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The development of nanotechnology has made it possible to add desirable functions to fabrics. Nanosilver has been used to provide antibacterial and odor control functions for sportswear over decades. However, few studies have explored the thermal comfort and ultraviolet (UV) protection properties of nanosilver-treated sportswear fabrics. In this study, a dynamic thermal model was introduced to predict the thermal comfort of nanosilver-treated fabrics for wearers in different environmental conditions. Nanosilver was applied to cotton and polyester knit fabrics and their antibacterial and UV protection properties were evaluated as well. The results indicated that substantial antibacterial and UV protection properties were achieved from nanosilver-treated fabrics. The dynamic thermal model predicted the thermal comfort of the treated fabrics for various human, clothing, and environmental factors. Although there was between two and four times difference in the thermal and evaporative resistance between the two tested fabrics, the predicted thermal comfort sensations were not significantly different in the same human and environmental conditions. From these results, it can be concluded that nanosilver-treated fabrics may provide desirable functionality, while not detracting from thermal comfort. This is one of the first trials in which a dynamic numerical thermal model was used to predict the thermal comfort of nanosilver-treated fabrics for sportswear, taking human, clothing, and environmental conditions into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial functionalization of textiles is important for various applications, such as protection of textile materials from decomposition, generation of more effective wound dressings, and the prevention of infections or malodors resulting from bacterial growth. In order to test the efficacy of new products, their antibacterial activity needs to be evaluated. At present, several different procedures are being used for this purpose, hindering comparisons among different studies. The present paper compares five of these assays using a sample panel of different textiles functionalized with copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) as antibacterial agents, and discusses the suitability of these methods for different analytical requirements. Bacterial viability was determined by measuring the optical density at 600 nm, a colorimetric assay based on MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) conversion, an agar diffusion assay, and colony formation, either after culturing in media containing textile samples, or after recovery from textiles soaked with bacterial suspension. All experiments were performed with a Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and a Gram-positive (Staphylococcus warneri) model organism. In general, the results yielded by the different methods were of good comparability. To identify the most suitable test system for the particular type of antibacterial coating, several factors need to be taken into account, such as choosing appropriate endpoints for analyzing passive or active antibacterial effects, selection of relevant microorganisms, correcting for potential interference by leaching of colored textile coatings, required hands on time, and the necessary sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an investigation of dyeing processes of textiles made from a novel 100% bio-based and fully degradable polylactide/poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PLA/PHBV) fiber. The dye exhaustion, depth of shade and fastness, as well as bursting strength of dyed PLA/PHBV fabrics have been evaluated in terms of types and concentration of dyestuff, dyeing bath temperature, duration, liquor ratio and pH value. Finally, the energy cost of the whole dyeing process of the proposed material is calculated and compared with that of polyethylene terephthalate. The experimental results show that an excellent dyeing effect and bursting strength can be achieved by properly applied dyes (e.g. C.I. Disperse Orange 30, Red 74, and Blue 79) under optimal low-dyeing-temperature conditions (100°C, 10min, pH 5, LR 30:1). In addition, considering the low energy cost during the whole process, PLA/PHBV fibers can be regarded as a promising and environment-friendly material for the textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks of improper temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) and their degrading effects on objects is a major issue for museum researchers. Methods that quantify deteriorating characteristics of temperature and RH provide useful information and lead to effective preventive solutions. Time-Weighted Preservation Index (TWPI) is a measure that estimates permanence of the organic materials based on a set of T and RH data for a specific period. In this research, we have used TWPI to assess chemical deteriorations of a Buyid silk stored in a museum storage. Furthermore, with the intention to examine effects of parameter fluctuations, a sensitivity analysis is applied to investigate permanence of the object in diverse sets of temperature and RH. Results of this research show that activation energy of the aforementioned Buyid silk is approximately 96.03 kJ/mol and its permanence is converging to a determined amount that can be interpreted as its remainder useful life. Considering the climate of the textile storage, sensitivity analysis shows that lowering the average temperature to the standard range would result in a remarkable increase on the object's permanence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papers and textiles that are treated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are sources of human and environmental exposure. Data for individual PFASs, such as perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), are not placed into the context of total fluorine for papers and textiles. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to quantify volatile and ionic PFASs, respectively, and the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay was used to quantify precursors that form perfluoroalkyl carboxylates. Molar sums of PFASs obtained by GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, and precursors were compared to total fluorine (nmol F/cm²) determined by particle-induced gamma ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy, measured before and after extraction. Volatile and ionic PFASs and unknown precursors accounted for 0-2.2%, 0-0.41%, and 0.021-14%, respectively, of the total nmol F/ cm² determined by PIGE. After extraction, papers and textiles retained 64 ± 28% to 110 ± 30% of the original nmol F/cm² as determined by PIGE, indicating that the majority of fluorine remains associated with the papers and textiles. The sum of PFASs in the volatile, ionic, and precursor fraction, and total fluorine after extraction indicate that mass balance was achieved (within analytical error) of the initial total fluorine measured by PIGE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pretreatment of viscose fabric with monochlorotraizinyl β-cyclodextrin (MCT-βCD), as an eco-friendly modifying agent, is accompanied by creation of hosting nanocavities onto the cellulose structure thereby enabling inclusion of certain antibacterial agents namely triclosan, as a classic agent, and AgNO3, as well as bioactive agents like green tea extract and Aloe vera gel. The efficiency of hosting the nominated antibacterial agents to confer antibacterial functionality is governed by the type of modification method and follows the decreasing order: exhaustion > pad-steam fixation > pad-dry-cure. The imparted antibacterial functionality of MCT-βCD-loaded fabric samples is determined by type of the hosted antibacterial agent into cavities of βCD and follows the decreasing order: AgNO3 > green tea extract > triclosan > Aloe vera gel. Nitrogen content analysis, FTIR spectra, SEM image and EDX spectrum of Ag-loaded fabric sample confirmed the impact of suggested treatment sequence on the chemical and surface properties of the functionalized viscose fabric. The results also demonstrate that the imparted antibacterial activity against S. aureus (G+ve) and E. coli (G−ve) bacteria slightly decreased after 15 washing cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile materials have gained much attention as membranes for oil-water separation. However, traditional membranes are suffered by either energy-intensive preparation method or the fouling during the practical application. Motivated by the biomimetic surface of fish, this paper reports the modification of cotton fabrics using a single-step hot alkali treatment, which creates roughened morphologies in micro- and nanoscale on fiber surface by removing noncellulosic compounds on sample and enhances the hydrophilicity of fabrics due to the introduction of numerous hydroxyl groups in the material. The developed fabrics show underwater superoleophobicity with oil contact angles more than 170°. When the textile is employed as a membrane for oil-water separation, water permeates quickly through the pores and capillary canal of fabrics, whereas oil is obstructed due to the inherent repellency with water. The cotton fabrics demonstrate high separation efficiency, excellent reusability, antifouling, and self-cleaning properties in a single-unit gravimetric filtration for various oil-water mixtures, thus making the material a promising and highly energy-efficient candidate for the cleanup of oil spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the release of total silver (Ag) and silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) from textiles into artificial sweat, particularly considering the functionalization technology used in textile finishing. Migration experiments were conducted for four commercially available textiles and for six laboratory-prepared textiles. Two among these lab-prepared textiles represent materials in which Ag-NPs were embedded within the textile fibers (composites), whereas the other lab-prepared textiles contain Ag particles on the respective fiber surfaces (coatings). The results indicate a smaller release of total Ag from composites in comparison to surface-coated textiles. The particulate fraction determined within the artificial sweat was negligible for most textiles, meaning that the majority of the released Ag is present as dissolved Ag. It is also relevant to note that nanotextiles do not release more particulate Ag than conventional Ag textiles. The results rather indicate that the functionalization type is the most important parameter affecting the migration. Furthermore, after measuring different Ag-NP types in their pristine form with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the single particle mode, there is evidence that particle modifications, like surface coating, may also influence the dissolution behavior of the Ag-NPs in the sweat solutions. These factors are important when discussing the likelihood of consumer exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goals of this study were to determine the concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in textiles and to determine PFOS and PFOA contamination in textile washing water. Quantification analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Analysis of 32 textile samples by methanol extraction revealed that the average concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were 0.18 µg m−2(0.02 to 0.61 µg m−2) and 2.74 µg m−2(0.31 to 14.14 µg m−2), respectively. Although the average concentration of PFOS found in textile samples was below European Union (EU) Commission regulations (<1 µg m−2), the average concentration of PFOA was 2.74 µg m−2, and 68.75% of textile samples had PFOA concentrations exceeding 1 µg m−2. Thus, based on these results, the concentration of PFOA in products should also be regulated. Experiments on PFOS and PFOA leaching into washing water were conducted. The maximum concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were measured after the first washing; the concentrations gradually decreased with each subsequent washing. PFOS and PFOA migrated from textiles and were released into the environment, with disappearance percentages of 29.8% for PFOS and 99% for PFOA. The data presented in this study showed that textiles could be a significant direct and indirect source of PFOS and PFOA exposure for both humans and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Studies on new acoustic eco-materials are gaining importance as there is an increasing understanding about the benefits of the use of environmentally friendly materials. In producing noise control elements it is not only important to recycle but also to manufacture devices with recycled content. A noise barrier is one of the most used devices to reduce high noise levels. For designing these devices, a sound absorbing material is very often used as the core of the barrier. The main goal of this work is the design and testing of novel green sound absorbingmaterials used as part of noise barriers. Recycled textile materials and nontoxic binder fibers were employed to manufacture the eco-materials studied in this research. Acoustic characterization of prototype noise barriers was carried out in a customdesigned small-scale reverberation chamber for the testing of small samples. Results showed that new materials used in noise barrier prototypes performed very well according to international standards, with performance comparable with those of commercially available noise barriers made of typical sound absorbing materials. These new materials could be part of noise reducing devices incorporating an environmentally conscious technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable and sustainable products are being employed to make contributions to efforts concerning environmental protection and the reduction of oil consumption. Biodegradable fibres present a simple and notable opportunity for providing sustainable textiles. Soybean fibre is a kind of regenerated and new-generation protein plant fibre. The present work aimed to analyse the many different properties of soybean fibres. Particularly it was focused on their performance, functional, comfort and dyeing properties. In literature, there are studies regarding soybean fibres but topics mostly involved the analysis of comfort properties of the fibre. In this study, fibre structure and composition, flame and UV resistance, strength, pilling behaviour, air and water vapour permeability, water absorption, drape and dyeing properties were studied. It was indicated that soybean fibre is capable of meeting the performance, comfort and functional requirements of classical and technical textile products. The fibre has many of the good qualities of natural fibres such as tenacity, moisture regain, soft-lustrous handle, dyeability and colour fastness properties, and also has some of the functional properties of synthetic fibres such as being flame retardant and anti-ultraviolet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-friendly textile biocomposites with PLA matrix reinforced with flax and flax/PLA weft knitted fabrics without any additional chemical treatment were prepared in this study. Five different kinds of samples were manufactured and investigated: (i) pure PLA sheet and (ii-v) PLA matrix reinforced with weft knits (ii) single jersey flax knit, (iii) single jersey flax/PLA knit, (iv) double single jersey flax knit, (v) double single jersey flax/PLA knit. Tensile and flexural properties of PLA biocomposites with weft knitted fabrics were higher than pure PLA sheet. The highest properties exhibit PLA biocomposites reinforced with single jersey flax knitted fabric. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that crystallization rate of PLA matrix is enhanced with the presence of reinforced material - flax knit. It is possible to do an assumption that flax fibre can act as nucleating agents during the crystallization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial processes in everyday life need to take into consideration environmental safety. This is the major goal of today's scientific research. Textile research is no exception. This paper illustrates a green process in which indigo is converted into its water-soluble leuco form by using a reducing agent that is ecologically friendly: 3-hydroxybutanone (C4H8O2). The effect of alkalinity and reducing temperature on the reducing power of C4H8O2 has been evaluated in the absence and presence of indigo. The dyeing quality of the modified cotton resultant of the exhaust process is studied. Cotton modification is carried out by using Denitex BC 200% in order to improve the quality of the exhaustion dyeing process. Modified cotton fibres are characterized through a morphology analysis (by using a SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The performances of the indigo dyeing process are evaluated by measuring the redox potentials generated in the medium with and without indigo, dyeing bath exhaustion (E(%)), and colour yield (K/S) of the coloured cotton at 660 nm, brightness index (B(%)) and dyeing fastness of both the untreated and modified cotton fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two anthraquinonic dyes, C.I. Acid Blue 225 and C.I. Acid Violet 109, were used as models to explore the feasibility of using the horseradish peroxidase enzyme (HRP) in the practical decolorization of anthraquinonic dyes in wastewater. The influence of process parameters such as enzyme concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature, dye concentration, and pH was examined. The pH and temperature activity profiles were similar for decolorization of both dyes. Under the optimal conditions, 94.7% of C.I. Acid Violet 109 from aqueous solution was decolorized (treatment time 15 min, enzyme concentration 0.15 IU/mL, hydrogen peroxide concentration 0.4 mM, dye concentration 30 mg/L, pH 4, and temperature 24°C) and 89.36% of C.I. Acid Blue 225 (32 min, enzyme concentration 0.15 IU/mL, hydrogen peroxide concentration 0.04 mM, dye concentration 30 mg/L, pH 5, and temperature 24°C). The mechanism of both reactions has been proven to follow the two substrate ping-pong mechanism with substrate inhibition, revealing the formation of a nonproductive or dead-end complex between dye and HRP or between H2O2 and the oxidized form of the enzyme. Both chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon values showed that there was a reduction in toxicity after the enzymatic treatment. This study verifies the viability of use of horseradish peroxidase for the wastewaters treatment of similar anthraquinonic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bacterial consortium BMP1/SDSC/01 consisting of six isolates was isolated from textile effected soil, sludge, and textile effluent from Hudiara drain near Nishat Mills Limited, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan. It was selected because of being capable of degrading and detoxifying red, green, black, and yellow textile dyes. The pH and supplements were optimized to enhance the decolorization ability of the selected consortium. The results indicated that decolorizing ability of consortium for the red, green, black, and yellow dyes was higher as compared to individual strains. The consortium was able to decolorize 84%, 84%, 85%, 85%, and 82% of 200 ppm of red, green, black, yellow, and mixed dyes within 24 h while individual strain required 72 h. On supplementing urea, the consortium decolorized 87, 86, 89, 86, and 83%, respectively, while on supplementing sodium chloride the consortium decolorized 93, 94, 93, 94, and 89% of red, green, black, yellow, and mixed dyes, respectively, which was maximum while in the presence of ascorbic acid and ammonium chloride it showed intermediate results. The effect of untreated and treated dyes was investigated on Zea mays L. (maize) and Sorghum vulgare Pers. (sorghum). This study will help to promote an efficient biotreatment of textile effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clothing textiles protect our human body against external factors. These textiles are not sterile and can harbor high bacterial counts as sweat and bacteria are transmitted from the skin. We investigated the microbial growth and odor development in cotton and synthetic clothing fabrics. T-shirts were collected from 26 healthy individuals after an intensive bicycle spinning session and incubated for 28 h before analysis. A trained odor panel determined significant differences between polyester versus cotton fabrics for the hedonic value, the intensity, and five qualitative odor characteristics. The polyester T-shirts smelled significantly less pleasant and more intense, compared to the cotton T-shirts. A dissimilar bacterial growth was found in cotton versus synthetic clothing textiles. Micrococci were isolated in almost all synthetic shirts and were detected almost solely on synthetic shirts by means of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting. A selective enrichment of micrococci in an in vitro growth experiment confirmed the presence of these species on polyester. Staphylococci were abundant on both cotton and synthetic fabrics. Corynebacteria were not enriched on any textile type. This research found that the composition of clothing fibers promotes differential growth of textile microbes and, as such, determines possible malodor generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the processing of the bamboo woven material ecologically using organic compounds that can be dissolved in solvents. Topics discussed include factors to be considered for dyeing the textile material properly including good penetration of the dye in the fabric, using textile bleaching for removing the natural color of fabric, and characteristics of bamboo clothing as soft, comfortable and environmental friendly.

Groundwater pollution due to industrial effluents from textile units around Pali city area is the major concern to the local villagers and the district administration. Indiscriminate discharge of these effluents in the past two decades caused severe damage to the agricultural land and groundwater resources within 3 km buffer zone of the Bandi river. Remote Sensing and GIS techniques are found to be better tools in assessing the damage in agricultural crops during 1997 and 2006 with the help of high resolution satellite images. Groundwater fluctuation trend with annual rainfall pattern during 1985 and 2005 indicate good recharge in the study area. Detailed analysis of groundwater quality parameters (TDS, Cl and SO) and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cd and Cr) for 1997-98 indicates maximum concentration around Chatelao village and Dholera Jagir in the downstream direction of Bandi river. However, temporal analysis of groundwater samples collected in January, 2009 shows marginal decrease in concentration of TDS, Cl, SO, Pb and Cu in both groundwater as well as river effluents. Slight improvement in water quality especially heavy metals in the last 12 years (1998-2009) may be attributed to the appropriate measures (treatment of wastewater and solid waste disposal) taken by the establishment of three Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP) in Pali city area. However, a few stringent actions may be taken to avoid direct discharge of the effluents into Bandi river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the influence of cotton fiber length characteristics on the High Volume Instrument (HVI) strength measurement. A set of cotton samples cut at different lengths from a common parent sliver was used. HVI strength data exhibited a consistent trend as a function of the fiber length properties. This data was analyzed using the working hypothesis that the HVI estimates the total mass of fiber at a position between the jaws, rather than the true mass, which contributes to the breaking force. A quantitative model was developed to correct for this overestimation based on the shape of the Fibrogram. It was demonstrated that the Fibrogram can be adequately modeled as a straight line in the region of the HVI strength measurement. Based on this, it was found that the required correction factor is a function of the mean fiber length and various geometrical parameters of the HVI instrument (i.e. (a) the distance from the base of the beard to the inside edge of the clamp nearest the base of the jaws, and (b) the actual position of the beard's fiber length determination relative to the clamping jaws). Importantly this correction factor is independent of the shape of the fiber length distribution. Application of this correction factor approach was able to remove the effect of fiber length on the corrected strength values. The same model was also applied to other published data and, again, a simple correction factor based on mean fiber length adequately ‘removed’ the observed bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the governmental regulation and the environmental concerns related to Indian textile industry. It mentions that Indian government has included several provisions in its constitution for the protection of environment including laws for different types of pollution, hazardous substances and ozone layer depletion. It also discusses the provisions of several acts related to air and water pollution.

An article on the use of plasma to deposit functional coatings on textile fibers is presented. The article discusses the functional advantages of various coatings including reduced soiling, increased hydrophobicity, and improved grip, as well as the additional benefit of reducing the use of potentially environmentally hazardous chemicals.

The article offers information on the developments in protective textiles with regard to protection from ultraviolet radiation (UVR). It discusses the effect of UVR exposure on different types of human skin. It mentions of a parameter namely Ultraviolet protective factor (UPF) which assess the effectiveness of textile fabrics in protecting the human skin from UVR. It adds information on the issues related to effect of UVR on textile materials.

Smart textiles with its vast range of possibilities provide a considerable opportunity for societal sustainability for the waste-oriented fashion industry. May the new textiles react to the environment, wearer, have a mind of its own or simply provoke and inspire people - it is a great tool for the transition from the product-oriented industry to the service-minded economy. Fashion field needs to mature and adapt to the new rules set by the user within today's environment. While developing the new field of smart textiles, this paper stresses the importance of learning from traditional crafts and the value of craftsmanship. We start by introducing the importance of crafting and connecting it to the industrialized way of producing. Then, we ask whether we could merge valuable insights from both in order to develop the smart textiles area. Later, you will find an example project merging Quick Response (QR) codes with traditional embroidery that inspired a set of TechCrafts explorations in a form of student projects. In case of the embroidered QR codes, the link to technology is an add-on feature to textiles. In the other examples, craftsmanship technologies are used to create the textile substrate itself. These explorations are the input for a discussion about the role of craftsmanship and skills in developing materials with interactive properties that is held with relation to the possibilities for societal sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papermaking is once again under consideration as a new market for waste textiles in the UK. Whereas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the driver was to provide a convenient and cheap form of cetlutose, now the need is to create markets for waste textiles that are disposed of to incineration or landfill, or which go to declining recycling markets such as wipers or mattress filings. Technical and economic issues are substantial and it may be that the end product of the papermaking process will not resemble the original product of 200 years ago. This article will consider the technical challenges and theoretical understanding of this re-innovation process. It will explore how the changing costs of environmental regulation compliance, and changing consumer preferences are leading to the revisiting of processes in the UK that were previously abandoned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A report on the allegedly environmentally friendly textile processing using Benninger brand washers, heat exchangers, and membrane filters is presented. The machines' reduced use of electricity, detergent, and water is emphasized. Other features of Benninger machines reduce the need for interim drying of garments between processing steps, which lowers the demand for energy and fossil fuels.

This article discusses the so called "denim drive," an annual event in which Americans are given the opportunity to donate their old pairs of jeans, which are processed into eco-friendly insulation and used in charity projects. It discusses the emphasis on environmental concerns that is central to the drives, as well as the concerns of the main actors behind them. It also gives detailed attention to the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of cotton fiber and the transformations and applications that allow jeans to be processed into insulation. Exptoring the links between the properties and transformations of cotton fibers that form the material underpinnings of the denim drives, it shows how the immense popularity of "the American uniform" facilitates the denim drives in surprising ways, which include matter as well as meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human health is affected by pollution caused by toxic chemical substances, particularly vulnerable groups like children. So how can we make things better for people and for the environment through the textile products we design? By thinking about the environment when designing, choosing and using environmental-friendly technology, we can play an important role in building a better world for the future. If we are going to live in a sustainable way, the technology and materials that we use have to be sustainable. This article provides an insight into how textile product design can provide a better future. It describes the design of ecological textile messages for sensitising and educating children. In the long term, such design may help towards ensuring a better quality of life for everyone, now and in the future. In this survey, the design of the sensitising messages was done using ecological techniques and raw materials to accentuate the message and took into account the intellectual and psychological level of children. All of the raw materials, process and plant dyes used were analysed from an environmental perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background, aim, and scope Life cycle analyses (LCA) approaches require adaptation to reflect the increasing delocalization of production to emerging countries. This work addresses this challenge by establishing a country- level, spatially explicit life cycle inventory (LCI). This study comprises three separate dimensions. The first dimension is spatial: processes and emissions are allocated to the country in which they take place and modeled to take into account local factors. Emerging economies China and India are the location of production, the consumption occurs in Germany, an Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development country. The second dimension is the product level: we consider two distinct textile garments, a cotton T-shirt and a polyester jacket, in order to highlight potential differences in the production and use phases. The third dimension is the inventory composition: we track CO2, SO2, NOx, and particulates, four major atmospheric pollutants, as well as energy use. This third dimension enriches the analysis of the spatial differentiation (first dimension) and distinct products (second dimension). Materials and methods We describe the textile production and use processes and define a functional unit for a garment. We then model important processes using a hierarchy of preferential data sources. We place special emphasis on the modeling of the principal local energy processes: electricity and transport in emerging countries. Results The spatially explicit inventory is disaggregated by country of location of the emissions and analyzed according to the dimensions of the study: location, product, and pollutant. The inventory shows striking differences between the two products considered as well as between the different pollutants considered. For the T-shirt, over 70% of the energy use and CO2 emissions occur in the consuming country, whereas for the jacket, more than 70% occur in the producing country. This reversal of proportions is due to differences in the use phase of the garments. For SO2, in contrast, over two thirds of the emissions occur in the country of production for both T-shirt and jacket. The difference in emission patterns between CO2 and SO2 is due to local electricity processes, justifying our emphasis on local energy infrastructure. Discussion The complexity of considering differences in location, product, and pollutant is rewarded by a much richer understanding of a global production--consumption chain.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is attempted in the present investigation to treat organic pollutant present in the textile effluent using an electrochemical treatment technique. Experiments are carried out in a batch electrochemical cell covering wide range in operating conditions. Due to the strong oxidizing potential of the chemicals produced, the effluent COD is reduced substantially in this treatment technique. The influence of effluent initial concentration, pH, supporting electrolyte concentration and the anode material on pollutant degradation has been critically examined. It is further attempted in the present investigation to reuse the treated wastewater for dyeing purpose. Several cycles of dyeing operations have been performed with the treated textile wastewater and the dye uptake and water quality have been critically examined at each cycle of dyeing process. The results indicate that the electrochemical method is a feasible technique for treatment of textile wastewater and electrochemically treated wastewater can be effectively reused for dyeing application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Electrochemical oxidation of Basic Red 29 (BR29) was studied in a bipolar trickle tower (BTT) reactor by using Raschig ring shaped boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes, which were originally employed by the present researchers, in a recirculated batch mode. The model solution was prepared with BR29 using distilled water. The effects of initial dye concentration, Na2SO4 concentration as supporting electrolyte, current density, flow rate and initial pH on the removal efficiency were investigated, and practically, complete BR29 removal (over 99%) was obtained in all the studies. After optimum experimental conditions were determined, textile wastewater has also studied by monitoring the destruction of color and COD. With the textile wastewater, 97.2% of color and 91% of COD removal were, respectively, achieved at the current density of 1mA/cm2. Microtox toxicity tests were performed in both BR29 solution and textile wastewater under optimum experimental conditions, and relatively good toxicity reductions were obtained with respect to the initial values. According to the results, BDD anode was seen to be a unique material for the degradation of BR29 and COD and also the reduction of toxicity simultaneously. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The technical feasibility of using a suitable sorbent for the removal of some heavy metal ions from their aqueous solutions was investigated. The scope of the work covers the use of low-class native wool or wool wastes from industrial processes or from recycled woolen textiles for the removal of copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, and zinc ions from their effluents. The sorption efficiency of the aforementioned metals by wool is in the following order: copper > cobalt = nickel > zinc > chromium. The effect of time of sorption, temperature of the effluent, and concentration of metal ions on the rate of sorption was examined. The effect of oxidation or reduction of wool on its sorption power of copper ions is studied. The reduced wool was found to be better than native or oxidised wool in the sorption of copper metal from its effluents. The reuse of wool as metal sorber after elution of the metal, using hydrochloric acid, was also studied. It was found that wool can be reused for sorption after elution of copper up to 25 times of elution; a very limited amount of permanently fixed copper was observed. The use of sufficient woolen layers displays the best way of obtaining an effluent of zero copper content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the increasing demand for ecofriendly fabrics, specifically the production of Angora rabbit hair and wool in Uttarakhand due to the suitable climatic condition.

Since chlorination is known to produce substantial pollution with adsorbable organo halogens (AOX) in textile wastewater, shrink resist treatments like the widely used chlorine/Hercosett process are no longer environmentally acceptable. The current trends owards the use of natural products have led to using polymers of natural origin such as chitosan as a substitute for synthetic polymers in wool finishing given its properties of biodegradability, bioactivity, and biocompatibility. The application of chitosan to wool in a zero-AOX aqueous treatment to improve shrink-resistance and dyeing properties was investigated. To enhance chitosan sorption, wool was subjected to hydrogen peroxide treatment prior to the chitosan treatment either under alkaline or acidic conditions. A staining technique was used to assess the presence and distribution of chitosan on wool. The alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment promoted the diffusion of chitosan into the wool fiber leading to shrink-resist properties. To determine the influence of treatment conditions on the dyeing behavior, a low temperature (60C) was used. Dyed chitosan-treated wool, pretreated with hydrogen peroxide either at alkaline or acid pH, showed high values of exhaustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates an electronic measurement for measuring the hairiness of yarn from Jute Technological Research Laboratories.

The article focuses on a wool finishing process that helps in delivering washable wool without the use of chlorine. It informs that the process is based on the use of peroxo-monosulfuric acid and avoids the ecological disadvantages of the used chlorine-hercosett process. It also informs that based on systematic laboratory experiments, the technology has been sent to production scale.

Combining with practical cases analysis of development for cotton textiles with creative spirit in LuthaiTextile Company, the author gave an outlook for the development trends of cotton textiles. According to 12th Five-year Plan of Textile Industry In China, Luthai focuses on the development of eco-friendly with low carbon and energy saving and emission reduction technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]