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This article critically analyses the concept of 'partnership' (koinōnia) in Book II of the Republic (Pl. Resp. 369b–374e), a concept it believes grounds Plato's political thesis. It attempts to determine the nature of the concept, explore the agential capacities of the partnering agents, identify the original and derivative rational principles that could emerge from it, and argue that these rational principles are also moral principles. Platonic social justice spells out one of the rational and moral principles that emerge from the partnership. In this regard, the paper aims to show, inter alia , the connection between Platonic partnership and social justice and how such connection helps to explain, for instance, the quality of relationship that could exist between the rulers and ruled in Kallipolis. Incidentally, the paper compares Platonic partnership in respect of his defence of justice with Glaucon's contractarian moral thesis in connection with his pean for injustice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Signos is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Topic models have been widely used by researchers across disciplines to automatically analyze large textual data. However, they often fail to automate content analysis, because the algorithms cannot accurately classify individual sentences into pre-defined topics. Aiming to make topic classification more theoretically grounded and content analysis in general more topic-specific, we have developed Seeded Sequential Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), extending the existing LDA algorithm, and implementing it in a widely accessible open-source package. Taking a large corpus of speeches delivered by delegates at the United Nations General Assembly as an example, we explain how our algorithm differs from the original algorithm; why it can classify sentences more accurately; how it accepts pre-defined topics in deductive or semi-deductive analysis; how such ex-ante topic mapping differs from ex-post topic mapping; how it enables topic-specific framing analysis in applied research. We also offer practical guidance on how to determine the optimal number of topics and select seed words for the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on old thesis and philosophy interprets the world. Topics include intuition can critique assume the task of displacing the dialectic of philosophy and politics as it renders problematic the axis; and theoretical reflection and practical reason can constitute the world as the domain of the realization of the law of reason.

This paper aims to investigate the correlation between "sentence topic (ST)" and "discourse topic (DT)", both based on an "aboutness" relation. It also compares the degrees of correlation between French and Chinese, considered respectively as a subject‐prominent and a topic‐prominent language. Kendall's correlation tests, Poisson models and z‐tests were conducted using manually annotated textual data. The results confirm a positive correlation between STs and DTs in both languages. Although the correlation coefficients are higher in Chinese, z‐tests' results do not show a significant difference between the two languages. We explain that the two languages differ not only in the more or less frequent topic‐comment constructions, but also in the choice of more or less accessible referential markers which represent the STs, or in the more or less tacit way that STs of different sentences are related to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will argue for the teaching of component skills in philosophy. We can distinguish between complex and component skills. Component skills bear a kind of constitutive relation to complex skills. We observe this distinction at use in standard pedagogies related to activities like sports, music performance, and mathematics. The central thesis is that devoting pedagogical resources to the development of component skills, especially at introductory levels, promotes better learning outcomes with respect to complex philosophical skills. Aside from defending this thesis, I will also provide a number of examples of activities that can be used to develop component skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looks at assessment of PhD theses from two perspectives: criteria in use in assessment reports at a science faculty and norms of science. Fifty assessment reports were analysed inductively, resulting in thirteen categories that examiners consider when assessing a thesis. These categories were compared with norms of science as described in the sociology of science. The study shows a high congruence between the two perspectives, but also new categories worthy of further discussion and research. Relevance of the thesis research and quality by proxy (that publication is an indicator of quality) stand out very clearly in this study compared with earlier assessment research. These two categories are both relatively new categories in assessment research and indicate that the classical norms of science are changing with an increasing influence of post-academic norms in academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crucial aspect of extractive document summarization lies in understanding the interrelations between sentences. Documents inherently comprise a multitude of sentences, and sentence-level models frequently fail to consider the relationships between distantly-placed sentences, resulting in the omission of significant information in the summary. Moreover, information within documents tends to be distributed sparsely, challenging the efficacy of sentence-level models. In the realm of heterogeneous graph neural networks, it has been observed that semantic nodes with varying levels of granularity encapsulate distinct semantic connections. Initially, the incorporation of edge features into the computation of dynamic graph attention networks is performed to account for node relationships. Subsequently, given the multiplicity of topics in a document or a set of documents, a topic model is employed to extract topic-specific features and the probability distribution linking these topics with sentence nodes. Last but not least, the model defines nodes with different levels of granularity--ranging from documents and topics to sentences--and these various nodes necessitate different propagation widths and depths for capturing intricate relationships in the information being disseminated. Adaptive measures are taken to learn the importance and correlation between nodes of different granularities in terms of both width and depth. Experimental evidence from two benchmark datasets highlights the superior performance of the proposed model, as assessed by ROUGE metrics, in comparison to existing approaches, even in the absence of pre-trained language models. Additionally, an ablation study confirms the positive impact of each individual module on the model's ROUGE scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to trace the evolution of greeting culture from pre-modern China to modern society, this study investigates 483 greetings between new acquaintances (GBNAs) collected from 6 works of the 17th-18th centuries and 9 novels of the mid-20th century. The results show that, in both periods Chinese GBNAs are highly situation-dependent and primarily performed in the mode of "seeking information - confirming". The changes are first and foremost manifested in three respects. First, the GBNAs in the 20th century exhibit a tendency of "impersonalization" in terms of topic selection and the use of sentence patterns. Second, generally speaking, the GBNAs in the 20th century are semantically more informative. Third, the disappearance of asymmetric addressing and the decrease of honorifics indicate that the traditional politeness maxim of "self-denigration and other-elevation" is gradually discarded in modern China. It is argued that the evolution of GBNAs might be attributed to both the New Culture Movement and the modernization of traditional society. • Chinese greetings between new acquaintances (GBNAs) are highly situation-dependent. • Chinese GBNAs are primarily performed in the mode of "seeking information-confirming". • A tendency of "impersonalization" exists in topic selection and sentence patterns. • Chinese GBNAs in the 20th century are semantically more informative. • The maxim of self-denigration and other-elevation is gradually discarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neural sentence encoders (NSE) are effective in many NLP tasks, including topic segmentation. However, no systematic comparison of their performance in topic segmentation has been performed. Here, we present such a comparison, using supervised and unsupervised segmentation models based on NSEs. We first compare results with baselines, showing that the use of NSEs does often provide improvements, except for specific domains such as news shows. We then compare over three different datasets a range of existing NSEs and a new NSE based on ad hoc pre-training strategy. We show that existing literature documenting general performance gains of NSEs does not always conform to the results obtained by the same NSEs in topic segmentation. If Transformers-based encoders do improve over previous approaches, fine-tuning in sentence similarity tasks or even on the same topic segmentation task we aim to solve does not always equate to better performance, as results vary across method being used and domains of application. We aim to explain this phenomenon and the relative poor performance of NSEs in news shows by considering how well different NSEs encode the underlying lexical cohesion of same-topic segments; to do so, we introduce a new metric, ARP. The results from this study suggest that good topic segmentation results do not always rely on good cohesion modelling on behalf of the segmenter and that is dependent upon what kind of text we are trying to segment. Also, it appears evident that traditional sentence encoders fail to create topically cohesive clusters of segments when used on conversational data. Overall, this work advances our understanding of the use of NSEs in topic segmentation and of the general factors determining the success (or failure) of a topic segmentation system. The new proposed metric can quantify the lexical cohesion of a multi-topic document under different sentence encoders and, as such, might have many different uses in future research, some of which we suggest in our conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Wolof (Niger-Congo), focus is expressed morphosyntactically via specific focus constructions. This article deals with two of them, namely the subject-focus and the complement-focus constructions. I propose to analyse them as copulaless cleft constructions of the form focus | topic, that is, constructions in which the focus and the topic are juxtaposed. In such clefts, the topic of the sentence is expressed by means of a noun phrase which is headed by the definite article la when the focus corresponds to the syntactic object, and by the morpheme a when the focus corresponds to the syntactic subject of the sentence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstracts in research papers are one of the focal parts of academic research, and they are one of the first things that a reader reads to determine the value of the research. Furthermore, acknowledgments appreciate those who have helped in writing a thesis. The present study investigated rhetorical moves in the acknowledgment and abstract sections of Iranian English language teaching and nursery students' M.A. theses. In addition, it investigated if there were any significant differences between rhetorical moves observed in the acknowledgment and abstract sections of Iranian TEFL and nursery students' M.A. theses in these two fields. Some of the 80 theses from the two disciplines, 40 each, were investigated. Hyland's (2000) models of the abstract rhetoric structure and acknowledgment structure were adopted to investigate the corpora under study. The results revealed that different steps and moves were used in theses from both disciplines. However, the results of Chi-square tests revealed that the differences between different moves and steps of these acknowledgments and abstracts from the two disciplines were insignificant. The findings have some implications for post-graduate students to be more aware of their addressees and language teachers to teach students about genre-based writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kearns (2021) reconstructs Berkeley's (1713) Master Argument as a formally valid argument against the Materialist Thesis, with the key premise the Distinct Conceivability Thesis, namely the thesis that truths about sensible objects having or lacking thinkable qualities are (distinctly) conceivable and as its conclusion that all sensible objects are conceived. It will be shown that Distinct Conceivability Thesis entails the Reduction Thesis, which states that de dicto propositional (ordinary or distinct) conceivability reduces to de re propositional (ordinary or distinct) conceivability. While Kearns (2021) set out to avoid the confusion of a de re claim with a de dicto claim, which Prior (1955) accused Berkeley of, Kearns can be accused of making a similar conceptual confusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on using cartoon images to foster writing and encourage cohesive writing among tertiary-level learners. This is because writing cohesively is the ultimate challenge in an English as a Second Language (ESL) situation. So to create interest and escalate the writing spirit, cartoon images are incorporated into the English Language Teaching (ELT) classroom. Research tools comprising pre-test, post-test, and questionnaire were employed as part of the study. The students' written scripts were evaluated for topic sentence, coherence, semantic flow, organization, and vocabulary. The data analysis discovered that learners' post-test scores were impressively higher than their pre-test scores. The pre-test and post-test writing showed a significant change, though slips were observed in their writing. The analysis of the data revealed that the learners' writing progressed with the use of cartoon images as it broke the monotony of regular writing cycle. It was also found that the best part of the activity was the use of images, which turned writing into a friendly and enthusiastic process. Cartoon images have a high motivating potential to encourage free writing, especially among slow learners. The study recommends that cartoon images be employed to improve students' writing skills and ease writing stress in the ESL atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the tone of editorials published in the Journal of Accountancy. Drawing upon prior historical accounting and linguistic-anthropological research, the study proposes that editorials in practitioner journals like the Journal of Accountancy communicate an expressive tone to internal audiences. This tone from the top is important because it communicates a professional worldview to a geographically dispersed and somewhat heterogeneous readership. The study utilises computerised methods to identify the tone expressed about key topics in 46,189 sentence-level editorial utterances published in the Journal between 1916 and 1973. The analysis illustrates that topics involving external social actors, institutions and events were more likely to use a negative tone compared to the topics speaking about internal aspects of the profession. The study contributes to our understanding of professional accounting narratives by enumerating the topics that Journal of Accountancy editorials speak about, by illustrating how sentence tone varies depending on the sentence topic and by documenting how the prevalence of certain topics changes over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses and investigates one of the topics of rhetoric which is related to the semantics studies under the title of (the indications of antecedence and subsequence in Ibn Al-Wardi's book (Lamiya). In this article, the relationship between words and meaning is comparatively reviewed in Ibn Al-Ward's poems from his book (Lamiya). The author has used descriptive and analytical methods in writing of this article, hoping that it will solve the problems of the article, the most important of which is: How did Ibn Al-Wardi deal with the Precession and the delay in his Lamiya? What is the significance of Precession and delay for rhetoricians? Following to reach the results and solve the problems of the descriptive and analytical method, and using rhetorical, linguistic, and literary books, university theses, and so on, and it covers the followings: First, the introduction, which includes the importance of the topic; preface which includes the definition of signification and transpositions then the transposition issue based on the meaning and presentation of reasons from the verses is discussed and investigated. This article has been discussed under two topics: the first topic includes the signifiers of transposition (antecedence and subsequence) in the nominal sentence and the second topic includes the signifiers of antecedence and subsequence in the actual sentence., and the article concluded with a conclusion that included the most important results, including: that the Precession and delay between the parts of speech is an intended action that is required by grammatical rules, and its objectives are clarified by rhetorical rules, and that the use of Precession and delay in Ibn Al-Wardi's lamiyah is one of the least frequent issues, The article was appended to an index of sources and references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Established approaches to analyze multilingual text corpora require either a duplication of analysts' efforts or high-quality machine translation (MT). In this paper, I argue that multilingual sentence embedding (MSE) is an attractive alternative approach to language-independent text representation. To support this argument, I evaluate MSE for cross-lingual supervised text classification. Specifically, I assess how reliably MSE-based classifiers detect manifesto sentences' topics and positions compared to classifiers trained using bag-of-words representations of machine-translated texts, and how this depends on the amount of training data. These analyses show that when training data are relatively scarce (e.g., 20K or less-labeled sentences), MSE-based classifiers can be more reliable and are at least no less reliable than their MT-based counterparts. Furthermore, I examine how reliable MSE-based classifiers label sentences written in languages not in the training data, focusing on the task of discriminating sentences that discuss the issue of immigration from those that do not. This analysis shows that compared to the within-language classification benchmark, such "cross-lingual transfer" tends to result in fewer reliability losses when relying on the MSE instead of the MT approach. This study thus presents an important addition to the cross-lingual text analysis toolkit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues for a bisentential, paratactic account of Hanging Topic Left Dislocations wherein the syntactically unconnected hanging topic phrase is the remnant of an elliptical copulative sentence which is linearly juxtaposed to the second, host sentence. This proposal represents a natural extension of Ott's system for Clitic Left Dislocations and predicative non-restrictive nominal appositives. By assuming that the hanging topic is structurally disconnected from the host sentence, the analysis constitutes a radical departure from integrated/monosentential approaches within cartography, which analyze hanging topics as intrasentential, albeit peripheral, constituents in the left spine of the clause. Using data from English and Spanish as well as from other linguistic varieties, the paratactic approach provides a principled account of various issues facing monosentential analyses of hanging topics, including anti-connectivity, coreference with the resumptive/epithetic correlate, comma intonation/pause potential, case, insensitivity to locality constraints, islandhood, and potential presence of interjections between hanging topic and host sentence, amongst others. The account is also successful in capturing orphaned topics, which are not linked to any constituent in the sentence they occur with, alongside 'interrogative' and hyperdetached hanging topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most applications, text understanding and representation always play an important role, especially in automatic processing. Together with the surface features of words, topic information is highly meaningful and essential to provide the context meaning in the text representation. Recently, the integration of linguistic features and topic information has not received the close critical attention. With the aim to take advantage of topic information, we propose a novel approach to integrate the topic features into the most popular language models which are called the Sub-word Latent Topic and Sentence Transformer (SubTST). Inspired by Sentence-BERT and tBERT, our proposed architecture has a significant chance to learn and incorporate topic information with linguistic features. The most strength of our proposed approach comes from the delicate combination between latent topic information and linguistic features of language models instead of only utilizing topic information in the previous works. The comparison in experiments and ablation studies against competitive baselines proves the strength of our proposed approach in most benchmark datasets in both Semantic Textual Similarity and Semantic Similarity Detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue for the Cooperative Warrant Thesis (CWT), according to which the determinants of testimonial contents in communication are given by the practical requirements of cooperative action. This thesis distances itself from conventionalist views, according to which testimony must be strictly bounded by conventions of speech. CWT proves explanatorily better than conventionalism on several accounts. It offers a principled and accurate criterion to distinguish between testimonial and non-testimonial communication. In being goal-sensitive, this criterion captures the role of weak and robust cooperation in determining the contents to which speakers testify or fail to testify. And, finally, it yields a principled explanation of why testimony entails the epistemic commitments that distinguish it as an epistemic source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the importance of argumentation skills in education and the role that philosopher Stephen Toulmin's logic plays in its teaching. The author suggests that the elements of an argument are usually taught in a structured format; the overarching thesis that guides the major thrust of the argument; a set of points, or claims, that provide a set of generalizations in support of the thesis.

This paper is based on the archives of Michel Foucault collected (since 2013) at the Manuscripts Department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. Our investigation focuses in particular on a complete manuscript, until now totally unknown and entitled ' Phénoménologie et psychologie ' ('Phenomenology and Psychology'). This manuscript could be the first project for a thesis devoted to 'The Notion of the "World" in Phenomenology', written around 1953–4, at the same time as a manuscript on Binswanger and existential psychiatry and as a manuscript on philosophical anthropology. We aim to show the importance that phenomenology seems to have held for Foucault at the beginning of the 1950s and in particular the role that it could have played in Foucault's distancing himself from a naturalist psychology and a philosophy of consciousness to which he opposes a philosophy of the world, of being and of language. Foucault thus discovers a truth of the phenomenology which rests on the radicality of the transcendental gesture and on the access to an ontology gathering the being, the meaning and the language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foucault's Introduction to a translation of Ludwig Binswanger's essay 'Dream and Existence' was published in late 1954. The translation was credited to Jacqueline Verdeaux, with Foucault acknowledged for the notes. Yet Verdeaux herself indicates the intensely collaborative nature of their working process and the translation. In 1958, Victor von Weizsäcker's Der Gestaltkreis was published in French as Le Cycle de la structure, translated by Foucault and Daniel Rocher. Foucault went on to translate and introduce Immanuel Kant's Anthropology as his secondary doctoral thesis. His engagement with Kant and Binswanger's ideas has been discussed in the literature, but his role as translator has generally been neglected. His engagement with von Weizsäcker is almost never mentioned. This article critically discusses Foucault's role in the Binswanger and von Weizsäcker translations, comparing the German originals with the French texts, and showing how this is a useful additional element to the story of the early Foucault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of environmental awareness on climate change, to determine the role of accountants in influencing climate change, to determine the effect of sustainable development on climate change. Design/methodology/approach - The method of collecting data and information used in this study uses quantitative methods with Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) 24. So that the research instrument used in this study is to ask questions using a questionnaire. This research is a modification of previous research. Findings - The results of this study indicate that environmental awareness has a significant influence on climate change, the role of accountants has a significant influence on climate change, sustainable development has a significant influence on climate change. Practical implications - This research is then used as a guide for researchers who want to make scientific papers or thesis with a title similar to or a variable for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last ten years, the rate of valorisation of theses in general medicine (GM) has increased, particularly thanks to the creation of departments of GM. In Saint-Étienne, students are asked to write their thesis in article format and to submit it to a scientific journal. This study questioned the point of view of post-graduate MG students on this valorisation. They describe the valorisation as an added value of their work, which is acquired in the form of personal experience or by the dissemination of their writing to a more or less large audience depending on the subject. These ideas are often acquired in the course of the thesis work. The article format is well received, as it is reassuring with its already familiar writing codes. However, the editorial constraints it requires can sometimes be a source of difficulty. The importance of the thesis supervisor is also emphasised by the students. He or she is seen as a guide who will be able to accompany them through the process, thanks to his or her experience of the exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wittgenstein Studien. Neue Folge is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the features of Essays section of the journal Academy of Management Learning & Education (AMLE). It sattes that clear framing than a descriptive or technique-focused way is an important element of the AMLE approach as a theory-driven journal. It erefrs to key characteristics of an AMLE essay inclduing composition based on the in-depth development of one specific idea, reflection of the authors' personal opinions and a call for action. It presnets some exaples on essyas submitted earlie for publication.

This study examined the relationship between refutation texts and attention allocation by focusing on the interaction between important reader-and-text characteristics. Specifically, the authors investigated how prior knowledge and text-based interest affect attention allocation on refutation/control statements, topic, and explanatory and concluding sentences in refutation and nonrefutation texts. We employed eye tracking to monitor the reading behavior of 92 students in higher education. The results revealed that during first-pass regressive reading, nonrefutation-text readers, compared with refutation-text readers, read topic sentences longer, indicating the correct scientific information. Concluding sentences, summarizing the correct scientific information, were reread for longer by refutation-text readers. With increasing prior knowledge, refutation texts were read more slowly than nonrefutation texts during first-pass reading. A higher text-based interest increased rereading time in the refutation text and decreased rereading time in the nonrefutation text. This study advances present knowledge in the field by demonstrating that the interaction between text and reader characteristics affects attention allocation in reading and comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The academic literature on public intellectuals would argue that the days of scholars playing the role of public intellectuals are long behind us, and that the role is in decline. This chapter examines the extent to which that may or may not be the case. It defines what it means to be a public intellectual, catalogues the literature related to the thesis that public intellectuals are in decline, discusses data about the prevalence of faculty who exhibit behaviors consistent with public intellectualism and how this varies by institutional type, and then discusses whether public intellectuals are a dying breed across all of American higher education, or just in a few institutional contexts, and then determines possible reasons for the decline in public intellectualism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper suggests that the classic of Indian theology, the Nyāya-kusumâñjali is in fact two texts: an earlier treatise in 65 ślokas, and Udayana's (mostly prose) commentary on it. Internal evidence consists in: (a) the ślokas read as a continuous text; (b) there are extremely long prose passages without verses; (c) Udayana does not comment on his own verses, only on the ślokas; (d) the basic plan of the two texts are markedly different; (e) different content of some chapters: ch. 1 about karma vs. rituals to reach heaven, ch. 2 about creation vs. eternality of sound, and in ch. 5 Udayana doubles the arguments for God; (f) Udayana deals extensively with atoms and yogic perception and rejects the concept of śakti, in contrast to the verses; (g) there are a few manifest disagreements (on creatio continua and the sacredness of god-images). External evidence for the thesis: (a) there are mss. of the verses only; (b) there are many commentaries on the verses only; (c) these commentators—with a single exception—do not seem to take Udayana for the author of the verses; (d) the first commentary on Udayana names his own work a subcommentary; (e) in his other works, it is atypical of Udayana to insert ślokas in his text; (f) a legend of the Bhāduṙī Brahmins stating that Udayana "received" the Kusumâñjali. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspect-based summarization differs from generic text-summarization in which the generated summary must be conditioned on a given topic. A fundamental challenge to the aspect-based summarization approach is the lack of labeled data for training models, which limits the usage of supervised methods. One approach to address this issue is to introduce human intervention to generate unique datasets per aspect. However, there is a large number of possible aspects to summarize which makes this option impossible to scale. This limits the use of typical modeling techniques, and requires methods which excel in few-shot, or ideally zero-shot regimes. Hence, in this research, we propose a modular, two-step approach that does not need any aspect-based supervision. This research combines recent advances in zero-shot text classification and generic summarization in a novel way. The backbone of the proposed approach is a transformer network trained for the task of textual entailment, which is used to reduce a document to the set of on topic sentences. In the experiments, our model achieves a new state of the art compared to other unsupervised models on the MA-News dataset (ROUGE-1 35.70 and ROUGE-2 15.52), and even outperforms fine-tuned models without any supervision of its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actas de Diseño is the property of Facultad de Diseno y Comunicacion, Fundacion Universidad de Palermo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Text summarization creates subset that represents the most important or relevant information in the original content, which effectively reduce information redundancy. Recently neural network method has achieved good results in the task of text summarization both in Chinese and English, but the research of text summarization in low-resource languages is still in the exploratory stage, especially in Tibetan. What's more, there is no large-scale annotated corpus for text summarization. The lack of dataset severely limits the development of low-resource text summarization. In this case, unsupervised learning approaches are more appealing in low-resource languages as they do not require labeled data. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised graph-based Tibetan multi-document summarization method, which divides a large number of Tibetan news documents into topics and extracts the summarization of each topic. Summarization obtained by using traditional graph-based methods have high redundancy and the division of documents topics are not detailed enough. In terms of topic division, we adopt two level clustering methods converting original document into document-level and sentence-level graph, next we take both linguistic and deep representation into account and integrate external corpus into graph to obtain the sentence semantic clustering. Improve the shortcomings of the traditional K-Means clustering method and perform more detailed clustering of documents. Then model sentence clusters into graphs, finally remeasure sentence nodes based on the topic semantic information and the impact of topic features on sentences, higher topic relevance summary is extracted. In order to promote the development of Tibetan text summarization, and tomeet the needs of relevant researchers for high-quality Tibetan text summarization datasets, this paper manually constructs a Tibetan summarization dataset and carries out relevant experiments. The experiment results show that our method can effectively improve the quality of summarization and our method is competitive to previous unsupervised methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instance generation creates representative examples to interpret a learning model, as in regression and classification. For example, representative sentences of a topic of interest describe the topic specifically for sentence categorization. In such a situation, a large number of unlabeled observations may be available in addition to labeled data, for example, many unclassified text corpora (unlabeled instances) are available with only a few classified sentences (labeled instances). In this article, we introduce a novel generative method, called a coupled generator, producing instances given a specific learning outcome, based on indirect and direct generators. The indirect generator uses the inverse principle to yield the corresponding inverse probability, enabling to generate instances by leveraging an unlabeled data. The direct generator learns the distribution of an instance given its learning outcome. Then, the coupled generator seeks the best one from the indirect and direct generators, which is designed to enjoy the benefits of both and deliver higher generation accuracy. For sentence generation given a topic, we develop an embedding-based regression/classification in conjuncture with an unconditional recurrent neural network for the indirect generator, whereas a conditional recurrent neural network is natural for the corresponding direct generator. Moreover, we derive finite-sample generation error bounds for the indirect and direct generators to reveal the generative aspects of both methods thus explaining the benefits of the coupled generator. Finally, we apply the proposed methods to a real benchmark of abstract classification and demonstrate that the coupled generator composes reasonably good sentences from a dictionary to describe a specific topic of interest. for this article are available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A model that can generate sentences under topic and word constraints was proposed. • It uses multiple Gaussian distributions as the prior for the latent code in the VAE. • It has an expanded semantically meaningful and smooth latent space for sentences. • It gets rid of the KL collapse problem in the VAE. • It uses the topic and sentence latent codes to guide generation together. We propose a topic-word-constrained sentence-generation model with a variational autoencoder and convolutional neural network. It can generate sentences conditioned on a given topic distribution and a certain word. Unlike the vanilla variational autoencoder that assumes a standard Gaussian prior for the latent code, our model specifies the prior for the topic latent code as multiple Gaussian distributions, where each Gaussian distribution corresponds to a topic vector parameterized by a convolutional neural topic model. For word constraints, the decoder in the variational autoencoder generates sentences backward and forward starting from a given word. The topic latent space is arranged by the similarity of topic vectors, and the topic latent code restricts the sentence latent code through a loss term, through which expanded semantically meaningful latent spaces can be learned and provide topic guidance while generating sentences. Experimental results show that our model can generate coherent and diverse sentences related to given topics and words, while also avoiding the Kullback–Leibler divergence collapse problem. Moreover, it outperforms alternative approaches in terms of sentence reconstruction, latent space property and the quality, diversity, and topic controllability of generated sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blameworthiness semicompatibilism is the thesis that determinism is compatible with moral blameworthiness even if incompatible with freedom to do otherwise. Two concerns with this thesis are raised. First, I show why Frankfurt examples, which play a key role in underwriting blameworthiness semicompatibilism, are not as secure as many believe because of conceptual ties between blameworthiness and impermissibility. Second, I argue that if blameworthiness is conceptually associated, even if in a roundabout way with impermissibility, and one cannot do wrong unless one could have done otherwise, blameworthiness semicompatibilism is imperiled. With suitable amendments, parallel problems plague praiseworthiness semicompatibilism, the thesis that determinism is compatible with moral praiseworthiness even if incompatible with freedom to do otherwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "The Sentence Modalities" analyzes the linguistic phenomenon of sentence modality in Spanish. The author, Cristina Sánchez López, explores different pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic perspectives that have attempted to explain declarative modality. The types of sentences according to their modality (interrogative, exclamatory, desiderative, imperative, and declarative) are addressed, and the relationship between modality and the formal characteristics of sentences is established. Additionally, the need to establish a bridge between pragmatics and syntax to fully understand this linguistic phenomenon is discussed. The text presents the difficulties of relating the levels of modal meaning in language. It focuses on characterizing different types of modality, such as interrogative, exclamatory, desiderative, imperative, and declarative. Each chapter explores the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic properties of each type of modality, providing a taxonomy and describing the differences between them. Furthermore, the relationship between modality and subordination is discussed. The book is a useful tool for specialists and students interested in the topic of sentence modality. [Extracted from the article]

Nick Zangwill (2004 , 2007) appears to be acquiring the status of repudiator-in-chief of emotion in music. He is invoked in this role by such authors as Kraut (2007 , p. 67), Bonds (2014 , p. 5), Robinson (2014) , Young (2014 , pp. vii, 1, 3–4, 151), Davies (2017) and Kania (2017). His 'manifesto' paper (2004) was recently reprinted in Lamarque and Olsen (2018 , pp. 574–582). This development is unfortunate, because Zangwill, for all his radical-sounding theses, actually argues against views that hardly anyone holds. What is more, some of his arguments in favour of the obvious seem confused and defective. But as for his really radical thesis that 'Music, in itself, has nothing to do with emotion', he provides hardly any justification. What is more, contrary to what Zangwill believes, such justification is not to be found in Hanslick, who in fact sees emotional content as a relatively important element of music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the open domain environment, the state-of-the-art models cannot process analyze insufficient training data correctly. We propose an adaptive graph convolution network with informed machine learning for multilingual short text understanding to tackle these problems. Specifically, The prior knowledge to guide the graph neural network to extract sentence topics. We construct category anchor words as prior category keywords, prior category keywords and training data as independent information sources, and prior knowledge participates in the training of graph neural network. Moreover, we integrate the attention mechanism in the training process, so that the model can pay attention to task-related information adaptively. We explain the build blocks and present the integrated knowledge representation. The experimental results on the Multilingual Short Text (MST), THUCNews and AGNews datasets show that our method outperforms most of the existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine translation is showing an increasingly broad application prospect as the Internet becomes more widely used. The method based on the principle of maximum entropy is primarily used in this paper to determine the subject clause for translation. Its feature set does not necessitate extensive linguistic knowledge, and it is less reliant on it than other methods. It can also add arbitrary features and flexibly combine a large amount of scattered and fragmented knowledge. As a result, the maximum entropy model is used as the classifier in this paper, and lexical and sentence features are used to effectively combine the rules and statistical knowledge. The subsentence recognition process is broken down into three stages, with different features extracted at different stages and the maximum entropy model applied multiple times. At each stage, the classifiers are trained. The translation accuracy and recall rate of Chinese gapped subject topic sentences are improved by more than 5% in a maximum entropy model, according to the results. This method of feature description is particularly useful for identifying sentence endings in Chinese subject topic sentences with gaps. Its translation is closer to the correct translation, indicating that the proposed method's basic concept—the rationality of segmentation—is correct. The algorithm based on the maximum entropy model performs better in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the salience of discourse referents from both a hearer and a speaker perspective in the context of negative quantifying expressions (e.g. not all, few) in Swedish. In three sentence completion studies we investigated what discourse referent is most salient from each of these perspectives and how salience is affected by the syntactic form/semantic type (entity vs. proposition) of the sentence topic in the continuation. We also investigated what morphosyntactic forms are used to refer back to referents of different information structural status. The studies were specifically set up to allow us to distinguish between the two perspectives on salience, unlike previous studies on English, which have only taken hearer-salience into account. The emerging picture of what discourse referent is most salient for negative quantifying expressions is therefore more complex than what previous studies have shown. • The semantic type of the Sentence Topic affects what discourse entity is most speaker-salient. • Negative quantifiers differ in what discourse salience patterns they give rise to. • The syntactic environment of an anaphoric element affects its resolution in quantified contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Spanish Verb-Subject order in sentence focus unaccusatives is locative inversion. • Heritage speakers rely on explicit stage topic for sentence focus unaccusative VS. • Heritage speakers rely on long subject for sentence focus unaccusative VS. • Bilingual processing costs underly word-order variability in heritage Spanish. • Cross-linguistic influence doesn't drive word-order variability in heritage Spanish. Adult heritage speakers (HSs) of Spanish show Subject-Verb (SV)/Verb-Subject (VS) word-order variation in unaccusative sentences marking sentence focus, while monolingual speakers favor VS, as in Llegó Sara 'Sara arrived'. Yet, few empirical studies have explored the distributional rates and patterns associated with this word-order variation in perception and production among HSs. We examine the variable-rule system underlying HSs' acceptability judgments and written-narrative production to articulate how their choices between SV and VS are constrained. We begin with an alternative argument to the Unaccusativity Hypothesis, that unaccusatives instantiating sentence focus are instances of locative inversion where the preverbal position is occupied by an explicit or silent spatiotemporal argument (stage topic) licensing VS order. The results of two context-rich, novel experiments revealed two properties that contributed to HSs' use of VS order: an explicit stage topic and a subject longer than four words. If these were not realized, HSs became increasingly inclined towards SV order. Assuming that interpreting a silent stage topic or a short subject taxes the cognitive resources required to retrieve the relevant discourse-pragmatic information, our findings support recent acquisition theories that attribute HSs' divergent patterns to processing costs rather than the traditional view based on cross-linguistic influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:We found several problems that showed students wrote essays in an irregular manner. They experienced difficulties to distinguish between the topic sentence and the main idea. Their writing skill may fall into poor criteria. In addition to preliminary study, we conducted a writing competition in the schools. In terms of their participation, there was only 36% of the 150 students in the four schools participated. This shows their low participation and motivation to demonstrate their writing skill. Objectives: This study is aimed to determine the increase in Elementary school students' ability on writing narrative text using the GOGREEN model based on environmental literacy. Methods:It applied a quasi-experimental with Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Data was collected using tests, namely pre-test and post-test. The analytical technique used is the normality test, homogeneity test and t test assisted by SPSS 25. The result of the research showed that there was a significant increase on students' ability to write narrative text using GOGREEN model. Results:This was indicated by the sig value. 0.000 obtained for each sample group. Students were able to apply the structure of the narrative text, namely in terms of orientation, complications, resolution, and coda arranged systematically as well as on the character of the narrative content. Conclusions: In terms of the learning process, students' improvement varies. Some factors play a role in their improvements like the character of each school, the design of the assignments from the teacher, and the supporting facilities. In conclusion, GOGREEN Learning model is effective to improve students' narrative text writing skill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first chapter and in the appendix, I question the conventional thesis that a collection compiled by Porphyrios was the source Ausonius made use of for his Epitaphia. In the main part, I present some examples to illustrate two types of text-relations that are constitutive for the opusculum: first the relationship between the model and the text, the so-called intertextuality (epit. 1-3), then -- looking at epit. 6, 5, 13 -- interrelations among the epitaphs themselves which I name intratextuality. The correlations help to network the diverse individual portraits and to give coherence to the cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on association that operates across the five Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Topics include considered that first encounter with NACS and the wider global Canadian Studies network behind it was in 1999, when as an aspiring young researcher finishing MA thesis and stepping into PhD research, and received a modest but immensely enabling NACS travel grant to go to Canada for research.