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Tax is the biggest contributor to the country's development. Based on Government Regulation Number 58 of 2023 and Minister of Finance Regulation Number 168 of 2023, the Indonesian government regulates the latest regulations regarding Income Tax (PPh) article 21 on individual taxpayers. In this case, it is stated that the rate of withholding income tax article 21 consists of the Effective Rate (TER) of withholding income tax article 21 for each tax period and the rate of Article 17 paragraph (1) letter a of the Income Tax Law for the last tax period. The existence of this regulation aims to provide convenience in the implementation of the latest tax obligations that have previously been amended in accordance with Law Number 7 of 2021. The TER calculation scheme is imposed on income received and can increase the economic benefits of taxpayers. This research aims to discuss and review comprehensively related to problem solving for the case of each classification of Income Tax 21 calculation. This research method, namely documentation techniques and literature study. The results showed the same and different results in the old and new regulations for each aspect of the classification of individual taxpayer calculations. With this research, it is hoped that it can add reference and knowledge for readers and further researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centrando-nos na Linguística Histórica, investigamos indícios de gramaticalização de haver/ter no presente + particípio em textos dos séculos XIII a XV, disponíveis na base de dados Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval. Para efetuarmos um mapeamento semântico-sintático da construção, analisamos as acepções aspecto-temporais: de antepresente ou pretérito por século, as quais foram articuladas aos parâmetros: seleção/significação argumental do segundo argumento de haver/ter; combinação semântica entre haver/ter e particípio e frequência de uso de haver/ter. A construção haver/ter no presente + particípio esteve mais atrelada à acepção de antepresente: passado com relevância presente, embora haja considerável número de ocorrências da outra acepção: a de pretérito, sendo as construções com o verbo haver mais frequentes tanto no século XIII quanto no século XIV, com leve tendência ao uso do verbo ter no século XV. Em termos de seleção argumental, observa-se tendência à seleção de objeto indicativo de posse inalienável, o que se configura como um indício de gramaticalização, pois a abstratização do objeto possuído conduz à atenuação da significação de posse originária dos verbos haver e ter. Também há ocorrências de combinações com particípios que contradizem a noção de posse própria desses verbos (como em ‘ter perdido’), o que é outro indício de gramaticalização, ou seja, da auxiliarização de haver/ter. A articulação entre funções, século e parâmetros semântico-sintáticos permitiu-nos um olhar mais verticalizado sobre a gênese do pretérito perfeito composto em português, tanto em relação à forma que se fixou (ter + particípio) quanto à acepção corrente de passado com relevância presente.

A norma-padrão idealizada no Brasil vem de uma origem lusitanizada e, desde o início de sua implementação na nossa cultura, já estava fadada ao fracasso por estar totalmente distante do senso linguístico dos mais de 80% de analfabetos que habitavam o país no final do século XIX, ou seja, já nasceu sem ressonância social, ambientada em contexto de uma pequena elite letrada (Faraco, 2023). Ter e haver sempre concorreram no Português e existem muitos estudos relatando as mudanças diacrônicas dessa dupla. O que vemos atualmente é uma preferência, quase categórica, pelo verbo ter em detrimento do verbo haver na fala brasileira (Callou; Avelar, 2000; Lucchesi, 2022). A partir da ideia de que existem no Brasil outros padrões de referência (Faraco, 2008, 2015, 2020) se sobrepondo à norma-padrão prescrita pela gramática tradicional, buscou-se identificar em que medida a variação ter/haver existencial aparece na escrita acadêmica. A pesquisa é pautada nos estudos da Sociolinguística Laboviana (Weinreich, Labov, Herzog, 2006 [1968]), que considera a língua em uso, em seu contexto heterogêneo, e pretende sistematizar fatores que condicionam as variações linguísticas. Há ainda um panorama das reflexões mais recentes, no contexto brasileiro, sobre norma e diversidade linguística (Lucchesi, 2015; Vieira, 2018; Vieira, Lima, 2019). Nossos dados foram extraídos de publicações de revistas eletrônicas da USP e da UFRJ: são textos escritos e lidos por uma parcela considerada mais escolarizada da população, que consome e pratica a escrita acadêmica, lê e escreve, periodicamente, segundo modelos dos gêneros textuais acadêmicos, relativamente estáveis em sua produção. Optou-se por investigar textos de Comunicação Social e Direito, duas áreas que atuam essencialmente por meio da expressão linguística. Os resultados indicam que os produtores de textos acadêmicos se prendem a formatos específicos de gêneros e linguagens, corroborando a manutenção da forma mais conservadora, mas que o ter existencial vem ganhando espaço, sobretudo ao selecionar argumentos mais concretos e humanos, não sendo exemplo, portanto, de variante recusada nem na escrita acadêmica. Assim, identificamos diferentes padrões de referência sendo praticados pela parcela mais escolarizada da população, dentre os quais convivem os propostos pela chamada norma-padrão tradicional e outros padrões, convivência que denuncia uma norma de referência para a escrita que acomoda pluralidade, conforme propõe Vieira; Lima (2019).

Despite numerous advances in all areas of cardiovascular care, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States (US). There is compelling evidence that interventions to improve diet are effective in cardiovascular disease prevention. This clinical practice statement emphasizes the importance of evidence-based dietary patterns in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and ASCVD risk factors, including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. A diet consisting predominantly of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, plant protein and fatty fish is optimal for the prevention of ASCVD. Consuming more of these foods, while reducing consumption of foods with saturated fat, dietary cholesterol, salt, refined grain, and ultra-processed food intake are the common components of a healthful dietary pattern. Dietary recommendations for special populations including pediatrics, older persons, and nutrition and social determinants of health for ASCVD prevention are discussed.

Defects of tight junction (TJ) are involved in many diseases related to epithelial cell functions, including kidney stone disease (KSD), which is a common disease affecting humans for over a thousand years. This review provides brief overviews of KSD and TJ, and summarizes the knowledge on crystal-induced defects of TJ in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) in KSD. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals, particularly COM, disrupt TJ via p38 MAPK and ROS/Akt/p38 MAPK signaling pathways, filamentous actin (F-actin) reorganization and α-tubulin relocalization. Stabilizing p38 MAPK signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, F-actin and α-tubulin by using SB239063, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), phalloidin and docetaxel, respectively, successfully prevent the COM-induced TJ disruption and malfunction. Additionally, genetic disorders of renal TJ, including mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CLDN2, CLDN10b, CLDN14, CLDN16 and CLDN19, also affect KSD. Finally, the role of TJ as a potential target for KSD therapeutics and prevention is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelial cells transport substances through the cellular and paracellular pathways. The last one depends on tight junctions, particularly on claudins, the family of integral membrane proteins responsible for the permeability and selectivity of these junctions. 300 nM ouabain (OUA) induces endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of claudin-2 and -4 in an Src and ERK1/2 kinases-dependent manner. Here we investigate whether OUA-induced lysosomal degradation of claudins implicates autophagy in renal epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. During autophagy, LC3 protein binds phosphatidylethanolamine and incorporates, together with protein p62, into the phagophore. Subsequently, the autolysosome degrades both LC3 and p62 proteins. OUA’s occupancy of its site in the Na⁺/K⁺ATPase (300 nM, 10 h) increases autophagic flux because of degradation of LC3 and p62 and an increase in the number of autophagosomes, as detected by fluorescent LC3 and p62 puncta and the rise in autolysosomes seen by the GFP-LC3-RFP probe. Finally, OUA increases the colocalisation of claudin-1, -2, or -4 with p62 in these puncta. OUA induces autophagy increasing reactive oxygen species generation that activates AMP-activated protein kinase, phosphorylating ULK1 at S555. The autophagy inducer rapamycin causes a degradation of the studied claudins comparable to the one generated by OUA. Furthermore, the autophagy inhibitor dorsomorphin blocks OUA-induced autophagy and claudin-1, -2, and -4 degradation. These results demonstrated that OUA induces claudin-1, -2, and -4 autophagy through oxidative stress. Abbreviations: AMP: adenosine monophosphate; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; DM: dorsomorphin; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; MDCK: Madin-Darby canine kidney; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; OUA: ouabain; PCC: Pearson’s correlation coefficient; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine, Rapa: rapamycin; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SNK: Student–Newman–Keuls; TER: transepithelial electrical resistance; TJs: tight junctions; ULK1: Unc-51-like kinase 1.

Physical application methods such as heat energy, light, electricity and electromagnetic fields, pressure are used in the treatment of musculo-nervous system diseases in health. Galvanic current, iontophoresis (galvanotherapy), medical galvanism and surgical galvanism (electrolysis) methods are used in treatments. In this review, aim is explain the importance of galvanic current used in health and the areas where it is used in the light of literature information. Galvanic current (DC: direct current), which is negative or positive monophasic, is a current generated by the movement of electrons in the same intensity and with the same direction. With this current, various ions or therapeutic drugs are introduced under the skin. This method is called galvanotherapy or iontophoresis1. With the iontophoresis method, desired or therapeutic drugs are introduced into the skin by using electric current. Initially, it was called iontophoresis because it started with the intradermal administration of chemical agents such as AlCl3 (aluminium chloride) or AlSO4 (aluminium sulphate) which are effective in excessive sweating. Later, it was understood that galvanic current was effective in sweating. Iontophoresis method is used in the treatment of hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) and its efficacy and reliability have been known for many years. In environment with a temperature higher than the body temperature, heat transfer takes place by excreting sweat from our sweat glands to the outside of the body in order for our body to maintain its own temperature. After this heat transfer, the sweat evaporates. Eccrine sweat glands, which are usually located in the hands, feet and armpits and regulated by the peripheral and central nervous system, are approximately 2-4 million in a person. In case of too much stimulation, excessive sweating called hyperhidrosis occurs. Excessive sweating negatively affects the social and business life of individuals. Iontophoresis (galvanotherapy), botox, endoscopic thoracic sympathotomy (ETS) and local antiperspirants are used in the treatment of excessive sweating. As a result of researches, approximately 1% of the population is faced with this disorder even though it can occur at any age in men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The latest progress in the design of the water-cooled lithium–lead (WCLL) tritium extraction and removal (TER) system for the European DEMO tokamak reactor is presented. The implementation and optimization of the conceptual design of the TER system are performed in order to manage the tritium concentration in the LiPb and ancillary systems, to control the LiPb chemistry, to remove accumulated corrosion and activated products (in particular, the helium generated in the BB), to store the LiPb, to empty the BB segments, to shield the equipment due to LiPb activation, and to accommodate possible overpressure of the LiPb. The LiPb volumes in the inboard (IB) and outboard (OB) modules of the BB are separately managed due to the different pressure drops and required mass flow rates in the different plasma operational phases. Therefore, the tritium extraction is managed by 6 LiPb loops: 4 loops for the OB segments and 2 loops for the IB segments. Each one is a closed loop with forced circulation of the liquid metal through the TER and the other ancillary systems. The design presents the new CAD drawings and the integration of the TEU into the tokamak building, designed on the basis of an experimental characterization carried out for the permeator against vacuum (PAV) and gas–liquid contactor (GLC) technologies, the two most promising technologies for tritium extraction from liquid metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testicular teratomas and teratocarcinomas are the most common testicular germ cell tumors in early childhood and young men, and they are frequently found unilaterally in the left testis. In 129/SvJ mice carrying a heterozygous copy of the potent modifier of tumor incidence Ter, a point mutation in the dead-end homolog one gene (Dnd1Ter/+), ~70% of the unilateral teratomas arise in the left testis. We previously showed that in mice, left/right differences in vascular architecture are associated with reduced hemoglobin saturation and increased levels of the hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in the left compared to the right testis. To test the hypothesis that systemic reduction of oxygen availability in Dnd1Ter/+ mice would lead to an increased incidence of bilateral tumors, we placed pregnant females from 129/SvJ Dnd1Ter/+ intercross matings in a hypobaric chamber for 12-h intervals. Our results show that in 129/SvJ Dnd1Ter/+ male gonads, the incidence of bilateral teratoma increased from 3.3% to 64% when fetuses were exposed to acute low oxygen conditions for 12-h between E13.8 and E14.3. The increase in tumor incidence correlated with the maintenance of high expression of pluripotency genes Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog, elevated activity of the Nodal signaling pathway, and suppression of germ cell mitotic arrest. We propose that the combination of heterozygosity for the Ter mutation and hypoxia causes a delay in male germ cell differentiation that promotes teratoma initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Feline idiopathic cystitis is a common disease in domestic cats. The pathogenesis of the illness is not completely understood, but the role of various stress factors and the concomitant release of stress hormones, such as norepinephrine, is strongly suggested. Therefore, the examination of this hormone is essential to gain a deeper knowledge of the development of the disease. In the present study, a novel cell culture of uroepithelial cells from a feline urinary bladder was established to serve as a proper model for studying the effects of a norepinephrine triggered stress reaction. Acute, 1 h norepinephrine exposure affected uroepithelial cells by increasing metabolic activity, inducing a proinflammatory response, triggering oxidative stress, and decreasing the barrier integrity of the cultured cells. The results of this study underline that stress-associated norepinephrine release has a direct molecular effect on the uroepithelial cells; the reaction of these cells may play an important mediatory role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The established cell culture model can be a good tool for further in vitro investigations related to urinary disorders of cats. Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is one of the most common urinary tract disorders in domestic cats. As stress is suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis of FIC, the effects of norepinephrine (NE) as a stress mediator were investigated on a novel feline primary uroepithelial cell culture, serving as an in vitro model of the disease. The uroepithelial cells gained from the mucosa of the bladder of a euthanized cat were cultured for 6 days and were acutely exposed to NE (10, 100, and 1000 µM) for 1 h. NE increased the metabolic activity of the cultured cells and elevated the extracellular concentrations of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 (IL-6) and stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1), confirming that NE can trigger an inflammatory response in the uroepithelium. Cellular protein carbonyl levels were increased by NE exposure, while malondialdehyde and glucose regulated protein 78 concentrations remained unchanged, indicating that NE may provoke the oxidative damage of proteins without inducing lipid peroxidation or endoplasmic reticulum stress. Further, it can be strongly suggested that an acute NE challenge might diminish the barrier function of uroepithelial cells, as reflected by the decreased glycosaminoglycan concentration, claudin-4 protein expression, and reduced TER values of the NE-treated cell cultures. Based on these results, short-term NE exposure mimicking acute stress can provoke an inflammatory response and decrease the barrier integrity of cultured feline uroepithelial cells. Hence, it is highly expected that stress-associated NE release may play an important mediatory role in the pathogenesis of FIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hindi is the national language of India. However, most of the Government records, resolutions, news, etc. are documented in English which remote villagers may not understand. This fact motivates to develop an automatic language translation system from English to Hindi. Machine translation is the process of translating a text in one natural language into another natural language using computer system. Grammatical structure of Hindi language is very much complex than English language. The structural difference between English and Hindi language makes it difficult to achieve good quality translation results. In this paper, phrase-based statistical machine translation approach (PBSMT) is used for translation. Translation, reordering and language model are main working components of a PBSMT system. This paper evaluates the impact of various combinations of these PBSMT system parameters on automated English to Hindi language translation quality. Freely available n-gram-based BLEU metric and TER metric are used for evaluating the results.

Testicular teratomas and teratocarcinomas are the most common testicular germ cell tumors in early childhood and young men, and they are frequently found unilaterally in the left testis. In 129/SvJ mice carrying a heterozygous copy of the potent modifier of tumor incidence Ter, a point mutation in the dead-end homolog one gene (Dnd1Ter/+), ∼70% of the unilateral teratomas arise in the left testis. We previously showed that in mice, left/right differences in vascular architecture are associated with reduced hemoglobin saturation and increased levels of the hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in the left compared to the right testis. To test the hypothesis that systemic reduction of oxygen availability in Dnd1Ter/+ mice would lead to an increased incidence of bilateral tumors, we placed pregnant females from 129/SvJ Dnd1Ter/+ intercross matings in a hypobaric chamber for 12-h intervals. Our results show that in 129/SvJ Dnd1Ter/+ male gonads, the incidence of bilateral teratoma increased from 3.3% to 64% when fetuses were exposed to acute low oxygen conditions for 12-h between E13.8 and E14.3. The increase in tumor incidence correlated with the maintenance of high expression of pluripotency genes Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog, elevated activity of the Nodal signaling pathway, and suppression of germ cell mitotic arrest. We propose that the combination of heterozygosity for the Ter mutation and hypoxia causes a delay in male germ cell differentiation that promotes teratoma initiation.

Conditions that cause the loss of epithelial barrier integrity are often accompanied by dysregulation of tight junction protein expression and/or localization. Recently, we have reported that patients with mutations in SLC12A2, the gene encoding the basolateral Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC1), suffer from severe gastrointestinal deficits, including chronic gastrointestinal inflammation, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, intestinal obstruction, and constipation. Although the intestinal inflammation observed in patients with loss of NKCC1 function may or may not be due to tight junction dysfunction, we investigated whether the loss of NKCC1 function affects paracellular ion transport and epithelial barrier function. Wild-type HT29-MTX-E12 and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NKCC1 knockout (KO) HT29 clones were tested for tight junction protein expression and localization. Tightness of epithelial cell monolayer was assessed by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance and permeability of molecular tracers in transwell filters. Tight junction protein localization was assessed by immunofluorescence. Loss of NKCC1 expression strongly increases the expression of claudin-2 and occludin in epithelial cell monolayers. Loss of NKCC1 significantly reduces the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) indicating an increase in paracellular ions flux, consistent with upregulation of the cation-selective and channel-forming claudin-2. In addition, NKCC1-KO monolayers showed a significant increase in the paracellular flux of small molecules like fluorescein (0.33 kDa), whereas the permeability of higher molecular weight TRITC-Dextran (4 kDa and 70 kDa) remained unchanged. Thus, NKCC1 regulates tight junction protein expression and loss of NKCC1 function affects epithelial barrier integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Corynebacterium accolens (C. accolens) is a common nasal colonizer, whereas Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is typically regarded a pathogenic organism in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This study aims to evaluate the interaction of the two bacteria in vitro. Methods: Clinical isolates of C. accolens and S. aureus from sinonasal swabs, as well as primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) cultured from cellular brushings of both healthy and CRS patients were used for this study. The cell-free culture supernatants of all isolates grown alone and in co-cultures were tested for their effects on transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), FITCDextran permeability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and IL-6 and IL-8 secretion of HNECs. Confocal scanning laser microscopy and immunofluorescence were also used to visualize the apical junctional complexes. C. accolens cell-free culture supernatants were also tested for antimicrobial activity and growth on planktonic and biofilm S. aureus growth. Results: The cell-free culture supernatants of 3\C. accolens strains (at 60% for S. aureus reference strain and 30% concentration for S. aureus clinical strains) inhibited the growth of both the planktonic S. aureus reference and clinical strains significantly. The C. accolens cell-free culture supernatants caused no change in the TER or FITC-Dextran permeability of the HNEC-ALI cultures, while the cell-free culture supernatants of S. aureus strains had a detrimental effect. Cell-free culture supernatants of C. accolens co-cultured with both the clinical and reference strains of S. aureus delayed the S. aureus-dependent mucosal barrier damage in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Corynebacterium accolens cell-free culture supernatants appear to inhibit the growth of the S. aureus planktonic bacteria, and may reduce the mucosal barrier damage caused by S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphoinositide 3‐kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of enzymes phosphorylating phospholipids in the membrane, thereby, promoting the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade. PI3Ks are involved in a variety of fundamental cellular functions, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)‐induced tight junction (TJ) impairment—a hallmark of inflammatory bowel diseases. Most of the studies analyzing the role of class I PI3K signaling in epithelial barrier maintenance did not decipher which of the isoforms are responsible for the observed effects. By using wild‐type and PI3Kγ‐deficient HT‐29/B6 cells, we characterized the functional role of PI3Kγ in these cells under inflammatory conditions. Measurement of the transepithelial electrical resistance and the paracellular flux of macromolecules revealed that monolayers of PI3Kγ‐deficient cells, compared with wild‐type cells, were protected against TNFα‐induced barrier dysfunction. This effect was independent of any PI3K activity because treatment with a pan‐PI3K inhibitor did not alter this observation. By immunostaining, we found correlative changes in the distribution of the TJ marker ZO‐1. Furthermore, the absence of PI3Kγ reduced the basal level of the pore‐forming TJ protein claudin‐2. Our study suggests a novel noncanonical, kinase‐independent scaffolding function of PI3Kγ in TNFα‐induced barrier dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest progress in the design of the water-cooled lithium–lead (WCLL) tritium extraction and removal (TER) system for the European DEMO tokamak reactor is presented. The implementation and optimization of the conceptual design of the TER system are performed in order to manage the tritium concentration in the LiPb and ancillary systems, to control the LiPb chemistry, to remove accumulated corrosion and activated products (in particular, the helium generated in the BB), to store the LiPb, to empty the BB segments, to shield the equipment due to LiPb activation, and to accommodate possible overpressure of the LiPb. The LiPb volumes in the inboard (IB) and outboard (OB) modules of the BB are separately managed due to the different pressure drops and required mass flow rates in the different plasma operational phases. Therefore, the tritium extraction is managed by 6 LiPb loops: 4 loops for the OB segments and 2 loops for the IB segments. Each one is a closed loop with forced circulation of the liquid metal through the TER and the other ancillary systems. The design presents the new CAD drawings and the integration of the TEU into the tokamak building, designed on the basis of an experimental characterization carried out for the permeator against vacuum (PAV) and gas–liquid contactor (GLC) technologies, the two most promising technologies for tritium extraction from liquid metal.

Hindi is the national language of India. However, most of the Government records, resolutions, news, etc. are documented in English which remote villagers may not understand. This fact motivates to develop an automatic language translation system from English to Hindi. Machine translation is the process of translating a text in one natural language into another natural language using computer system. Grammatical structure of Hindi language is very much complex than English language. The structural difference between English and Hindi language makes it difficult to achieve good quality translation results. In this paper, phrase-based statistical machine translation approach (PBSMT) is used for translation. Translation, reordering and language model are main working components of a PBSMT system. This paper evaluates the impact of various combinations of these PBSMT system parameters on automated English to Hindi language translation quality. Freely available n-gram-based BLEU metric and TER metric are used for evaluating the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research evaluated the impact of three pesticides on Eisenia fetida in the cultivation of Allium cepa (onion) in the district of Lurín, Lima, Peru. The mean lethal dose values (LD50) at 14 days, evasion percentage and food activity were evaluated as well as the exposure ratio of the toxic (TER) and the environmental risk coefficient (RQ) on pesticides zeta-cypermethrin, pendimethalin and profenofos based on ecotoxicological tests with E. fetida. The LD50 values at an exposure time at 14 d for the three pesticides were: zeta-cypermethrin>profenofos>pendimethalin. A relationship with the dose of pesticides close to the LD50 was calculated for the evasion and for food activity. TER value for the three pesticides was calculated which indicated no ecotoxicological impact for E. fetida. However, in the CR value, there were high risk values in the total, where zeta-cypermethrin indicated 92.77% of the environmental risk, while pendimethalin presented the lowest environmental risk with 0.09%. Within Peruvian legislation, these pesticides are still allowed to be used; hence, based on this research, it is suggested that zeta-cypermethrin be evaluated in more detail, because it was the only pesticide that presented a significant CR. In conclusion, zeta-cypermethrin causes an environmental impact on the onion crop in Lurin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human gut microbiota has co-evolved with humans by exchanging bidirectional signals. This study aims at deepening the knowledge of this crucial relationship by analyzing phenotypic and interactive responses of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB10415 (E. faecium SF68) to the top-down signals norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT), two neuroactive molecules abundant in the gut. We treated E. faecium NCIMB10415 with 100 µM NE and 50 µM 5HT and tested its ability to form static biofilm (Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy), adhere to the Caco-2/TC7 monolayer, affect the epithelial barrier function (Transepithelial Electrical Resistance) and human dendritic cells (DC) maturation, differentiation, and cytokines production. Finally, we evaluated the presence of a putative hormone sensor through in silico (whole genome sequence and protein modelling) and in vitro (Micro-Scale Thermophoresis) analyses. The hormone treatments increase biofilm formation and adhesion on Caco-2/TC7, as well as the epithelial barrier function. No differences concerning DC differentiation and maturation between stimulated and control bacteria were detected, while an enhanced TNF-α production was observed in NE-treated bacteria. Investigations on the sensor support the hypothesis that a two-component system on the bacterial surface can sense 5HT and NE. Overall, the data demonstrate that E. faecium NCIMB10415 can sense both NE and 5HT and respond accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large group of emerging cultural spaces abroad and in Slovakia has the adjective independent. In this context, this means that they were not established by public institution and are looking for sustainable forms of funding themselves, operating on grants and volunteering system. The limited amount of funding also determined the architecture that covers such cultural centers. Historic ruins, neglected public spaces, abandoned industrial buildings are common factors that appear throughout Europe. Is there a difference between Slovak alternative and its foreign counterparts, or is it a global phenomenon with identical characteristics? And can it be established at all based on such a small sample as the independent cultural and theater centers are? A kulturális terek nagyobb csoportja külföldön és Szlovákiában is független jelzővel jelenik meg. Ebben az összefüggésben ez azt jelenti, hogy nem közintézmény hozta létre őket, maguk keresik a finanszírozás fenntartható formáit, támogatásokból és önkéntesekkel működnek. A korlátozott összegű finanszírozás meghatározza az ilyen kulturális központok építészetét is. A történeti romok, az elhanyagolt közterületek, az elhagyott ipari épületek Európa-szerte gyakran jelennek meg helyszíneikként. Van-e különbség a szlovák alternatív és a külföldi gyakorlat között, vagy ez globális jelenség azonos jellemzőkkel? És egyáltalán ez kiderülhet-e a független kulturális és színházi központok egy ilyen kis mintája alapján? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La investigación evaluó el impacto de tres plaguicidas sobre Eisenia fetida en el cultivo de Allium cepa (cebolla) en el distrito de Lurín, Lima, Perú. Se calcularon los valores de dosis letal media (DL50) a los 14 días, porcentaje de evasión y actividad alimentaria, y posteriormente la proporción de exposición del tóxico (TER) y el coeficiente de riesgo ambiental (CR) para los plaguicidas zeta-cipermetrina, pendimetalina y profenofos en base a ensayos ecotoxicológicos con E. fetida. Los valores de DL50 a un tiempo de exposición a los 14 días para los tres plaguicidas fueron: zeta-cipermetrina >profenofos >pendimetalina. Se calculó una relación con la dosis de los plaguicidas cercanos a la DL50 para la evasión y para la actividad alimentaria. El valor TER para los tres plaguicidas fue calculado e indicó que no hay impacto ecotoxicológico para E. fetida. Sin embargo, en el valor de CR se presentaron valores de riesgo alto en el total, donde la zeta-cipermetrina indicó el 92,77% del riesgo ambiental, mientras que la pendimetalina presentó el menor riesgo ambiental con 0,09%. Dentro de la legislación peruana, estos plaguicidas siguen siendo permitidos, por lo cual, en base a esta investigación, se recomienda que se evalúe a más detalle la zeta-cipermetrina, debido a que fue el único plaguicida que presentó un CR significativo. En conclusión, la zeta-cipermetrina ocasiona impacto ambiental en el cultivo de cebolla del distrito de Lurín.

This research aims to investigate the variation of the existential verbs ter and haver to verify if the variant ter is being used in the written modality and, more specifically, in which textual-discursive genres its use is more frequent. The foundations of Weinreich's Theory of Variation and Linguistic Change were used in this investigation; Labov; Herzog (2006 [1968]) and Labov (2008 [1972]). This study analyzed a corpus of the newspaper A Gazeta, with texts taken from the textual-discursive genres of editorial, chronicle, security news, letter from the reader and social column. The analyzes took place through a quantitative treatment, using the GoldVarb X statistical program (SANKOFF, TAGLIAMONTE, SMITH, 2005). The results demonstrate that the use of existential ter, already established in the spoken language, occurs in very specific contexts and is conditioned by some linguistic factors related to the textual-discursive genre, verbal time and semantic specificity of the internal argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ter, ancient Tagara, in the Osmanabad district (Maharashtra), is among the most important sites when discussing Indo-Roman relations. Local production of small artefacts, such as pottery lamps and figurines, reveals an enthrallment for the exotic resulting in new transcultural visual solutions. The shape, iconography, and production process of terracotta lamps of the so-called Indo-Roman type from Ter are a clear witness to this phenomenon. The absence of precise comparisons with Western productions, and the impossibility to connect them to a direct trade of lamps confirm the transcultural value of these lamps. They are indeed the product of intermingling and contact, not just a copy of well-known types; they are better understood as an original product of Indian manufacturers based on a current stylistic trend gathering inputs from different media and materials. The result is a syncretic original product, created to satisfy the refined taste of urban mercantile elites. These lamps definitely show how alien visual culture found a welcoming environment in the countries involved in ancient globalisation.

The human gut microbiota has co-evolved with humans by exchanging bidirectional signals. This study aims at deepening the knowledge of this crucial relationship by analyzing phenotypic and interactive responses of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB10415 (E. faecium SF68) to the top-down signals norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT), two neuroactive molecules abundant in the gut. We treated E. faecium NCIMB10415 with 100 µM NE and 50 µM 5HT and tested its ability to form static biofilm (Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy), adhere to the Caco-2/TC7 monolayer, affect the epithelial barrier function (Transepithelial Electrical Resistance) and human dendritic cells (DC) maturation, differentiation, and cytokines production. Finally, we evaluated the presence of a putative hormone sensor through in silico (whole genome sequence and protein modelling) and in vitro (Micro-Scale Thermophoresis) analyses. The hormone treatments increase biofilm formation and adhesion on Caco-2/TC7, as well as the epithelial barrier function. No differences concerning DC differentiation and maturation between stimulated and control bacteria were detected, while an enhanced TNF-α production was observed in NE-treated bacteria. Investigations on the sensor support the hypothesis that a two-component system on the bacterial surface can sense 5HT and NE. Overall, the data demonstrate that E. faecium NCIMB10415 can sense both NE and 5HT and respond accordingly.

Temperature and nutrient availability, which are major drivers of consumer performance, are dramatically affected by global change. To date, there is no consensus on whether warming increases or decreases consumer needs for dietary carbon (C) relatively to phosphorus (P), thus hindering predictions of secondary production responses to global change. Here, we investigate how the dietary C:P ratio optimising consumer growth (TERC:P: Threshold Elemental Ratio) changes along temperature gradients by combining a temperature‐dependent TERC:P model with growth experiments on Daphnia magna. Both lines of evidence show that the TERC:P response to temperature is U‐shaped. This shape indicates that consumer nutrient requirements can both increase or decrease with increasing temperature, thus reconciling previous contradictive observations into a common framework. This unified framework improves our capacity to forecast the combined effects of nutrient cycle and climatic alterations on invertebrate production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fenoxycarb is considered environmentally safe due to its low toxicity to mammals. • Fenoxycarb had a strong negative effect on the egg hatching rate of Y. szeptyckii. • The toxicity/exposure ratio of fenoxycarb was less than 5. • Fenoxycarb has a potential risk to Y. szeptyckii in the soil environment. • The risk of fenoxycarb exposure should be clarified through higher tier study. Fenoxycarb, a juvenile hormone agonist has been widely used to control various insect pests in agriculture. Fenoxycarb has been considered environmentally safe because it degrades quickly and has lower mammalian toxicity compared with many conventional pesticides. To date, fenoxycarb is reported safe for soil organisms, but this conclusion is based solely on toxicity studies with Folsomia candida (Collembola) and Eisenia fetida (earthworm). The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of fenoxycarb on Yuukianura szeptyckii (Collembola) to assess further whether this chemical is environmentally safe or not. After 28 d of exposure of fenoxycarb in the soil, adult survival and juvenile production were assessed. The median lethal concentration (LC 50) value for adult was 955.2 mg/kg and the median effective concentration (EC 50) and no observed effect concentration (NOEC) value for juvenile production was 0.2 mg/kg and <0.15 mg/kg, respectively. The effect of fenoxycarb on egg production and hatching rate was evaluated using a compressed soil substrate. A significant reduction in egg production was observed at 300 mg/kg or more, and the hatching rate was significantly reduced at 0.15 mg/kg or more. These results indicated that the adverse effects of fenoxycarb on juvenile production at concentrations of 0.15, 9.4, and 75 mg/kg were mainly due to a reduced hatching rate. The toxicity/exposure ratio (TER) for fenoxycarb in Y. szeptyckii was <5, indicating risk to Y. szeptyckii from fenoxycarb residues in soil. This study suggests that fenoxycarb poses high potential risk to Y. szeptyckii at environmentally relevant concentrations. Thus, further research, such as higher tier study is needed to clarify fenoxycarb risk in soil ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dalam tulisan dikemukakan hasil destilasi kering dari 15 jenis kayu berasal dari Jawa Barat dan Aceh dengan menggunakan retor listrik pada suhu sekitar 500"C selama 4-5 jam. Berat jenis kayu yang diteliti masing-masing berkisar antara 0,45 - 0,61 dan 0,26 - 0,88; nilai kalor antara 4337 - 4510 cal/g dan 4213 - 4479 cal/g. Hasil destilasi kering memperlihatkan bahwa rendemen arang asal Jawa Barat dan Aceh masing-masing berkisar antara 28,89 - 33,05% dan 28.23 - 33,66%; ter berkisar antara 5,65 - 12,52 % dan 0,86 - 12,25%; destilat antara 60,32 - 106,47% dan 10,58 - 83,86%; serta gas antara 27, 76 -53,18 dan 29,35 - 55,62%. Sifat fisis-kimia arang menunjukkan kisaran nilai kalor antara 6928 - 7357 cal/g. kadar abu antara 0,96 - 2,56%, zat terbang antara 18,06 - 21,98% dan kadar karbon terikat antara 76,25 - 80, 72%. Sifat ini memberikan petunjuk bahwa semua arang hasil penelitian adalah baik untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk arang aktif serta bahan bakar dan pereduksi pada industri peleburan bijih besi. Jenis kayu yang menghasilkan rendemen arang, tar, destilat dan gas yang tinggi antara lain kisereh, meranti merah, merawan, anglau, bentol, bayut. Kayu tersebut disarankan sebagai bahan baku yang baik untuk destilasi kering.

Analizamos los resultados obtenidos al poner a prueba dos situaciones que enseñan la relatividad de la simultaneidad en la escuela secundaria. Las situaciones proponen el uso de la suma clásica de velocidades y su no uso, para tomar conciencia de las implicaciones de aplicar conjuntamente el primer y segundo postulado relativista. Se analizan sucesos que ocurren en sistemas de referencia inerciales en movimiento relativo, donde la simultaneidad se pierde según el observador que está en el andén, y no según el que viaja en el tren, a diferencia del conocido problema propuesto por Einstein reproducido mayoritariamente en los textos. Se analizan los protocolos obtenidos en cuatro cursos de grado 11 (15-16 años) con 128 estudiantes de un colegio público de la ciudad de Medellín. Se identifican los invariantes operatorios que utilizan en ambas situaciones, así como las argumentaciones que ofrecen. Los resultados indican que las situaciones propuestas producirían la emergencia y la toma de conciencia de invariantes operatorios vinculados a la relatividad de Galileo, los cuales permitirían conceptualizar la relatividad de la simultaneidad en la escuela secundaria.

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Endocrinología, Metabolismo y Nutrición is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forest disturbances induced by clear-cutting (CC) lead to the transformation of the natural biogeochemical processes determining the main greenhouse gas fluxes (primarily CO2) between forest ecosystems and the atmosphere. Effects of CC on CO2 exchange substantially vary depending on local environmental and climate conditions. This study focuses on an estimation of the net ecosystem exchange of СО2 (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), and total ecosystem respiration (TER) and soil respiration in the southern taiga in European Russia. The results are based on continuous eddy covariance measurements during two growing seasons (2016 and 2017). The research has shown that CC was a consistent source of CO2 for the atmosphere during the first years following harvest (NEE from May to October is 553.3 gС m–2 in 2016 and 193.3 in 2017). Interannual variability of the cumulative NEE showed increase of GPP (777.5 gС m–2 in 2016 and 1020.5 gС m–2) and decrease of TER (1330.9 gС m–2 in 2016 and 1213.7 gС m–2 in 2017). The results of chamber measurements have shown that soil respiration in the midday hours in summer varied between 3.6 ± 0.7 and 11.8 ± 3.0 μmol m–2 s–1 in 2016 and between 6.0 ± 1.3 and 14.8 ± 3.5 μmol m–2 s–1 in 2017 at the different plots within the clear-cut site. The estimates of the cumulative GPP at the clear-cut in the southern taiga of European Russia exceed the GPP rates obtained previously in the other clear-cut forest ecosystems in boreal and subboreal ecozones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of total elbow replacement (TER) procedures conducted is relatively low compared to other joint arthroplasties. We have established a survey about current service provision and possible future improvements in the UK. Methods: A British Elbow and Shoulder Society (BESS) approved online survey was circulated to its surgical members Results: In total, 153 members of BESS responded. Almost 31% of respondents performed two to five TER in 2014; 28% performed none and 22.7% performed five to ten. Two-thirds of respondents did not perform any revision surgery. The main indication for TER was rheumatoid arthritis (33%), followed by acute trauma (28.5%). In addition, 67% of surgeons have an available 'network' for advice, either locally or regionally. Most primary procedures (93%) were carried out within the local units. However, 34% of complex primary or revision procedures were referred to another centre. Furthermore, 52% of respondents agree that, to be proficient in TER, a minimum number of procedures per annum should be performed: 62% stated that five procedures per annum should be considered as the minimum required. Suggestions for improvement included a hub and spoke model (48%) and a dedicated TER surgeon within the unit (45%). Conclusions: The survey highlights the interest in exploring options for improving TER provision in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effect of somatostatin (SST) on the permeability of human retinal pigment epithelial cells. We conducted two experiments, exposing cells from human-fetal retinal pigment epithelium (hfRPE) cultures to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), with or without SST pretreatment, in one, and to hypoxic conditions, again with or without SST pretreatment, in the other. The paracellular permeability of hfRPE was assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-sodium (FITC-sodium) flux. Immunochemistry analysis was used to assess the expression of occludin and Zonula occludens-1(ZO-1). Both VEGF and hypoxia increased permeability of the hfRPE, as measured by TER and tracer flux, and decreased occludin and ZO-1staining, as measured by immunochemistry. Pretreatment of cultures with SST partially counteracted these effects. Somatostatin may play a role in the regulation of permeability across retinal pigment epithelium. It may act as an anti-permeability factor in the retina through the enhancement of tight junction function. • VEGF and hypoxia increased permeability of the hfRPE, and decreased occludin and ZO-1 expression. • SST counteracts hypoxia and VEGF-induced breakdown of barrier function. • SST may regulate the outer blood retinal barrier so it might be used to treat conditions characterized by retinal edema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Góndola, Enseñanza y Aprendizaje de las Ciencias is the property of Gondola, Ensenanza y Aprendizaje de las Ciencias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gestão e Desenvolvimento (18075436) is the property of Universidade Feevale and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to divulge Islamic Insurance company efficiency and factors affect it. This paper uses quantitative approach using DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) to assess efficiency and Linear Regression to analyze factors affected it. Input Variables of this paper are Total Asset, Expenses and Claim payment, whereas output variables are income and tabarru fund within the period of 2012-2016. Objects of this research are Asuransi Syariah Al - Amin, Takaful and Asuransi Syariah Amanah Gita. The result showed that in 2012 Asuransi Syariah Al-Amin, Asuransi Syariah Amanah Gita, and Takaful reached 100% efficiency. In 2013, 2014, 2015 both Asuransi Syariah Al-Amin and Takaful reached above 50% efficiency, while Asuransi Syariah Amanah Gita only reached under 50% efficiency. Meanwhile in 2016 both Asuransi Syariah Al-Amin and Takaful reached 100% efficiency, while Asuransi Syariah Amanah Gita only reached above 50% efficiency. Furthermore, it showed that only ROE and LNTA significantly affect efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridium acetobutylicum is a natural producer of butanol, butyrate, acetone and ethanol. The pattern of metabolites reflects the partitioning of redox equivalents between hydrogen and carbon metabolites. Here the exogenous genes of ferredoxin-NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (FdNR) and trans-enoyl-coenzyme reductase (TER) are introduced to three different Clostridium acetobutylicum strains to investigate the distribution of redox equivalents and butanol productivity. The FdNR improves NAD(P)H availability by capturing reducing power from ferredoxin. A butanol production of 9.01 g/L (36.9% higher than the control), and the highest ratios of butanol/acetate (7.02) and C4/C2 (3.17) derived metabolites were obtained in the C acetobutylicum buk- strain expressing FdNR. While the TER functions as an NAD(P)H oxidase, butanol production was decreased in the C. acetobutylicum strains containing TER. The results illustrate that metabolic flux can be significantly changed and directed into butanol or butyrate due to enhancement of NAD(P)H availability by controlling electron flow through the ferredoxin node. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neural machine translation (NMT) has recently gained substantial popularity not only in academia, but also in industry. For its acceptance in industry it is important to investigate how NMT performs in comparison to the phrase-based statistical MT (PBSMT) model, that until recently was the dominant MT paradigm. In the present work, we compare the quality of the PBSMT and NMT solutions of KantanMT—a commercial platform for custom MT—that are tailored to accommodate large-scale translation production, where there is a limited amount of time to train an end-to-end system (NMT or PBSMT). In order to satisfy the time requirements of our production line, we restrict the NMT training time to 4 days; to train a PBSMT system typically requires no longer than one day with the current training pipeline of KantanMT. To train both NMT and PBSMT engines for each language pair, we strictly use the same parallel corpora and the same pre- and post-processing steps (when applicable). Our results show that, even with time-restricted training of 4 days, NMT quality substantially surpasses that of PBSMT. Furthermore, we challenge the reliability of automatic quality evaluation metrics based on n-gram comparison (in particular F-measure, BLEU and TER) for NMT quality evaluation. We support our hypothesis with both analytical and empirical evidence. We investigate how suitable these metrics are when comparing the two different paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]