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SUMMARY Triterpenoids (C30‐isoprenoids) represent a major group of natural products with various physiological functions in plants. Triterpenoids and their derivatives have medicinal uses owing to diverse bioactivities. Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) tree bark accumulates highly oxygenated β‐amyrin‐derived oleanane triterpenoids (e.g., arjunic acid, arjungenin, and arjunolic acid) with cardioprotective roles. However, biosynthetic routes and enzymes remain poorly understood. We mined the arjuna transcriptome and conducted cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) assays using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana to identify six P450s and two P450 reductases for oxidative modifications of oleanane triterpenoids. P450 assays using oleananes revealed a greater substrate promiscuity of C‐2α and C‐23 hydroxylases/oxidases than C‐28 oxidases. CYP716A233 and CYP716A432 catalyzed β‐amyrin/erythrodiol C‐28 oxidation to produce oleanolic acid. C‐2α hydroxylases (CYP716C88 and CYP716C89) converted oleanolic acid and hederagenin to maslinic acid and arjunolic acid. CYP716C89 also hydroxylated erythrodiol and oleanolic aldehyde. However, CYP714E107a and CYP714E107b catalyzed oleanolic acid/maslinic acid/arjunic acid, C‐23 hydroxylation to form hederagenin, arjunolic acid and arjungenin, and hederagenin C‐23 oxidation to produce gypsogenic acid, but at a lower rate than oleanolic acid C‐23 hydroxylation. Overall, P450 substrate selectivity suggested that C‐28 oxidation is the first P450‐catalyzed oxidative modification in the arjuna triterpenoid pathway. However, the pathway might branch thereafter through C‐2α/C‐23 hydroxylation of oleanolic acid. Taken together, these results provided new insights into substrate range of P450s and unraveled biosynthetic routes of triterpenoids in arjuna. Moreover, complete elucidation and reconstruction of arjunolic acid pathway in S. cerevisiae and N. benthamiana suggested the utility of arjuna P450s in heterologous production of cardioprotective compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entisol soil is hard and compact in nature, rendering it high in bulk density, which influences root penetration adversely and thereby poor plant growth. In this experiment, used seven treatments in different combination in normal soil, were used as growth media for the Terminalia arjuna seedling. T3 (60% entisol) found the best as it gave the highest biomass in the species regardless of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) treatment. AMF treatment enhanced the growth and biomass of plants significantly in all the given treatments. AMF colonization observed a maximum in tertiary roots. T1 (100% entisol soil) exhibited the highest degree of AMF colonization in tertiary roots, resulting in the highest mycorrhiza dependency of plants for this soil. The addition of normal soil to entisol soil was found to decrease the bulk density, resulting in increased root diameter, and T3 plants exhibited the highest biomass and AMF compatibility for T. arjuna species. The T. arjuna plant’s growth and biomass responded positively to AMF in all types of treatments. The plant’s growth and biomass were highest in the T3 treatment, which had a bulk density of 1.50 g/cm3. In this study, we combined the entisol with mycorrhizal inoculation of the nursery growing medium to promote plant growth and biomass, improve the plant’s ability to hold water and absorb nutrients, and lower the entisol’s bulk density. The T. arjuna (Roxb) plant responds very favorably to mycorrhiza inoculation in nursery conditions with the entisol growth medium.

Entisol soil is hard and compact in nature, rendering it high in bulk density, which influences root penetration adversely and thereby poor plant growth. In this experiment, used seven treatments in different combination in normal soil, were used as growth media for the Terminalia arjuna seedling. T3 (60% entisol) found the best as it gave the highest biomass in the species regardless of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) treatment. AMF treatment enhanced the growth and biomass of plants significantly in all the given treatments. AMF colonization observed a maximum in tertiary roots. T1 (100% entisol soil) exhibited the highest degree of AMF colonization in tertiary roots, resulting in the highest mycorrhiza dependency of plants for this soil. The addition of normal soil to entisol soil was found to decrease the bulk density, resulting in increased root diameter, and T3 plants exhibited the highest biomass and AMF compatibility for T. arjuna species. The T. arjuna plant's growth and biomass responded positively to AMF in all types of treatments. The plant's growth and biomass were highest in the T3 treatment, which had a bulk density of 1.50 g/cm3. In this study, we combined the entisol with mycorrhizal inoculation of the nursery growing medium to promote plant growth and biomass, improve the plant's ability to hold water and absorb nutrients, and lower the entisol's bulk density. The T. arjuna (Roxb) plant responds very favorably to mycorrhiza inoculation in nursery conditions with the entisol growth medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research deals with the identification of ethnomedicinal plants used by the local people for curing cardiovascular diseases in Manikganj district, Bangladesh. The present study aimed to record and validate the ethnomedicinal knowledge used by the local people for cardiovascular disease (CVD) management in Manikganj district, Bangladesh using recent ethnobotanical survey methods. The record of 131 ethnomedicinal plant species with diverse use patterns reflected the traditional knowledge richness in the study area. Among the ethnomedicinal plants, 10 plant species, including Phyllanthus emblica L., Allium sativum L., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. Ex DC.) Wight & Arn, Achyranthes aspera L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Allium cepa L., Adhatoda zeylanica Nees, Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Eberm, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp, and Ipomea aquatica Forssk, were cited most frequently by the local people. Among the disease categories, the highest Fic (factor of informant consensus) value was obtained in cardiac complaints, followed by blood purifiers, chest pain, high blood pressure, and antioxidants. In this research, 131 plant species were recorded, and 45 plants obtained the highest Fl (fidelity level) value of 100%. The members of the most common medicinal plants were from the families of Fabaceae, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Apocynaceae. This result provides baseline data to link the local population, including traditional health professionals and scientific communities, which could be significant in drug discovery and is very important for the sustainable development program and conservation management in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparation of the country's flora is very challenging until baseline information on the flora of all district or upazila is available. The purpose of this inventory was to record angiosperm plant species available in the different habitats of Bagatipara upazila, which is located in the eastern part of Rajshahi district. The traditional taxonomic method was applied for plant sample collection in different seasons of the year 2022 and the identification of the collected samples. This research resulted in the recording of a total of 377 species in 92 families. Among them, 310 species were from Magnoliopsida, and 67 were from Liliopsida. Asteraceae and Poaceae were the leading families of Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida, respectively. One-fourth of the total plant species were exotic, and more than half were valuable medicinal species. Artocarpus lacucha, Bridelia stipularis, Callicarpa longifolia, Eranthemum pulchellum, Oroxylum indicum, Potentilla supina, Sterculia foetida, and Terminalia arjuna were locally found rare. Threats such as climate change, expansion of arable land and pisciculture, use of herbicides, over exploitation, clearing brushwood, and unplanned construction activities have been identified. The present study concludes that the floristic composition of this area is still rich, though the area is facing some threats. Therefore, we strongly recommend adopting effective and adequate measures for sustainable conservation and monitoring of the biodiversity of this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula Retz. is a multipurpose tree but the primary purpose of cultivating and raising this tree species is its fruits. Large sized fruits easily fetch higher prices in the national and global markets. The availability of superior germplasm is, however, restricted by its very low natural regeneration, poor germination capacity of the seeds, very little knowledge about its propagation techniques, long juvenile period for fruits production which is almost 15–20 years. The availability of superior germplasm and shortening of long juvenile period can be resolved by the adoption of various vegetative propagation techniques. In the present study, scions of T. chebula Retz. were grafted on three different rootstocks; T. chebula Retz., Terminalia bellirica Roxb. and Terminalia arjuna Bedd to standardize vegetative propagation techniques in T. chebula. The grafting and budding methods used were cleft grafting, side-veneer grafting and patch budding. The results revealed that out of all the propagation techniques evaluated under nursery conditions, cleft grafting was most promising. It showed better results on principal parameters like graft survival ratio (46.67) and graft take ratio (60.00). In case of rootstocks, T. arjuna performed well on most of the growth parameters. Hence, it is concluded that T. arjuna as a rootstock can be cleft grafted with T. chebula Retz. scion not only to obtain healthy plants with desired characteristics in a short time but also to conserve its germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb) Wight & Arn is a tropical evergreen woody tree endemic to India that grows along river banks and canals. It has a significant medicinal value, particularly for heart disorders, where tree bark is used to treat circulatory ailments. The stiff seed coat is a key impediment to obtaining good and uniform germination, particularly in inert and low-moisture-holding capacity growing media such as coal-burned fly ash. The current study was designed to look into the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on seed germination and seedling growth in Terminalia arjuna using fly ash as a growing medium. The 360 seeds were sown in two sets, for each treatment used in mycorrhizae and control without mycorrhiza inoculation. The results showed that seeds germinated with mycorrhiza inoculation had higher germination (77.77%), germination capacity (83.88%), germination energy (19.44%), germination value (24.16%), mean daily germination (9.33 seeds), peak value (2.59), cumulative germination (77.77%), and germination speed (23.40%) than seeds germinated without mycorrhiza inoculation. The use of mycorrhizal fungi in fly ash showed promising results, which could serve as a foundation for fly ash restoration and stability programs utilizing Terminalia arjuna as one of the powerful trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia arjuna tree is an important plant with massive traditional uses. This study aims to carry out a comparative phytochemical and biological evaluation on the leaves, flowers, and bark of T. arjuna. Phytochemical analysis involved exploration of the methanolic extracts using GC/MS technique as well as quantitative determination of the phenolic and flavonoid contents using Folin–Ciocalteu and AlCl3 reagents, respectively. In vitro biological evaluation of the different extracts as antioxidant and anticholinesterase were studied. Reducing power assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity while anticholinesterase activity of the extracts was measured by Ellman's reagent at two concentrations, 10 and 100 μg/ml. Results revealed that the bark extract has the highest phenolic content 250.3 ± 17.3 mg/GAE/g dry sample, the leaves has the highest flavonoid content 5.03 ± 1.18 mg/RE/g dry sample. GC/MS results implied the identification of twenty-six, seventeen and five compounds in flowers, bark and leaves, respectively. Methyl palmitate (30.79%) and methyl oleate (17.73%) were the major compounds detected in the bark extract; while thymol (68.31%) and α-terpineol (15.75%) were the major compounds in leaves extract, finally thymol (23.78%) as well and p-cymene (17.78%) were the major constituents in the flower extract. Considering the antioxidant activity, all tested extracts showed somewhat similar results in both methods. The anticholinesterase activity showed that the bark extract exhibited the most significant activity at 10 μg/ml with an inhibition value of 23.75% ± 1.397. Anticholinesterase results come in agreement with the antioxidant and total phenolic content; therefore, a correlation between antioxidant potential of the plants and Alzheimer control could be concluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the dietary immunomodulatory effects of Terminalia arjuna bark powder (TABP) in Labeo rohita, a freshwater fish model. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets containing graded levels of TABP (0, 1, 10, and 15 g/kg were fed to fish for 90 days, followed by a 10 day challenge with pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda. An integrated biomarker response (IBR) approach assessed the impact of TABP on hematological, adaptive, and humoral immune parameters, along with liver histomorphology. Dietary TABP at 10 g/kg significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) hematological indices (hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit), specific immune parameters (lysosomal enzyme activity, phagocytosis, respiratory burst), and non-specific immune parameters (serum lysozyme, alternative complement activity), and exhibited improvements in liver architecture consistent with the enhanced immune response. Broken line regression analysis showed 11.5 g/kg to be an optimum dose. However, at 15 g/kg, a compromised trend was observed in some parameters. These findings suggest an optimal dosage range for TABP's immunomodulatory effects. The study highlights the potential of TABP as a natural immunomodulator in fish aquaculture. The improved immune response and concomitant liver health observed in Labeo rohita opens avenues for further research on TABP's applicability in animal health, using fish as a model organism. Additionally, the IBR approach proved effective in evaluating TABP's immunomodulatory properties, paving the way for similar studies on other natural products in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study seeks to investigate the therapeutic potential of Terminalia arjuna callus in addressing atherosclerosis. In order to get maximum beneficial phytoconstituents from Terminalia arjuna, it is recommended to harvest the bark from Arjuna trees that are at least 15 years old and a gap of minimum 2 years should be kept before harvesting bark from the same plant. The callus culture technique was employed to expedite the process. The callus culture extract was subsequently converted into a nanosuspension with the aim of improving the efficacy of its phytoconstituents. It was then subjected to a comprehensive series of in vitro and in vivo evaluations to ascertain its potential for treatment of atherosclerosis. Results: Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the callus extract confirmed the presence of flavonoids and terpenoids, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Some terpenoids were even absent in Arjuna tree naturally. TEM images validated successful entrapment of the extract within the nanoparticles. In vitro analysis for antilipase and antioxidant assay confirmed the antiatherosclerotic potential of the extract. In vivo tests on rat blood serum demonstrated a significant reduction in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein. Histopathological analysis of rat aortas showed additional confirmation of antiatherosclerotic action. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of nanosuspension derived from Terminalia arjuna callus extract as a comprehensive therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis treatment. The research highlights antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherosclerotic properties of the callus, hinting at its viability as a potential treatment for atherosclerosis. This interdisciplinary investigation emphasizes the promising role of traditional medicinal plants within modern medical paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ayurveda is a traditional medicine in India. Its origin dates back to the first century AD. It has a unique ontological and epistemological origin which is different from that of conventional medicine. • The pathological stages of CVI have been evaluated with a range of pathological conditions in Ayurveda. • Ayurvedic texts mention Terminalia arjuna as a potential herb for treating various conditions related to the cardiovascular system owing to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-hypertensive effects. • This prospective observational study shows that T erminalia arjuna is safe and effective in CVI, reducing the symptoms and also expediting ulcer healing. Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) manifests in various clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic but cosmetic problems to severe symptoms, such as lower limb edema, skin trophic changes, and ulceration. CVI substantially affects the quality of life and work productivity of the patients. Ayurveda, an ancient traditional medicine in India, evaluates the various pathological stages of CVI with a wide range of pathological conditions such as Siragranthi (venous abnormalities), Raktavaritavāta (disorders of vāta occluded by rakta ∼ blood), ApanaVaigunya (vitiated apānavāyu), Arsha (hemorrhoids), VataRakta (rheumatism due to rakta) , Kushtha (integumentary disease) and Dushta Vrana (putrefied wound) depending upon the presentations of the patient. Ayurvedic texts mention Terminalia arjuna as a potential herb for treating various conditions related to the circulatory system. The drug is an effective anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-hypertensive and has a definite role in improving cardiovascular hemodynamics and wound healing. These attributes suggest that the potential of Terminalia arjuna needs to be explored as a promising venoactive drug. This prospective observational study included 25 patients (31 limbs) with CVI who were treated with Tab Terminalia arjuna (Bark extract of Terminalia arjuna in a dose of 500 mg, given twice a day) and were observed on two visits on day 30 and day 90. Follow-up was carried out for three months to evaluate post-treatment complications or adverse effects. The clinical outcome assessment was done using Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), and clinical grading was performed using clinical classification (C0 – C6) of CEAP (Clinical–Etiology–Anatomy–Pathophysiology) classification. The median VCSS score (of both limbs) during the third visit was comparatively lower than the first, with a statistically significant improvement at 0.05 level. Further, there was a substantial positive improvement in the clinical classification of CEAP among the patients in pre and post treatment phase. The prospective observational study shows that Tab Terminalia arjuna is safe and effective in CVI, reducing the symptoms like pain, edema, inflammation, pigmentation, induration and also expediting ulcer healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Terminalia arjuna is an evergreen tree commonly referred as Arjuna, widely distributed in India and is a prominent member of the genus Terminalia. It has been discovered that the various plant parts, including the root, leaf, bark, fruits, and seeds have unique medicinal property. Among them, bark part is found to have and plethora of bioactive compounds and rich in medicinal property, especially for its cardiovascular properties. Materials and Methods: In the current investigation we have developed a standardized extract of T. arjuna bark called Cardiboost, which contains 1% arjunolic acid. Cardiboost was used to examine in vitro thrombin and ACE enzyme inhibition. Additionally, MTT assay was used to measure cell viability of H9c2 cardiomyocytes, western blot experiments were performed to measure the levels of antioxidative enzyme levels CAT and SOD and the expressions of cell apoptosis regulatory proteins PARP1, Casp antiapoptotic properties to elucidate Cardiboost ability to prevent H9c2 cardiomyocytes cells suffering from oxidative damage induced by H2O2. Results: Cardiboost, exhibited potent thrombin and ACE inhibition property, with IC50 values of 111.88µg/mL and 196.66 µg/mL respectively, Furthermore, Cardiboost, averted the cell death and significantly increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD which was subsided in presence of H2O2, and Cardiboost protected the mitochondrial events and reduced the apoptotic effects in H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Conclusion: Cardiboost could shield H9c2 cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress and may also be used as a medicinal product to prevent oxidative stress in cardiac damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eco-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) in the materials science and engineering research field has a great attraction, especially molybdenum-based nanomaterials. Recently, molybdenum-based nanomaterials have become popular in various industrial sectors due to their versatile properties. The current study deals with the synthesis of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) NPs using Terminalia arjuna bark extract. The prepared sample is annealed at different temperatures such as 100, 300, 500, and 700 °C. These samples are characterized by UV–vis, FTIR, and XRD techniques. The XRD analysis of the MoO3 NPs prepared at 700 °C reveals an orthorhombic structure with better crystallinity. The sample is annealed at 700 °C subjected to SEM, EDX, and TEM analysis. EDX elemental analysis reveals the presence of Mo (84.43 wt.%) and O (15.57 wt.%). TEM image interpretation shows the cubic and spherical-shaped particles ranging from 50 to 600 nm. The different concentrations of (1, 2.5, and 5 mg/ml) MoO3 NPs tested for antibacterial application. Better activity is noted against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 5 mg/ml. The biocompatibility assessment of synthesized MoO3 NPs was evaluated against the model organism Artemia salina nauplii. As a result, none of the tested concentrations revealed the mortality of A. salina nauplii.

This study aimed to investigate the possibility of enhancing the functionality of Quarg-type cheese by adding Arjuna bark powder in encapsulated form. Arjuna tree bark powder was extracted via ethanolic cold maceration. The encapsulated powder was made using Maltodextrin and Sodium alginate wall material solution and had encapsulating efficiency of 42 ± 4.2%. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to conduct optimization, and subsequent trials were thoroughly investigated to assess their Physico-chemical, sensory, textural, and desirable attributes. The recommended levels of variables as suggested by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) encompassed 3% of encapsulated Arjuna herb powder and 4% of honey. The conducted analysis has demonstrated that the inclusion of these variables has resulted in a notable improvement in the functionality of quarg-type cheese. Specifically, these variables have contributed to the enhancement of its antioxidant properties, sensory characteristics, rheological attributes, and textural qualities. The encapsulation of the Arjuna herb effectively concealed its astringent taste in the optimized product. Furthermore, the inclusion of honey not only improved the product's acceptability but also strengthened its antioxidative properties.

Arjunolic acid (AA) is a triterpenoid saponin found in Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. (Combretaceae). It exerts cardiovascular protective effects as a phytomedicine. However, it is unclear how AA exerts the effects at the molecular level. This study investigates the cardioprotective effects of arjunolic acid (AA) via MyD88-dependant TLR4 downstream signaling marker expression. The MTT viability assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of AA. LPS induced in vitro cardiovascular disease model was developed in H9C2 and C2C12 myotubes. The treatment groups were designed such as control (untreated), LPS control, positive control (LPS + pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC)-25 µM), and treatment groups were co-treated with LPS and three concentrations of AA (50, 75, and 100 µM) for 24 h. The changes in the expression of TLR4 downstream signaling markers were evaluated through High Content Screening (HCS) and Western Blot (WB) analysis. After 24 h of co-treatment, the expression of TLR4, MyD88, MAPK, JNK, and NF-κB markers were upregulated significantly (2-6 times) in the LPS-treated groups compared to the untreated control in both HCS and WB experiments. Evidently, the HCS analysis revealed that MyD88, NF-κB, p38, and JNK were significantly downregulated in the H9C2 myotube in the AA treated groups. In HCS, the expression of NF-κB was downregulated in C2C12. Additionally, TLR4 expression was downregulated in both H9C2 and C2C12 myotubes in the WB experiment. TLR4 marker expression in H9C2 and C2C12 myotubes was subsequently decreased by AA treatment, suggesting possible cardioprotective effects of AA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is one of the killers of our age especially for the urban areas. Urban forestry which involves planting more trees has been considered as one of the prominent strategies to mitigate air pollution. Identification of trees tolerant to air pollution is important for plantation drives being organized across the country. The present study aimed to compare the air pollution tolerance potential of 46 tree species growing in Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU) campus, Amritsar, using two indices, viz., Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API). APTI is based on four biochemical parameters, viz., relative water content, leaf extract pH, total chlorophyll, and ascorbic acid contents of leaf samples, whereas API takes into consideration morphological and socioeconomic values of plant species along with their APTI. Based on APTI values calculated for 46 tree species, only 2 tree species, viz., Psidium guajava (46.26) and Cassia fistula (41.83), were found to be tolerant to air pollution, while 25 species showed intermediate tolerance. API scores revealed one tree species, namely, P. guajava, as an excellent performer, 8 species as very good performers, and 28 species as moderate to good performers against air pollution. In conclusion, tree species like Alstonia scholaris, C. fistula, Ficus tsjakela, Grevillea robusta, Kigelia africana, Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, P. guajava, Pongamia pinnata, Pterospermum acerifolium, Putranjiva roxburghii, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia arjuna, and Toona ciliata can be considered as most desirable for plantations in areas around GNDU campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) is a pathophysiologic state when the heart is not able to maintain its cardiac output to meet the demand of metabolising tissues. CCF is responsible for approximately 2.9 million deaths worldwide. The heterogeneous nature of CCF draws the attention of researchers to find more enthralling and promising diagnostic and treatment options. Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) is an evergreen, deciduous tree exhibited various astringent, anti-bacterial, and anti-microbial properties. T. arjuna is being used in various regions for anginal pain, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and dyslipidemia. Although previous in vitro studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of T. arjuna, the exact molecular mechanism underlying its protective effect on the heart remains unclear. In this study, a network pharmacology technique was used to explore the active ingredients, potential targets in T. arjuna for the treatment of CCF. In the framework of this study, we explored the active ingredient–target–pathway network and figured out that oleanolic acid, arjunolic acid, luteolin, kaempferol, cholesterol, ellagic acid 4-O-xylopyranoside 3,3'-dimethyl ether, and cyclohexyl (2,4-dimethyl phenyl) methanone contributed significantly to the development of CCF by affecting AKT1, MAPK14, TNF, IL6, ESR1, and HSP90AA1 genes. Molecular docking analysis further validated the activities of these compounds against potential targets. To sum up, integrated network pharmacology and docking analysis revealed that T. arjuna exerts its cardioprotective effect by acting on various signalling pathways, including the thyroid hormone, VEGF signalling pathway, AGE-RAGE signalling pathway in diabetic complications, HIF signalling pathway, sphingolipid signalling pathway, and oestrogen signalling pathways. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanism of T. arjuna in CCF and highlights its potential as a promising preventive treatment for this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation highlights the chemical seed husk extracts of Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia arjuna. On the other side, the consumer highly favored orange juice, but its shelf life is less than 7 days at 4°C. So, juice requires a preservation press to increase self-life. This chemical preservation may be harmful to health in the long run. This study showed the effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts seed husks (at 0.5 and 1% concentrations) on orange juice. Compared to sodium benzoate (Artificial chemical preservation) it stored all treatments at 4°C for 14 days. This study showed a higher quality of natural preservation during the juice storage period compared to artificial. Seed husk extracts are a natural product that showed control of pathogenic growth as artificial preservation. Orange juice still seems to be fresh for more than a week without detectable, unfavorite physical or chemical changes compared to the control at 4°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory potential of the oleanane-type triterpenes and their glycosides from thebark of Terminalia arjuna (Combreatceae), i.e.,arjunic acid, arjunolic acid, arjungenin, arjunglucoside I, sericic acid and arjunetin, is presented. The studies are based on in silico pharmacokinetic and biomimetic studies, acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibitory activity tests and molecular-docking research. Based on the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters, arjunetin and arjunglucoside I are indicated as able to cross the blood–brain barrier. The compounds of interest exhibit a marked acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential, which was tested in the TLC bioautography test. The longest time to reach brain equilibrium is observed for both the arjunic and arjunolic acids and the shortest one for arjunetin. All of the compounds exhibit a high and relatively similar magnitude of binding energies, varying from ca. −15 to −13 kcal/mol. The superposition of the most favorable positions of all ligands interacting with AChE is analyzed. The correlation between the experimentally determined IC50 values and the steric parameters of the molecules is investigated. The inhibition of the enzyme by the analyzed compounds shows their potential to be used as cognition-enhancing agents. For the most potent compound (arjunglucoside I; ARG), the kinetics of AChE inhibition were tested. The Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) for the hydrolysis of the acetylthiocholine iodide substrate was calculated to be 0.011 mM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In agreement with the necessity for green synthesis, the present study elevates the feasibility of exploiting Terminalia arjuna bark calcined ash (TABCA) - a highly functional renewable heterogeneous alkaline catalyst for the cost-effective synthesis of fuel-grade fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by soybean oil (SO) transesterification under microwave irradiation. The mesoporous nature, significant surface area, and an extreme degree of basicity owing to the presence of CaO, MgO, K 2 O, SiO 2 , Na 2 O, and P 2 O 5 effectively facilitate the SO conversion. Under the optimal conditions of 24:1 M ratio of methanol: SO, 8 wt % catalyst concentration, 80 °C temperature and time period of 60 min, microwave irradiation exhibits highest biodiesel yield (99.2 ± 0.6%) and improved selectivity (100%). Likewise, FAME content in the biodiesel was found to be 99.01% from 1H NMR. The produced SO biodiesel meets the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standard requirements, making it compatible in existing engines. In addition, the mesoporous TABCA catalyst showed high stability for five consecutive transesterification reactions which yielded 80 ± 0.8% biodiesel without additional treatments. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia arjuna W. & A. bark is used as a cardioprotective herb in various traditional preparations. It consists of the oleanane class of triterpenoids as cardioprotective principles. In this study, we have developed and validated a simultaneous estimation method for four isolated triterpenoids and determined their biotransformation in a fermented formulation, Arjunadyarishta. A robust high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for the separation of arjunic acid, arjungenin, arjunetin and arjunglucoside-I. The mobile phase was optimized as ethyl acetate–toluene–tetrahydrofuran–acetic acid (10:5:4:1, V/V) over pre-coated HPTLC silica gel 60 F254 plates. The HPTLC plate was developed to a distance of 70 mm at 23 ± 4 °C in a chamber previously saturated for 20 min. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection, limit of quantification and specificity. The correlation coefficients 0.998 to 0.999 of the compounds with average recoveries of 96.25% to 102.6 were found satisfactory. The developed method can be used successfully for the quality control and quality assurance of T. arjuna formulations, where the stem bark is used. Arjunic acid content was found to be higher in the raw herb whereas arjungenin content was higher in the fermented formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the present investigation deals with the folk knowledge of important woody medicinal plants species that are used by the rural folks of the five sites of Jalaun district of Bundelkhand region of uttar Pradesh, India for the management of different kinds of ailments, found in these sites. the majority of the common vegetation in the Jalaun district is represented by tropical dry deciduous forest and scrub thorn forest. the ethnobotanical investigation revealed 51 woody plant species belonging to 46 genera and 31 families. In this investigation caesalpiniaceae (5 sp.) was the dominant family followed by Mimosaceae, Moraceae (4 sp. each), Apocynaceae, Boraginaceae and Fabaceae (3 sp. each). Acacia catechu, Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Albizia lebbeck, Bauhinia variegata, calotropis gigantea, terminalia arjuna, Aegle marmelos, Justicia adhatoda, Ziziphus mauritiana and dalbergia sissoo were the most common plant species in the district. the investigation reveals that there is not any involvement of younger generation in this research so such knowledge is at the risk of disappearance in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia arjuna (T.arjuna) bark is extensively used by Indian herbal medicine practitioners for treating various cardiovascular ailments. Though multiple clinical trials and non-clinical studies have been reported on T.arjuna bark, the toxicology data was found to be inadequate. Hence, studies were conducted to establish the toxicology profile of T.arjuna bark. In the acute toxicity study, animals were administered with a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of T. arjuna bark hydroalcoholic extract, whereas in repeated dose toxicity study animals were administered with the extract at doses of 0, 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg, once daily, for 28 consecutive days, and on day 29, all the animals were humanely sacrificed after the collection of required blood samples. There were no mortality or clinical signs of toxicity observed after administration of a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of T. arjuna bark hydro-alcoholic extract. In the repeated dose toxicity study, there were no treatment-related adverse effects in any of the dose groups and control group animals in respect to clinical signs, body weight, feed consumption, haematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, and histopathology. Based on the results, LD50 of T. arjuna bark hydro-alcoholic extract is concluded as >2000 mg/kg. No-Observed-Adverse-effect Level of T. arjuna bark hydroalcoholic extract from 28-day repeated dose toxicity study is established at 1000 mg/kg/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new triterpene glycoside, Arjunoglycoside VI (1) and Arjunursglycoside I (2) alone with five previously known analogues (3–7) were isolated from methanolic extract of the fruits of Terminalia arjuna. The structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic studies (1 D and 2 D NMR and mass). Compound 1 and 2 showed moderate activity on α-chymotrypsin enzyme inhibition with IC50 values 53.8 ± 1.39 and 64.27 ± 1.27 µg/mL respectively. Molecular docking was performed for compound 1 and 2 with the 1CGI co crystals of α-chymotrypsin enzyme protein of Bovine from protein data bank showed −7.7 and −7.6 kcal/mol binding energy, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Drug resistance exists in almost all antimalarial drugs currently in use, leading to an urgent need to identify new antimalarial drugs. Medicinal plant use is an alternative approach to antimalarial chemotherapy. This study aimed to explore potent medicinal plants from Prabchompoothaweep remedy for antimalarial drug development. Methods Forty-eight crude extracts from Prabchompoothaweep remedy and its 23 plants ingredients were investigated in vitro for antimalarial properties using Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) enzyme against Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain and toxicity effects were evaluated in Vero cells. The plant with promising antimalarial activity was further investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify phytochemicals. Antimalarial activity in mice was evaluated using a four-day suppressive test against Plasmodium berghei ANKA at dose of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight, and acute toxicity was analyzed. Results Of the 48 crude extracts, 13 (27.08%) showed high antimalarial activity against the K1 strain of P. falciparum (IC50

This study investigated the dietary immunomodulatory effects of Terminalia arjuna bark powder (TABP) in Labeo rohita, a freshwater fish model. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets containing graded levels of TABP (0, 1, 10, and 15 g/kg were fed to fish for 90 days, followed by a 10 day challenge with pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda. An integrated biomarker response (IBR) approach assessed the impact of TABP on hematological, adaptive, and humoral immune parameters, along with liver histomorphology. Dietary TABP at 10 g/kg significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) hematological indices (hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit), specific immune parameters (lysosomal enzyme activity, phagocytosis, respiratory burst), and non-specific immune parameters (serum lysozyme, alternative complement activity), and exhibited improvements in liver architecture consistent with the enhanced immune response. Broken line regression analysis showed 11.5 g/kg to be an optimum dose. However, at 15 g/kg, a compromised trend was observed in some parameters. These findings suggest an optimal dosage range for TABP’s immunomodulatory effects. The study highlights the potential of TABP as a natural immunomodulator in fish aquaculture. The improved immune response and concomitant liver health observed in Labeo rohita opens avenues for further research on TABP’s applicability in animal health, using fish as a model organism. Additionally, the IBR approach proved effective in evaluating TABP’s immunomodulatory properties, paving the way for similar studies on other natural products in aquaculture.

Background: Entisol is a very poor, compact, and low-water-holding capacity soil. They are obstacles to the plant's root system's penetration and the availability of water, particularly in dry months. However, Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) is used for seedling growth and reduces water stress in the plant. Results: In this experiment, the growth parameters and the physiological activities of the plant were changed for the well watering (WW), fractionated watering (FW), and stopped/no watering conditions of the T. arjunaseedling. This experiment demonstrated higher mycorrhizal dependency (24.90%) under the FW condition than that of the WW condition (18.58%). Also the root colonization was higher (67%) under FW plants compared to WW plants (53%) associated with AMF+ in T. arjuna seedling. Photosynthesis was found 24.27% more with FW than the WW condition. Experiment' shows posivitivecorrelation between the photosynthesis and interval of no watering for AMF− plants (r2 = 0.873 for AMF− (control) and comparatively very weak for plants with AMF+ (r2 = 0.259 for AMF+ plants). Conclusions: The findings confirms the use of AMF in entisol soil to improve plant growth and biomass by reducing edaphic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, cellulose-based nanocomposite films having trimetallic (Bi, Fe, and Sn) nanoparticles were prepared by green adaptive methodology using Terminalia arjuna leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Then, they were characterized by FTIR and SEM. The color change of microcrystalline cellulose films revealed the formation of the trimetallic (Bi, Fe, Sn) nanoparticles. Characteristics absorption peaks for reducing functional groups indicated the presence and role of the plant material used; moreover, the presence of various bands in FTIR spectra below 1000 cm−1 was indicative of the formation of (Bi, Fe, and Sn) nanocomposites. These synthesized nanomaterials were also tested for their antimicrobial potency against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Positive outcomes designated their potential to be adopted for biomedical applications and in food packaging as an alternative of synthetic plastics to control pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In ancient times Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. (TA) was used for fast healing of fracture and to strengthen the bone. However, no scientific study has been done to validate its usefulness in the alleviation of osteoporosis. To investigate the efficacy of stem bark TA against post-menopausal osteoporosis using bilateral ovariectomized rat model. Aqueous (TAA) and methanolic (TAM) extracts of TA was evaluated for its anti-osteoporotic activity. Sham control rats were allotted as Group I (Normal control); Group II animals acted as OVX control (Disease control); Group III OVX rats were treated with estrogen (Standard group – 2 mg/kg) Group IV and V OVX rats give treatment to TAA (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.), respectively. This treatment is continue for the four weeks and at the end, serum biochemical parameters such as serum calcium and alkaline phosphate were evaluated. Femoral bone parameters (Compression of vertebrae, femoral neck load testing, Three point bending of tibia, Femur length and weight), histology, body weight, and fifth lumbar vertebra breaking strength were also assessed after the sacrificing the animal. In OVX rats, atrophy of uterus and descent of BMD were suppressed by treatment with TAA and TAM. In addition, TAM 500 completely corrected the decreased serum concentration of Calcium, Phosphorus, ALP and TRAP observed in OVX rats. TAA and TAM both increased biomechanical strength significantly in comparison to the sham group. Histological results also revealed its protective action through elevation of bone formation. TAM significantly increase the uterine and femoral bone weight The TAM showed maximum anti-osteoporotic activity in in vivo study as compare to TAA. The results, evaluated on the basis of biochemical, bone mineral density, biomechanical, and histopathological parameters, presented that TAA and TAM has a definite antiosteoporotic effect, like to estrogen, especially effective for inhibition bone fracture induced by estrogen deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospinning of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber (NF) was carried out with bis (2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) and Triton X 100 (TX 100) surfactants. PCL and surfactant concentration were optimized to get fine NF. The morphological study of the NF was carried out by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. The structural changes were evaluated by X‐ray diffraction, and its elemental mapping was analyzed by energy dispersive X‐ray mapping. The addition of surfactants altered the morphology of PCL NFs and improved their physiochemical properties, such as wettability, roughness and crystallinity. Among these two surfactants, AOT gave a better NF structure. In the presence of AOT, the hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna (TA) was incorporated as the herbal drug, and antibacterial behavior against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria was monitored. The novelty of this work was in the use of a surfactant as a cospinning agent for dual purposes in a single step. The surfactant changed the hydrophobic PCL into a superhydrophilic matrix and incorporated herbal extract to develop an infection‐resistance nanofiber. The developed PCL/TA nanofiber showed excellent potential as an antimicrobial agent with antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of the chemical composition of biomaterial is important for their valued utilization in biorefinery. In this study, the chemical composition of seven wood species, i.e. lambu (Khaya anthotheca), raj-koroi (Albizia richardiana), jhau (Casuarina equisetifolia), sil-koroi (Albizia procera), katbadam (Terminalia catappa), jolpai (Elaeocarpus robustus), and arjun (Terminalia arjuna) were examined. The chemical characterization of these wood species can expedite a further study on the extraction of cellulose, lignin, and extractive. α-cellulose content was in the range of 37.0% to 42.1% and lignin content was 20.4% to 34.1%. The solubility in 1% caustic soda was 16.1% to 24.3%. The α-cellulose and lignin content were similar to other wood species. Therefore, these species can be a potential source of raw material for biorefinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to quantify the treatment capacities of medicinal plant materials integrated into low-cost water treatments system (LCWTS) to treat well water in the coastal regions of Jaffna and Dikowita in Sri Lanka. Terminalia arjuna roots, Strychnos potatorum seeds, and Phyllanthus emblica leaves were employed to design LCWTS. Paired t-tests were performed to explore water quality parameters of well water before and after treatment. Treated well water was compared with the Sri Lanka Standard Institute and Central Environment Authority. The water quality parameters of treated water samples were significantly different (p < 0.05) in three filter media. Further, ammonia, total hardness, and alkalinity concentrations in drinking water exceeded the tolerance limits. The most effective LCWTS was Terminalia arjuna while Strychnos potatorum seeds was the least effective LCWTS. Terminalia arjuna roots were the most effective filter medium due to its specific phytoremediation capabilities for water filtration and Phyllanthus emblica leaves were good in adsorbing contaminants in water. Hence, the present study showed that Terminalia arjuna and Phyllanthus emblica can be used as potential LCWTS to treat the water quality of total hardness, conductivity, ammonia, total suspended solids, alkalinity, and chloride concentrations. HIGHLIGHTS Terminalia arjuna roots, Strychnos potatorum seeds, and Phyllanthus emblica leaves were used to design LCWTS.; The most effective LCWTS was Terminalia arjuna for improving water quality in contaminated water.; Phyllanthus emblica can be used as potential LCWTS to treat the water quality.; Improve water quality parameters such as total hardness, conductivity, ammonia, total suspended solids, alkalinity, and chloride concentrations.;

Woodland combat background (CB) is a common source of natural plant based natural dyes (NPND). Swietenia Macrophylla, Mangifera Indica, Terminalia Arjuna, Corchorus Capsularis, Camellia Sinensis, Azadirachta Indica, Acacia Acuminata, Areca Catechu and Cinnamomum Tamala were dried-grinded-powdered-extracted-polyaziridine encapsulated-dyed-coated-printed with leafy design on cotton fabric and tested against woodland CB under the reflection engineering of ultraviolet (UV)–visible (Vis)–near infrared (NIR) spectrums and photographic versus chromatic techniques of Vis imaging. The reflection properties of NPND treated and untreated cotton fabric were experimented by UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer from 220 to 1400 nm. Six segments of field trialling for NPND treated woodland camouflage textiles were also investigated for concealment, detection, recognition and identification of target signature against forest plants/herbs species; common tree of woodland CB such as Shorea Robusta Gaertn, Bamboo Vulgaris, Musa Acuminata; and a wooden bridge made by Eucalyptus Citriodora & Bamboo Vulgaris. The imaging properties such as CIE L*, a*, b* and RGB (red, green, blue) of NPND treated cotton-garments were captured by digital camera from 400 to 700 nm against tree stem/bark, dry leaves, green leaves and dry wood of woodland CB. Therefore, a colorful matching for concealment, detection, recognition and identification of target signature against woodland CB was verified by Vis camera imaging and UV–Vis–NIR reflection mechanism. UV-protection property of Swietenia Macrophylla treated cotton fabric was also investigated by diffuse reflection for defence clothing. Simultaneous 'camouflage textiles in UV–Vis–NIR' and 'UV-protective' property of Swietenia Macrophylla treated fabric have been investigated for NPND materials-based textiles coloration (dyeing-coating-printing) which is a new concept for camouflage formulation of NPND dyed-NPND mordanted-NPND coated-NPND printed textiles in terms of ecofriendly source of woodland camouflage materials. Therefore, technical properties of NPND materials and methodologies of camouflage textile assessment have been advanced in addition to coloration philosophy of natural dyed-coated-printed textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are affected by salt stress in a variety of ways, including water deficiency, ion toxicity, nutrient imbalance, and oxidative stress, all of which can cause cellular damage or plant death. Halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) could be a viable alternative for tomato plants growing in arid and semi-arid environments. The aim of this research was to isolate halotolerant plant growth promoting Bacillus sp. to promote tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growth and salt stress resistance. 107 PGPR strains were isolated from the rhizospheres of 'Kesudo' (Butea monosperma Lam.), 'Kawaria' (Cassia tora L.), and 'Arjun' (Terminalia arjuna Roxb.) plants to test their plant growth promoting abilities, including indole-3-acetic acid, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and ACC deaminase activity. Five bacterial strains (Bacillus pumilus (NCT4), Bacillus firmus (NCT1), Bacillus licheniformis (LCT4), Bacillus cereus (LAT3), and Bacillus safensis (LBM4)) were chosen for 16S rRNA on the basis of PGPR traits. Compared to PGPR untreated plants, tomato plants developed from PGPR-treated seeds had considerably increased germination percentage, seedling growth, plant height, dry weight, and leaf area. As comparison to PGPR non-inoculated plants, salt-stressed tomato plants treated with PGPR strains had higher levels of total soluble sugar, proline, and chlorophyll as well as higher levels of SOD, CAT, APX, and GR activity. PGPR-inoculated salt-stressed tomato plants had lower MDA, sodium, and chloride levels than non-inoculated plants. In addition, magnesium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and iron levels were higher in PGPR treated plants when subjected to salt stress. These results indicate that halotolerant PGPR strains can increase tomato productivity and tolerance to salt stress by removing salt stress's negative effects on plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a plethora of plant species in India, which have been widely used in vegetable dishes, soups, desserts and herbal medicine. In addition to these traditional uses, today there is the extra possibility of also being able to use these plants in the nutritional supplements industry due to their favorable antioxidant and mineral composition. In this sense, thirteen vegetable species—Chanania lanzan, Ziziphus mauritiana, Nilumbo nucifera, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa aegyptiaca, Praecitrullus fistulosus, Benincasa hispida, Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus and Cucurbita maxima—have been analyzed. In this paper we discuss the distribution of polyphenols and minerals (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, P, S, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, As and Pb) in different seed parts (the rhizome, pericarp, carpel, seed coat and kernel) of the above species and their possible use in the nutritional supplements industry. The concentrations of total polyphenols, flavonoids and minerals ranged from 407 to 3144 mg rutin hydrate/100 g, 24 to 3070 mg quercetin/100 g and 1433 to 7928 mg/100 g, respectively. K, Ca, P and S were abundant in these herbal fruits. In two species of herbal fruits, Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia chebula, only part of the seed structure was suitable for use in nutritional supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical screening, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxic activity of Terminalia arjuna leaf soxhlet extracts employing different solvents were studied. Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, and carbohydrates were all found in phytochemical analysis. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined utilizing the disc diffusion technique with two different bacteria. When compared to the gold standard, extracts of ethyl acetate proved to be effective against bacteria. Cytotoxicity testing using breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) confirmed the efficacy of a crude extract whose GC-MS analysis revealed 11 bioactive components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arnot of the Combretaceae family is one of the most frequently approved and utilized medicinal trees in the traditional medicinal system, which was used for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular disorders. The present study aims to identify phytochemicals from T. arjuna, that do not exhibit any toxicity and have significant cardioprotective activity using an in-silico technique. Four different cardiovascular proteins, namely human angiotensin receptor (PDB ID: 4YAY), P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, PDB ID: 4DLI), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-Co A) reductase (PDB ID: 1HW9), and human C-reactive protein (PDB ID: 1B09), were used as target proteins to identify potential inhibitors using a virtual screening of the phytochemicals in T. arjuna revealed casuarinin as a potential inhibitor of all selected target proteins with strong binding energy. Furthermore, MD simulations for a 100 ns time scale also revealed that most of the key protein contacts of all target proteins were retained throughout the simulation trajectories. Binding free energy calculations using the MM-GBSA approach also support a strong inhibitory effect of casuarinin on target proteins. Casuarinin's effective binding to these proteins lays the groundwork for the development of broad-spectrum drugs as well as the understanding of the underlying mechanism against cardiovascular diseases through in vivo and clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia arjuna possesses significant cardioprotective, antidiabetic and antioxidant properties as these properties are described in Ayurveda. In the present study, three flavonoids were isolated through the separation and chromatographic purification of the whole plant material of T. arjuna. Spectroscopic characterization identified one of them as a new flavonoid "Terminalone A (1)" and two known flavonoids i.e., 6-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one (2) and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (3). The bioactivity studies showed considerable antibacterial and antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging) potential for all the three compounds 1–3 where the compound 1 showed strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia arjuna, is an important medicinal plant mainly used for cardiovascular ailments in the traditional Indian system of medicine Ayurveda. The stem bark of T. arjuna is generally employed in Ayurvedic formulations. The present study undertakes the possibilities of judicious utilization of stem bark and inner wood combinations of T. arjuna instead of bark alone in herbal medicines. Different combinations of bark and inner wood portions were prepared and extracted. Preliminary phytochemical analyses by qualitative tests, and quantitative estimations of total phenolics, and flavonoid contents revealed predominant results in bark extract. Anti-oxidant activities like DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging assays were carried out and bark extract showed leading results and the combination sample also showed promising values. Comparative chemical profiling of the samples was done using High-performance thin layer chromatography to identify and quantify major chemical constituents. Flavonoids such as catechin, epicatechin, and phenolic acid, gallic acid were identified by HPTLC profiling, in all samples. On quantification of gallic acid, the bark and sample BS1 showed promising results when compared with other combination samples. The identified compounds were proven with medicinal activities against cardiovascular-related ailments. The present study concluded that BS1 (75:25) of bark and wood combination could be used instead of bark (B) for medicinal preparations without affecting the quality so the 25% usage of bark can be reduced and 25% of the stem can be saved from waste. The study will be beneficial for Ayurvedic industries using the bark T. arjuna for medicinal preparation since the wastage of wood can be reduced without affecting the quality of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drug resistance exists in almost all antimalarial drugs currently in use, leading to an urgent need to identify new antimalarial drugs. Medicinal plant use is an alternative approach to antimalarial chemotherapy. This study aimed to explore potent medicinal plants from Prabchompoothaweep remedy for antimalarial drug development. Methods: Forty-eight crude extracts from Prabchompoothaweep remedy and its 23 plants ingredients were investigated in vitro for antimalarial properties using Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) enzyme against Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain and toxicity effects were evaluated in Vero cells. The plant with promising antimalarial activity was further investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify phytochemicals. Antimalarial activity in mice was evaluated using a four-day suppressive test against Plasmodium berghei ANKA at dose of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight, and acute toxicity was analyzed. Results: Of the 48 crude extracts, 13 (27.08%) showed high antimalarial activity against the K1 strain of P. falciparum (IC50 < 10 μg/ml) and 9 extracts (18.75%) were moderately active (IC50 = 11–50 μg/ml). Additionally, the ethanolic extract of Prabchompoothaweep remedy showed moderate antimalarial activity against the K1 strain of P. falciparum (IC50 = 14.13 μg/ml). Based on in vitro antimalarial and toxicity results, antimalarial activity of the aqueous fruit extract of Terminalia arjuna (IC50 = 4.05 μg/ml and CC50 = 219.6 μg/ml) was further studied in mice. GC-MS analysis of T. arjuna extract identified 22 compounds. The most abundant compounds were pyrogallol, gallic acid, shikimic acid, oleamide, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 1,1-diethoxy-ethane, quinic acid, and furfural. Analysis of the four-day suppressive test indicated that T. arjuna extract at dose of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight significantly suppressed the Plasmodium parasites by 28.33, 45.77, and 67.95%, respectively. In the acute toxicity study, T. arjuna extract was non-toxic at 2000 mg/kg body weight. Conclusions: The aqueous fruit extract of T. arjuna exerts antimalarial activity against Plasmodium parasites found in humans (P. falciparum K1) and mice (P. berghei ANKA). Acute toxicity studies showed that T. arjuna extract did not show any lethality or adverse effects up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic kidney disease is now a global burden with an increased grade of morbidity and mortality due to the unavailability of particular medicines except for high-cost treatments like dialysis or kidney transplantation. Tribal people use their own indigenous preparation of medicinal plants for the prevention and treatment of kidney ailments. The present study was aimed at preparing Arjunakwaatha and Arjunasheeta, an indigenous preparation of the bark of Terminalia arjuna (TA) and its supplementation in the kidney injury rat model. Materials and Methods: In this study, rats were induced to kidney injury (KI) by intraperitoneal injection of paracetamol 15 mg/kg b. w. for 14 days and supplementation of Arjunakwaatha and Arjunasheeta with various doses continued the experimentation for 28 days. Results: Results showed that urea, creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), glutamine oxalic transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in plasma, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in kidney tissue, urinary protein, and KIM-1 were significantly (p<0.05) increased in kidney injury rats when compared to normal control rats. Supplementation of Arjunakwaatha and Arjunasheeta with kidney injury rats significantly (p<0.05) decreased urea, creatinine, CRP, GOT, GPT, MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH levels as compared to kidney injury rats. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed new low molecular weight urinary protein bands in kidney injury rats. The protective effects of Arjunakwaatha and Arjunasheeta present no band at this molecular level in normal rats. Conclusion: It has been concluded that Arjunakwaatha is the best indigenous preparation for kidney protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicines were the main source of therapeutic agents in the ancestral era. Terminalia arjuna (TA) is one such medicinal plant widely known for its several medicinal properties, especially its cardiovascular properties. They have several phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids, tannins, glycosides, and several minerals, proteins, and others that are responsible for the above-mentioned medicinal properties. In this review, we have first elaborated on the various processes and their parameters for the efficient extraction of relevant phytochemicals from TA extracts. Secondly, the mechanisms behind the various medicinal properties of TA extracts are explained. We have also highlighted the role of TA extracts on the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, especially silver and gold nanoparticles, with an elucidation on the mechanisms behind the synthesis of nanoparticles. Finally, TA extracts-based polymeric formulations are discussed with limitations and future perspectives. We believe that this review could help researchers understand the importance of a well-known cardioprotective medicinal plant, TA, and its biomedical properties, as well as their role in green nanotechnology and various formulations explored for encapsulating them. This review will help researchers design better and greener nanomedicines as well as better formulations to improve the stability and bioavailability of TA extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: It is widely believed that aquaculture has the greatest potential to provide both economic and nutritional security. Bacterial infections in the culture system result from intensified aquaculture methods, resulting in a significant economic loss for fishermen. Because antibiotics are the standard treatment for bacterial infections in Southeastern countries, antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a major health concern. Herbal remedies are being promoted as a replacement for the undesired medicines. In Ayurveda, the Terminalia arjuna plant is considered a "miracle plant" since it has been used for centuries to treat serious illnesses in humans. However, applications in aquaculture remain in their early stage. The purpose of this study is to assess the therapeutic value of incorporating powdered Terminalia arjuna bark with Labeo rohita. Based on the findings, the researchers suggest adding Terminalia arjuna bark powder to fish food at a rate of 12.3 g·kg−1 (as determined by the broken line regression equation) to help the fish become resistant to disease. Utilizing agro-industrial waste and herbal products to create a circular bioeconomy is becoming increasingly popular. Terminalia arjuna is a significant ethnomedicinal plant that has not yet been exploited in animal feed. In the present study, nutritional Terminalia arjuna bark powder-based fish feed was created and supplied to a candidate fish species Labeo rohita at varied levels: 0% (0 g/kg), 0.5% (5 g/kg), 1% (10 g/kg), and 1.5% (15 g/kg). These treatment groups are denoted as CT, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Utilizing a contemporary comprehensive biomarker response strategy, the study clarified the genomic influence of dietary herb inclusion. In response to bacterial infection, the immunogenic genes, STAT 1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1), ISG 15 (interferon stimulating gene), and Mx "myxovirus resistance gene", were shown to be elevated. The results of densitometry demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in STAT 1 and ISG 15, with Mx exhibiting maximal values at 1 g/kg TABP (Terminalia arjuna bark powder-based feed). This is the first study to identify TABP as an immunomodulator in fish and established the IBR (Integrated Bio-marker Response) as a reliable marker in evaluating the impact of multiple drivers in a holistic manner. Thus, the present study cleared the path for TABP to be utilized as an effective feed additive which enhances the specific adaptive immune system of the fish for the production of the Green fish product for a sustainable circular bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the allelopathic effects of abscised plant parts of Terminalia arjuna on germination, growth, and physio-biochemical processes of Triticum aestivum L. Different doses of plant material obtained from fruits (F100 and F50), branches (B100 and B50), leaves (L100 and L50), and the mixture of all plant parts (A100) were applied to the seedbeds of two varieties of T. aestivum, DPW-62150 and DBW-17. It was observed that both the varieties differed in the intensity of response towards the treatments measured in terms of seed germination, shoot length, root length, dry weight, vigour index, tolerance index, total chlorophyll, nitrogen and organic carbon. The mixture of all the plant parts of T. arjuna stimulated most of the studied parameters and wheat variety DBW-17 performed better as compared to DPW-62150. A total of 49 allelochemicals were identified in the GC-MS analysis, of which 28, 28, and 30 were present in the fruit, branch and leaf powder, respectively. It can be inferred from the study that T. aestivum, particularly variety DBW-17, can be successfully intercropped with T. arjuna. However, further field studies should be undertaken on a wider scale to validate the results of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokines are proteins that play a critical role in immune cells' development, maturation, and functional activities. For the first time, we have investigated the potential role of Terminalia arjuna as IL-4 and IL-13 modulators for preventing T1DM, i.e., autoimmune diabetes. It has been well documented that the stimulation of IL-4 and IL-13 can regulate the level of type 2 cytokines which can be maintained with the level of type 1 cytokines. The present study investigated gallic acid, arjunolic acid, luteolin, ellagic acid, and arjunone for their potential modulating activity of IL-4 and IL-13. The active amino acid residues identified for IL-4 are VAL51, HIS58, ASP87, THR30, GLN54, THR63, ARG64, LYS84, and GLU60. The active amino acid residues identified for IL-13 are H: GLU46, H: TRP47, H: GLN61, L: PHE98, L: VAL97, L: GLU162, L: THR163, H: ARG105, L: GLN38, L: ASP85, H: GLY42, L: GLY41, H: PRO41, H: TRP47, and L: PHE98. The phytoconstituents demonstrated better modulating activity towards IL-13 than IL-4. Luteolin displayed better potential for both IL-4 and IL-13, and therefore we concluded that it could be used to modulate the activity of IL-4 and IL-13 for the prevention of autoimmune diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This current work revealed a single-step fabrication of tungsten oxide nanoflakes (WO3 NFs) with the help of Terminalia arjuna bark extract. Bioactive phytoconstituents of T. arjuna bark extract were involved in the nucleation process and promoted the material crystalline growth in a particular direction. The as-prepared sample thermal decomposition was analyzed by TG/DTG. The as-prepared sample was annealed at 300 °C for 2 h, and the annealed sample was characterized by UV-Vis-DRS, FTIR, Raman, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TEM. Synthesized WO3 samples showed a monoclinic phase of the flake-like structure with lengths of 25~230 nm and diameters of 25~120 nm. The WO3 NFs were evaluated against S. aureus and E. coli. Over 3 mg concentrations of WO3 NFs outperform the positive control in antibacterial activity. The pseudo-first-order kinetics of the WO3 NFs enhanced the photocatalytic performance of methylene blue (MB). These results prove that WO3 NFs have sustainable performance in antibacterial and MB degradation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]