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Aims This study aimed to explore the profiles and impact of affective temperaments, together with social and clinical backgrounds, including affective symptoms, in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Methods This study included 314 low-risk drinkers and 257 patients with AUD. To assess affective temperament, we used the short version of the temperament evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego. To evaluate depressive and mixed symptoms, the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology self-report Japanese version and 12-item questionnaire for the quantitative assessment of the depressive mixed state were used. We compared the profiles of affective temperaments as well as social and clinical backgrounds, including affective symptoms, between the two groups and further performed logistic regression analyses to explore the factors contributing to AUD. Results Our analysis showed higher cyclothymic, hyperthymic, and irritable temperament scores and lower depressive temperament scores in patients with AUD than that in nonclinical drinkers. Regarding other social and clinical backgrounds, patients with AUD were less educated and employed and more experienced depressive and mixed symptoms. Logistic regression analysis identified hyperthymic temperament as a positive contributor and depressive temperament as a negative contributor to AUD. Conclusions Our findings indicated potential bipolarity in patients with AUD, as manifested by a more hyperthymic temperament in contrast to less depressive temperament. Despite their self-perceived adaptive temperament profiles, patients showed poorer social outcomes and more affective symptoms. This gap may be partly explained by a lack of insight unique to AUD psychology, which potentially disturbs problem recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the symptomatic, functional and satisfaction outcomes of patients with different temperaments undergoing carpal tunnel surgery by a single surgeon. Dominant temperaments of 171 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome were determined using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). Patients were divided into six temperament groups, and the impact of their respective group measured against preoperative and postoperative symptom severity and functional capacity using the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ] and satisfaction using the Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM). Patients in the depressive group had the largest improvement in symptoms (BCTQ score change, –2.2) as well as a significant improvement in function (BCTQ score change, –2.1), yet had the lowest postoperative satisfaction (mean PEM score 9). Determination of patient temperament before surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may be useful as an ancillary technique to help predict postoperative satisfaction, which may in turn help guide preoperative communication and expectation setting. Level of evidence: III [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cyclothymic disorder includes hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet standards for hypomanic episodes and major depressive symptoms. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of cyclothymic disorders in medical, physiotherapy, and dental 1st-year students aged 18–22 years old in Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DMIHER), Wardha. Methods: The study is designed as a cross-sectional study where a web-based survey will be used to evaluate the prevalence of the cyclothymic disorder in 154 first-year Health Professional Education (HPE) students at a university in Central India. Conclusions: This study will assess the prevalence of cyclothymic disorders in HPE students and investigate relationships between different fields of study, age, gender, socio-economic status, place of temporary residence (home/hostel/paying guest), history of addiction (smoking/alcohol/substance abuse/other), past medical history (physical and/or mental), and family history (divorced parents/history of childhood abuse).

Background: The TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire) questionnaire has undergone extensive psychometric testing and has been translated into several languages. Five affective temperaments of cyclothymic, depressive, hyperthymic, irritable, and anxious are measured by this scale. This study used a sample of the Iranian population to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the TEMPS-A. Methods: After producing the short TEMPS-A in Persian using a five-stage process that included translation and back-translation, 716 undergraduate and graduate students were included in the current study using a convenience sampling technique. Mplus v8.3 and SPSS v24 software packages were used for data analyses, including principal component analysis with the varimax rotation, Pearson correlation, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), internal consistency, and reliability. Results: In the current study, CFA was performed to measure the structural validity, Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for the reliability of the questionnaire among university students. The results revealed evidence of good validity and reliability of the questionnaire as well as adequate factor loadings for the items and high internal consistency for all five affective temperaments. CFA was conducted using weighted least squares – mean and variance adjusted estimation method, and the results suggested acceptable factor structure for the questionnaire (chi-squared = 1076.51, df = 617, p-value = .00, CFI = .92, TLI = .91, RMSEA = .03, SRMR = .08). ICC was equal to .80 (95% CI: .78 - .82) which indicated high reliability. Cronbach's alphas were .72 for Cyclothymic, .71 for Depressive, .69 for Irritable, .54 for Hyperthymic, .62 for Anxious, and .80 for the whole construct (TEMPS-A). Items 9 and 36 were removed from the questionnaire due to low factor loadings (less than .30). Conclusions: According to the findings, the modified Persian version of the TEMPS-A had evidence of adequate validity and reliability among Iranian university students. However, the application of this questionnaire among more diverse populations should be investigated in future research.

Natalia Lesiewska,1 Anna Kamińska,2 Roman Junik,2 Magdalena Michalewicz,3 Bartłomiej Myszkowski,4 Alina Borkowska,1 Maciej Bieliński1 1Chair and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland; 2Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland; 3Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Pulmonological Oncology, Military Clinical Hospital No. 10 with Policlinic in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland; 4Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Diseases and Oncological Gynecology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, PolandCorrespondence: Natalia Lesiewska Tel/Fax +48 52 585 37 03Email n.lesiewska@gmail.comPurpose: Affective temperament shows innate predisposition to affective disorders and has been studied in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Studies describing connections between depressive disorders, obesity and T2DM, show a bidirectional way in which these disorders affect each other. Given that obesity, depression, and T2DM are still growing health problems of our times, the improvement of therapeutic strategies is required. The aim of our study was to evaluate affective temperament in obese individuals with T2DM and pre-diabetes and to investigate the correlations between affective temperaments and glycemic control.Materials and Methods: The study enrolled 185 obese individuals (146 females; 39 males) who were diagnosed with pre-diabetes, diabetes or without any carbohydrate disorder. For affective temperament evaluation, Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) was utilized; for glycemic control, the assessment of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was performed.Results: We did not observe any significant differences of affective temperament between studied groups. In the group of patients with diabetes, depressive, cyclothymic and anxious temperaments positively correlated with HbA1c values indicating worse glycemic control. Inversly, hyperthymic dimension showed negative correlation with HbA1c values.Conclusion: Affective temperaments may affect glycemic control in obese individuals with carbohydrate disorders. Individuals with stronger expression of cyclothymic, depressive and anxious temperaments may need more medical aid for better self-management. Hence, TEMPS-A is an easy and useful tool which may significantly improve the compliance in obese patients with carbohydrate disorders.Keywords: affective temperament, TEMPS-A, obesity, diabetes mellitus, glycemic control

Introduction: Identifying affective temperaments could be useful both for understanding the normal behavioral variations in the general population and to establish if there is a clinical predisposition to certain disorders. Five affective temperaments have been proposed: depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable and anxious. Original instrument for measuring them (TEMPS-A) is a 110-item scale but many short versions in different languages have been validated. The aim of this study was to obtain a short self-administered Spanish version of TEMPS-A with good psychometric properties., Materials and Methods: A sample of 550 students who answered the argentinean version of TEMPS-A was included, after psychometric analysis a comparison between inpatients with major depression and their matched controls by sex and age who answered the brief version was performed to get an external validation., Results: The sample was composed by 298 (54.2%) women. The mean age was 23.3 year (SD=6.2). A forced five factor analysis was performed. The 7 items with the highest factorial load (more than 0.350) for each subscale were included in the brief version. The Cronbach alpha's ranged from 0.690 to .800. The most prevalent temperament was hyperthymic followed by cyclothymic for students sample. Similarities between students and controls sample were observed, but not with patients with major depression., Conclusions: This brief Spanish version of TEMPS-A (35 items) has good psychometric properties and can be used in general and clinical population., (Copyright © 2021 SEP y SEPB. Published by Elsevier España S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Abstract Objectives Our aim in this study was to identify affective temperament differences utilizing the TEMPS-A in a large sample size of Lebanese patients with schizophrenia and compare them to healthy controls. Gender differences, demographic factors and degree of psychotic symptoms were also considered. A cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross (PHC) from March to June 2019. Two-hundred fifty chronic patients with schizophrenia were compared to 250 healthy controls randomly chosen from the general population. Results Patients with schizophrenia significantly had higher mean depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament scores compared to healthy controls. Healthy controls significantly had a higher mean hyperthymic temperament score compared to patients with schizophrenia. In the group of patients with schizophrenia exclusively, females scored higher in terms of depressive, cyclothymic and anxious temperaments compared to males. In the group of healthy controls, males scored higher in terms of hyperthymic and irritable temperaments compared to females, whereas a higher mean depressive and anxious temperament scores were significantly found in females compared to males. In addition, higher PANSS total scores, as well as higher positive, negative and general subscales scores were significantly associated with higher depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament scores.

Background: People may endorse suicidal behavior during a major depressive episode. Affective temperaments may play a role in this risk. We explored the relationship between affective temperaments and suicide and identified some traits that can predict suicide risk in depression. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the results of the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) in 284 participants recruited from a psychiatric clinic and the community in Beijing and compared the subscale scores (temperaments of cyclothymic, dysthymic, anxious, irritable, and hyperthymic) among major depressive disorders (MDDs) vs. the general population as well as depressive patients with vs. without suicide risk, using Student's test, chi-square test, rank-sum test, and multivariable regression modeling. Results: The incidence of suicidal risk in depressive subjects was 47.62% (80/168). Being unmarried (p < 0.001), unemployed (p = 0.007), and temperaments of dysthymic, cyclothymic, anxious, and irritable scores (all p < 0.001) were significantly more prevalent in patients with depression than in the general population. Young age (p < 0.001), female sex (p = 0.037), unmarried (p = 0.001), more severe depression (p < 0.001), and dysthymic, anxious, and cyclothymic temperament (all p < 0.05) were significantly more prevalent in patients with depressive disorder than those without suicide risk. The logistic regression analysis showed that younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.937, 95% CI 0.905~0.970), female sex (OR = 2.606, 95% CI 1.142~5.948), more severe depression (OR = 1.145, 95% CI 1.063~1.234), cyclothymic temperament (OR = 1.275, 95% CI 1.102~1.475), and dysthymic temperament (OR = 1.265, 95% CI 1.037~1.542) were all independently associated with high suicidal risk in patients with first-onset major depression (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Temperament traits differ between the general population and people suffering from MDD. Subjects with MDD who have much more severe depressive symptoms and a cyclothymic or dysthymic temperament were at a high risk of suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marcin Jaracz,1 Katarzyna Bialczyk,2 Adam Ochocinski,3 Magdalena Szwed,1 Katarzyna Jaracz,4 Alina Borkowska1 1Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland; 2Department of Health Economics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland; 3Department of Physiotherapy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland; 4Department of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, PolandCorrespondence: Marcin JaraczDepartment of Clinical Neuropsychology, Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, Bydgoszcz, 85-146, PolandTel +48 525853703Fax +48 525853703Email marcinjaracz@gmail.comPurpose: The purpose of this study was to expand knowledge about the relationship between temperament and choice of profession by comparing temperaments among representatives of various professional groups.Subjects and Methods: A total of 759 subjects aged 18– 71, representatives of six professional groups: firefighters, musicians, athletes, bank managers, nurses and paramedics, were included in the study. Temperament was assessed using the TEMPS-A autoquestionnaire.Results: Musicians showed higher levels of depressive and anxious temperaments whereas firefighters were lower on cyclothymic dimension. Athletes, bank managers and paramedics showed higher intensity of hyperthymic temperament compared to firefighters, musicians and nurses. Athletes showed lower of depressive temperament compared to bankers, musicians and nurses. Bankers obtained lower results of irritable temperament compared to musicians, athletes and nurses. Nurses showed a higher intensity of anxious temperament compared to firefighters, athletes and paramedics.Conclusion: The results obtained support the concept of adaptive and socially useful role of affective temperaments. The studied professional groups show different individual temperamental profiles, which is justified in such aspects of the profession, as the level of stimulation, stress encountered, the necessity of making important decisions, or entering into relationship with the patient.Keywords: individual differences, TEMPS-A, nurses, firefighters, artists, athletes, bank employees, paramedics

Introduction Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe mental disorder with a high genetic load, in which is relevant to identify potential differences in affective temperaments between both diagnostic subtypes. Objectives To find differences between BDI and BDII patients in affective temperaments evaluated by Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego TEMPS-A. Methods A sample of 407 euthymic patients with diagnosis of bipolar disorder type I (BDI= 307) or type II (BDII= 100) according to DSM-IV-TR criteria being age 18 or older was recruited from the Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit of the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Five affective temperaments were evaluated using the TEMPS-A. It was initially verified that the scores of these temperaments do not fulfil the assumption of normality by means of tests. Differences in means were estimated using Mann-Whitney U and Chi square tests (p

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common medical complication of pregnancy. The current study aimed to investigate the possibility of a relationship between affective temperaments and GDM. This ethically approved cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 pregnant women with impaired glucose tolerance and 120 healthy pregnant women, all of whom were admitted to hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences for delivery during 2019. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)-21 and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) were used to gather data. Mann–Whitney test was used to compare data between the two groups. A multivariate binary logistic regression model with maternal age, body mass index, and multiparity as the covariates was used to assess factors associated with GDM. Outcomes of TEMPS-A showed significantly higher scores of anxious and irritable temperaments in the GDM group compared to the control group (p = 0.014 and 0.023, respectively). Multivariate regression showed anxious temperament to be the sole independent predictor of GDM (odds ratio = 1.09, 95%confidence interval = 1.030–1.153; p = 0.003). DASS-21 anxiety score was also significantly higher among patients with GDM (p = 0.002). Severity of anxiety and stress according to DASS-21 was also significantly greater in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (p < 0.001 and p = 0.016, respectively). It is ostensible that affective temperaments, especially anxious temperament, are potentially associated with the development of GDM and impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy. The association of affective temperaments with pregnancy complications has drawn compelling interest. The findings of this study showed significantly higher scores of anxious and irritable temperaments in GDM patients. GDM patients also showed significantly higher levels of anxiety compared to controls. Predominance of anxious temperament can be a potential risk factor that contributes to the development of GDM. Monitoring for GDM is especially recommended in pregnant women with predominant anxious and irritable temperaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kuniyoshi Toyoshima,1 Takeshi Inoue,2 Jiro Masuya,2 Yota Fujimura,2 Shinji Higashi,2,3 Ichiro Kusumi1 1Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; 2Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; 3Department of Psychiatry, Ibaraki Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki, JapanCorrespondence: Kuniyoshi ToyoshimaDepartment of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Sapporo 060-8638, JapanTel +81 11 716 1161Fax +81 11 706 5081Email toyoshima@med.hokudai.ac.jpPurpose: Functional disability is affected by subjective cognitive function, depressive symptoms, and affective temperaments in adults. However, the role of subjective cognitive function as a mediator of affective temperaments in functional disability remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine how subjective cognitive function mediates the effect of affective temperaments on functional disability in adults.Materials and Methods: A total of 544 participants completed the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Auto questionnaire version (TEMPS-A), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the cognitive complaints in bipolar disorder rating assessment (COBRA), and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). The association among these instruments was evaluated by multiple regression and covariance structure analyses.Results: The structural equation model showed that the COBRA scores could be predicted directly by the four affective temperaments of the TEMPS-A (cyclothymic, depressive, irritable, and anxious) and indirectly by the PHQ-9. Moreover, the SDS score was predicted directly by these four affective temperaments and indirectly by the COBRA and PHQ-9.Conclusion: Subjective cognitive function mediates the effect of affective temperaments on functional disability in Japanese adults. However, the cross-sectional design may limit the identification of causal associations between the parameters. In the present study, the participants were from a specific community population; therefore, the results may not be generalizable to other communities.Keywords: cognition, depression, adult, Sheehan Disability Scale, TEMPS-A, subjective cognitive dysfunction

Objective Gestational hypertension (GH) is an important pregnancy complication. Sparse studies have shown a correlation between this complication and psychological disorders in patients. In this study, we aimed to assess the possible association between affective temperaments and GH. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on women with GH hospitalized in hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, compared with healthy women admitted for normal delivery in the same centers during the study. Data were collected via Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) 21. Results TEMPS-A revealed that scores anxious (P

Yumi Wakatsuki,1 Takeshi Inoue,2 Naoki Hashimoto,1 Yota Fujimura,2 Jiro Masuya,2 Masahiko Ichiki,2 Hajime Tanabe,3 Ichiro Kusumi1 1Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; 2Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; 3Department of Clinical Human Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, JapanCorrespondence: Takeshi InoueDepartment of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, JapanTel +81-3-3342-6111Fax +81-3-3340-4499Email tinoue@tokyo-med.ac.jpBackground: Previous studies have shown that childhood maltreatment is associated with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). In this study we analyzed how multiple factors, such as childhood maltreatment, affective temperaments, and adult life events influence the severity of premenstrual mental (PMM) symptoms in nonclinical adult volunteers from the community.Methods: A total of 204 participants were recruited and administered the following self-administered questionnaire surveys: PMDD scale, visual analogue scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Life Experience Survey, Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego autoquestionnaire version, and the Child Abuse and Trauma scale. In addition to single and multiple regression analyses, structural equation modeling was used for the statistical analyses.Results: A history of neglect indirectly predicted PMM symptoms through affective temperaments in nonclinical adult volunteers. Three affective temperaments (irritable, cyclothymic, and anxious) directly predicted PMM symptoms.Conclusion: This study is the first to report that childhood maltreatment, particularly neglect, indirectly predicted PMM symptoms through affective temperaments. The results of our study suggest that affective temperament is a mediator of the influence of childhood maltreatment on PMM symptoms.Keywords: premenstrual mental symptoms, neglect, childhood maltreatment, affective temperament, TEMPS-A, structural equation modeling

Objectives: Our aim in this study was to identify affective temperament differences utilizing the TEMPS-A in a large sample size of Lebanese patients with schizophrenia and compare them to healthy controls. Gender differences, demographic factors and degree of psychotic symptoms were also considered. A cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross (PHC) from March to June 2019. Two-hundred fifty chronic patients with schizophrenia were compared to 250 healthy controls randomly chosen from the general population. Results: Patients with schizophrenia significantly had higher mean depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament scores compared to healthy controls. Healthy controls significantly had a higher mean hyperthymic temperament score compared to patients with schizophrenia. In the group of patients with schizophrenia exclusively, females scored higher in terms of depressive, cyclothymic and anxious temperaments compared to males. In the group of healthy controls, males scored higher in terms of hyperthymic and irritable temperaments compared to females, whereas a higher mean depressive and anxious temperament scores were significantly found in females compared to males. In addition, higher PANSS total scores, as well as higher positive, negative and general subscales scores were significantly associated with higher depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Poor medication adherence and disordered eating are major self-care problems in patients with type 2 diabetes that worsen glycemic control and increase the risk of developing severe diabetes complications. Affective temperament, which remains mostly unchanged throughout life, is speculated to predict poor treatment response and high comorbidity. The aim of this study was to explore the link between affective temperament and poor glycemic control due to insufficient self-care. Methods: This single-center case–control study involved 77 outpatients divided into the 'poor glycemic control' group (n = 52) and the 'better glycemic control' group (n = 25) based on their mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels over the past 12 months. All participants underwent one-on-one interviews during which they completed the following psychometric questionnaires: (1) the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0.0; (2) the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire; (3) a researcher-designed single question for assessing subclinical stress-induced overeating; and (4) the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. The difference between two continuous independent variables was determined using Student's t test. Discrete variables were compared using the Chi-square (χ2) or Fisher's exact test. Multiple testing corrections were performed using the false discovery rate. Results: Those outpatients in the poor glycemic control group exhibited significantly more stress-induced overeating (χ2 = 1.14, q statistic = 0.040) and poor medication adherence (t = 3.70, q = 0.034) than those in the better glycemic control group. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of affective temperaments, clinical eating disorders, or diabetes-specific distress. Patients with stress-induced overeating (t = − 2.99, p = 0.004) and poor medication adherence (t = − 4.34, p = 0.000) exhibited significantly higher scores for cyclothymic temperament than their counterparts. Conclusion: Cyclothymic temperament is significantly associated with disordered eating and/or poor medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes and is possibly linked to poor glycemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction While the links between cyclothymia and creativity are well documented, the experts have tried to determine whether temperament would influence the major choices of life such as career. Objectives The study aims mainly to evaluate the temperaments of a sample of Tunisian students, and to look for the possible correlations between the temperament and the choice of studies. Methods The Tunisian version of the TEMPS-A which is a self-evaluation measure to assess affective temperaments was administered to 100 medical students and 100 humanities students. Results Student populations differed in their socio-demographic and scholar variables such as age, sex ratio or socio-economic level, choice of studies and their religiosity. The temperamental prevalences were close between our two populations by considering the threshold score Mean +1standard deviation; they ranged between 13 and 18%. Hyperthymic and cyclothymic scores were significantly higher among humanities students (11.38 ± 4.385 versus 9.00 ± 4.192 and 11.96 ± 4.497 versus 9.63 ± 4.499 respectively) and irritable scores were higher in the latter, though not significant (6.45 ± 3.823 versus 5.39 ± 2.998). Depressive and anxious temperament scores were close in both groups. The study showed significant temperament differences within gender, socioeconomic status, high school marks, religiosity and political affiliation. Conclusions It is relevant and even necessary to include such studies in the selection of candidates who could adapt to a specific professional field on the basis of objective criteria such as conscientiousness, and privileging profile diversity.

Background: Affective temperaments influence depressive symptoms (DS), and DS correlates with functional disability. However, the interaction between affective temperaments, DS, and functional disability remains unknown. We investigate the interaction effects between affective temperaments and functional disability on DS and those between affective temperaments and DS on functional disability. Methods: A total of 558 adult community volunteers in Japan were evaluated using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire version; the Patient Health Questionnaire-9; and the Sheehan Disability Scale. We analyzed the data by using hierarchical multiple regression with interaction effects. Results: There were significant interaction effects between affective temperaments and functional disability on DS. The cyclothymic and anxious temperaments positively interacted with total functional disability on DS, while hyperthymic temperament negatively interacted with it. No significant interaction between affective temperaments and DS on functional disability was found. Limitations: The cross-sectional design prevented the identification of causal associations between the parameters. Our findings might not be generalizable to patients with affective disorders or other psychiatric conditions. Conclusions: This study suggests that functional disability moderates the influence of affective temperaments on DS, but DS may not moderate the influence of affective temperaments on functional disability. To address DS associated with affective temperaments and functional disability, evaluating the interaction effects may be useful in clinical practice.

Aim: Early differential diagnosis between patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), and subsequently providing appropriate treatments are essential. There has been increased interest regarding the association between affective temperaments and mood disorder diagnosis. Our aim was to analyze the diagnostic validity of affective temperaments assessed by the short version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego‐autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS‐A), in mood disorder patients. Methods: Inpatients with MDD (n = 146) or BD (n = 128) completed the short version of TEMPS‐A, and their depressive and manic symptom severities were evaluated. Data of MDD and BD patients were compared by univariable and multivariable analyses. Results: Of the five affective temperament dimensions, substantially higher hyperthymic, irritable, and cyclothymic temperament scores were found in BD patients than in MDD patients. Using a multivariable logistic regression model built using the severities of depressed and manic conditions, and the five affective temperament subscale scores as independent variables, we identified two factors statistically associated with BD diagnosis (anxious temperament and cyclothymic temperament). The recommended cutoff point for the 12 items evaluating cyclothymic temperament to differentiate BD from MDD was 8 or more 'True' items (sensitivity: 35.9%, specificity: 87.7%). Limitations: Our design was cross‐sectional, and therefore, there was a possibility of longitudinal diagnostic conversion of patients from MDD to BD. Conclusion: Cyclothymic and anxious temperaments on the short version of TEMPS‐A, identified as diagnostic differentiating factors between MDD and BD, may play supplementary roles in the early identification of BD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Ratings of affective temperament types show promise in helping to differentiate diagnostic groups among major affective disorders as well as to predict associations with important aspects of morbidity including suicidal risk. Methods The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego auto-rating (TEMPS-A) questionnaire was completed by 858 unselected, consecutive, consenting adults diagnosed with a DSM-5 major affective disorder (173 bipolar-1 [BD-1]), 250 BD-2, 435 major depressive disorder [MDD]) to score for anxious (anx), cyclothymic (cyc), dysthymic (dys), hyperthymic (hyp), and irritable (irr) affective temperaments. We tested their associations with diagnosis and selected clinical factors, including diagnosis, depression scores, suicidal ideation or acts, substance abuse, episodes/year, and %-time ill. Results Scores for cyc ranked: BD-2 > BD-1 > MDD; anx ranked: MDD > BD-2 > BD-1; irr was greater in BD than MDD; dys was greater in MDD than BD; hyp did not differ by diagnosis. We confirmed associations of suicidal risk with higher scores of all temperament types except lower hyp scores. Higher cyc and irr scores and lower anx scores were associated with substance abuse. Several scores were higher with measures of greater affective morbidity: cyc with current depression, episodes/year, and %-time ill; irr with more episodes and depressions/year and greater %-time manic. Some of these associations were selective for BD or MDD. Conclusions The findings indicate that TEMPS-A ratings of affective temperament types can contribute to differential diagnoses and predict types and amounts of affective morbidity, as well as detecting suicidal risks.

BackgroundThe many attempts to identify genes for bipolar disorder (BD) have met with limited success, which has generally been attributed to genetic heterogeneity and small gene effects. However, it is also possible that the categorical phenotypes used in genetic studies of BD are not the most informative or biologically relevant. We have explored aspects of temperament as quantitative phenotypes for BD through the use of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A), which is designed to assess lifelong, milder aspects of bipolar symptomatology and defines five temperaments: hyperthymic, dysthymic, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious.MethodsWe compared temperament scores between diagnostic groups and assessed heritability in a sample of 101 families collected for genetic studies of BD. A genome-wide SNP linkage study was then performed in the subset of 51 families for which genetic data was available.ResultsSignificant group differences were observed between BD subjects, their first-degree relatives, and independent controls, and all five temperaments were found to be significantly heritable, with heritabilities ranging from 21% for the hyperthymic to 52% for the irritable temperaments. Suggestive evidence for linkage was observed for the hyperthymic (chromosomes 1q44, 2p16, 6q16, and 14q23), dysthymic (chromosomes 3p21 and 13q34), and irritable (chromosome 6q24) temperaments.LimitationsThe relatively small size of our linkage sample likely limited our ability to reach genome-wide significance in this study.ConclusionsWhile not genome-wide significant, these results suggest that aspects of temperament may prove useful in the identification of genes underlying BD susceptibility.

Background. Ratings of affective temperament types show promise in helping to differentiate diagnostic groups among major affective disorders as well as to predict associations with important aspects of morbidity including suicidal risk. Methods. The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego auto-rating (TEMPS-A) questionnaire was completed by 858 unselected, consecutive, consenting adults diagnosed with a DSM-5 major affective disorder (173 bipolar-1 [BD-1]), 250 BD-2, 435 major depressive disorder [MDD]) to score for anxious (anx), cyclothymic (cyc), dysthymic (dys), hyperthymic (hyp), and irritable (irr) affective temperaments. We tested their associations with diagnosis and selected clinical factors, including diagnosis, depression scores, suicidal ideation or acts, substance abuse, episodes/year, and %-time ill. Results. Scores for cyc ranked: BD-2 > BD-1 > MDD; anx ranked: MDD > BD-2 > BD-1; irr was greater in BD than MDD; dys was greater in MDD than BD; hyp did not differ by diagnosis. We confirmed associations of suicidal risk with higher scores of all temperament types except lower hyp scores. Higher cyc and irr scores and lower anx scores were associated with substance abuse. Several scores were higher with measures of greater affective morbidity: cyc with current depression, episodes/year, and %-time ill; irr with more episodes and depressions/year and greater %-time manic. Some of these associations were selective for BD or MDD. Conclusions. The findings indicate that TEMPS-A ratings of affective temperament types can contribute to differential diagnoses and predict types and amounts of affective morbidity, as well as detecting suicidal risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperamental traits as ascertained by the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-Questionnaire (TEMPS-A) have been suggested as promising intermediate phenotypes of mental disorders. In anxiety disorders, however, TEMPS scales and their genetic underpinnings are still understudied. TEMPS-A scores in 109 patients with panic disorder (PD) were compared to a sample of 536 healthy probands. All participants were genotyped for serotonin transporter gene variation (5-HTTLPR/rs25531). PD patients displayed significantly increased scores on the dysthymic, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious subscales, and lower scores on the hyperthymic subscale, respectively (all ps < 0.001) compared to healthy probands. In the total sample, the less active 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 S/LG alleles were associated with higher scores on the dysthymic, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments (all ps < 0.01), but not the hyperthymic subscale. Mediation analyses revealed anxious temperament in particular to mediate the relationship between 5-HTT genotype and PD. Dysthymic, cyclothymic, irritable and notably anxious temperament could serve as valuable intermediate phenotypes in efforts to unravel neurobiological, particularly serotonin system related genetic pathomechanisms associated with PD and potentially contribute to a panel of vulnerability markers guiding early targeted preventive interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: Gestational hypertension (GH) is an important pregnancy complication. Sparse studies have shown a correlation between this complication and psychological disorders in patients. In this study, we aimed to assess the possible association between affective temperaments and GH.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on women with GH hospitalized in hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, compared with healthy women admitted for normal delivery in the same centers during the study. Data were collected via Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) 21.Results: TEMPS-A revealed that scores anxious (P < 0.001) temperament was significantly higher in GH patients than in controls. Anxious temperament scores ≥9 were independently associated with GH (odds ratio = 2.768, 95% confidence interval = 1.586-4.832; P < 0.001). Moreover, the mean depression, anxiety, and stress scores in DASS-21 were significantly higher in the GH patients compared with controls (P = 0.014, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively).Conclusion: Affective temperaments, particularly anxious temperament, can be potentially involved in the development of GH and its cardiovascular risk during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The array of different diagnoses and clinical presentations seen in the family members of bipolar probands suggests a quantitative or spectrum phenotype. Consistent with this idea, it has been proposed that an underlying quantitative variation in temperament may be the primary phenotype that is genetically transmitted and that it in turn predisposes to bipolar disorder (BP). Choosing the appropriate phenotypic model for BP is crucial for success in genetic mapping studies. To test this theory, various measures of temperament were examined in the family members of bipolar probands. We predicted that a gradient of scores would be observed from those with BP to those with major depression to Unaffected relatives to controls. Methods: Members of 85 bipolar families and 63 control subjects were administered clinical interviews for diagnosis (SCID) and two temperament assessments, the TEMPS-A and TCI-125. Subjects with BP, major depressive disorder. unaffected relatives, and controls were compared on each temperament scale and on eight factors extracted from a joint factor analysis of the TEMPS-A and TCI-125. Results: The four groups were found to be significantly different and with the expected order of average group scores for four of the TEMPS-A scales, three of the TCI-125 scales, and one of the extracted factors. On the fifth TEMPS-A scale, hyperthymic, controls scored higher than the other three subject groups contrary to expectations. Significant differences were seen between unaffected relatives and controls on the hyperthymic scale and on the first extracted factor, anxious/reactive. Limitations: Controls were mainly recruited through advertisements, which may have introduced an ascertainment bias. It is also possible that mood state at the time of completing the questionnaire influenced subject's rating of their temperament. Additionally, bipolar I and bipolar II subjects were placed in the same group even though they had some differing clinical features. Conclusions: Our data support the theory that some dimensions of temperament are transmitted in families as quantitative traits that are part of a broader bipolar spectrum. In particular, the hyperthymic scale of the TEMPS-A and the anxious/reactive extracted factor distinguished unaffected relatives from controls. The hyperthymic scale yielded results opposite to expectation with controls higher than any family group. This may be an artifact of the self-rated form of the questionnaire, a consequence of our grouping bipolar I and II subjects together, or the result of a "protective" factor and bears further study. Nevertheless, both of these scales may be useful quantitative traits for genetic mapping studies. (c) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ayano Otsuka,1 Yoshikazu Takaesu,1 Mitsuhiko Sato,1 Jiro Masuya,1 Masahiko Ichiki,1 Ichiro Kusumi,2 Takeshi Inoue1 1Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 2Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan Background: Recent studies have suggested that multiple factors interact with the onset and prognosis of major depressive disorders. In this study, we investigated how child abuse, affective temperaments, and interpersonal sensitivity are interrelated, and how they affect depressive symptoms in the general adult population. Subjects and methods: A total of 415 volunteers from the general adult population completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire version, the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale, and the Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure, which are all self-administered questionnaires. Data were subjected to structural equation modeling (Mplus), and single and multiple regression analyses. Results: The effect of child abuse on depressive symptoms was mediated by interpersonal sensitivity and 4 affective temperaments, including depressive, cyclothymic, anxious, and irritable temperaments. In addition, the effect of these temperaments on depressive symptoms was mediated by interpersonal sensitivity, indicating the indirect enhancement of depressive symptoms. In contrast to these 4 temperaments, the hyperthymic temperament did not mediate the effect of child abuse on depressive symptoms; its effect was not mediated by interpersonal sensitivity. However, a greater hyperthymic temperament predicted decreased depressive symptoms and interpersonal sensitivity, independent of any mediation effect. Limitations: Because this is a cross-sectional study, long-term prospective studies are necessary to confirm its findings. Therefore, recall bias should be considered when interpreting the results. As the subjects were adults from the general population, the results may not be generalizable towards all patients with major depression. Conclusion: This study suggests that child abuse and affective temperaments affect depressive symptoms partly through interpersonal sensitivity. Interpersonal sensitivity may have a major role in forming the link between abuse, affective temperament, and depression. Keywords: child abuse, affective temperament, TEMPS-A, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, structural equation modeling

• The reclassified CATS consists of five subscales. • Most of the subtypes of the reclassified CATS were associated with MDD and BP. • Physical abuse and loneliness/psychological stress are significant predictors of affective temperaments. • These subtypes might be associated with the diagnosis of MDD and BP. We previously reported that child abuse indirectly predicts the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BP) based on higher scores of affective temperaments; however, the subtypes of child abuse have not been examined sufficiently. Therefore, in the present study, we used the reclassified version of the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale (CATS) to determine how the subtypes of child abuse affect affective temperaments. A total of 502 participants (212 healthy controls, 163 patients with MDD and 127 patients with BP) were administered the Japanese version of the CATS; the Japanese version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire; and the Japanese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Data were analyzed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, as well as by univariate and multivariate analyses. A five-factor structure was appropriate for the CATS. The MDD group scored significantly higher on all subtypes of the reclassified CATS than did the control group. Among the subscales of the reclassified CATS, physical abuse and loneliness/psychological stress were significant predictors of affective temperaments, although all subscales were significantly associated with affective temperaments compared to the original CATS. Since child abuse was assessed retrospectively, there might be recall bias. Furthermore, as the study was limited to Japanese individuals, particularly those with mood disorders, the findings might not be generalizable. This study revealed that the subtypes of child abuse (especially physical abuse and loneliness/psychological stress) might be associated with MDD and BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, but adult-ADHD is still an under-diagnosed and untreated condition. Treating adult-ADHD is complex and requires effective strategies for ADHD symptoms and comorbidities. Because of its high comorbidity rate with mood disorders and the growing interest in symptoms of emotional dysregulation in these patients, our aim was to collect studies that investigated temperament correlates in adult people with ADHD, to better understand the association between them and the eventual role of temperament as a prognostic-therapeutic marker.Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature. We included only studies that measured temperament traits in ADHD adults using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Paris and San Diego-Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) or the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI).Results: We retrieved 15 papers that used the TCI and 6 papers that used the TEMPS-A. In the TCI studies, ADHD was associated with high scores on Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance and low scores on Persistence. For the TEMPS-A studies, ADHD and Bipolar Disorders share some similarities in temperament scores, except for the hyperthymic temperament score.Limitations: A comparison between the TCI and TEMPS-A results was not possible. The number of papers included was small. Among them, the type of sample, the number of recruited subjects and the ADHD assessment were very different.Conclusions: The majority of ADHD individuals share temperament traits such as lability, irritability and excessiveness of emotional responses. Further research is needed to better understand whether temperament influences the pharmacological response of ADHD patients and whether temperament scores affect the long-term therapeutic outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego (TEMPS-A) is a self-administered questionnaire intended to assess five affective temperaments: depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable and anxious. Our objective was to examine the psychometric properties of the TEMPS-A using a sample comprised by patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy controls (HC) and to determine cut-off scores for each temperament.Methods: Five hundred and ninety-eight individuals (327 BD and 271 HC) completed the TEMPS-A. Cronbach's alpha was used to examine internal consistency reliability. Test-retest reliability and association between different temperamental scales were assessed using Spearman correlation. To confirm factor structure a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out. Cut-off scores indicating the presence of dominant temperament were also calculated.Results: Internal consistency was optimal for all temperament subscales (α: 0.682- 0.893). The questionnaire demonstrated good test-retest reliability (ρ: 0.594-0.754). The strongest positive associations were found between cyclothymic and anxious and between depressive and anxious temperaments. Hyperthymic and depressive as well as hyperthymic and anxious temperaments showed a strong negative correlation.Limitations: The HC sample was not matched with the BD group. There were some sociodemographic and clinical differences between groups that may impact on the obtained results. A portion of patients with BD was recruited from tertiary centers.Conclusions: The Spanish version of the Barcelona TEMPS-A questionnaire presents a good internal consistency and their results are stable in clinical population. The performance of the Barcelona TEMPS-A is as good as the original scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is related to the hypothetical assumption that there are biologically set predispositions as predictors of behavioural and personality disorders. The present work focused on identification of specific inherent predispositions as predictors of behavioural and personality deviations. The examined population of 901 subjects was provided with a battery of self-rating questionnaires: Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) for assessment and diagnosis of the temperament, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) for the assessment and diagnosis of relatively constant personality characteristics, International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE-s) screening autoquestionnaire for the assessment and diagnosis of personality disorders and State Trait Anxiety Inventory – Form Y (STAI-Y) autoquestionnaire for the assessment and diagnosis of personality and situational anxiety. The results for the represented population showed statistically significant relationships, ranging from weak to strong positive correlation between the types of temperament in TEMPS-A and the personality disorders identified in screening IPDE, with the exception of the hyperthymic temperament scale in which very low non-significant negative relationships were observed. The analysis did not show significant correlations between personality disorders and the hyperthymic temperament type according to TEMPS-A. This temperament type showed weak statistically significant correlations with personality disorders from different clusters. Based on the high values of the linear correlation coefficients, some conclusions could be made on the causal correlation between the presence of a certain type of temperamental predispositions and the registered manifestations of possible personality disorders, namely, which personality disorder is most likely to occur in the prevalence of which temperament.

The aim of this study was to approbate the Bulgarian version of the international instrument for evaluation of temperamental traits, TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego –Autoquestionnaire), and to prove the need to include it in the instruments for research and diagnosis of personality. The study included 901 subjects, 540 of whom are healthy volunteers. One month after the initial test, 118 subjects from the control group were retested with a set of clinical tools to check the reliability of the instrument (temporal stability). The TEMPS-A scales showed high test–retest reliability and high internal consistency. The number of scales was verified and the construct validity of the Bulgarian version of TEMPS-A was confirmed. The results outline the limit for predictive scores on the axis normal–pathological values. The observed correlations did not prove a causal link between the measured variables but verified a statistically significant correlation between the TEMPS-A and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire results, which proved that the two instruments measure the same basic personality characteristics, namely the temperamental construct. The analysis verified the successful standardization and approbation of the Bulgarian version of TEMPS-A for Bulgaria. The comparative analysis of a group of 74 persons serving custodial sentence on the territory of Bulgaria and a control group (N = 74) showed statistically significant differences between the mean scores in the two groups on all TEMPS-A scales, except for hyperthymic temperament, suggesting that delinquent behaviour is connected with an individual's temperamental characteristics.

The aim of this study was to compare the symptomatic, functional and satisfaction outcomes of patients with different temperaments undergoing carpal tunnel surgery by a single surgeon. Dominant temperaments of 171 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome were determined using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). Patients were divided into six temperament groups, and the impact of their respective group measured against preoperative and postoperative symptom severity and functional capacity using the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ] and satisfaction using the Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM). Patients in the depressive group had the largest improvement in symptoms (BCTQ score change, -2.2) as well as a significant improvement in function (BCTQ score change, -2.1), yet had the lowest postoperative satisfaction (mean PEM score 9). Determination of patient temperament before surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may be useful as an ancillary technique to help predict postoperative satisfaction, which may in turn help guide preoperative communication and expectation setting. Level of evidence: III., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Growing number of studies indicates a link between eveningness chronotype, affective temperaments and bipolarity, both in patients with mood disorders and in general population. Given these tripartite associations, we hypothesized that the effect of circadian preferences on the bipolarity may be mediated by the temperamental traits.Methods: The study included 1449 subjects (402 men and 1047 women). They all fulfilled a web-based questionnaire, consisting of the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM), Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), Hypomania Checklist-32 (HCL-32) and the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). The role of temperamental traits in the relationship between morningness-eveningness and bipolarity was assessed using mediation analysis.Results: Morningness is correlated with lower bipolarity measured by the MDQ and HCL-32, and to lower scores of depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments of the TEMPS-A. There is no significant association between morningness and hyperthymic traits. Cyclothymic and irritable traits are full mediators of the association between chronotype and bipolarity, influencing bipolarity independently from circadian preferences. Depressive and anxious traits are partial mediators of this association, increasing the effect of eveningness on bipolarity.Limitations: The indirectness of the findings in the web-based study and disproportion of participants' gender.Conclusions: Our study confirmed that eveningness is associated with bipolarity. In case of depressive and anxious temperaments, bipolarity is associated stronger with eveningness than with the TEMPS-A scores. On the other hand, cyclothymic and irritable temperaments were associated with bipolarity independently from circadian preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous studies, various components such as environmental and genetic factors have been shown to contribute to the development of bipolar disorder (BD). This study investigated how multiple factors, including child abuse, adult life events, and affective temperaments, are interrelated and how they affect the diagnosis of BD. A total of 170 healthy controls and 75 BD patients completed the following self-administered questionnaires: the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 evaluating the severity of depressive symptoms; the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale (CATS) evaluating child abuse; the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) evaluating affective temperaments; and the Life Experiences Survey (LES) evaluating negative and positive adult life events. The data were subjected to univariate analysis, multivariable analysis, and structural equation modeling. The structural equation modeling showed that the diagnosis of BD was indirectly predicted by the neglect and sexual abuse scores of the CATS through four affective temperaments (depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious) of the TEMPS-A and directly predicted by these four affective temperaments. This study suggested that affective temperament plays an important role as a mediator in the influence of child abuse on BD diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ratings of particular temperament-types with the TEMPS-A autoquestionnaire have been associated with suicidal risk, and combinations of such ratings may enhance the association. However, the predictive value of scores for individual temperaments and combinations remains to be quantified.Method: We evaluated associations of TEMPS-A ratings for anxious (anx), cyclothymic (cyc), dysthymic (dys), hyperthymic (hyp) and irritable (irr) temperaments, with a history of suicidal acts or reported suicidal ideation in 882 patients with bipolar (BD; n = 509), major depressive (MDD; n = 268) or anxiety (ANX; n = 105) disorders.Results: With BD, scores for cyc and irr were highest and anx lowest; with MDD, dys scored highest, hyp lowest; anx was highest with ANX and MDD. Women (n = 497) had higher anx and cyc scores than men; scores for irr and hyp decreased with age. Scores for dys, anx, and cyc, were higher, and hyp lower, with greater HDRS21 depression ratings. Among 347 suicidal subjects (112 with attempts), cyc, dys, and irr scores were higher, hyp lower. Pooled score [cyc+ dys+ irr - hyp] best distinguished subjects with suicide attempts versus nonsuicidal subjects, including in Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis (AUC for acts = 70.1% [64.9- 75.3]). Multivariable modeling associated suicidal acts with TEMPS-A [cyc+ dys+ irr - hyp] composite-score, depression severity, BD or MDD diagnosis, and older at illness-onset.Conclusions: Subjects with suicidal acts or ideation were best distinguished by composite TEMPS-A score [cyc+ dys+ irr - hyp]. These factors should help to identify those at suicidal risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Pregnancy and postpartum periods are the main reproductive periods during which women experience mood disorders. Affective temperaments are known antecedents of mood disorders and their importance is increasing in time for early diagnosis and determining risky groups. But data about affective temperaments during perinatal period is limited. Methods:Women during pregnancy and perinatal period and healthy controls who are not in perinatal period are included in the study. 83 pregnant women in 1st trimester, 94 pregnant women in 2nd trimester and 115 pregnant women in 3rd trimester; 32 women in 1st month postpartum and 89 women in 2nd month postpartum; and 88 healthy non-pregnant women with similar ages were evaluated regarding their temperament evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) scores. Results:Women in perinatal period had higher scores of hyperthymic temperaments than the control group. Women in the 2nd month of postpartum period had also higher anxious temperament scores. And women in the second trimester had the highest hyperthymic temperament scores. Conclusion:Pregnancy and postpartum periods correlate with hyperthymic temperament characteristics in women without active psychiatric diagnosis. Future studies will help to understand if this is a mental quietness or increased risk for bipolarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among risk factors for suicidal behavior, there is growing interest in associations with stable affective temperament types, particularly based on assessment with the TEMPS-A self-rating scale. Aim: As research on this topic has not been reviewed systematically, we synthesized relevant, reported research findings. Methods: Systematic searching identified peer-reviewed reports pertaining to associations of suicidal behavior or ideation with affective temperament types evaluated with TEMPS-A.We summarized available findings and applied quantitative meta-analytic methods to compare scale scores in suicidal versus nonsuicidal subjects. Results: In 21 of 23 TEMPS-A studies meeting inclusion criteria, anxious, cyclothymic, depressive, or irritable temperament scores were significantly higher with previous or recent suicide attempts or ideation in both psychiatric and general population samples compared to nonsuicidal controls,whereas hyperthymic temperament scoreswere lower in 9 of 11 reports. These findings were synthesized by random-effects meta-analyses of standardizedmean differences in TEMPS-A temperament scores in suicidal versus nonsuicidal subjects. Associations ranked: depressive ≥ irritable > cyclothymic > anxious > hyperthymic (negative). Conclusions: Affective temperaments, especially depressive and irritable, were strongly associated with suicidal risk, whereas hyperthymic temperament appeared to be protective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Assessment of affective temperaments with the extensively validated, 110-item TEMPS-A autoquestionnaire has been used to characterize patients with mood disorders, and its scores have been associated consistently with suicidal behavior. Much less has been reported about comparisons of characteristics of such assessments in psychotic and other psychiatric disorders. Methods We analyzed results of TEMPS-A assessments in 1081 psychiatrically hospitalized patients in Rome and compared subscale scores (anxious [ anx ], cyclothymic [ cyc ], depressive [ dep ], irritable [ irr ], hyperthymic [ hyp ]) and a composite score ( anx+cyc+dep+irr – hyp ) among diagnoses and subjects with vs. without a suicide attempt. Results TEMPS-A subscale scores differed significantly among diagnoses and were higher with major affective than psychotic or other disorders. Suicide attempts were 1.5-times more frequent among women than men and with affective versus nonaffective disorders, ranking: bipolar-II > major depression > bipolar-I > other disorders > psychotic disorders. TEMPS-A subscores were significantly higher among suicidal subjects (ranking: anx ≥ cyc ≥ dep > irr ) except hyp (lower), but the composite score differed most (1.37-fold higher). Multivariable logistic regression modeling indicated that suicide attempt was significantly and independently associated with: TEMPS-A composite score > female sex > affective disorder > older age. Conclusions TEMPS-A scores, particularly a composite score ( anx+cyc+dep+irr – hyp ) may help effectively evaluate suicidal risk in association with nonaffective as well as affective disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this prospective study was to examine the temperament dimensions of the patients with boxer fracture and compare them with age- and sex-matched controls. Methods: We performed a prospective analysis investigating affective temperaments of the 102 patients with boxer fractures and compared them with 100 sex- and age-matched controls that were referred to the emergency department due to incidental soft-tissue trauma. Affective temperament of the patients was evaluated by Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Auto questionnaire (TEMPS-A). Both incidences of dominant affective temperaments of boxer fracture cases with previously validated normal Turkish population and controls and differences between mean values of temperament scores were analyzed. Results: The mean age of the patients with boxer fractures was 25.6 (range 17-47) and 27.7 years (range 17-49) for controls. We found that dominant irritable temperament ( n = 10; 9.7%) had significantly higher incidence from both control group and normal Turkish population ( p < 0.001). In addition, there was significant difference between anxious temperament scores of two groups ( p = 0.013). Conclusion: The understanding of mood of patients with boxer fractures will help us to enhance treatment plan and may prevent further intentional injuries by providing an insight into better controlling physical health of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the characteristics of depressive symptoms and the influence of affective temperament in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in comparison with bipolar disorder (BD) patients and healthy controls (HCs).Method: Sixty patients with ADHD, 50 patients with BD, and 30 HCs were assessed with instruments for measuring depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II), and affective temperaments (Temperament Scale of Memphis, Pisa and San Diego, self-administered version; TEMPS-A). In addition, participants were evaluated with scales for measuring ADHD symptoms, impulsiveness, anxiety, executive dysfunction, and quality of life.Results: ADHD patients showed levels of depressive symptoms similar to BD patients and higher than HCs. Only neurovegetative symptoms of depression differentiated ADHD and BD groups (BD > ADHD). Depressive symptoms in ADHD patients correlated positively with core ADHD, impulsivity, anxiety, and dysexecutive symptoms and negatively with quality of life. Thirty-eight percent of patients with ADHD scored above the cutoff for at least one affective temperament. Cyclothymic was the more common affective temperament (25%). ADHD patients with affective temperamental traits were more depressed and impulsive than patients without those traits and showed a symptomatic profile analogous to BD patients.Limitations: The small size of resultant samples when ADHD group was stratified by the presence of affective temperament. In addition, results may not generalize to less severe ADHD patients from the community.Conclusions: Concomitant depressive symptoms constitute a common occurrence in adults with ADHD that carries significant psychopathological and functional consequences. The concept of affective temperaments may be an interesting link for explaining depressive symptomatology and emotional impulsivity in a subgroup of patients with ADHD, beyond the classic idea of comorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent studies have suggested that multiple factors interact with the onset and prognosis of major depressive disorders. In this study, we investigated how child abuse, affective temperaments, and interpersonal sensitivity are interrelated, and how they affect depressive symptoms in the general adult population. Subjects and methods: A total of 415 volunteers from the general adult population completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire version, the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale, and the Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure, which are all self-administered questionnaires. Data were subjected to structural equation modeling (Mplus), and single and multiple regression analyses. Results: The effect of child abuse on depressive symptoms was mediated by interpersonal sensitivity and 4 affective temperaments, including depressive, cyclothymic, anxious, and irritable temperaments. In addition, the effect of these temperaments on depressive symptoms was mediated by interpersonal sensitivity, indicating the indirect enhancement of depressive symptoms. In contrast to these 4 temperaments, the hyperthymic temperament did not mediate the effect of child abuse on depressive symptoms; its effect was not mediated by interpersonal sensitivity. However, a greater hyperthymic temperament predicted decreased depressive symptoms and interpersonal sensitivity, independent of any mediation effect. Limitations: Because this is a cross-sectional study, long-term prospective studies are necessary to confirm its findings. Therefore, recall bias should be considered when interpreting the results. As the subjects were adults from the general population, the results may not be generalizable towards all patients with major depression. Conclusion: This study suggests that child abuse and affective temperaments affect depressive symptoms partly through interpersonal sensitivity. Interpersonal sensitivity may have a major role in forming the link between abuse, affective temperament, and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To evaluate the temperament and quality of life (QoL) of patients with PCOS. Materials and methods: Fifty-three adult patients with PCOS and 38 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Demographic characteristics including age, education and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Affective temperaments were assessed by the temperament evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A) scale. The general health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument used in this study was short Form 36. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) were also performed. Results: The patients with PCOS had significantly higher rates of depressive, anxious and hyperthymic scores compared to controls. The PCOS patients had significantly lower mean SF-36 health summary scores. Conclusions: TEMPS-A seems to be an easy and reliable test to evaluate temperament in PCOS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronotype is a stable trait presenting one’s circardian preference. Since chronotype disturbances are common in patients with affective disorders, our aim is to evaluate chronotypes related to affective temperaments, measured with the temperament evaluation of Memphis, Pisa and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). The study included 618 subjects (151 men and 467 women) within the framework of web-based design. They all fulfilled a questionnaire, consisting of the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM), Sleep Wake Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SWPAQ), and the TEMPS-A scale. Multiple regression models revealed that after controlling for age and gender: irritable and cyclothymic temperaments were negatively associated with total CSM score, CSM morning affect and circadian preference components, Sleepability (S), Vigilance (V), Wakeability (W) and positively with Morningness (M) and Eveningness (E) subscales of SWPAQ; anxious temperament was negatively associated with total CSM scores, CSM morning affect and with S, V, W subscales of SWPAQ; depressive temperament was negatively associated with Falling asleep, S, V, W subscales of SWPAQ; hyperthymic temperament was positively associated with CSM morning affect and V, W and negatively with M subscales of SWPAQ. The results show distinctiveness of the associations between hyperthymic temperament and circadian preferences, compared to all other TEMPS-A temperaments (depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious). In the CMS scale, only hyperthymic temperament was related to morning affect. In the SWPAQ scale, hyperthymic temperament was the only one associated with earlier morningness (earlier wake up time preference), increased parameters of vigor – wakeability, vigilance, and also the only one not associated with decreased plasticity of circadian rhythm (sleepability and falling asleep). Results also point to some similarities between cyclothymic and irritable temperaments in some aspects of the chronotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) is a 110-item questionnaire that assesses five affective temperaments. However, a valid shortened version is desired for large-scale investigations to enhance the compliance of respondents. Methods: A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted among 320 psychiatric patients and 61 general adults. The participants completed the Japanese 39-item short version of the TEMPS-A, and a portion of the participants completed the 110-item version. An exploratory factor analysis with the principal factor method and varimax rotation was conducted to identify a more suitable model of the short version of the TEMPS-A. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 39-item version exhibited a poor model fit. However, we found that the 18-item version exhibited a firm five-factor structure based on the exploratory factor analysis, and this model exhibited an acceptable model fit. It had good or acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's αs: 0.672 -0.819). Limitations: The majority of the subjects in the present study were patients, and the temperament data may have been affected by psychiatric symptoms. Conclusion: A firm five-factor structure was not found in the 39-item short version of the Japanese TEMPS-A. Therefore, an 18-item version was proposed. This new 18-item version of the TEMPS-A might be useful for clinical applications and large-scale investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is related to the hypothetical assumption that there are biologically set predispositions as predictors of behavioural and personality disorders. The present work focused on identification of specific inherent predispositions as predictors of behavioural and personality deviations. The examined population of 901 subjects was provided with a battery of self-rating questionnaires: Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) for assessment and diagnosis of the temperament, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) for the assessment and diagnosis of relatively constant personality characteristics, International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE-s) screening autoquestionnaire for the assessment and diagnosis of personality disorders and State Trait Anxiety Inventory - Form Y (STAI-Y) autoquestionnaire for the assessment and diagnosis of personality and situational anxiety. The results for the represented population showed statistically significant relationships, ranging from weak to strong positive correlation between the types of temperament in TEMPS-A and the personality disorders identified in screening IPDE, with the exception of the hyperthymic temperament scale in which very low non-significant negative relationships were observed. The analysis did not show significant correlations between personality disorders and the hyperthymic temperament type according to TEMPS-A. This temperament type showed weak statistically significant correlations with personality disorders from different clusters. Based on the high values of the linear correlation coefficients, some conclusions could be made on the causal correlation between the presence of a certain type of temperamental predispositions and the registered manifestations of possible personality disorders, namely, which personality disorder is most likely to occur in the prevalence of which temperament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to approbate the Bulgarian version of the international instrument for evaluation of temperamental traits, TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego –Autoquestionnaire), and to prove the need to include it in the instruments for research and diagnosis of personality. The study included 901 subjects, 540 of whom are healthy volunteers. One month after the initial test, 118 subjects from the control group were retested with a set of clinical tools to check the reliability of the instrument (temporal stability). The TEMPS-A scales showed high test–retest reliability and high internal consistency. The number of scales was verified and the construct validity of the Bulgarian version of TEMPS-A was confirmed. The results outline the limit for predictive scores on the axis normal–pathological values. The observed correlations did not prove a causal link between the measured variables but verified a statistically significant correlation between the TEMPS-A and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire results, which proved that the two instruments measure the same basic personality characteristics, namely the temperamental construct. The analysis verified the successful standardization and approbation of the Bulgarian version of TEMPS-A for Bulgaria. The comparative analysis of a group of 74 persons serving custodial sentence on the territory of Bulgaria and a control group (N = 74) showed statistically significant differences between the mean scores in the two groups on all TEMPS-A scales, except for hyperthymic temperament, suggesting that delinquent behaviour is connected with an individual's temperamental characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]