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Purpose: We evaluated short-term postoperative recovery in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), especially focusing on symptoms reduction and life quality enhancement. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 160 BPH patients who underwent surgery and were followed up regularly for 12 weeks, collecting the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Quality of Life (QoL), and Qmax. Regression analysis and mixed effect models were used to evaluate the tendency of symptoms on recovery from the perspective of quality of life. Results: At 12 weeks, all patients recovered well with conspicuous change in IPSS, QoL and Qmax, that were 4.80 ± 4.59, 1.34 ± 1.14,20.02 ± 8.61 mL/s respectively. Voiding symptoms were significantly reduced by 79.4% at 2 weeks, whereas storage symptoms recovered slowly until 12 weeks with residual lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), predominantly urinary frequency and nocturia. Improvements in incomplete emptying urination and urinary frequency were significantly associated with QoL. Conclusions: With regards to the comprehensive full-cycle treatment of LUTS patients, in addition to the objective results, more attention should also be focused on the change in following symptoms, that is, incomplete emptying urination, urine frequency and urination difficulty, which play key roles in the enhancement of patients' quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report the growth and comprehensive spectroscopic analysis of TmF3-doped CaF2 crystals, grown using the vertical Bridgman method. The optical absorption and photoluminescence properties of both trivalent (Tm3+) and divalent (Tm2+) thulium ions were investigated. Optical absorption spectra in the UV-VIS-NIR range reveal characteristic transitions of Tm3+ ions, as well as weaker absorption bands corresponding to Tm2+ ions. The Judd–Ofelt (JO) formalism was applied to determine the intensity parameters Ω2, Ω4, and Ω6, which were used to calculate radiative transition probabilities, branching ratios, and radiative lifetimes for the Tm3+ ions. The emission spectra showed concentration-dependent quenching effects, with significant emissions observed for the concentration of 0.1 mol% TmF3 under excitation at 260 nm and 353 nm for Tm3+ ions and at 305 nm for Tm2+ ions. A new UV emission associated with divalent Thulium is reported. The results indicate that higher TmF3 concentrations lead to increased non-radiative energy transfer, which reduces luminescence efficiency. These findings contribute to the understanding of the optical behavior of Tm-doped fluoride crystals, with implications for their application in laser technologies and radiation dosimetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 reduction photocatalysts are favorable for obtaining renewable energy. Enriched active sites and effective photogenerated‐carriers separation are keys for improving CO2 photo‐reduction. A thulium (Tm) single atom tailoring strategy introducing carbon vacancies in porous tubular graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) surpassing the ever‐reported g‐C3N4 based photocatalysts, with 199.47 µmol g−1 h−1 CO yield, 96.8% CO selectivity, 0.84% apparent quantum efficiency and excellent photocatalytic stability, is implemented in this work. Results revealed that in‐plane Tm sites and interlayer‐bridged Tm‐N charge transfer channels significantly enhanced the aggregation/transfer of photogenerated electrons thus promoting CO2 adsorption/activation and contributing to *COOH intermediates formation. Meanwhile, Tm atoms and carbon vacancies both benefit for rich active sites and enhanced photogenerated‐charge separation, thus optimizing reaction pathway and leading to excellent CO2 photo‐reduction. This work not only provides guidelines for CO2 photo‐reduction catalysts design but also offers mechanistic insights into single‐atom based photocatalysts for solar fuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The advantages of en bloc resection of bladder tumors (ERBT) over transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) in terms of patient prognosis are not yet clear, and there are some technical limitations. We aimed to compare the tumor recurrence in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients with tumor diameter ≥ 3 cm undergoing either TURBT or thulium laser ERBT. Methods: The patients included were those diagnosed with NMIBC based on pathological confirmation and underwent TURBT or modified thulium laser ERBT in the Department of Urology at Tongji Hospital from 2019 to 2024. The patients' medical records were meticulously collected and postoperative follow-up was diligently conducted by trained personnel. Recurrence-free survival curves were generated utilizing the Kaplan–Meier method, and group comparisons were performed using the log-rank trend test. To minimize biases, we employed stratified survival analysis, alongside univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results: This study included a total of 396 patients with NMIBC, with 214 undergoing TURBT and 182 undergoing ERBT. For all patients, there was no significant difference (P = 0.180) in RFS between the TURBT and ERBT groups. For patients with tumor diameter ≥ 3 cm, stratified analysis revealed that the RFS of the ERBT group was significantly better than that of the TURBT group (P = 0.033). However, in patients with tumor diameter < 3 cm, there was no significant difference (P = 0.150) between the two groups. Univariate (HR: 0.52, 95% CI 0.28–0.96, P = 0.036) and multivariate (HR: 0.49, 95% CI 0.25–0.93, P = 0.031) Cox analyses revealed that ERBT was an independent protective factor for recurrence in NMIBC patients with tumor diameter ≥3cm. Conclusion: This study found that thulium laser ERBT may offer advantages in managing NMIBC patients with tumor diameters ≥ 3 cm. This could potentially drive the clinical application of thulium laser ERBT. Trial registration: Protocol was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR) with number ChiCTR2000035407 on 12 August 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the ablation efficiency of the Superpulsed Thulium Fiber Laser (SP-TFL) and investigate the thermal effects of SP-TFL. Methods: A SP-TFLwas employed to evaluate ablation efficiency. Fresh ex-vivo pig kidneys and ureters were utilized to evaluate the renal pelvis and ureter temperature changes, different irrigation rates(0, 15, 38mL/min) and a long pulse width were used. Results: The research indicated that as laser output power increased, ablation rates significantly increased. Ablation rates(mg/min) were higher and the energy per ablated mass(J/mg) was lower at lower frequencies(10–50 Hz). Under the same frequency and single pulse energy, super short and short pulse widths demonstrated higher ablation rates at higher frequencies (exceeding 100 Hz). The temperature of the renal pelvis and ureter decreased with increasing irrigation rates. In the renal pelvis, without irrigation, the temperature quickly reached the critical threshold of 43℃. The irrigation rate was 15 ml/min and power was no more than 18 W, the renal pelvis temperature did not reach 43℃. When the irrigation rate were 38 ml/min, the temperature did not risen to 43℃. In the ureter, without irrigation, the temperature also quickly reached 43℃. The temperature reached 43℃ when the power exceeded to12W with an irrigation rate of 15 ml/min. With an irrigation rate of 38 ml/min, the temperature reached 43℃ at a laser power of 30 W. Conclusions: The SP-TFL demonstrated promising ablation effectiveness especially for lower frequencies and super short and short pulse widths model. Proper irrigation rates, single pulse energy, frequency and pulse width are crucial during lithotripsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The thulium fiber laser (TFL) generates a focused beam, which can be transmitted to laser fibers with small core diameters and may facilitate in situ lower-pole lithotripsy. This study compares lithotripsy performance of the 150 and 200 µm TFL in a lower pole benchtop kidney model. Materials and Methods: Using a 3D model printed from an actual kidney, in situ laser lithotripsy was performed on 1 cm lower-pole BegoStones (calcium oxalate monohydrate consistency) using four different settings (all 20W) and two fiber sizes (150 and 200 µm). Procedure time, laser time, total pulse energy, and fiber stripping were compared between the two fibers using an ANOVA or independent t-test. Results: The 150 µm fiber at 0.2 J × 100 Hz had the shortest lasing and procedure time (17.3 and 18.5 minutes) and lowest total pulse energy (20.75 kJ) compared with other study arms (p < 0.001). Overall procedure time, lasing time, and total pulse energy were significantly different between the 8 settings (p < 0.001 for all). At higher frequency (100 and 200 Hz), lasing time was significantly faster compared with 20 and 50 Hz (19.9 vs 27.3 minutes; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the average total procedure time was shorter with 150 µm compared with 200 µm regardless of settings (23.2 vs 29.8 minutes; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The 150 µm fiber results in shorter procedure and lasing time at lower total energy levels during lower-pole in situ lithotripsy. Overall, the fastest setting was 0.2 J and 100 Hz with the 150 µm fiber. Smaller laser fibers can potentially allow more efficient in situ laser lithotripsy with better irrigation and visibility at higher deflection angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the reliability and quality analyses of thulium laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuLEP) videos on YouTube, as a source of public information. In this study, a YouTube search with the keyword "ThuLEP" was performed on November 15, 2022 and 142 videos were listed according to relevance. Video features and source of upload were recorded. The quality of videos was evaluated by using both the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) score and the Global Quality Score (GQS); the reliability of videos was evaluated by using 5-point modified DISCERN tool, respectively. The correlation analysis was performed by using Spearman test between video features and these three scores. Seventy-seven videos were analyzed after exclusion and the most common source of upload were urologists (54.5%) and the videos containing only ThuLEP surgery (74%) were the majority of the videos. The median JAMA score, 5-point modified DISCERN score, and GQS were 2, 1, and 1, respectively. There were no statistical differences in these three scores according to the source of the upload. All three scores were analyzed separately by language and no significant statistical difference was found. There was a positive correlation between the video power index and as well as JAMA, GQS, and m.DISCERN scores. Despite abundant videos on ThuLEP on YouTube, most of these videos are not targeted to public and information provided may not be as useful for patients. Information presented in these videos may be inaccurate and not reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mn X Tm 1‒X Se (0 ≤ Х ≤ 0.2) solid solutions have been first synthesized and their structural, magnetic, and transport properties have been studied in the temperature range of 80–1000 K and magnetic fields of up to 12 kOe. The surface morphology of the samples has been examined and the chemical analysis has been carried out. It is shown that the valence change with the increasing substitution concentration is accompanied by a change in the lattice parameter and a decrease in the magnetic moment of the samples. The Kondo temperatures caused by the manganese and thulium subsystem have been found in the low- and room-temperature regions. The temperature of localization of small-radius polarons has been determined. A drastic decrease in the relaxation time in the range of the manganese ion percolation through the lattice in the Mn X Tm 1‒X Se system has been established. The change of the current carrier type upon variation in the temperature and substitution concentration was determined from the Seebeck coefficient. A high-temperature extremum of thermopower was revealed, which is explained within the framework of the Anderson model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the optical lifetime, decay characteristics, spectral linewidth and energy level properties of thulium ions doped in a KY(WO 4 ) 2 crystal at 4 K temperature. High doping concentration of thulium ions with inhomogeneous broadening allow us to study nonradiative behaviors, instantaneous spectral diffusion, and spectral power broadening in this solid-state material. The theoretical consideration of ion–ion interactions is shown to accurately characterize the absorption, decay and other spectral behaviors of Tm 3 + ions. We observe more than ten-fold reduction in the decay time of 3H4 state and about three-fold reduction in the spectral-hole lifetime as we approach the center of the inhomogeneous broadening, corresponding to higher optical densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the chaotic dynamics in a passively Q-switched 2.3-μm thulium laser operating on the 3H4 → 3H5 transition. The experiment exploits a Tm:LiYF4 crystal and various laser cavity configurations, involving an optional cascade laser on the 3F4 → 3H6 transition at 1.9 μm. The saturable absorber employed is Cr2+:ZnSe, which is exclusively saturated by the 2.3 μm laser. An analysis of the Q-switched dynamics shows a pronounced inclination of the laser operation toward the unstable and chaotic behavior. To understand the origins of this chaos, we monitor the population of the metastable 3F4 level via cascade laser operation at 1.9 μm, underlying this variable as an interesting parameter to survey chaotic instabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to the study of the second-harmonic generation (SHG) process as a result of random quasi-phase-matching of thulium laser radiation in ZnSe polycrystals. A linear dependence of the SHG efficiency on the nonlinear medium length has been observed in the experiment. The efficiencies of SHG in ZnSe polycrystals with average grain sizes from 35 μ m to 380 μ m were compared. The obtained results are in good agreement with the theory in the case of a Gaussian grain size distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ratiometric thermometry is among the emerging applications in phosphor materials. Particularly, the technique of ultrafine-space thermometry has garnered significant attention in bio-imaging. Near-infrared (NIR) light, with its high tissue permeability, serves not only as an excitation source for up-conversion photoluminescence (UCPL) but also induces down-shifting photoluminescence (DSPL) at longer wavelengths. These luminescence mechanisms offer promising avenues for bio-available thermometry. In this study, we focused on highly bio-adaptable yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), Zr0.85Y0.15O1.925, and prepared phosphor materials with yttrium partially substituted by ytterbium (Yb), erbium (Er), and thulium (Tm) using a hydrothermal reaction method. The synthesized YSZ:Yb–Er/Tm phosphors with different Yb3+ contents showed multi-line UCPL in the visible to NIR region due to Er3+ and Tm3+ ions under the laser irradiation at 980 nm; in particular, it showed strong UCPL at 800 nm originating from Tm3+. Furthermore, under the same excitation conditions, the phosphor exhibited not only UCPL but also DSPL due to 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition of Er3+ in the deeper NIR region of 1400–1700 nm. Interestingly, these DSPLs exhibit significant PL enhancement (anti-thermal quenching; anti-TQ) with increasing temperature. The thermometric properties based on the luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) of UCPL, which shows normal thermal quenching, and DSPL, which shows anti-thermal quenching, demonstrated excellent temperature sensitivity (Sr > 3% K−1 @ 283 K) and temperature resolution (δT < 0.1 K @ 283 K). This study suggests that the LIR thermometry technique using UCPL/DSPL, specifically anti-TQ/normal-TQ, can contribute to further advancements in luminescence-based temperature measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the stone ablation rate and direct thermal damage from thulium fiber laser (TFL) lithotripsy using continuous (C) and burst (B) lasing techniques on an in vitro ureteral model. Methods: The TFL Drive (Coloplast, Humlebaek, Denmark) was used in an in vitro saline-submerged ureteral model. Ten participants, including five junior and five experienced urologists, conducted the experimental setup with 7 different settings comparing two lasing techniques: steady-state lasing (0.5 J/10 Hz = 5W for 300 s and 0.5 J/20 Hz = 10W for 150 s) and burst, intermittent 5 s on/off lasing (0.5 J/20 Hz, 0.5 J/30 Hz, 0.5 J/60 Hz, 0.1 J/200 Hz, and 0.05 J/400 Hz) with a target cumulative energy of 1500 J using cubic 125 mm3 phantom BegoStonesTM. Ureteral damage was graded 1–3 based on the severity of burns and holes observed on the surface of the ureteral model. Results: The were no significant differences in stone ablation mass neither between C and B lasing techniques, nor between expertise levels. At C lasing technique had only mild ureteral lesions with no significant differences between expertise levels (p: 0.97) or laser settings (p: 0.71). At B lasing technique, different types of thermal lesions were found with no expertise (p: 0.11) or setting (p: 0.83) differences. However, B laser setting had higher grade direct thermal lesions than C (p: 0.048). Conclusion: Regarding efficacy, C and B lasing techniques achieve comparable stone ablation rates. Safety-wise, B lasing mode showed higher grade of direct thermal lesions. These results should be further investigated to verify which of the lasing mode is the safest in vivo. Until then and unless proven otherwise, a C mode with low frequency should be recommended to avoid ureteral wall lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The aim of our study is to compare the perioperative and functional outcomes of a multimodal approach combining thulium laser vaporization, bipolar TURP, and bipolar plasma vaporization (TLP) with bipolar TURP in a matched-pair analysis. Methods: A nonrandomized, observational, retrospective, and matched-pair analysis was performed on two homogeneous groups of 60 patients who underwent TLP versus bipolar TURP at our center between March 2018 and December 2021. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score and prostate volume (PV) were the main parameters used to match patients between the two groups. Follow-up was evaluated at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Results: There was a shorter operative time in favor of TLP (42 versus 45 min, p = 0.402). Median hemoglobin drop (−0.3 versus −0.6, p < 0.001) and median sodium drop (−0.3 versus −0.7, p < 0.001) after surgery were statistically significantly lower in TLP compared to bipolar TURP. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Quality of Life (QoL) scores were significantly lower, and the maximum urinary flow rate was higher in the TLP group. The median PSA decrease 2 years after surgery was 73.92% in the TLP group versus 76.17% in the bipolar TURP group (p = 0.578). The complication rate was lower in the TLP group (20% versus 21.67%, p = 1). Conclusions: The results show that both procedures are equally effective and safe in the treatment of symptomatic BPH with some advantages regarding the TLP technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To address the paucity of literature comparing outcomes achieved with utilisation of the high‐power holmium:yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (Ho:YAG) laser with MOSES technology vs those achieved with the thulium fibre laser (TFL) in mini‐percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients undergoing supine mini‐PCNL between August 2021 and May 2023. Exclusion criteria were urinary diversion, simultaneous utilisation of >1 laser platform, use of any other form of fragmentation, and ureteric stones. The Ho:YAG platform (Lumenis Pulse P120H™ with MOSES technology, 120W; Boston Scientific®) and the TFL (Soltive SuperPulsed Thulium Fibre [SPTF], 60W; Olympus®) were compared. Data on stone‐free rate (SFR) were determined by computed tomography performed on the first postoperative day and presented as absence of stone fragments, no fragments larger than 2 mm, or no fragments larger than 4 mm. Results: A total of 100 patients met the inclusion criteria, 51 mini‐PCNLs with the Ho:YAG laser and 49 with the SPTF laser. No significant differences in demographics or stone characteristics were detected between the two groups. The Ho:YAG laser utilised less energy and time, resulting in higher ablation efficiency (P < 0.05) and less total operating time (P < 0.05). Overall, there was no difference in SFR in any category between the Ho:YAG group and the SPTF group (no fragments: relative risk [RR] 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59–1.12, P = 0.21; fragments <2 mm: RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.67–1.10, P = 0.23; fragments <4 mm: RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.80–1.15, P = 0.67). Conclusions: Although we observed an equivalent postoperative SFR, this study supports a shorter operating time and greater intra‐operative laser efficiency with the Ho:YAG laser over the SPTF laser in mini‐PCNL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Acne vulgaris remains one of the most common and problematic dermatological conditions. Recently, a fractional 1927 nm thulium laser has been developed with specific water absorption characteristics which may be of interest in the treatment of acne. Subjects and Methods: Nine consecutive Korean subjects, 6 females and 3 males, ages ranging from 13 to 33 yr, presented with a mixture of inflammatory and noninflammatory acne. Baseline clinical photography, image analysis and lesion counts were performed. A fractional 1927 nm thulium laser (FTL) delivered 6 treatment sessions in 5 subjects and 5 sessions in 4 subjects, 4 weeks between sessions. Pain during treatment was assessed. At 32 weeks after the last treatment session, an independent Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) performed lesion counts and graded the severity of the acne at baseline and the final assessment on a quintile scale. Data were analyzed statistically. Results: All 9 subjects completed the study with significant reductions in the inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions (P values 0.0012 and 0.0081, respectively) with overall lesion counts at the final assessment ranging from 60% to 97.1%, and acne grades in the IGA dropping by an average of 1.67 (range 1 to 3 grades). There was no significant difference in lesion counts or acne grades between the subjects who had 6 treatments and those who had 5 (P = 0.7695). Mild pain was reported during treatment, and no adverse events were reported by either the subjects or investigator. Conclusions: The FTL at the parameters used in the present study caused disruption to the upper portion of the affected follicles and sebaceous glands under an intact stratum corneum, thereby destroying or damaging the causative Cutibacterium acnes. The superficial controlled coagulation additionally induced follicular remodeling and tissue regeneration, potentially contributing to the noticeable results in inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: In the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), laser enucleation of the prostate is recommended as an alternative to transurethral resection (TURP) and open prostatectomy (OP). The thulium fiber laser, with its superficial penetration depth, can offer a rapid learning process by causing less heat injury and capsule damage. This study compares the first 60 cases of an endourologist performing thulium fiber enucleation of the prostate (ThuFLEP) without a mentor to the results of OP and TURP performed by experienced surgeons. It also identifies the case number at which the operation time for ThuFLEP starts to plateau. Materials and Methods: Between 1 November 2021 and 1 November 2023, the initial 60 ThuFLEP cases of an endourologist with no prior enucleation experience were compared with TURP and OP operations performed by experienced surgeons. Since the first 60 ThuFLEP cases involved 80–120 cc prostates, TURP and OP operations within this size range performed during the same period were included in the study. The groups were assessed for age, preoperative and postoperative prostate volume, PSA levels, the IPSS, the IPSS Quality of Life (QoL), and maximum urinary flow (Qmax). The 60 consecutive ThuFLEP cases were divided into three groups of 20 (Groups 1, 2, and 3) and compared for operation time, IPSS, and Qmax. Results: The operation time for TURP was shorter than for ThuFLEP and OP (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between ThuFLEP and OP in postoperative Qmax and IPSS, while TURP had lower values than the other two methods. For ThuFLEP, the operation time was longer in the first 20 cases but plateaued in groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.001). Postoperative Qmax and IPSS values showed no significant differences among the three ThuFLEP groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: For large prostates, ThuFLEP provides better postoperative results than TURP and offers shorter catheterization and hospital stay times than OP. Its short learning curve makes it a preferable method for treating BPH compared to other laser techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the learning curve of Thulium Fiber Laser Enucleation of prostate (ThuFLEP) of a single surgeon inexperienced in laser endoscopic enucleation of prostate (EEP). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all patients with benign prostate hyperplasia undergoing ThuFLEP at our center between January 2022 and August 2023 by one surgeon. Inclusion criteria were International Prostate Symptom Score > 7, prostate volume < 200 g, and maximal urinary flow rate < 15 mL/s. The surgeon was inexperienced in laser EEP and trained by watching educational videos of ThuFLEP before starting to perform the procedure under mentoring during the first 4 cases. Procedural data (enucleation and morcellation efficiency, complications) and functional results up to 3 months were evaluated. Patients were divided into 4 cohorts of 20 consecutive cases to evaluate outcomes evolution throughout time. Results: The mean age of the patients was 69.9 years (SD 7.8) and mean prostate volume was 89.9 g (SD 25.8). Preoperative functional parameters were comparable between the groups. Mean enucleation efficiency (EE) ratio and morcellation efficiency (ME) ratio reached respectively 0.78 g/min (SD 0.55) and 2.49 g/min (SD 1.03) and both variables significantly increased from group 1 to group 3 (p < 0,001). Perioperative complications remained low throughout the caseload with similar significant 3-month functional improvements between all groups. Conclusion: This is the first study to evaluate ThuFLEP learning curve for a single surgeon inexperienced in laser EEP with limited mentoring. Under these real-world conditions, nearly 60 cases were needed to complete the learning curve with a complications rate remaining low throughout the training process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an ex vivo experimental study, we aimed to compare the effects of the Ho: YAG laser Virtual Basket (VB™) modulation and a Thulium fiber laser (TFL) on kidney tissue in different environments and using laser configurations. The 100 W Ho: YAG (Cyber Ho, Quanta System, Italy) and 60 W TFL (Fiber Dust, Quanta System, Italy) laser devices were used. The following laser settings were selected: power in the range of 10–60 W, frequency of 20–40 Hz, and energy of 0.5–1–1.5 J. A medium pulse duration of 600 µsec was used for VB™, while short (spdTFL; 50 µsec) and long (lpdTFL; 15,000 µsec) were used for TFL. The tissue's incision depth (ID), vaporization area (VA), coagulation area (CA), total laser area (TLA = VA + CA), surface section (SS), and lateral effect (LE) were measured. In total, 108 experiments were conducted. No statistically significant difference in mean VA, TLA, ID, LE, or SS was observed between VB™, spdTFL, and lpdTFL in the low-power output group in saline (p > 0.05). However, the mean CA was statistically significantly higher for VB™ (p = 0.005). In saline and high-power output group, the mean VA, CA, TLA, LE, and ID were higher when using lpdTFL than other pulse durations (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.006, and p = 0.001, respectively). Similar to lpdTFL, VB™ may provide controlled dissection and incision as well as haemostasis. At different laser settings, the individual effects of laser properties (such as pulse length, energy and frequency) on tissue may be more significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hyperfine structure of 40 spectral lines of singly ionized thulium (Tm ii) in emission spectra from a hollow cathode discharge lamp measured with a Fourier transform spectrometer in the wavelength range from 335 to 2345 nm has been investigated. As a result of the analysis, the magnetic dipole hyperfine structure constants A for 27 fine structure levels of Tm ii were determined for the first time. In addition, the values of two magnetic dipole hyperfine structure constants A from the literature were declared incorrect, and the corrected values were given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interfacial electric field (IEF) in the heterostructure can accelerate electron transport and ion migration, thereby enhancing the electrochemical performance of potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). Nevertheless, the quantification and modulation of the IEF for high‐efficiency PIB anodes currently remains a blank slate. Herein, we achieve for the first time the quantification and tuning of IEF via amorphous carbon‐coated undifferentiated cobalt‐doped FeSe/Fe3Se4 heterostructure (denoted UN‐CoFe4Se5/C) for efficient potassium storage. Co doping can increase the IEF in FeSe/Fe3Se4, thereby improving the electron transport, promoting the potassium adsorption capacity, and lowering the diffusion barrier. As expected, the IEF magnitude in UN‐CoFe4Se5/C is experimentally quantified as 62.84 mV, which is 3.65 times larger than that of amorphous carbon‐coated FeSe/Fe3Se4 heterostructure (Fe4Se5/C). Benefiting from the strong IEF, UN‐CoFe4Se5/C as a PIB anode exhibits superior rate capability (145.8 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1) and long cycle lifespan (capacity retention of 95.1 % over 3000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1). Furthermore, this undifferentiated doping strategy can universally regulate the IEF magnitude in CoSe2/Co9Se8 and FeS2/Fe7S8 heterostructures. This work can provide fundamental insights into the design of advanced PIB electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of picosecond KTP in reducing peri-ocular dark circles caused mainly by excessive pigmentation and to compare Picosecond KTP with Thulium laser ability in reducing the intensity and extent of peri-ocular dark circles. Materials and methods: This split-face prospective study included twelve women with periorbital dark circles (pigmented or mixed-pigmented type). The left lower eyelid was treated using the PicoHi machine (HIRONIC Ltd), a full beam Q-switched Nd-YAG provided by KTP crystal (523 nm) at settings of 0.3 J/cm2, 5 mm, 5 Hz, and 300 Ps. Whereas the right lower eyelid was treated using the Lavieen machine (WON TECH Co., Ltd), a fractional Thulium laser (1927 nm) at setting 1320 mJ/cm2, 30 × 15 mm, 1500 microseconds. Patients received a series of 3 treatment sessions, given at 4-week intervals. Results: The 532-nm full beam Q-switched KTP and fractional Thulium lasers were more likely to induce post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation rather than decrease the pigmentation. The risk is higher with a Q-switched KTP laser, which may be attributed to the skin tone of the participants. Nonetheless, some improvement in the pigmented type of PDCs, although not detected clinically, was documented by the VISIA software. Conclusion: No solid conclusion can be drawn from the results of the study. Picosecond KTP and Thulium lasers may have a role in reducing PDCs yet more studies should be performed in order to determine the exact impact these lasers have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims. To evaluate a novel multimodal treatment (TLP) that integrates the use of a thulium laser, bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), and “button-type” bipolar plasma vaporization for the endoscopic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods. From March 2018 to December 2021, we prospectively evaluated 220 patients with symptomatic BPH who underwent TLP. Patients were assessed based on the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), and postvoid residual urine (PVR). Perioperative and postoperative follow-up data were analyzed. Results. The mean age at surgery was 66.74 years (SD 8.21). The median prostate size was 80 (IQR 70 - 110). The median operative time was 45 (IQR 35 - 55) minutes and the hospital stay was 2 (IQR 1 - 2) days. Patients were discharged with the urinary catheter in place, which was removed approximately 7 days after surgery when the histopathological result was discussed with the patient. Postoperatively, IPSS, QoL, Qmax and PVR showed a significant improvement starting at 3 months and continued through the postoperative follow-up visits (6- 12-24-36-48-60 months). Urethral stricture and bladder neck contracture occurred in 1 (0.45%) and 2 (0.91%) patients, respectively. Recurrence of BPH occurred in 2 patients (0.91%) who underwent a second procedure. Conclusions. In conclusion, we report that the multimodal surgical treatment of BPH consisting of combining Thulium laser vaporization, bipolar TURP and plasma vaporization (TLP) represents an efficient and durable therapeutic method for BPH patients with low a complication rate at 5-year follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the successful treatment of staghorn stones using flexible ureteroscopy and thulium fiber laser lithotripsy. Staghorn stones are a complex form of kidney stones that are difficult to treat. The traditional treatment method, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), is associated with high complications and multiple treatment sessions. However, flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) with thulium fiber laser lithotripsy has shown promising results in treating larger renal stones. The study conducted a prospective investigation to determine the viability of this treatment option. The article provides details on the patient population, surgical intervention, operative parameters, postoperative care, and outcome measures. The study found that the use of flexible ureteroscopy with thulium fiber laser lithotripsy resulted in a stone-free rate of 53% after the initial treatment and a low rate of postoperative complications. The authors suggest that further research is needed to compare this treatment method with percutaneous nephrolithotomy. [Extracted from the article]

Optical spectra of transitions between the 3H6 and 3F4 manifolds of Tm3+ ions in disordered crystal lattices of Gd3Ga5O12–Gd3Al5O12, Lu2SiO5–Gd2SiO5 solid solutions and in LiNbO3 crystals were recorded at several temperatures between 80 K and 300 K. Obtained experimental data were analyzed to examine the spectroscopic peculiarities of Tm3+ transitions that governs the temperature dependence of absorption and emission properties. The impact of structural disorder on the lasing ability at cryogenic temperatures upon resonant (in-band) optical pumping was assessed. In particular, it was found that peak stimulated emission cross section values at respective free generation wavelengths increase by a factor of two when samples examined are cooled down from 300 K to 80 K. At 80 K the laser operation wavelength can be tuned in regions 1940–2063 nm for GAGG: Tm3+, 1764–1853 nm for LNO: Tm3+ and 1778–2074 nm for LGSO: Tm3+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The development of microfocused ultrasound and fractional radiofrequency-based devices has expanded the range of cosmetic treatment options for patients with skin of color. Fractional non-ablative laser treatments can also be safely performed in skin types III-VI with appropriate settings and adjunctive topical treatments. OBJECTIVE: We sought to review the available literature on the use of energy-based devices for treatment of facial skin conditions in skin types III-VI. METHODS: A PubMed search was performed on studies from 2010-2021 assessing safety and efficacy of fractional ablative and non-ablative lasers, radiofrequency, and microfocused ultrasound-based treatments for conditions such as acne scars, melasma, benign pigmented lesions, rhytids, and skin laxity in skin types III-VI. RESULTS: Seven randomized trials, fourteen prospective cohort studies, and six retrospective reviews were included. Combination treatment with fractional radiofrequency and non-ablative laser has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of acne scars in skin of color with minimal adverse effects. Laser-assisted drug delivery with low-density 1927-nm thulium or diode lasers has been shown to reduce the number of treatments required for significant clearance of melasma as compared with other modalities. Microfocused ultrasound has been shown to safely treat skin laxity in skin of color. LIMITATIONS: There is a paucity of studies which include patients with skin type VI, limiting our overall understanding of the safety of these treatments in skin of color. CONCLUSION: There are numerous available studies demonstrating safety and efficacy of energy-based devices for the treatment of facial skin conditions in skin types III-VI, but the significant variation among their designs, methods of assessment, and study populations highlights the need for larger meta-analyses to further interpret their results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we study the mechanisms of X‐ray induced darkening in the Dy/Al/P co‐doped silica glasses at visible wavelengths and explore the role of P/Al ratio played in the enhancement of irradiation resistance. The absorption, emission spectra and lifetime, Raman, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of pristine and irradiated Dy‐silica glasses as a function of P/Al ratio were measured and analyzed. The Si‐related defects (Si‐E′ and non‐bridge oxygen hole center), Al‐related defects (Al‐E′ and Al‐related oxygen hole center), P‐related defects (P‐OHC and P2), and Dy2+ ions were studied and analyzed. Results demonstrate that increasing P/Al is efficient to suppress the photodarkening in Dy‐silica glasses at visible wavelengths. Results imply that Dy‐silica glasses with P/Al > 1 may be a promising candidate for efficient visible fiber lasers operated at around 575 nm wavelength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly transparent 10 at.% Yb:GdxY3−xAl5O12 (x = 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7) ceramics were successfully fabricated by vacuum solid‐state reactive sintering at 1800°C for 20 h combined with hot isostatic pressing posttreatment at 1700°C for 3 h under 176 MPa pressure in Ar atmosphere. The in‐line transmittances of these ceramics with the thickness of 2.5 mm are 84.4%, 84.0%, and 83.5% at 1100 nm for x = 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7, respectively. The relationships of the Gd3+ content among the phase, microstructures, spectral, and laser properties of the Yb:GdxY3−xAl5O12 ceramics were elucidated in detail. The introduction of Gd3+ has a little influence on the crystal field strength of the Yb3+ sites in GdxY3−xAl5O12. The absorption, emission spectra, and fluorescence lifetime of the Yb3+ in these ceramics are similar, close to 10 at.% Yb:YAG ceramics. Quasi‐continuous wave laser outputs of the ceramics were also achieved. The maximum laser output powers are 7.8, 7.7, and 6.6 W with the corresponding slope efficiency as 46.2%, 44.7%, and 39.2% for x = 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7, respectively. The 7.8 W laser output power is the highest value achieved so far for the Yb:GdYAG ceramics, to the best of our knowledge. The previous discussions show that not all the mixed garnets could enhance full width at half maximum of absorption and emission peaks for the active ions; however, the Yb:GdYAG ceramics are still excellent laser gain media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two series of NaY 1-x Tm x GeO 4 olivines with x = 0.005–0.04 and x = 0.0–0.2 have been prepared by the solid state reaction method and citrate technique, respectively. These germanates crystallize in olivine structure and have the orthorhombic lattice, space group Pnma , Z = 4. The diffuse reflectance spectra have been measured and the optical band gap has been estimated. Under 808 nm laser diode excitation, the NaY 1-x Tm x GeO 4 samples yield luminescence in the range of 1300–1600 nm (3H 4 → 3F 4) and 1600–2200 nm (3F 4 → 3H 6). The maximum of luminescence integrated intensity has been achieved for the composition NaY 0·85 Tm 0.15 GeO 4. The luminescence decay kinetics has been explained using migration. The parameters of the cross–relaxation process: 3H 4 + 3H 6 → 3F 4 + 3F 4 were obtained taking into account the energy transfer rate between thulium ions. It is shown that the presented materials are characterized by an effective migration-accelerated cross-relaxation process, which occurs as a result of dipole-dipole interactions. [Display omitted] • The DFT calculations of peculiarities of NaYGeO 4 and NaYGeO 4 :Tm were carried out. • The NaY 1-x Tm x GeO 4 phosphors were synthesized by the solid state reaction method and citrate technique. • Luminescent properties including lifetime were measured in the case of the NaY 0·85 Tm 0.15 GeO 4 germanate, the τ values were found to be 0.014 and 1.55 ms for λ em = 1475 and 1900 nm, respectively. • An energy transfer scheme including migration-accelerated cross-relaxation processes and quantum cutting process was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using thulium fiber laser rather than holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser may achieve higher stone-free rates in stones located in the kidney but not in the ureter. Thulium fiber laser (TFL) emerged as a competitor of holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) laser for the treatment of urinary stones. To compare the efficacy between Ho:YAG and TFL for laser lithotripsy of renal and ureteral stones. A literature search was conducted using PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases to identify reports published until May 2023. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines were followed to identify eligible studies. The primary outcome was to compare the stone-free rate (SFR) between Ho:YAG and TFL for laser lithotripsy. Eleven studies met our inclusion criteria, and data from 1286 and 880 patients who underwent, respectively, Ho:YAG and TFL laser lithotripsy were reviewed. Most studies included ureteroscopy (URS) and retrograde intrarenal surgeries as procedures, two included percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and one included URS exclusively. Only two studies reported results in pediatric patients. TFL was associated with a higher SFR (odds ratio [OR] 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–3.20; p = 0.031) when no residual fragment is considered, but not when SFR refers to the presence of fragments <3 mm (OR 2.48, 95% CI: 0.98–6.29; p = 0.055) or when only Ho:YAG with MOSES is considered (p = 0.068). According to the stones' location, TFL was associated with higher SFRs than Ho:YAG for renal (OR 3.14, 95% CI: 1.69–5.86; p < 0.001) but not for ureteral (p = 0.8) stones. TFL was associated with a lower intraoperative complication rate (OR 0.34, 95% CI: 0.19–0.63; p < 0.001). No difference was found in major (p = 0.4) or overall (p = 0.4) complication rate, operative time (p = 0.051), and laser time (p = 0.9). TFL is a promising laser for the treatment of urinary stones with some advantages over Ho:YAG. Further high-quality studies are needed to confirm these findings and optimize the surgical settings. The use of thulium fiber laser rather than holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet permits to reach a higher stone-free rate in stones located in the kidney rather than in the ureter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract CO2 reduction photocatalysts are favorable for obtaining renewable energy. Enriched active sites and effective photogenerated‐carriers separation are keys for improving CO2 photo‐reduction. A thulium (Tm) single atom tailoring strategy introducing carbon vacancies in porous tubular graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) surpassing the ever‐reported g‐C3N4 based photocatalysts, with 199.47 µmol g−1 h−1 CO yield, 96.8% CO selectivity, 0.84% apparent quantum efficiency and excellent photocatalytic stability, is implemented in this work. Results revealed that in‐plane Tm sites and interlayer‐bridged Tm‐N charge transfer channels significantly enhanced the aggregation/transfer of photogenerated electrons thus promoting CO2 adsorption/activation and contributing to *COOH intermediates formation. Meanwhile, Tm atoms and carbon vacancies both benefit for rich active sites and enhanced photogenerated‐charge separation, thus optimizing reaction pathway and leading to excellent CO2 photo‐reduction. This work not only provides guidelines for CO2 photo‐reduction catalysts design but also offers mechanistic insights into single‐atom based photocatalysts for solar fuel production.

ABSTRACT Background: To evaluate the 10-year functional outcomes (primary) and frequency and predictors of BPH surgical retreatment (secondary) after ThuLEP. Materials and Methods: A single-center retrospective analysis of consecutive patients undergoing ThuLEP between 2010 and 2013 was performed. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 40 years, prostate volume (PV) ≥ 80 mL, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)-Total score ≥ 8 points. IPSS-Total score was the primary outcome, and BPH surgical retreatment rate was the secondary outcome. Paired t-test, McNemar test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare variables. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate predictors of surgical retreatment. Results: A total of 410 patients with a mean ±SD age of 63.9 ± 9.7 years and a PV of 115.6 ± 28.6 mL were included. Mean ±SD follow-up was 108.2 ± 29.6 months. IPSS-Total score was significantly improved at 1 year compared to baseline (23.3 ± 4.7 vs. 10.3 ± 3.8; p

Introduction: We aimed to study whether using 30 W versus 60 W thulium enucleation of the prostate (ThuLEP) would affect postoperative outcomes in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Materials and Methods: We prospectively identified male patients with moderate or severe lower urinary tract symptoms due to BPH. We randomized patients into 30 W (Group 1) or 60 W (Group 2) thulium yag laser with a 550 μm laser fiber and a 26 Fr continuous flow resectoscope. We collected data related to prostate size, enucleation time, morcellation time, laser time, perioperative complications, and 1-year functional outcomes. Results: A total of 120 patients were included, with a mean age of 67 years and a mean prostate size of 105 g. The preoperative characteristics were similar across both groups. The mean operative time was shorter in the 60 W group, 74 ± 27 vs. 91 ± 33 min in the 30 W group (P = 0.001), and the mean laser time was 55 ± 20 in 60 W versus 71 ± 25 in 30 W (P = 0.0001). The mean hospital stay was 1 day in both groups and at 1-year follow-up; there was a similar improvement in mean Qmax and International Prostate Symptom Score symptom scores. Discussion/Conclusion: Both 30 and 60 W ThuLEP provided a safe and comparable outcome with a relatively shorter operative time for the 60 W groups. Perhaps using a 30-W setting would be beneficial in the early learning curve or cases with more bleeding capsular perforators; besides, the financial benefit of manufacturing low-cost low-power devices that may help in the widespread of AEEP.

Purpose: To compare perioperative, functional, and safety outcomes between thulium fiber laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuFLEP) and bipolar enucleation of the prostate performed by a single surgeon with use of propensity score (PS)-matched analysis. Materials and Methods: Data were from 675 patients, 422 of whom underwent ThuFLEP and bipolar enucleation by a single highly experienced surgeon. ThuFLEP was performed with Fiberlase U1 (IRE Polus Ltd.). Perioperative parameters, safety, and functional outcomes, such as International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), postvoid residual volume (PVR), and maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) were assessed. To control for selection bias, a 1:1 PS-matched analysis was carried out using the following variables as covariates: total prostate volume, preoperative IPSS and early sphincter release. Results: Of 422 patients, 370 (87.7%) underwent ThuFLEP and 52 (12.3%) underwent bipolar enucleation. Operation, enucleation, and morcellation time were comparable between groups before and after PS-matched analysis (p=0.954, p=0.474, p=0.362, respectively). Functional parameters (IPSS, QoL, PVR, Qmax) were also comparable between groups at every time point before and after PS matching. Significant improvements in IPSS, QoL score, Qmax, and PVR were observed during the 24-month follow-up period for both ThuFLEP and bipolar enucleation without any significant differences between groups. Early and late postoperative complications before and after PS-matched analysis were similar. Conclusions: ThuFLEP was comparable to bipolar enucleation in perioperative characteristics, improvement in voiding parameters, and complication rates. Both procedures were shown to be effective and safe in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

This study aims to identify optimal parameters for using Thulium fiber lasers (TFL) in ureteral stone lithotripsy to ensure laser safety and maximize efficacy. Our goal is to improve the outcomes of single-use semi-rigid ureteroscopy for treating stones located in the proximal ureter. A clinically relevant thermal testing device was designed to investigate heating effects during TFL stone fragmentation. The device was utilized to identify safe power thresholds for TFL at various irrigation rates. Three other devices were used to assess varying pulse energy effects on stone fragmentation efficiency, dusting, retropulsion, and depth of tissue vaporization. Comparative experiments in fresh porcine renal units were performed to validate the efficacy and safety of optimal TFL parameters for semi-rigid ureteroscopy in proximal ureteral stone procedures. Our study found that the improved device generated a higher thermal effect. Furthermore, the safe power threshold for laser lithotripsy increased as the irrigation rate was raised. At an irrigation rate of 40 ml/min, it is safe to use an average power of less than 30 watts. Although increasing pulse energy has a progressively lower effect on fragmentation and dust removal efficiency, it did lead to a linear increase in stone displacement and tissue vaporization depth. Thermal testing showed 20 W (53.87 ± 2.67 °C) indicating potential urothelial damage. In our study of laser lithotripsy for proximal ureteral stones, the group treated with 0.3 J pulses had several advantages compared to the 0.8 J group: Fewer large fragments (> 4 mm): 0 vs. 1.67 fragments (1-2.25), p = 0.002, a lower number of collateral tissue injuries: 0.50 (0-1.25) vs. 2.67 (2–4), p = 0.011, and lower stone retropulsion grading: 0.83 (0.75-1) vs. 1.67 (1–2), p = 0.046. There was no significant difference in operating time between the groups (443.33 ± 78.30 s vs. 463.17 ± 75.15 s, p = 0.664). These findings suggest that TFL irradiation generates a greater thermal effect compared to non-irradiated stones. Furthermore, the thermal effect during laser lithotripsy is influenced by both power and irrigation flow rate. Our study suggests that using a power below 15 W with an irrigation flow rate of 20 ml/min is safe. Moreover, a pulse energy of 0.3 J appears to be optimal for achieving the best overall stone fragmentation effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the BCS theory, hydrogen, the lightest element, would be the prospect of room-temperature superconductor after metallization, but because of the difficulty of the hydrogen metallization, the theory about hydrogen pre-compression was proposed that the hydrogen-rich compounds could be a great option for the high Tc superconductors. The superior properties of TmH6, YbH6 and LuH6 indicated the magnificent potential of heavy rare earth elements for low-pressure stability. Here, we designed XTmH12 (X = Y, Yb, Lu, and La) to obtain higher Tc while maintaining low pressure stability. Most prominently, YbTmH12 can stabilize at a pressure of 60 GPa. Compared with binary TmH6 hydride, its Tc was increased to 48 K. The results provide an effective method for the rational design of moderate pressure stabilized hydride superconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-chip ultra-wideband optical waveguide amplifiers are crucial for short-distance optical interconnections that utilize wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. Silicon optical amplifiers still face significant challenges due to the indirect-band-gap nature and low rare earth solubility of silicon. This paper prepared a series of Er3+-Tm3+ co-doped La 2 O 3 –Al 2 O 3 glasses that are expected to be used in on-chip ultra-broadband optical waveguide amplifiers by aerodynamic levitation (ADL) technique, and further studied their luminescence characteristics and energy transfer process. Research results indicate that the glass composition 5Er 2 O 3 -0.6Tm 2 O 3 -43.4La 2 O 3 –51Al 2 O 3 is an optimal optical waveguide amplifier host material due to its excellent luminescence properties and ultra-broadband flat photoluminescence spectrum extending up to 440 nm. Moreover, positive gain can be obtained with a population ratio greater than 0.2, which further illustrates its feasibility as a matrix material for ultra-broadband optical waveguide amplifiers. The advancement of this material is expected to significantly aid in the fabrication and progress of next-generation ultra-wideband optical waveguide amplifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thulium tellurite ( TmTeO 3 ) is synthesized by hydrothermal method. It exhibits nearly cuboid-shaped particles along with triangular particles. TmTeO 3 is found to be monoclinic. The energy gap is 5.87 eV, the Urbach energy value is 0.287 eV and the refractive index is 1.881. The size of the particle is determined as 107 nm. Optical transitions between energy levels assign absorption and emission peaks. Tm, was found in the oxide matrix as Tellurite. Magnetic susceptibility between 20 K and 300 K decreases with temperature, reaches saturation and aligns all Thulium spins. M–H curve confirms paramagnetic nature at 300 K and feeble ferromagnetic nature at 77 K. Cyclic voltammogram and chronopotentiometry analysis exhibit pseudo-capacitive behavior. The potential window is 0.82. Specific capacitance is found to be 87 F/g. Chronopotentiometry analysis shows 55 F/g specific capacitance. Impedance analysis shows a pseudo-capacitive nature. TmTeO 3 symmetrical supercapacitor device is fabricated with potential window of 1.52 V. A specific capacitance of 37.75 F/g at 1 A/g, energy density 6.055 Wh kg − 1 and power density 760.99 W kg − 1 was achieved. Impedance analysis shows low series resistance of 2.567 Ω and charge transfer resistance of 0.473 Ω. Cyclic performance with 80% specific capacitance retention is observed after 5000 cycles. The TmTeO 3 symmetric supercapacitor electrodes possess good electrochemical properties due to wider potential window, long cycle stability and notable energy density. Thulium tellurite ( TmTeO 3 ) was synthesized by hydrothermal method. It exhibited nearly cuboid-shaped particles of size 107 nm and found to be monoclinic. Tm was present in the oxide matrix of the samples. It also exhibited feeble ferromagnetic nature at 77 K. It exhibited pseudo-capacitive behavior with potential window at 0.82. The specific capacitance was 87F/g. Energy density was 19 Wh kg–1, and a high power density of 410 W kg–1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental comparison of two thulium optical lattice clocks in a time interval of up to one hour has been carried out. The synchronous comparison of a clock transition in two independent atomic ensembles using a single ultrastable laser has allowed us to eliminate fluctuations of the laser frequency from the measured frequency difference and to reach a relative measurement error of 10–16 after 500-s averaging, which corresponds to a relative instability of . The successful demonstration of the long-term operation of two systems using the synchronous comparison of clock transitions opens the possibility of studying systematic shifts in thulium optical clocks with an uncertainty of 10–17. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A possibility of using an industrially produced anionic surfactant, alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, for the precipitation and flotation extraction of neodymium(III), erbium(III), and thulium(III) ions is investigated. The influence of the concentration and ratio of the reacting components and the concentrations of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide on the degree of precipitation of metal ions is considered. The composition of the resulting compounds is established and their conditional solubility products are calculated. Conditions for the flotation of metal ions with alkylbenzenesulfonic acid are optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large core size and bending resistance are very important properties of mid-infrared energy transfer fibers, but large core sizes usually lead to the deterioration of bending properties. A negative-curvature nested node-free anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (AR-HCF) based on quartz is proposed. It was made by adding a nested layer to a previous AR-HCF design to provide an additional anti-resonance region while keeping the gap between adjacent tubes strictly correlated with the core diameter to produce a node-free structure. These features improve the fiber's bending resistance while achieving a larger core diameter. The simulation results show that the radial air–glass anti-resonant layer is increased by the introduction of the nested anti-resonant tube, and the weak interference overlap between the fiber core and the cladding mode is reduced, so the fiber core's limiting loss and sensitivity to bending are effectively reduced. When the capillary wall thickness t of the fiber is 0.71 μm, the core diameter D is 70 μm, the ratio of the inner diameter of the cladding capillary to the core diameter d/D is 0.62, the diameter of the nested tube is d0 = 29 μm, the fiber has a lower limiting loss at the wavelength of 2.79 μm, and the limiting loss is 3.28 × 10−4 dB/m. At the same time, the optimized structure also has good bending resistance. When the bending radius is 30 mm, the bending loss is only 4.72 × 10−2 dB/m. An anti-bending low-loss micro-structure hollow fiber with a bending radius of less than 30 mm was successfully achieved in the 2.79 μm band. An anti-bending low-loss anti-resonant hollow-core fiber with this structure constitutes a reliable choice for the light guiding system of a 2.79 μm band Er, Cr: YSGG laser therapy instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a corrigendum for a scientific article titled "Side-effects of laser weeding: quantifying off-target risks to earthworms and insects." The corrigendum includes adjustments to the dosages mentioned in the abstract and introduction, as well as clarifications in various sections regarding the laser energy doses used and their effects on different organisms. These corrections ensure that the information presented in the article is accurate. The errors in the original article have been addressed and do not impact the scientific conclusions. [Extracted from the article]

The single crystals specimens comprising 0.3 mol% Dy3+, 0.5 mol% Tm3+ and γ mol% Lu3+ doped LiYF 4 (γ = 0, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.5) were meticulously synthesized using the Bridgman method, with the specific aim of catering to applications in the ∼2.9 μm laser domain. The microstructure of the obtained single crystal was investigated by conducting X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The Judd-Ofelt (J-O) intensity parameters of the Dy3+ ion and the impacts of Lu3+ doping on fluorescence characteristics of the 6H 13/2 (Dy3+) level were studied. The Dy3+/Tm3+ doped LiYF 4 single crystal exhibits ∼52 % enhancement in emission intensity at ∼2.9 μm (Dy3+: 6H 13/2 →6H 15/2) through a favorable introduction of Lu3+ ions into the single crystal at 808 nm LD excitation. The Tm3+/Dy3+/Lu3+ triply doped single crystal exhibited a maximum emission cross section of 2.480 × 10−20 cm2 at 2904 nm. The fluorescent lifetimes of the Dy3+: 6H 13/2 level in the single crystals were determined to be located in the range of 2.78 ms–3.33 ms. The microscopic mechanism of energy transfer (ET) between Tm3+ and Dy3+ ions were investigated and the ET coefficients from 3H 4 level of Tm3+ ion to 6F 5/2 of Dy3+ ion (ET1) and 3F 4 of Tm3+ to 6H 11/2 of Dy3+ (ET2) in the triply doped single crystal were calculated, yielding values of 3.422 × 10−39 cm6/s and 5.768 × 10−39 cm6/s, separately. The results clearly demonstrated that the mid-infrared luminescence at ∼2.9 μm from Dy3+ ions can be significantly enhanced by the strategic incorporation of appropriate Lu3+ ions into Tm3+/Dy3+: LiYF 4 single crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-temperature self-flux strategy has been applied to fabricate a large collection of pure hexagonal phase rare earth fluorides NaREF4 and REF3 (RE = rare earth) using NaNO3, RE(NO3)3·xH2O and NH4F with low melting points as the initial raw and semifinished materials. It is found that the stable structure and morphology evolution of hexagonal rare earth fluorides are highly dependent upon the type of rare earth ion, the reaction temperature and the reaction time. After incorporating Fe3+ ions at less than 40 mol% into NaYbF4:Tm3+ crystal, the resultant samples still maintain a hexagonal crystalline structure and rod-like morphology. The NaYb0.89Tm0.01Fe0.10F4 (89Yb1Tm10Fe) material exhibits the strongest upconversion (UC) emission and its maximal absolute UC quantum yield (UCQY) is 0.45% under the illumination of a laser diode with pumping energy density of 45 W cm−2. Strikingly, applying a magnetic field of 15 kOe compels its UCQY to advance up to 0.56%. Moreover, the intrinsic mechanism of Fe3+-induced UC luminescence enhancement has also been explored at length. These advances in enhancing UC emissions and UCQYs under an applied magnetic field offer exciting opportunities for important photonic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The primary aim of the study was to explore intrarenal temperatures (IRTs) during flexible ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy (FURSL). The secondary aim was to investigate the correlation between temperatures and renal pelvis anteroposterior diameter (APD). Materials and Methods: From February 2023 to June 2023, 10 patients with an indwelling nephrostomy tube (NT) undergoing FURSL were enrolled in the study. Sheathless FURSL was performed using gravitational irrigation (23°C) at 60 cm. A sterile K-type thermocouple was inserted through the NT. Temperatures were recorded for 120 seconds with continuous laser activation and for another 60 seconds after deactivation. Thulium fiber laser delivered energy using a 150 μm fiber and incremental power settings of 5, 10, 20, and 30 W. The laser was deactivated whenever the IRT reached 43°C. Results: IRT correlated directly to power settings. Each time the power settings were increased, the temperature rose significantly. The increase in average peak temperature was 2.6°C between 5 and 10 W (p < 0.001), 3.4°C between 10 and 20 W (p < 0.001), and 2.5°C between 20 and 30 W (p < 0.001). Temperatures reached 43°C in three patients applying 20 W and in eight patients applying 30 W. The shortest activation-time until threshold was 12 and 28 seconds with 30 and 20 W settings, respectively. When reaching 43°C, temperatures remained above this threshold for an additional 29 seconds on average. There was a significant correlation between IRT and renal APD. For example, when 10 W was applied in the setting of APD ≤20 mm, the recorded temperature was on average 2.3°C higher compared with APD >20 mm, with the same power settings applied, p < 0.001. Conclusion: During FURSL, IRT correlates directly with power settings and is inversely correlated with renal pelvic APD. Using a sheathless approach, power settings ≥20 W should arguably be avoided, especially in the context of a nondilated renal pelvis. ClinicalTrials: The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05677425). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We aimed to study whether using 30 W versus 60 W thulium enucleation of the prostate (ThuLEP) would affect postoperative outcomes in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Materials and Methods: We prospectively identified male patients with moderate or severe lower urinary tract symptoms due to BPH. We randomized patients into 30 W (Group 1) or 60 W (Group 2) thulium yag laser with a 550 µm laser fiber and a 26 Fr continuous flow resectoscope. We collected data related to prostate size, enucleation time, morcellation time, laser time, perioperative complications, and 1-year functional outcomes. Results: A total of 120 patients were included, with a mean age of 67 years and a mean prostate size of 105 g. The preoperative characteristics were similar across both groups. The mean operative time was shorter in the 60 W group, 74 ± 27 vs. 91 ± 33 min in the 30 W group (P = 0.001), and the mean laser time was 55 ± 20 in 60 W versus 71 ± 25 in 30 W (P = 0.0001). The mean hospital stay was 1 day in both groups and at 1-year follow-up; there was a similar improvement in mean Qmax and International Prostate Symptom Score symptom scores. Discussion/Conclusion: Both 30 and 60 W ThuLEP provided a safe and comparable outcome with a relatively shorter operative time for the 60 W groups. Perhaps using a 30-W setting would be beneficial in the early learning curve or cases with more bleeding capsular perforators; besides, the financial benefit of manufacturing low-cost low-power devices that may help in the widespread of AEEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Urolithiasis is a serious health issue that is constantly getting worse around the world. In relation to laser lithotripsy, new techniques and technological advancements have emerged, giving urologists a wide range of choices for treating stone disease. The objective of the present review is to provide an overview of the most current developments and show how effective they are for reducing complications and boosting surgical effectiveness. Material and method: In October 2023, we performed a comprehensive search of the literature, including relevant articles using the PubMed international database to identify related publications concerning ureteroscopic laser stone lithotripsy in renal lithiasis. Both review and original articles were selected. Searches were limited to studies written in English which involved human and adult subjects. Results: All eligible studies concerning ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy were published in 2022 and 2023. They were conducted in Asia (5/10), the North America (3/10) and Europe (2/10), and totalized 1570 patients with an age range between 18 and 85 years. Regarding the primary efficacy outcome, all studies focused on stone free rates (SFRs), complications and average operative time. Conclusion: The rising frequency and incidence of stone disease has led to ongoing breakthroughs in endourology through technological advancements and ongoing developments. Unlike the relatively well-known Holmium laser, which has several uses in the field of stone lithotripsy, Thulium fiber laser (TFL) is a brand-new technological arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Several ‘ultra-minimally-invasive’ surgical treatments (uMISTs) have been developed, aiming to relieve benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) and spare ejaculatory function; however, such techniques do not always ensure substantial improvements in uroflowmetry parameters. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the 2-year functional outcomes of thulium laser transurethral incision of the prostate (ThuIP) as an alternative to uMISTs. Material and methods Data of consecutive patients affected by BPO with indication to surgical intervention and a strong will to spare ejaculatory function were collected on a dedicated prospectively maintained database. A specific “trifecta” was identified as the contemporary presence of: (1) post-operative Qmax ≥15 ml/s; (2) absence of early (within 90 days) complications; and (3) preserved antegrade ejaculation. Results 120 patients underwent ThuIP and were analysed. Median catheterisation time was 2 days (IQR 2-2). Significant improvements in IPSS and IPSS-QoL scores and uroflowmetry parameters were observed at all follow-up times. At the last follow-up visit (24 months) the median ΔIPSS was -12 (-17; -9), median ΔIPSS-QoL was -3 (-4; -2), median ΔQmax was +7.7 ml/s (+5.2; +11.0), and median ΔPVR was -50 ml (-100; 0) (all p-values <0.001). Fourteen patients reported postoperative absence of antegrade ejaculation (11.7%). Overall, trifecta was achieved in 86 patients (71.7%) at 6 months, in 79 patients (65.8%) at 12 months, and in 75 patients (62.5%) at 24 months. Conclusions ThuIP allows for a significant improvement in uroflowmetry parameters and patient-reported outcomes at 2-year follow-up. Moreover, antegrade ejaculation is preserved in approximately 90% of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-band transmission is one of the key practical solutions to cope with the continuously growing demand on the capacity of optical communication networks without changing the huge existing fiber base. However, ultra-broadband communication requires the development of novel power efficient optical amplifiers operating beyond C- and L-bands, and this is a major research and technical challenge comparable to the introduction of the seminal erbium-doped fiber amplifiers that dramatically changed the optical communication sector. There are several types of optical fibers operating beyond C- and L-bands that can be used for the development of such amplifiers, specifically the fibers doped with neodymium, praseodymium, thulium, and bismuth. However, among these, Bi-doped fibers are of special interest as the most promising amplification medium because, unlike the others, different Bi-associated active centers allow amplification in an enormous band of overall width of 700 nm (1100–1800 nm). Such spectral coverage can be obtained by using different host materials, such as aluminosilicate, phosphosilicate, silica, and germanosilicate glasses. Here, we report a novel Bi-doped fiber amplifier with record characteristics for E-band amplification, including the highest power conversion efficiency among telecom-compatible E-band amplifiers reported to date. This bismuth-doped fiber amplifier (BDFA) features a maximum gain of 39.8 dB and a minimal noise figure of 4.6 dB enabled by 173 m Bi-doped fiber length. The maximum achieved power conversion efficiency of 38% is higher than that of L-band Er-doped fiber amplifiers. This performance demonstrates the high potential of BDFA for becoming the amplifier of choice in modern multi-band optical communication networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]