ment collected data and analysed ticket prices for Eric Clapton's sold out concert in Oklahoma City, OK. Clapton's tickets were sold at a face value of 65 and 85 through Ticketmaster. Yet the secondary market of ticket brokers found demand could yield as much as 700 per ticket. We determined that over 250,000 in surplus revenue was not captured by Clapton. The primary data we collected have generated statistical links between prices and demand for tickets. Specifically, we have found that tickets must be sold for a wider array of prices, and we have determined an exponentially priced schematic to estimate an optimal set of prices to reduce the differential between primary and secondary ticket prices, capturing more revenue for concert artists.Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management (2008) 7, 3–6. doi:10.1057/palgrave.rpm.5160119 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the potential of using the financial options as a means of managing the ticket sales in an airline booking process. Call options are used to recall the tickets already sold, whereas put options are exercised to sell low-fare tickets in the last booking period whichever is favourable to the airline. By utilising the proposed approach, airlines can prevent the inherent drawback of overbooking, customer dissatisfaction due to denied boarding that occurs when the demand is higher than the flight capacity. Moreover, the proposed options approach can decrease the probability of a flight departing with vacant seats when the demand is lower than the capacity with consequent improvements in revenue for an airline company. In the paper, a mathematical model is introduced and a simulation study is conducted to explore the effectiveness and the potentials of the financial options in airline reservation systems for revenue improvement. Results obtained from the simulation study suggest that adoption of financial options creates significantly higher revenues in comparison to those by the traditional overbooking-based revenue management (RM) approach. It can be further conjectured that adoption and utilisation of the financial options in an airline booking process will reveal a seats’ true economic value in the long term. One potential and immediate application area of the suggested RM approach is the internet-based booking and bidding systems.Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management (2007) 6, 135–150. doi:10.1057/palgrave.rpm.5160067 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's equipment leasing market is highly competitive. If you've got a solid leasing strategy, it's a buyer's market. But the challenge for most companies is in leasing small-ticket equipment. It can be very costly. The author explains how to effectively manage those costs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since New Hampshire introduced the first modern state-sponsored lottery in 1964, 41 other states plus the District of Columbia have adopted lotteries. Lottery ticket sales in the United States topped $48 billion in 2004, with state governments reaping nearly $14 billion in net lottery revenue. In this paper the authors attempt to answer the question of why some states have adopted lotteries and others have not. First, they establish a framework for analyzing the determination of public policies that highlights the roles of individual voters, interest groups, and politicians within a state as well as the influence of policies in neighboring states. The authors then introduce some general explanations for the adoption of a new tax that stress the role of economic development, fiscal health, election cycles, political parties, and geography. Next, because the lottery adoption decision is more than simply a tax decision, a number of factors specific to this decision are identified. State income, lottery adoption by neighboring states, the timing of elections, and the role of organized interest groups, especially the opposition of certain religious organizations, are significant factors explaining lottery adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the purchase behavior of season ticket holders for intercollegiate football games at the NCAA Division IA level within a proposed theoretical framework. Specifically, four significant factors were identified as being used in the decision-making process of whether or not to renew season tickets. The results showed that football season ticket holders at this level tend to place a great importance on performance-related variables, probably because football is viewed as the national sport. Secondly, the respective effect of selected variables on the identified factors was assessed so as to understand how to efficiently conduct marketing efforts. The findings rendered a series of justifications for formulating market-segment specific strategies for the sale of season tickets. Numerous pertinent issues also were raised and discussed in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]