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Knitting interloops one-dimensional yarns into three-dimensional fabrics that exhibit behaviour beyond their constitutive materials. How extensibility and anisotropy emerge from the hierarchical organization of yarns into knitted fabrics has long been unresolved. We seek to unravel the mechanical roles of tensile mechanics, assembly and dynamics arising from the yarn level on fabric nonlinearity by developing a yarn-based dynamical model. This physically validated model captures the mechanical response of knitted fabrics, analogous to flexible metamaterials and biological fibre networks due to geometric nonlinearity within such hierarchical systems. Fabric anisotropy originates from observed yarn–yarn rearrangements during alignment dynamics and is topology-dependent. This yarn-based model also provides a design space of knitted fabrics to embed functionalities by varying geometric configuration and material property in instructed procedures compatible to machine manufacturing. Our hierarchical approach to build up a knitted fabric computationally modernizes an ancient craft and represents a first step towards mechanical programmability of knitted fabrics in wide engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extreme environment of winter sports significantly impacts the performance of athletes, leading to a need for clothing that meets composite functional requirements such as warmth, comfort, and protection to improve competition performance. Knitted fabrics for ice and snow sports with excellent heat and moisture performance were inspired by the water collection and transmission system used by the Moloch horridus. A bionic design model of multi-state fabric morphology was developed by using a topological derivation method and three-dimensional parametric surface modeling technology. The experimental results showed that the four single-sided three-dimensional fabrics have better moisture management characteristics and it is possible to achieve an excellent thermal insulation performance. The textile design application models based on this new design method can provide a feasible solution for developing high-performance textiles for winter sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi is the property of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A pruned VGG19 model subjected to Axial Coronal Sagittal (ACS) convolutions and a custom VGG16 model are benchmarked to predict 3D fabric descriptors from a set of 2D images. The data used for training and testing are extracted from a set of 600 3D biphase microstructures created numerically. Fabric descriptors calculated from the 3D microstructures constitute the ground truth, while the input data are obtained by slicing the 3D microstructures in each direction of space at regular intervals. The computational cost to train the custom ACS-VGG19 model increases linearly with p (the number of images extracted in each direction of space), and increasing p does not improve the performance of the model - or only does so marginally. The best performing ACS-VGG19 model provides a MAPE of 2 to 5% for the means of aggregate size, aspect ratios and solidity, but cannot be used to estimate orientations. The custom VGG16 yields a MAPE of 2% or less for the means of aggregate size, distance to nearest neighbor, aspect ratios and solidity. The MAPE is less than 3% for the mean roundness, and in the range of 5-7% for the aggregate volume fraction and the mean diagonal components of the orientation matrix. Increasing p improves the performance of the custom VGG16 model, but becomes cost ineffective beyond 3 images per direction. For both models, the aggregate volume fraction is predicted with less accuracy than higher order descriptors, which is attributed to the bias given by the loss function towards highly-correlated descriptors. Both models perform better to predict means than standard deviations, which are noisy quantities. The custom VGG16 model performs better than the pruned version of the ACS-VGG19 model, likely because it contains 3 times (p = 1) to 28 times (p = 10) less parameters than the ACS-VGG19 model, allowing better and faster cnvergence, with less data. The custom VGG16 model predicts the second and third invariants of the orientation matrix with a MAPE of 2.8% and 8.9%, respectively, which suggests that the model can predict orientation descriptors regardless of the orientation of the input images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to parametrically analyze the vibration characteristics of weaving needles during the feeding motion, providing effective references for the selection of parameters in the three-dimensional weaving process. To control the degree of carbon fiber wear during the manufacturing process and maximize its maximum forming height, we have established a systematic dynamic model based on Hamilton's principle. The state equation was solved using the Runge-Kutta method. The influence of different weaving parameters on the weaving needle's free-end vibration response and equilibrium position of was studied. The results indicate that the weaving velocity and height of the cross-section have a significant impact on the vibration amplitude of the free end of the weaving needle and the deflection of the equilibrium position. Moreover, the increase in deflection exhibits a certain inhibitory effect on the amplitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polar bear and several other Arctic mammals use fur composed of hollow-core fibers to survive in extremely cold environments. Here, we use finite element analysis to elucidate the role that the hollow core plays in regulating thermal transport. Specifically, we establish a three-dimensional model of a textile based on fibers with various core diameters and study transverse heat transport. First, these simulations revealed that textiles based on hollow-core fibers conduct significantly less heat than their solid-core counterparts with fibers with a core-to-fiber diameter ratio of 0.95, reducing thermal transport by 33%. In addition to this decrease in thermal transport, the mass per area of textiles is substantially reduced by making them hollow core. This led us to consider the performance of multi-layer textiles and to find that four-layer hollow-core textiles can exhibit a four-fold decrease in heat flux relative to single-layer solid-core textiles with the same mass per area. Taken together, these simulations show that hollow-core fibers are well suited for thermal insulation applications in which gravimetric thermal insulation is a priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of molecularly woven three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic framework (COF) crystals into polymers of varying types invokes different forms of contact between filler and polymer. Whereas the combination of woven COFs with amorphous and brittle polymethyl methacrylate results in surface interactions, the use of the liquid-crystalline polymer polyimide induces the formation of polymer-COF junctions. These junctions are generated by the threading of polymer chains through the pores of the nanocrystals, thus allowing for spatial arrangement of polymer strands. This offers a programmable pathway for unthreading polymer strands under stress and leads to the in situ formation of high-aspect-ratio nanofibrils, which dissipate energy during the fracture. Polymer-COF junctions also strengthen the filler-matrix interfaces and lower the percolation thresholds of the composites, enhancing strength, ductility, and toughness of the composites by adding small amounts (~1 weight %) of woven COF nanocrystals. The ability of the polymer strands to closely interact with the woven framework is highlighted as the main parameter to forming these junctions, thus affecting polymer chain penetration and conformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional steel-based reinforcements face corrosion issues that compromise the durability of concrete structures. Large concrete covers are recommended to mitigate corrosion of steel reinforcements, resulting in thicker, heavier structures with increased material consumption and costs, making them less sustainable. Textile reinforced concrete (TRC), with its corrosion resistance, high tensile strength, drapeability, formability, and lightweight nature, offers a sustainable alternative. It necessitates less concrete cover, thereby reducing costs and material consumption, making it suitable for lightweight and durable structural components. Various combinations of textile structures achieved through selective adjustments to fibre, yarn, and fabric geometry present significant potential for developing customized TRC elements. This issue of Textile Progress delves into the environmental impact of construction materials, TRC composition and manufacturing, mechanical testing techniques, and the influence of textile (yarn, braided fabric, woven fabric, knitted fabric, 3-D spacer fabric, nonwoven fabric) structural parameters on TRC behaviour. Additionally, the effects of textile coatings, filler incorporation, and discrete fibre integration on TRC properties are also explored. Overall, textile reinforcement in concrete enhances properties such as tensile strength, ductility, strain hardening behaviour, flexural strength, impact resistance, toughness, multiple cracking behaviour, and reduced crack width and spacing, whilst also bolstering resistance to environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, five three-dimensional angle-interlock fabrics with different warp and weft densities were fabricated using 1000D Kevlar filaments. The Kevlar/EP composites were prepared by vacuum-assisted molding techniques. The low-velocity impact property of the composite was tested, focusing on the effects of the warp and weft densities, impact energy, impactor shape, and impactor diameter. The damage area, dent depth, and crack lengths in the warp and weft direction were used to evaluate the impact performance, and the specimens were compared with plain-weave composites with similar areal densities. The dominant failure mode of the conical impactor was fiber fracture, while the dominant failure mode of the hemispherical impactor was fiber–resin debonding. The cylindrical impactor showed only minor resin fragmentation. The residual flexural strength of the composite after impact was tested to provide insights into its mechanical properties. The study findings will provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of the design of impact-resistant structures using such materials and facilitate their engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional spacer fabric is a type of one-piece sandwich structure consisting of two outer layers and vertical and inclined spacer monofilaments. It behaves like a cushioning material, having linear, plateau, and densification stages under compression. This article elucidates the compression mechanism of a typical spacer fabric in terms of global deformation, local deformation, and internal contact behavior of spacer monofilaments through finite element simulation. While the linear stage is post-buckling of spacer monofilaments with tight constraints, the plateau stage is a combination of post-buckling, torsion, rotation, and contact of spacer monofilaments. The densification stage is attributed to the contact between spacer monofilaments and outer layers, which decreases the effective length to bear the load and enhances the constraints on the spacer monofilaments. The vertical spacer monofilaments with almost triple the normal strains of the inclined ones contribute more to compression resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wool Textile Journal is the property of National Wool Textile Science & Technology Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To effectively overcome the shortcomings of common polyurethane (PU) insulation materials in terms of flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and sound absorption, a new multi-functional insulation material needs to be developed. Here, simple materials such as PU and silica aerogel (SA) combined with a special three-dimensional spacer fabric were used to design an innovative SA/PU/spacer fabric (SPS) ternary composite. It integrates a "hierarchically porous" and "filled-microperforated plate" structure. The superior structure design endows the new type of composite with a remarkable performance while maintaining low density (0.198 g/cm3). Specifically, the SPS composite was difficult to ignite by alcohol lamps compared with PU and SA/PU, and its thermal conductivity and compression modulus can reach 0.0392 W/(m·k) and 1.5 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the average absorption coefficient of the SPS composite (7.5 mm thickness) is 0.62, and its noise reduction coefficient per unit thickness (0.37) exceeds most reported sound absorption materials. From these results, the SPS composite provides a convenient and low-cost method to improve the overall performance of traditional thermal insulation material, which is of great significance in the fields of construction and transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In allusion to the hot issue of fabric simulation, this paper proposes a kinetic grid for reproducing the drape profile of fabric in three-dimensional space. In our model, the interaction inside fabric is built up through a constraint factor as well as an attenuation factor, and the contact between the flexible body of the fabric and the rigid plane is emulated with a touch-counteract mechanism. The forces on the particles in the grid, which are calculated with grid deformation, are then used to generate the additional displacement of the grid. Evolution of the grid is led by step-by-step iteration so that the draping kinetics of the virtual fabric can be achieved. When the draping process meets its steady state, the drape coefficient is worked out through identifying and quantifying the projection area of the grid. The unevenness of the ripples along the drape surface is characterized and manifested by emulating the mechanical anisotropy of the fabric through differentiated constraint factors. The evolution algorithm is improved and an optimized version that reduces calculation error using the third-order Taylor theorem is presented, by which a smoother curved surface for the drape can be produced. The convergence of the grid under different fineness values is explored to reveal the capacity of the model, and a reasonable grid scale has been identified. The computed drape is then compared to a real drape featuring different strengths in the warp and weft, and adjusted to meet the target drape coefficient, as well as drape unevenness considering the anisotropy index. The result shows they are properly matched. The virtual drape is also tested in additional scenes including square support with sharp corners, one-way overhanging and mixed. It has turned out to be a simple, rapid and precise model for fabric drape simulation and assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flat-knitted spacer fabrics are three-dimensional fabrics with good formability and impact resistance, which can be rapidly produced complicated shape preforms. In this work, low-velocity impact behavior and damage characteristics of flat-knitted spacer fabrics reinforced composites were studied and the mechanism of the effects of spacer yarn structure on the impact properties of the composites were explored. Flat-knitted spacer fabrics with three spacer structures were produced using ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) filaments, and composite plates were prepared by vacuum-assisted resin infusion. Low-velocity impact tests were carried out using a drop-weight impact testing machine equipped with a hemispherical impactor. It was revealed that the impact process of the flat-knitted spacer fabrics reinforced composites could be divided into three areas. The effect of initial impact energy on the impact properties of the sample was mainly reflected in the damage speed and initial damage threshold in the first areas. With the increase of spacer yarn span, the damage tolerance, stiffness, and impact resistance of the composite were also increased. Besides, the main damage mechanism of flat-knitted spacer fabric reinforced composites was plastic deformation, matrix fracture, fiber-matrix debonding, and tow splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study proposes a fabric-specific alkaline hydrolysis method to impart stable water repellency to large-area polyester fabrics, regardless of yarn type or weave pattern. The geometries of 120 virtual fabrics with varying yarn properties, weave patterns, and weave densities are modeled, and their surface-etching efficiency and superhydrophobicity are predicted. While the alkaline hydrolysis-derived nano-structuring efficiencies of fabrics are predicted based on the Kallay and Grancaric model (1990) with changes to reflect the fiber volume fraction F as a major variable for fabric structures. For predicting superhydrophobicity, the fabric meso-structure contact angle is calculated based on the Michielsen and Lee model (2007); the fixed yarn distance used in the original model is replaced by the simulated inter-yarn porosity P to exclude error caused by structural variability. The final virtual fabric contact angle is predicted reflecting the effect of nano-roughness, which is validated by comparing the predicted contact angle with a physical sample having identical geometries. The contact angle of any fabric can be predicted using structural simulation, given the alkaline treatment conditions are adjusted according to the unique geometry of each fabric to express superhydrophobicity. Moreover, even for samples with low predictive contact angles, superhydrophobicity can be achieved by maximizing the effect of the nanostructure through strong alkaline treatment. An ISO 5 water repellency is achieved for all large-area polyester fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the resistance of three-dimensional (3D) weft-knitted fabrics to mechanical risks to determine the influence of varying percentage contents of high molecular weight polyethylene and basalt on cut, puncture, abrasion, and tear resistance. The three-dimensional weft-knitted fabrics are designed by separating functional layers: the outer (protective) layer contains varying percentage contents of high molecular weight polyethylene and basalt; the inner layer (suitable for contact with the skin) contains polyester; both layers are connected using polyamide. The strength properties of knits in response to mechanical impact were evaluated by performing cut, puncture, abrasion, and tear resistance tests. Basalt was found to improve the cut resistance of knits significantly, even with its content as low as 5% in the outer layer. The knit with the highest high molecular weight polyethylene content in the outer layer demonstrated the best puncture and tear resistance. No correlation was established between the varying percentage contents of high molecular weight polyethylene and basalt and the maximum number of abrasion cycles, as the three-dimensional weft-knitted fabrics showed no noticeable wear. The test results show that the structure of three-dimensional weft-knitted fabric with the outer layer designed to withstand mechanical impact and the inner layer suitable for direct contact with the skin protects against a wide range of mechanical impacts. This applies even when varying percentage contents of high molecular weight polyethylene and basalt are used only in the outer layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to spacer fabrics applications in industries, the importance of understanding their thermal properties is considered a reason for developing fast and accurate methods such as numerical simulation and image processing to determine such properties. The aim of this study was to propose a numerical simulation to determine the spacer fabric temperature distribution. The exact temperature in all different parts of the fabric and the relationship between the heat transfer and the fabric parameters were determined using FLUENT software. The performance of the simulation method was evaluated by thermal image processing, a non-contact method with high accuracy in determining the thermal properties. The results showed that the heat transfer depends on the fabric porosity, thickness and density. The samples with a high density have a more uniform temperature distribution. As the thickness increases, the thermal equilibrium occurs gradually over a longer period of time. The porosity of the three-dimensional fabric is affected by the knit pattern, density and arrangement of monofilaments. As the porosity increases, the temperature rises quickly in the samples with the same thickness. The results of the numerical simulation were compared with the thermal image processing, and a good agreement between them is found. The results showed that the simulation method is able to calculate the temperature and its distribution in all different parts of the fabric, so it is proposed as an accurate method for calculating the temperature distribution in the textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: An extra-low, DC (direct current) voltage field applied to a textile was used to prevent mosquito blood feeding. A novel 3-D textile was developed based on the mosquito head structure that when charged with 15 volts was 100% effective in preventing mosquito blood feeding across an artificial membrane. Mosquito vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue pose a major threat to human health. Personal protection from mosquito blood feeding is mostly by treating clothing with insecticides and the use of repellents on clothing and skin. Here, we developed a low-voltage, mosquito-resistant cloth (MRC) that blocked all blood feeding across the textile and was flexible and breathable. The design was based on mosquito head and proboscis morphometrics, the development of a novel 3-D textile with the outer conductive layers insulated from each other with an inner, non-conductive woven mesh, and the use of a DC (direct current; extra-low-voltage) resistor-capacitor. Blockage of blood feeding was measured using host-seeking Aedes aegypti adult female mosquitoes and whether they could blood feed across the MRC and an artificial membrane. Mosquito blood feeding decreased as voltage increased from 0 to 15 volts. Blood feeding inhibition was 97.8% at 10 volts and 100% inhibition at 15 volts, demonstrating proof of concept. Current flow is minimal since conductance only occurs when the mosquito proboscis simultaneously touches the outside layers of the MRC and is then quickly repelled. Our results demonstrated for the first time the use of a biomimetic, mosquito-repelling technology to prevent blood feeding using extra-low energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A weave is the lift to the thickened Euclidean plane of a particular type of quadrivalent planar connected graph with an over or under crossing information to each vertex and such that the lifted components are non-intersecting simple open curves. In this paper, we introduce a formal topological definition of weaves as three-dimensional entangled structures and characterize the equivalence classes of doubly periodic untwisted (p , q) -weaves by introducing a new invariant, called crossing matrix. Finally, we suggest a combinatorial approach to classify this specific class of weaves by their crossing number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton fabric can be modified to obtain additional functionality such as hydrophobic property, antibacterial property and flame retardant property. The traditional coating method often has adverse influence on the strength and permeability of cotton fabric. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes-(poly(trifluoroethyl methacrylate)8) copolymer was modified on the surface of cotton fabric with three-dimensional (3D) ordered porous structure via the breath figure. A key factor of solution concentration was studied to regulate the formation of 3D porous structure. The morphology and chemical composition of the modified fabric were characterized. The hydrophobic and the dynamic hydrophobic property of the modified fabrics with different copolymer concentrations were studied. The self-cleaning properties, oil/water separation, rubbing durability and bacterial adsorption on the modified fabrics were examined. It was showed that the modified fabric had self-cleaning, oil/water separation capabilities, rubbing durability and an effective inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation of bacteria. In addition, compared to the unmodified fabric, the comfortable capability and breaking strength of the modified fabric were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auxetic textiles are emerging as an enticing option for many advanced applications due to their unique deformation behavior under tensile loading. This study reports the geometrical analysis of three-dimensional (3D) auxetic woven structures based on semi-empirical equations. The 3D woven fabric was developed with a special geometrical arrangement of warp (multi-filament polyester), binding (polyester-wrapped polyurethane), and weft yarns (polyester-wrapped polyurethane) to achieve an auxetic effect. The auxetic geometry, the unit cell resembling a re-entrant hexagon, was modeled at the micro-level in terms of the yarn's parameters. The geometrical model was used to establish a relationship between the Poisson's ratio (PR) and the tensile strain when it was stretched along the warp direction. For validation of the model, the experimental results of the developed woven fabrics were correlated with the calculated results from the geometrical analysis. It was found that the calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental results. After experimental validation, the model was used to calculate and discuss critical parameters that affect the auxetic behavior of the structure. Thus, geometrical analysis is believed to be helpful in predicting the auxetic behavior of 3D woven fabrics with different structural parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional mesh fabric has been successfully installed in ventilated car seats due to its excellent cushioning and ventilating properties originating from a sandwich monofilament architecture. In this paper, a detailed structural analysis is presented of a 10.3 mm thick three-dimensional mesh fabric to better understand the structural features and mechanical behavior. A continuous monofilament architecture was reconstructed by using a filament centerline tracing technique and micro X-ray computed tomography data. The curvature, torsion, and length of a unit cell extracted from the monofilament architecture were calculated. Inflection points from the curvature and torsion curves were used to divide the continuous monofilament architecture into separate monofilament loops and spacer monofilaments. The monofilament loops are found to have similar maximum curvatures at their intermediate points between 1.5 and 1.8 mm−1, but the spacer monofilaments have discrepant maximum curvatures close to the ends between 0.3 and 0.75 mm−1. The monofilament loops are sinusoidally arranged with a sinusoidal torsion distribution at their ends ranging from 0.2 and 0.9 mm−1 due to the stretching and heat setting process. Spacer monofilament torsions vary nonlinearly from negative to positive and the maximum torsions are between 0.45 and 0.9 mm−1. The monofilament loops have a length of 3.07–3.90 mm, while the spacer monofilaments have a length of 10.94–12.54 mm. Spacer monofilaments within the unit cell differ in curvature, torsion, and length, so their contributions to fabric compression resistance should be different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Weft-knitted spacer fabrics, a kind of three-dimensional fabric structure, are potential substitutes for typical rubber sponges and polyurethane foams for the protection of human body from exposure to vibrations. To explore the capability and the designability of weft-knitted spacer fabrics as the functional material of personal protective equipment against vibration, such as anti-vibration gloves and car cushions, the vibration behavior and physical properties of weft-knitted spacer fabrics manufactured using flat knitting technology were studied. In the first part of the article, the vibration behavior of top-loaded weft-knitted spacer fabric under harmonic base excitation was analyzed. The effects of monofilament diameter, linking distance and excitation acceleration level on the transmissibility curve of the mass-spacer fabric were evaluated. It was shown that to broaden the frequency range for vibration isolation, spacer fabrics with smaller monofilament diameter and longer linking distance were preferred. In the second part of the article, the effects of monofilament type, monofilament diameter, and spacer structure on the physical properties of spacer fabric including fabric shrinkage coefficient, fabric thickness, fabric stitch densities, and fabric areal mass were analyzed. It was found that fabric thickness was increased by employing spacer structures with longer linking distance and lower filling density of spacer monofilament. In addition, in order to obtain an optimized high fabric thickness, nylon monofilament was preferred to polyester monofilament. On the other hand, monofilament diameter has a significant influence on stitch densities and fabric areal mass. Larger monofilament diameter resulted in lower stitch densities and heavier areal mass for spacer fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The harm of sound pollution to human health is nonnegligible. To construct a good sound absorbent fabric, we proposed a combination of flat-knitting and microfibers, which is a simple and effective way to prepare a hierarchical three-dimensional spacer fabric with macroscopic and microscopic pore structure. The effects of spacer layer structure, surface yarn thickness and sea islands composite filaments split durations on sound absorption property were investigated. The sound absorption property was evaluated by the sound absorption coefficient and noise reduction rate. The results show that the sound absorption property of the spacer fabric is improved by splitting, especially under the middle frequency range (1000–3000 Hz). What is more, the noise reduction rate of our layered hierarchical spacer fabric increased by 4.1% with the thickness decreased by 21.1% compared with a recently reported hierarchical porous sound absorbent fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality undisturbed samples of fluvial sand were obtained from the field using the ground freezing technique. In the laboratory, the in situ void ratio of these high-quality undisturbed frozen samples was replicated using four different reconstitution methods: dry deposition, moist tamping, water sedimentation (by spooning) and slurry deposition. The initial fabric of the specimens was evaluated using X-ray micro-computed tomography and advanced image analysis. Initial fabric features were assessed in terms of the particle orientation, anisotropy, void ratio distribution and particle sizes within the specimens. Fabric analysis results suggest that none of the laboratory reconstitution techniques used captures the true three-dimensional initial fabric of undisturbed fluvial sand. However, the slurry deposition method managed to reproduce the inherent particle orientation, anisotropy and the variations of void ratio and particle sizes of the undisturbed fluvial sand. This observation explains why previous rigorous studies on the macro-mechanical behaviour of sands deposited under water have systematically demonstrated that slurry deposition is the most suitable method to reconstitute in the laboratory natural sands deposited under water. This has major implications for geotechnical testing and analyses of liquefaction of sands deposited under water such as fluvial, offshore and tailings sands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socks with the same three-dimensional plantar design but with different compositions in the separation of their weaves could have different thermoregulatory effects. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the temperatures on the sole of the foot after a 10-km run using two models of socks with different weave separations. In a sample of 20 individuals (14 men and 6 women), plantar temperatures were analyzed using a Flir E60bx® (Flir Systems) thermographic camera before and after a run of 10 km wearing two models of socks that had different separations between the fabric weaves (5 mm versus 3 mm). After the post-exercise thermographic analysis, the participants responded to a Likert-type survey to evaluate the physiological characteristics of the two models of socks. There was a significant increase of temperature (+4 °C, p < 0.001) after the 10-km run with both models of sock. However, the temperature under the 1st metatarsal head was higher with the AWC 2.1 model than with the AWC 1 (33.6 ± 2.0 °C vs. 33.2 ± 2.1 °C, p = 0.014). No significant differences were found in the scores on the physiological characteristics comfort survey (p > 0.05 in all cases). The two models presented similar thermoregulatory effects on the soles of the feet, although the model with the narrowest weave separation generated greater temperatures (+0.4 °C) under the first metatarsal head. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the resistance of three-dimensional (3D) weft-knitted fabrics to mechanical risks in order to determine the impact of the percentage content of raw materials in the knits on mechanical loads. For this purpose, 3D weft-knitted fabrics, consisting of a front side, binding, and back side layers, were designed and produced on an E20 circular weft-knitting machine using organic multifilament yarns (high molecular weight polyethylene, HMWPE) and inorganic multifilament (basalt, BS) yarns for the front and back side layers and conventional polyamide yarns for the binding layer. The cut, puncture, abrasion, and tear resistance tests were performed to assess the resistance of 3D weft-knitted fabrics to mechanical risks. According to the testing results, basalt in the structure of 3D weft-knitted fabrics significantly increases the cut resistance, even in cases of a small basalt content in the knit. The puncture, abrasion, and tear resistance testing results showed that the highest HMWPE percentage content in the knitted structure provided the highest resistance to these risks, while increasing the basalt content in the knit did not improve the resistance testing results. Based on the testing results and the assessment of the protection levels provided by the knitted fabrics, the conclusion can be made that the use of HMWPE multifilament yarns and basalt multifilament yarns in the structure of 3D weft-knitted fabrics contributes to the achievement of the highest levels of performance. All the designed 3D weft-knitted fabrics provide complex protection against different mechanical risks (cut, puncture, abrasion, tear). The tests performed may be useful for further development of knitted fabrics designed to provide protection against mechanical risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different auxetic structures and auxetic phenomena are continuously explored by researchers in the field of textiles with enhanced properties for broader application areas. However, developing three-dimensional (3D) auxetic structures by using weaving technology is a real challenge compared to knitting and non-weaving techniques. This research work reports a novel approach to develop 3D woven structures with in-plane auxetic behavior. A conventional 3D multilayer orthogonal through-the-thickness structure was converted into a 3D auxetic woven structure. The structure was designed with three different yarn components to incorporate auxetic geometry. One type of yarn was used in the warp direction, while the other two-yarn systems, comprised of fine elastic yarn and coarse binding yarn, were used in the weft direction. The auxetic geometry achieved resembles the reentrant hexagon by the unusual arrangement of warp yarns. For an in-depth study of the structure, nine fabric samples were fabricated by using a conventional semi-automatic weaving machine with four different influencing parameters. The developed samples were then tested on a tensile testing machine to evaluate their mechanical and auxetic behavior. The results show that the 3D fabrics have a negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) even at higher tensile strain and that the appropriate binding to the warp yarn diameter can produce a higher NPR. In addition, the repeat size of the elastic weft yarn, bending stiffness of the binding yarn, and stretch percentage of the elastic weft yarn can highly affect the NPR of the fabric. Furthermore, among all the 3D woven fabrics developed with different structural parameters, the maximum NPR achieved was –1.61. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Self-folding behavior is an exciting property of weft-knit fabrics that can be created using just front and back stitches. This behavior is easy to create, but not easy to anticipate and currently cannot be predicted by the existing computer-aided design software that controls industrial knitting machines. This work identifies the edge deformation behaviors that lead to self-folding in weft knits, and methods to characterize the mechanical forces driving these behaviors with regard to chosen manufacturing parameters. With this data and analysis of the fabric deformations, the self-folding behavior was purposely controlled using calculated scaling factors. Furthermore, theoretical equations were developed to mathematically predict these scaling factors, minimizing the trial and error required to design with self-folding behavior and create textiles with novel engineered properties. By understanding the mechanisms responsible for creating these three-dimensional self-folding textiles, they can then be designed in a programmable manner for use in technical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problems of low mechanical properties and poor coagulation effect of soluble hemostatic dressings, a new type of soluble hemostatic fabric with three-dimensional knitted structure is proposed in this paper. Three-dimensional knitted fabrics had good extension and porous structure. This three-dimensional soluble knitted fabric can be used for skin wounds clotting and healing. This paper mainly studied the influence of structural thickness on the performance of three-dimensional knitted dressings. Characterization analysis showed that three-dimensional knitted soluble hemostatic dressings had appropriate porosity and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and the fabric with the maximum thickness had good elongation (70.04%) and a very low blood clotting index (BCI) (11.18%). This suggests the potential application for soluble three-dimensional knitted structure fabric on skin wound hemostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation is a sustainable and environmentally friendly method of producing freshwater with a wide range of potential commercial uses. However, the formidable challenges of solar-driven interfacial evaporation apparatus lie in energy-conversion efficiencies and resistance to salt. Herein, a novel wrapped composite yarn was pioneered with light-absorbing carbon fibers as the primary material while Tencel was wrapped in carbon fiber bundles. Then, a three-dimensional integrated weaving method was harnessed to construct a tubular fabric evaporation fabric device. Within this fabric, polyethylene foam is introduced to ensure the stable floating of the entire evaporation device and low thermal conductivity for effective thermal management. The unique structure of the evaporation device enables it an evaporation rate of 2.122 kg m−2 h −1 under 1 kW m−2 solar insolation. This work provides a reference for the design of simple and efficient solar water evaporation devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relatively low mechanical strength of concrete canvas (CC), one type of three-dimensional textile reinforced cementitious composites (3D TRC) manufactured by a cement powder impregnating process, limits its application in engineering. To achieve the goals of 4 h and 180d compressive strengths greater than 40 MPa and 110 MPa, respectively, the grouting technique is employed in this study to prepare 3D TRC based on modified calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA). Thermodynamic modeling is combined with compressive strength experiments to optimize the dosage of calcium sulfate hemihydrate (HH), Li 2 CO 3 and calcium carbonate (CC̅). Quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) analysis is used to verify the reliability of the thermodynamic prediction. In addition, the time-dependent compressive strength of 3D TRC with the optimal mix proportions is tested after being exposed to accelerated carbonation of 20 % CO 2 , 5 % NaCl attack, and 5 % MgSO 4 attack. The corresponding aggressive mechanisms are explored via thermodynamic modeling and verified by QXRD analysis. The findings indicate that the 3D TRC with the optimal mixture proportion (CSA: HH: CC̅=69:23:8 by mass, 0.05 % Li 2 CO 3 by mass of binder) exhibits the highest 4 h and 180d compressive strengths (45.37 and 112.26 MPa, respectively) and the most effective resistance to chloride attack, but the least resistance to carbonation and sulfate attack. The developed 3D TRC products and the techniques employed in this study could be helpful to widen the application of 3D TRC in civil engineering. [Display omitted] • Thermodynamic modeling was used to optimize the mixture proportion of CSA systems. • Addition of Li 2 CO 3 promoted high early strength of the HH modified CSA-based 3D TRC. • Calcium carbonate improved the later-age strength of CSA-based 3D TRC. • The addition of modifier affected the duration of CSA-based 3D TRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of urban morphology, crucial for understanding the evolutionary trajectories of cityscapes, has traditionally depended on manual classification methods. The surge in deep learning and computer vision technologies presents an opportunity to automate and enhance urban typo-morphology studies. This research addresses three critical shortcomings in the current body of work: the neglect of urban fabric's three-dimensional qualities, the homogeneity of spatial scales in dataset creation and the dependence on a single-perspective for urban fabric classification. A novel deep learning-based model, UrbanClassifier, is introduced, trained on a substantial dataset that encapsulates the three-dimensionality of urban fabric along with morphological types and development periods. Extensive experimentation across four European cities highlights the model's ability to incorporate diverse spatial scales and viewpoints in urban fabric analysis. The UrbanClassifier exemplifies a method integrating features from various scales and perspectives, thus laying the groundwork for scalable and accessible urban typo-morphology studies, aiding practitioners in discerning the spatio-temporal evolution of urban fabric. • Merges open-source data for detailed 3D urban morphology and historical period labels. • Innovative assimilation of multi-scale, multi-view features for classifying urban typologies. • Facilitates scalable studies, aiding visualization of global urban growth patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Wool Textile Journal is the property of National Wool Textile Science & Technology Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the improvement of people's living standards, people's pursuit of clothing is becoming more and more diverse. As the main way to shape the external curve of the human body and reflect the texture of clothing materials, pleating technology is widely used in clothing. Different wrinkle expression techniques can often be seen in garment production and press conferences. Many designers are inseparable from the use of folding technology in their creation. The decoration of clothing is also constantly enriched. Diversified and multitype fabrics will bring great differences and influence to clothing and even affect the trend. Based on the computer animation technology, through the analysis of the principle of three-dimensional folds, this paper explores the formation of geometric patterns from two-dimensional plane fabric laying to three-dimensional, mainly through the techniques of pleating, kneading, lattice pleating, and pleating, so as to knead, stack or stack the fabrics orderly or randomly and naturally. The folded intersection area and nonfolded area are formed to form the basis of three-dimensional geometric folds. The simulation results show that the computer animation technology can effectively support the three-dimensional fold garment pattern design, select different materials for regional folding, present obvious three-dimensional geometric pattern folds, understand the expression forms of folds, and explain the application of folds in garment design, so as to provide some reference for fold garment design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the problem of inferring fabric mechanical properties based on three-dimensional (3D) fabric drape model and fabric weight was studied. Firstly, the three-dimensional point cloud of draped fabric was scanned via a self-built three-dimensional scanning device followed with triangulation. Then the local linear embedding (LLE) algorithm was used to resample the three-dimensional draped models (triangular meshes). Besides, all meshes resampled with the same uniform discrete points have the same triangular topology (vertex number and triangle index). Thirdly, the distribution function of curvature (DFC) of resampled 3 D mesh was extracted. At last, four neural networks with the combination of fabric weight and DFC as input were constructed to predict the bending rigidity and shearing stiffness separately. The result shows that the correlation coefficient between true warp bending rigidity and predicted result could reach 0.925. The correlation coefficient between true warp shearing stiffness and the predicted result is 0.7953. The correlation coefficient between true weft bending rigidity and the predicted result is 0.857. The correlation coefficient between true weft shearing stiffness and the predicted result is 0.605. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enrich the variety of fabrics, aiming at the shortcomings that the weft-net fabrics pattern is too monotonous, a special method of weaving the three-dimensional concave-convex curved fabric was proposed and developed through unique organizational structure design. The factors affecting the formation of the three-dimensional concave-convex curve effect of the fabric were studied from several aspects and the optimized design was carried out through the comparative analysis of the trial weaving samples. Finally, the weave structure of the net weft, the core layer structure of the net weft between ground warp and figure warp, and the weave structure that enhances the three-dimensional concave-convex curve effect of fabric appearance were determined. The result shows that optimized process obtains obvious, constant and natural concave-convex three-dimensional fabrics with net curved effect. The grid is beautiful, the weave pattern is delicate, the hand feels soft, thick, three-dimensional, and the heat retention is good. It can be used for weaving scarves, tea towels, bedspreads, sofa cushions and other medium and thick fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological resurfacing of entire articular surfaces represents a challenging strategy for the treatment of cartilage degeneration that occurs in osteoarthritis. Not only does this approach require anatomically sized and functional engineered cartilage, but the inflammatory environment within an arthritic joint may also inhibit chondrogenesis and induce degradation of native and engineered cartilage. Here, we present the culmination of multiple avenues of interdisciplinary research leading to the development and testing of bioartificial cartilage for tissue‐engineered resurfacing of the hip joint. The work is based on a novel three‐dimensional weaving technology that is infiltrated with specific bioinductive materials and/or genetically‐engineered stem cells. A variety of design approaches have been tested in vitro, showing biomimetic cartilage‐like properties as well as the capability for long‐term tunable and inducible drug delivery. Importantly, these cartilage constructs have the potential to provide mechanical functionality immediately upon implantation, as they will need to replace a majority, if not the entire joint surface to restore function. To date, these approaches have shown excellent preclinical success in a variety of animal studies, including the resurfacing of a large osteochondral defect in the canine hip, and are now well‐poised for clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO2) among other oxides can be used as a prominent photocatalytic nanomaterial with self-cleaning properties. TiO2 is selected in this research, due to its high photocatalytic activity, high stability and low cost. Metal doping has proved to be a successful approach for enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency of photocatalysts. Photocatalytic products can be applied in the building sector, using both building materials as a matrix, but also in fabrics. In this study undoped and Mn-In, Mn-Cu, In-Ni, Mn-Ni bimetallic doped TiO2 nanostructures were synthesized using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. Decolorization efficiency of applied nanocoatings on fabrics and 3-D printed sustainable blocks made from recycled building materials was studied, both under UV as well as visible light for Methylene Blue (MB), using a self-made depollution and self-cleaning apparatus. Nanocoated samples showed high MB decolorization and great potential in self-cleaning applications. Results showed that the highest MB decolorization for both applications were observed for 0.25 at% Mn-In doped TiO2. For the application of 3-D printed blocks Mn-In and In-Ni doped TiO2 showed the highest net MB decolorization, 25.1 and 22.6%, respectively. For the application of nanocoated fabrics, three samples (Mn-In, In-Ni and Mn-Cu doped TiO2) showed high MB decolorization (58.1, 52.7 and 47.6%, respectively) under indirect sunlight, while under UV light the fabric coated with Mn-In and In-Ni doped TiO2 showed the highest MB decolorization rate 26.1 and 24.0%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problems of low mechanical properties and poor coagulation effect of soluble hemostatic dressings, a new type of soluble hemostatic fabric with threedimensional knitted structure is proposed in this paper. Three-dimensional knitted fabrics had good extension and porous structure. This three-dimensional soluble knitted fabric can be used for skin wounds clotting and healing. This paper mainly studied the influence of structural thickness on the performance of three-dimensional knitted dressings. Characterization analysis showed that three-dimensional knitted soluble hemostatic dressings had appropriate porosity and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and the fabric with the maximum thickness had good elongation (70.04%) and a very low blood clotting index (BCI) (11.18%). This suggests the potential application for soluble three-dimensional knitted structure fabric on skin wound hemostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The partial fiber breaking in the warp yarn of three-dimensional (3D) woven fabrics needs to be urgently reduced considering the large shedding displacement and repeated yarn frictions in the fabricating process. A kinematical model of the heald frame was established in order to analyze the impact and wear of the warp yarn in the shedding process of 3D weaving. The variation tendency of the friction force between the yarn and heddle eye was obtained and the variable acceleration trajectory of the heald frame based on minimizing the friction and impact load on the yarn was derived. The experimental results showed that the fiber breakage rate in one warp yarn using the derived curve trajectory reduced drastically. The research results are beneficial to the theoretical design of the shedding system of weaving machines for 3D woven fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]