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This mini-review outlines major climate-change exacerbated sources of metal to the Arctic marine environment, leading to measured concentrations sometimes exceeding levels considered environmentally safe, and thus potentially impacting arctic marine zooplankton. We review the bioavailability of metals in Arctic marine environments and the current state of knowledge on metal toxicity in marine copepods. Toxicity response mechanisms to metals included oxidative stress as well as genetic processes of DNA damage and repair. We highlight species-specific differences in metal impacts within the diverse group of planktonic copepods. We summarize observed responses at multiple levels of biological organization, and note that studies on arctic species are scarce and need expansion, as results from temperate and tropical species may not be readily transferable to arctic counterparts. We further provide an updated view on impacts of metals in combination with other stressors in the Arctic marine system in light of increasing attention to multiple stressors of climate change and pollution. For arctic marine zooplankton, a number of research gaps are identified, including a need for integrating effects responses across levels of biological organization, for studies into mechanisms of heritable changes and long-term transgenerational impacts, and considering interspecific capacity for response and adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, with the disruption of hydrological and thermal regimes, is threatening freshwater entomological biodiversity in different ways. While extinction or distribution range change of some species can be noted relatively easily, the effects on life cycle usually require considerable data. In this short communication, we show that Ephoron virgo (Olivier, 1791), a univoltine mayfly, anticipated the date of emergence in the Tanaro River (Northwest Italy) over the last 17 years and how this is closely related to the increase in local temperatures. Since this species is known for its impressive and synchronised hatchings, we relied on official reports from the municipality of Alba, which allowed us to analyse a greater dataset, demonstrating how unconventional documents combined with direct observation or press articles can also be useful in scientific studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diatoms are single-celled photosynthetic eukaryotes responsible for CO2 fixation and primary production in aquatic ecosystems. The cosmopolitan marine diatom Coscinodiscus granii can form seasonal blooms in coastal areas and interact with various microorganisms, including the parasitic oomycete Lagenisma coscinodisci. This unicellular eukaryote is mainly present in the northern hemisphere as an obligate parasite of the genus Coscinodiscus. Understanding the interplay of abiotic factors such as temperature and biotic factors like parasitism on algal physiology is crucial as it dictates plankton community composition and is especially relevant during environmental changes and warming events. This study investigates the impact of two temperatures, 13 °C and 25 °C, on Coscinodiscus granii under laboratory conditions. A decreased infection rate of the parasite was observed at the elevated temperature. Comparative metabolomic analysis using UHPLC-HRMS revealed that temperature and parasitism significantly affect the algal cell metabolome. Abundances of metabolites related to sulfur metabolism, including cysteinoleic acid and dimethylsulfoniopropionate, as well as molecules linked to fatty acid metabolism, e.g., carnitine, acetylcarnitine, and eicosapentanoic acid, significantly increase in cells grown at a higher temperature, suggesting the enhanced rate of metabolism of host cells as the temperature rises. Our study reveals how temperature-induced metabolic changes can influence host–parasite dynamics in a changing environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to growing water demands and changing hydro-meteorological variables brought on by climate change, drought is becoming an increasingly serious climate concern. The Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia is the subject of this study because it is susceptible to both agricultural and meteorological droughts. This study investigates how climate change affects patterns of drought in Al-Baha by analyzing four drought indices (Agricultural Standardized Precipitation Index (aSPI), the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Rainfall Deficiency Index (RDI), and the Effective Reconnaissance Drought Index (eRDI)) for the years 1991–2022. Analysis of rainfall data was carried out to classify drought events according to their duration, frequency, and severity. Results showed that severe droughts occurred in 2009, 2010, 2012, 2016, and 2022, with 2010 being the worst year. Results also indicated a notable decrease in precipitation, which has resulted in extended dry spells. Several indices indicate that this tendency has significant ramifications for agriculture, particularly in areas where farming is a major economic activity. In addition, the possible occurrence of hydrological drought was also observed based on the negative values for the Reservoir Storage Index (RSI) in Al-Baha. Projections for the future under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) showed notable variations in temperature and precipitation. Both the RCP4.5 (low emission) and the RCP8.5 (high emission) projection scenarios indicate that drought conditions will likely worsen further. Depending on the emission scenario, it is projected to show a temperature increase of 1–2 °C, whereas the variability in precipitation projections indicates significant uncertainty, with a reduction change in the range of 1.2–27% between 2050 and 2100. The findings highlight the urgent need for proactive adaptation strategies, effective water resource management, and the development of sophisticated drought prediction tools. Addressing these challenges is crucial for sustaining agriculture and managing water scarcity in Saudi Arabia in the face of increasing drought risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing deployment of wind turbines in technologically advanced nations underscores the need to enhance their reliability, extend their operational lifespan, and minimize failures. The current protection devices for wind turbine components do not sufficiently shield them from various external factors that degrade performance. This study addresses the environmental and technical challenges that disrupt wind turbine operations and reviews existing research and technical solutions for protecting individual components, supported by experimental findings. Using a decomposition method followed by the integration of protection components, we propose a combined protection system designed to improve the overall resilience of wind turbines. The proposed system aims to reduce incidents, extend service life, and increase reliability, addressing a critical gap in wind energy technology and contributing to its continued development and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This mini-review outlines major climate-change exacerbated sources of metal to the Arctic marine environment, leading to measured concentrations sometimes exceeding levels considered environmentally safe, and thus potentially impacting arctic marine zooplankton. We review the bioavailability of metals in Arctic marine environments and the current state of knowledge on metal toxicity in marine copepods. Toxicity response mechanisms to metals included oxidative stress as well as genetic processes of DNA damage and repair. We highlight species-specific differences in metal impacts within the diverse group of planktonic copepods. We summarize observed responses at multiple levels of biological organization, and note that studies on arctic species are scarce and need expansion, as results from temperate and tropical species may not be readily transferable to arctic counterparts. We further provide an updated view on impacts of metals in combination with other stressors in the Arctic marine system in light of increasing attention to multiple stressors of climate change and pollution. For arctic marine zooplankton, a number of research gaps are identified, including a need for integrating effects responses across levels of biological organization, for studies into mechanisms of heritable changes and long-term transgenerational impacts, and considering interspecific capacity for response and adaptation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extended maturation and temperature increase on the physico-chemical, biochemical, instrumental color and texture, sensory, and acceptability parameters of cured and boneless Iberian hams. Given the limited knowledge in this area, our objective was to develop a ham with enhanced proteolysis, potentially leading to increased bioactive peptide generation and superior sensory characteristics compared to salt-reduced counterparts. To achieve this, a batch of hams cured up to 38% loss at 30 °C and two batches cured up to 42% loss at 30 °C and 36 °C were evaluated. Results showed that the increase in processing time and temperature significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) ham proteolysis and amino acid content without adversely affecting its texture. No significant differences were observed in instrumental texture parameters or sensory attributes as evaluated by consumers. These processing conditions also increased the content of free amino acids, improving the product quality. Overall, these processing modifications resulted in hams with excellent sensory acceptability and enhanced bioactive potential despite the salt reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study introduces an innovative direct and active heating system designed for precise temperature control in vineyards. This system serves as a valuable tool for investigating the influence of climate change on grapevine physiology and, consequently, the characteristics of the resulting wine. The research took place in an experimental vineyard located in Mendoza, Argentina, with V. vinifera cvs. trained to a vertical shoot positioning trellis system over two consecutive growing seasons. The system design utilized electric hot water tanks and polypropylene pipes attached to the foliage catch wires. Over two growing seasons, the system consistently elevated the ambient air temperatures within the canopy by 2.5 ± 0.12 °C compared to the control group. This temperature increase emulated the temperature projections for Mendoza as forecasted by the IPCC by the end of this century. The system displayed heating uniformity, as evidenced by the absence of both vertical and horizontal temperature gradients. Additionally, the significant variation in mean daytime and night-time temperatures between the control and heated treatments highlighted the effectiveness of the system in modifying temperature conditions on a diurnal basis. The heated treatment applied with this system proved to have an effective biological impact on the physiology of grapevines. In both seasons, plants under the heated treatment advanced their bud break and harvest dates. The study showed a significant growth enhancement in the heated treatment, with apical shoots extending significantly longer than those in the control treatment. Additionally, the total soluble solids content increased in the heating treatment, while yield decreased, for both experimental seasons. These results illustrate the robust performance of the system throughout the entire growth period, regardless of fluctuations in atmospheric conditions. This study establishes a new foundation for future research on grapevine responses to climate change. It also opens the door to the implementation of effective adaptation strategies in vineyards, promising a more resilient and adaptable future for grape cultivation.

Simple Summary: Breast cancer is a significant global health challenge, ranking as the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current treatment modalities, such as invasive surgery and chemotherapy, while effective to some extent, pose notable risks to patient well-being. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) offers a non-invasive alternative, utilizing precise acoustic energy for targeted tumor ablation while sparing surrounding healthy tissues. However, HIFU's efficacy depends on various factors, necessitating comprehensive research for optimization. The research focuses on in vitro thermal ablation of epithelial breast cancer cell lines, exploring the impact of HIFU on both 2D monolayer and 3D spheroidal cell configurations. The investigation assesses ultrasound parameters, including acoustic intensity, duty cycle, and sonication duration, evaluating their influence on temperature elevation and tumor cell ablation. Empirical findings are compared with numerical simulations, contributing to a deeper understanding of HIFU's potential in breast cancer treatment and paving the way for more effective therapeutic strategies. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a non-invasive therapeutic modality that uses precise acoustic energy to ablate cancerous tissues through coagulative necrosis. In this context, we investigate the efficacy of HIFU ablation in two distinct cellular configurations, namely 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids of epithelial breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB 231 and MCF7). The primary objective is to compare the response of these two in vitro models to HIFU while measuring their ablation percentages and temperature elevation levels. HIFU was systematically applied to the cell cultures, varying ultrasound intensity and duty cycle during different sonication sessions. The results indicate that the degree of ablation is highly influenced by the duty cycle, with higher duty cycles resulting in greater ablation percentages, while sonication duration has a minimal impact. Numerical simulations validate experimental observations, highlighting a significant disparity in the response of 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids to HIFU treatment. Specifically, tumor spheroids require lower temperature elevations for effective ablation, and their ablation percentage significantly increases with elevated duty cycles. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of acoustic energy conversion within the biological system during HIFU treatment for 2D versus 3D ablation targets, holding potential implications for refining and personalizing breast cancer therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the myriad responses to climate change, an emerging trend is the widespread decrease in animal body size with warming temperatures. Birds, in particular, have been shown to be decreasing in body size in several areas – most notably the Amazon Basin and temperate North America – but trends in much of the world remain unexplored. Here, we analyze temporal trends and climatic associations of body mass for 42 resident bird species over 36 years in the Usambara Mountains of Tanzania, a tropical montane global biodiversity hotspot. In addition, we assess trends in wing length and mass:wing ratio over 21 years. Finally, we examine whether species‐specific trends in body mass are related to average body size or to trends in apparent survival. Overall, species' average body mass in the Usambara Mountains increased by 0.023 g decade‐1, amounting to increases of 4.1% over 36 years. These long‐term shifts in body mass were strongly and positively associated with annual mean temperature but showed no relationship with precipitation. Wing length increased on average by 2.0% over a 21‐year period, yet there was mixed evidence for trends in mass:wing ratio, suggesting that body size in general is increasing. While percentage trends in body mass were not related to trends in apparent annual survival, smaller species did display greater proportional increases in body mass. Although the drivers of increased body size remain unclear – and climate change cannot be ruled out – such increases among Afrotropical montane birds provide an intriguing counterpoint to observed declines in body mass elsewhere and suggest that trends in body mass in tropical birds may be mediated by biogeography or other abiotic or biotic drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing climate change on the Tibetan Plateau, leading to warming and precipitation anomalies, modifies phosphorus (P) cycling in alpine meadow soils. However, the interactions and cascading effects of warming and precipitation changes on the key "extracellular" and "intracellular" P cycling genes (PCGs) of bacteria are largely unknown for these P‐limited ecosystems. We used metagenomics to analyze the individual and combined effects of warming and altered precipitation on soil PCGs and P transformation in a manipulation experiment. Warming and increased precipitation raised Olsen‐P (bioavailable P, AP) by 13% and 20%, respectively, mainly caused by augmented hydrolysis of organic P compounds (NaOH‐Po). The decreased precipitation reduced soil AP by 5.3%. The richness and abundance of the PCGs' community in soils on the cold Tibetan plateau were more sensitive to warming than altered precipitation. The abundance of PCGs and P cycling processes decreased under the influence of individual climate change factors (i.e., warming and altered precipitation alone), except for the warming combined with increased precipitation. Pyruvate metabolism, phosphotransferase system, oxidative phosphorylation, and purine metabolism (all "intracellular" PCG) were closely correlated with P pools under climate change conditions. Specifically, warming recruited bacteria with the phoD and phoX genes, which encode enzymes responsible for phosphoester hydrolysis (extracellular P cycling), strongly accelerated organic P mineralization and so, directly impacted P bioavailability in alpine soil. The interactions between warming and altered precipitation profoundly influenced the PCGs' community and facilitated microbial adaptation to these environmental changes. Warming combined with increased precipitation compensated for the detrimental impacts of the individual climate change factors on PCGs. In conclusion, warming combined with rising precipitation has boosting effect on most P‐related functions, leading to the acceleration of P cycling within microbial cells and extracellularly, including mineralization and more available P release for microorganisms and plants in alpine soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The country's advancement is fueled by regional growth. It frequently has many detrimental effects in its application, including contamination. Climate, notably temperature, is negatively impacted by the ensuing pollution. This study uses the Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) method to measure the pollution index, followed by the instrumental variable (IV) method to calculate the effect of development on pollution and temperature. Rural data from Podes 2018 is among the data used in this investigation. The findings of this study show that developed and developing areas are where the negative pollution index forms the most frequently. The construction and the resulting pollution index have a negative impact on temperature. The development process should pay attention to environmental aspects to anticipate worse temperature changes in the coming period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, polydopamine and silver-modified graphene oxide (Ag/PGO) were prepared using a one-step method, and the effects of Ag/PGO as a lubricating oil additive on the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and lubricating performance of lubricating oil were studied. The influence of additive lubricating oil on the temperature increase and vibration of a high-speed motorized spindle was studied through a motorized spindle experiment. The results showed that the addition of Ag/PGO nanocomposites could improve the thermophysical properties and lubricating properties of the lubricating oil. The Ag/PGO nanoparticles deposited on the friction surface formed a friction protective film, which prevented direct contact between the friction pairs and effectively reduced the heat generated through friction and micro-peak collision during bearing operation. The lubricating oil containing Ag/PGO had high thermal conductivity and a good heat dissipation effect in convection heat transfer in the bearing cavity. The deposition and repair of nanoparticles could improve the micro-morphology of the friction surface and reduce the high-frequency amplitude of the motorized spindle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how Atlantic sturgeon cells respond to elevated temperatures, shedding light on the potential impacts of climate change on fish. Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus), an IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List species and evolutionarily related to paleonisiform species, may have considerable physiological adaptability, suggesting that this species may be able to cope with changing climatic conditions and higher temperatures. To test this hypothesis, the AOXlar7y cell line was examined at 20 °C (control) and at elevated temperatures of 25 °C and 28 °C. Parameters including proliferation, vitality, morphology, and gene expressions related to proliferation, stemness, and stress were evaluated. Additionally, to achieve a comprehensive understanding of cellular changes, mitochondrial and metabolic activities were assessed using Seahorse XF96. AOXlar7y cells adapted to 28 °C exhibited enhanced mitochondrial adaptability, plasticity, heightened cell proliferation, and increased hsp70 expression. Increased baseline respiration indicated elevated ATP demand, which is potentially linked to higher cell proliferation and heat stress defense. Cells at 28 °C also displayed elevated reserve respiration capacity, suggesting adaptation to energy demands. At 25 °C, AOXlar7y cells showed no changes in basal respiration or mitochondrial capacity, suggesting unchanged ATP demand compared to cells cultivated at 20 °C. Proliferation and glycolytic response to energy requirements were diminished, implying a connection between glycolysis inhibition and proliferation suppression. These research results indicate sturgeon cells are capable of withstanding and adapting to an 8 °C temperature increase. This cellular analysis lays a foundation for future studies aimed at a deeper understanding of fish cell physiological adaptations, which will contribute to a better knowledge of environmental threats facing Atlantic sturgeon and fish populations amid climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate variability in Mediterranean viticultural areas, primarily attributed to climate change, will significantly impact water requirements, consequently leading to changes in irrigation management. The primary aim of this study was to assess the response of the Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon grape varieties when subjected to deficit drip irrigation (RDI), in comparison to non-irrigation (NI), during various climatic years. The defined irrigation strategies involved water application equivalent to 35% and 80% of the (ET0 (reference crop evapotranspiration) × Kc (crop coefficient)). The ecophysiology of both grapevines was evaluated through the measurement of stomatal conductance (gs), sap flow, transpiration, leaf water potential (LWP), and CO2 assimilation (A). Additionally, essential parameters including the crop coefficient (Kc), transpiration, and intrinsic water use efficiency were calculated. The information gathered from the pressure–volume curves of Cabernet Sauvignon and Tempranillo encompassed the osmotic potential at full turgor (γπ100), osmotic potential at turgor loss or 0 turgor (γπ0), water content at turgor loss (CHR0), modulus of elasticity (ε), and water potential at turgor loss 0 (γH0). The results enable a precise estimation of the water requirements for irrigation, contributing to a deeper understanding of the physiological responses of both varieties. This comprehension aids in assessing the sustainability of these vineyards amidst unexpected changes in the global mean surface temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extended maturation and temperature increase on the physico-chemical, biochemical, instrumental color and texture, sensory, and acceptability parameters of cured and boneless Iberian hams. Given the limited knowledge in this area, our objective was to develop a ham with enhanced proteolysis, potentially leading to increased bioactive peptide generation and superior sensory characteristics compared to salt-reduced counterparts. To achieve this, a batch of hams cured up to 38% loss at 30 °C and two batches cured up to 42% loss at 30 °C and 36 °C were evaluated. Results showed that the increase in processing time and temperature significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) ham proteolysis and amino acid content without adversely affecting its texture. No significant differences were observed in instrumental texture parameters or sensory attributes as evaluated by consumers. These processing conditions also increased the content of free amino acids, improving the product quality. Overall, these processing modifications resulted in hams with excellent sensory acceptability and enhanced bioactive potential despite the salt reduction.

Brazil is one of the largest suppliers of commodities in the world, partly due to the agricultural expansion in the Cerrado biome that began in the 1970s. However, as areas with better soil and climate for agriculture become scarce, farmers advanced to marginal lands, where precipitation is less reliable for rainfed crops. The overall goal of this paper is to investigate the implications of occupying drier areas in the Cerrado biome, which are likely to become more so in the future. We estimated the effect of temperature and precipitation on soybean yields (kg/ha) using panel data regression at the municipal level, from 1980 to 2016, and at the farm-level in a subset region known as Matopiba. Our analysis estimated a reduction of 6% in soybean yield for each 1°C increase in temperature. According to interviewed farmers, the consequences of the recent droughts include land concentration and increased indebtedness. Based on historical observations, agricultural technologies do not provide adaptation to extreme heat and created a dependency on capital availability for investments in irrigation, raising questions about the future sustainability of this capital-intensive agricultural system if breakthroughs in adaptation do not occur.

Summary: Below and aboveground vegetation dynamics are crucial in understanding how climate warming may affect terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling. In contrast to aboveground biomass, the response of belowground biomass to long‐term warming has been poorly studied.Here, we characterized the impacts of decadal geothermal warming at two levels (on average +3.3°C and +7.9°C) on below and aboveground plant biomass stocks and production in a subarctic grassland.Soil warming did not change standing root biomass and even decreased fine root production and reduced aboveground biomass and production. Decadal soil warming also did not significantly alter the root–shoot ratio. The linear stepwise regression model suggested that following 10 yr of soil warming, temperature was no longer the direct driver of these responses, but losses of soil N were. Soil N losses, due to warming‐induced decreases in organic matter and water retention capacity, were identified as key driver of the decreased above and belowground production. The reduction in fine root production was accompanied by thinner roots with increased specific root area.These results indicate that after a decade of soil warming, plant productivity in the studied subarctic grassland was affected by soil warming mainly by the reduction in soil N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean warming profoundly impacts microbes in marine environments; yet, how lifestyle (e.g., free living versus biofilm associated) affects the bacterial response to rising temperature is not clear. Here, we compared transcriptional, enzymatic, and physiological responses of free-living and biofilm-associated Leisingera aquaemixtae M597, a member of the Roseobacteraceae family isolated from marine biofilms, to the increase in temperature from 25°C to 31°C. Complete genome sequencing and metagenomics revealed the prevalence of M597 in global ocean biofilms. Transcriptomics suggested a significant effect on the expression of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen and sulfur metabolism, and phosphorus utilization of free-living M597 cells due to temperature increase, but such drastic alterations were not observed in its biofilms. In the free-living state, the transcription of the key enzyme participating in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway was significantly increased due to the increase in temperature, accompanied by a substantial decrease in the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, but transcripts of these glycolytic enzymes in biofilm-forming strains were independent of the temperature variation. The correlation between the growth condition and the shift in glycolytic pathways under temperature change was confirmed by enzymatic activity assays. Furthermore, the rising temperature affected the growth rate and the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species when M597 cells were free living rather than in biofilms. Thus, biofilm formation stabilizes metabolism in M597 when grown under high temperature and this homeostasis is probably related to the glycolytic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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According to data obtained from meteorological towers, Brazil has significantly increased temperature in the past 20 years, particularly in the North and Midwest regions. Vapor pressure deficit and evapotranspiration were also analyzed, showing an increase across the entire country, confirming that the air is becoming drier. This warming trend is part of the global climate change phenomenon caused by the rise of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, fires, poor soil management practices, deforestation, and logging. The increase in temperature and dryness has profoundly impacted Brazil's climate and ecosystems, leading to intensified extreme weather events and changes in the distribution of both animal and plant species. This study highlights the importance of utilizing meteorological tower data to monitor and understand the effects of climate change in Brazil. It emphasizes the need for immediate action to address its causes and mitigate its negative impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature rise of a specimen is a significant issue in drawing industries for wire, rod, and bar products, because an excessive increase in temperature during the drawing process can deteriorate the product quality and die life. The influence of the strain hardening exponent (n) of a wire on the temperature and strain distributions during wire drawing is investigated to understand its effect and to improve the quality of drawn wire. Finite element analysis and experiments are conducted to analyze the temperature and strain distributions of wires with n values of 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0. The temperature increase of the wire augments as the n of the wire increases, despite the same amount of ideal plastic deformation, which is associated closely with the redundant work. The shear strain increases with the n of the specimen, which generates redundant work, leading to a high temperature rise. Similarly, drawing force increases with the n of the specimen, owing to the increase in redundant work with the n of the wire. In addition, the drawing force presents a linear relationship with the temperature rise of the wire. The drawing speed should be reduced and/or the cooling of wire and die should be strengthened during wire drawing, with increasing n value of the wire, because product quality and die wear are highly associated with the temperature rise of the wire in the deformation zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic global warming has major implications for mobile terrestrial insects, including long‐term effects from constant warming, for example, on species distribution patterns, and short‐term effects from heat extremes that induce immediate physiological responses. To cope with heat extremes, they either have to reduce their activity or move to preferable microhabitats. The availability of favorable microhabitat conditions is strongly promoted by the spatial heterogeneity of habitats, which is often reduced by anthropogenic land transformation. Thus, it is decisive to understand the combined effects of these global change drivers on insect activity. Here, we assessed the movement activity of six insect species (from three orders) in response to heat stress using a unique tracking approach via radio frequency identification. We tracked 465 individuals at the iDiv Ecotron across a temperature gradient up to 38.7°C. In addition, we varied microhabitat conditions by adding leaf litter from four different tree species to the experimental units, either spatially separated or well mixed. Our results show opposing effects of heat extremes on insect activity depending on the microhabitat conditions. The insect community significantly decreased its activity in the mixed litter scenario, while we found a strong positive effect on activity in the separated litter scenario. We hypothesize that the simultaneous availability of thermal refugia as well as resources provided by the mixed litter scenario allows animals to reduce their activity and save energy in response to heat stress. Contrary, the spatial separation of beneficial microclimatic conditions and resources forces animals to increase their activity to fulfill their energetic needs. Thus, our study highlights the importance of habitat heterogeneity on smaller scales, because it may buffer the consequences of extreme temperatures of insect performance and survival under global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant invasion causes changes in floristic composition, and structural and functional degradation of tropical rainforest, which is driven by global changes, deforestation and habitat fragmentation, with temperature increasing as a marked trait in rainforest remnants. Here, we hypothesized that microclimate change, particularly increased temperature, is a major driver for plant invasion to tropical rainforest. Laboratory and field experiments were designed to investigate the germination ecology and high-temperature tolerance of intermediate seeds from three species: Cinnamomum burmanni, Citrus maxima, and Coffea arabica, which are cultivated in Xishuangbanna, tropical China though not native. It was found that the seeds all exhibited sensitivity to high-temperature, including low germination when incubated at ≥ 35 °C or ≥ 9 h daily warm period at 40 °C, and viability loss after ≥ 4 d continuous heating at 40 °C or 30-min heating at temperature ≥ 50 °C, although with interspecific variations. Meanwhile, these species demonstrated a strong preference for forest habitats during plant regeneration from seeds, including higher germination percentage and longer seeds and seedling survival under forest conditions. Overall, intermediate seeds had high-temperature sensitivity, close to or slightly lower than recalcitrant seeds, but markedly higher than orthodox seeds of pioneer and weed species previously reported. We suggest that Cinnamomum burmanni, Citrus maxima, and Coffea arabica all have the potential to enter Xishuangbanna tropical rainforests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perch (Perca fluviatilis) in four boreal lakes and sympatric roach (Rutilis rutilis) in two of these lakes were studied by means of gill net sampling, and age and growth were analyzed to explore whether summer temperature affects recruitment and individual growth of the two species differently. Water temperature logging in the lakes showed a highly significant correlation with air temperature. Year-class strength of the perch was significantly positively affected by the summer air temperature, whereas the temperature effect was non-significant for the roach. There was a significant negative effect of year-class strength of one-year-old perch on roach year-class strength in one lake. ln one of the allopatric perch populations, the year-class strength correlation with temperature failed after biomass removal, probably because fishing affected the age structure. July–August air temperature had a significantly positive effect on individual growth rates of two- to five-year-old perch, whereas the effect on roach growth was less clear. The inclination of perch to predate its competitor, roach, as well as conspecifics, as well as accelerated individual growth, were shown to occur more frequently in years with abundant 1+ perch, i.e., the summer after the rise of a strong year-class. Climate warming may potentially favor perch recruitment and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS-HIPEC) is the standard treatment for patients with peritoneal cancer (PC). Following CRS-HIPEC, patients may also face risks caused by whole body hyperthermia. This study analyzed the incidence of temperature increases following CRS-HIPEC and identified the attendant risk factors. Methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out among 458 patients who received CRS-HIPEC at the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University between August 2018 and January 2021. The patients were divided into two groups according to post-HIPEC axillary temperature (=38°C), with the demographics and the laboratory test results subsequently analyzed and compared, and the risk factors pertaining to temperature increases analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results: During CRS-HIPEC, 32.5% (149/458) of the patients with a temperature increase had an axillary temperature of not lower than 38°C, and 8.5% (39/458) of the patients with hyperpyrexia had an axillary temperature of not lower than 39°C. Female gender, gynecological malignancies, type of chemotherapy drug, increased postoperative neutrophil percentage, and a sharp drop in postoperative prealbumin were associated with the incidence of a temperature increase and axillary temperatures of >38°C. Among these factors, the type of chemotherapy drug was identified as an independent risk factor for a temperature increase during CRSHIPEC. Conclusion: By determining the risk factors pertaining to temperature increases during CRS-HIPEC, medical staff can identify the attendant risks among the patients and thus take preventive measures in a timely manner to maintain the patient's body temperature at a stable level. This suggests that further clinical research should be conducted to build a risk-prediction model for temperature increases following CRS-HIPEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of contact conditions at the wire–die interface on the temperature distribution of the specimen and die are investigated to understand the wire drawing process. Finite element analysis and experiments are performed to analyze the temperature distribution of a drawn wire and die based on different contact conditions using a low-carbon steel wire. The maximum temperature (Tmax) of the die decreases as the contact heat transfer coefficient at the wire–die interface increases, whereas that of the wire increases with the contact heat transfer coefficient. The Tmax of the die and wire decreases with the thermal conductivity of the die. As the thermal conductivity of the die increases, the heat generated by friction is rapidly absorbed into the die, and the Tmax of the die decreases, thus resulting in a decrease in the surface temperature of the wire. The Tmax of both the die and wire linearly increases with the friction factor. In particular, the Tmax of the die more sensitively changes with the friction factor compared with that of the wire. The Tmax of the die linearly increases with the drawing velocity, whereas that of the wire parabolically increases with the drawing velocity. The influence of bearing length on the temperature increase in both the wire and die is insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil is one of the largest suppliers of commodities in the world, partly due to the agricultural expansion in the Cerrado biome that began in the 1970s. However, as areas with better soil and climate for agriculture become scarce, farmers advanced to marginal lands, where precipitation is less reliable for rainfed crops. The overall goal of this paper is to investigate the implications of occupying drier areas in the Cerrado biome, which are likely to become more so in the future. We estimated the effect of temperature and precipitation on soybean yields (kg/ha) using panel data regression at the municipal level, from 1980 to 2016, and at the farm-level in a subset region known as Matopiba. Our analysis estimated a reduction of 6% in soybean yield for each 1°C increase in temperature. According to interviewed farmers, the consequences of the recent droughts include land concentration and increased indebtedness. Based on historical observations, agricultural technologies do not provide adaptation to extreme heat and created a dependency on capital availability for investments in irrigation, raising questions about the future sustainability of this capital-intensive agricultural system if breakthroughs in adaptation do not occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of temperature changes on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield and its components have been widely documented. However, most existing studies are based on small-scale, short-term field experiments, with few assessing these effects on a large scale or over long periods. Here, the calibrated Crop Environment Resource Synthesis (CERES)-Rice model was used for numerical simulations over six climate regions in the major rice cultivation areas of China for the period of 1989–2018. The simulated results were used to estimate the temperature sensitivity of rice yield with a panel model in each climate region, and the yield sensitivity was then decomposed into the temperature sensitivity of three components: panicle number per unit area (Pan_no), filled grain number per panicle (Grain_no), and grain weight (Grainwt). Results indicated that rice yield exhibited negative temperature sensitivity across all climate regions, driven primarily by the temperature sensitivity of Grain_no in most regions. Additionally, Grainwt did not vary with temperature in all regions. Further analysis suggested that yield, Pan_no, and Grain_no were more sensitive to high temperature degree days (HDD) than to growing degree days (GDD). Under the warmer scenarios, HDD increase played a dominant role in the reduction of Grain_no, while the joint effect of GDD and HDD resulted in an increased Pan_no in most regions. However, the negative effect of temperature on Grain_no outweighed its positive effect on Pan_no, leading to a decline in yield. This study provides insight for understanding the temperature response of rice yield and its components and will be beneficial for developing targeted adaptations to ensure rice sustainable production under global warming. [Display omitted] • Temperature sensitivity of rice yield and components was assessed with a crop model. • High temperature degree days (HDD) negatively affect yield and filled grain number. • Filled grain number is the most temperature-sensitive component. • The negative effect of temperature on grain outweighs its positive effect on panicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate variability in Mediterranean viticultural areas, primarily attributed to climate change, will significantly impact water requirements, consequently leading to changes in irrigation management. The primary aim of this study was to assess the response of the Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon grape varieties when subjected to deficit drip irrigation (RDI), in comparison to non-irrigation (NI), during various climatic years. The defined irrigation strategies involved water application equivalent to 35% and 80% of the (ET0 (reference crop evapotranspiration) × Kc (crop coefficient)). The ecophysiology of both grapevines was evaluated through the measurement of stomatal conductance (gs), sap flow, transpiration, leaf water potential (LWP), and CO2 assimilation (A). Additionally, essential parameters including the crop coefficient (Kc), transpiration, and intrinsic water use efficiency were calculated. The information gathered from the pressure–volume curves of Cabernet Sauvignon and Tempranillo encompassed the osmotic potential at full turgor (γπ100), osmotic potential at turgor loss or 0 turgor (γπ0), water content at turgor loss (CHR0), modulus of elasticity (ε), and water potential at turgor loss 0 (γH0). The results enable a precise estimation of the water requirements for irrigation, contributing to a deeper understanding of the physiological responses of both varieties. This comprehension aids in assessing the sustainability of these vineyards amidst unexpected changes in the global mean surface temperature.

This study investigated how Atlantic sturgeon cells respond to elevated temperatures, shedding light on the potential impacts of climate change on fish. Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus), an IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List species and evolutionarily related to paleonisiform species, may have considerable physiological adaptability, suggesting that this species may be able to cope with changing climatic conditions and higher temperatures. To test this hypothesis, the AOXlar7y cell line was examined at 20 °C (control) and at elevated temperatures of 25 °C and 28 °C. Parameters including proliferation, vitality, morphology, and gene expressions related to proliferation, stemness, and stress were evaluated. Additionally, to achieve a comprehensive understanding of cellular changes, mitochondrial and metabolic activities were assessed using Seahorse XF96. AOXlar7y cells adapted to 28 °C exhibited enhanced mitochondrial adaptability, plasticity, heightened cell proliferation, and increased hsp70 expression. Increased baseline respiration indicated elevated ATP demand, which is potentially linked to higher cell proliferation and heat stress defense. Cells at 28 °C also displayed elevated reserve respiration capacity, suggesting adaptation to energy demands. At 25 °C, AOXlar7y cells showed no changes in basal respiration or mitochondrial capacity, suggesting unchanged ATP demand compared to cells cultivated at 20 °C. Proliferation and glycolytic response to energy requirements were diminished, implying a connection between glycolysis inhibition and proliferation suppression. These research results indicate sturgeon cells are capable of withstanding and adapting to an 8 °C temperature increase. This cellular analysis lays a foundation for future studies aimed at a deeper understanding of fish cell physiological adaptations, which will contribute to a better knowledge of environmental threats facing Atlantic sturgeon and fish populations amid climate change.

The Lake Tahoe Basin of California and Nevada is a popular destination for visitors. As temperatures rise globally, visitation to this climatic refuge is likely to grow. Increased visitation contributes to increases in vehicle miles of travel (VMT), congestion, crashes, emissions, and deteriorating travel experiences at Lake Tahoe, while also contributing to friction between visitors and residents. Policymakers are exploring ways to mitigate these problems, but one key uncertainty to first address is exactly how many visitors are in the Tahoe Basin at a given time and how and where they travel while there. It is also unclear how visitation is influenced by heat in the nearby lower-elevation population centers during the summertime, which is when visitation is the highest. This study thus seeks to 1) quantify day and overnight visitors in the Tahoe Basin, 2) estimate VMT attributable to each group, and 3) model the influence of hot temperatures nearby on visitation and VMT within the Tahoe Basin. We use existing survey data, network GIS analysis, and publicly available weather data to model the relationship between particularly hot conditions and vehicle flow through two of the region’s primary entry points and estimate in-basin VMT attributable to travel through them. We evaluate several ways of defining “hot conditions” nearby and find that between 500 and 1,200 additional vehicles enter the basin at these two points alone, generating an additional in-basin daily VMT of about 12,000 to 33,000 when hot conditions exist. Quantifying the magnitude of the challenge enables managers to design and scale interventions to mitigate impacts.

Fire safety is always an important issue in the indoor and built environment. There might be hidden conflicts among different systems such as suppression and smoke control. The effect of water spray on smoke movement in halls with natural venting system is reported in this paper. A series of scale modelling experiments were carried out to study the temperature variation under water spray. A small vent on the opposite side of fire source would intensify smoke stratification and result in a higher smoke temperature. Water spray would weaken the smoke stratification due to the cooling effect on the smoke and the downward drag on the smoke layer. The temperature development of smoke was the result of competition of these two effects on the smoke layer. When the effect of water spray was stronger, the average smoke temperature tended to be lower, and the temperature difference of the ceiling to the smoke layer interface was smaller. When the effect of the opening dominated, the results were reversed. These results would be useful for providing fire safety in indoor and built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grasslands represent an important ecosystem type as they provide numerous ecosystem services. Field studies have shown that temperate grasslands with high diversity can be highly productive. Management and changing environmental conditions can impact the diversity–production relationship. However, the specific mechanisms and role of biodiversity, environmental factors or anthropogenic interventions that lead to changes in production are not well understood. Here, we used the individual‐based grassland model GRASSMIND parameterized for a field biodiversity experiment to analyze changes in the diversity–production relationship when varying the mowing frequency and increasing air temperature. Our results revealed that the positive diversity–production relationship persists with varied mowing frequency and temperature increase, with an increased proportion of herbs in more frequently mown grasslands (from 78% to 85%). Using the model, we further investigated quantitatively how different processes (e.g. plant shading) affect grassland dynamics and production under varied mowing frequencies and air temperature. Although aboveground net primary production (ANPP) decreased in more frequently mown grasslands (20% less ANPP), biomass yields increased due to an even stronger decrease in space‐dependent plant mortality (30% less crowding). Plant mortality (intrinsic and by crowding) caused more biomass losses than caused by shading between plants or by a reduced production due to temperature increase. This study revealed how models, complementary to field experiments, can be used to analyze and quantify the importance of mechanisms and the role of environmental factors in grassland dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous wave (CW) and microsecond pulse (MP) laser irradiations were compared regarding cell damage and laser-induced temperature rise at retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The RPE of porcine RPE-choroid-sclera explants was irradiated with a 577 nm laser in CW or MP mode (5% or 15% duty cycle (DC)) for 20 ms or 200 ms at an average laser power of 20–90 mW. Cell viability was investigated with calcein-AM staining. Optoacoustic (OA) technique was employed for temperature measurement during irradiation. For 200 ms irradiation, the dead cell area (DCA) increased linearly (≈1600 µm2/mW) up to the average power of 40 mW for all modes without significant difference. From 50 mW, the increase of DCA of MP-5% significantly dropped to 610 µm2/mW (p < 0.05), likely due to the detected microbubble formation. OA temperature measurement showed a monotonic temperature increase in CW mode and a stepwise increase in MP mode, but no significant difference in the average temperature increase at the same average power, consistent with the temperature modeling. In conclusion, there is no difference in the average temperature rise between CW and MP modes at the same average power regardless of DC. At lower DC, however, more caution is required regarding mechanical damage due to microbubble formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seawater temperature is one of the main variables that determines cold-water coral distribution worldwide. As part of an initiative to explore new areas of deep-sea habitats along the Southeast United States (SEUS) continental margin, a series of expeditions were carried out as part of the Deep-Sea Exploration to Advance Research on Corals/Canyons/Cold seeps (DEEP SEARCH) project. During these explorations, a cold-water coral reef complex composed mainly of Lophelia pertusa was located off the coast of South Carolina at 650–850 m depth. In this geographic area the species normally has a thermal tolerance between 6 and 12 °C with the capacity to form extensive calcium carbonate structures, thus creating complex habitat for a variety of associated species. Owing to the paucity of these structures and the unusual environmental conditions of this geographic area, with regular arrival of warm surface waters from the Gulf Stream, the main aim of this study was to understand the physiological response of L. pertusa to the variation in extreme temperature events in this region. Short-term experiments simulated the rate of temperature increase from the ambient temperature (8 °C) to the environmental maximum (14 °C) (heat-wave treatment). We found that temperature had a significant effect on the metabolic functions through an increase in respiration (0.108 to 0.247 µmol O2 g−1DW h−1) and excretion rates (0.002 to 0.011 µmol NH3 g−1DW h−1) at 14 °C. Oxygen to Nitrogen ratios (O:N) also showed an effect of temperature where corals switched from lipid-dominated toward a mix of lipid-protein and protein-dominated catabolism. To further characterize the metabolic response, feeding assays (capture rate of Artemia) were performed at the same temperature range with an overall three-fold decrease in capture rates under 14 °C compared to ambient temperature, thus increasing the probability of temperature-induced metabolic stress. Our results suggest that temperature variations affect the metabolic response of cold-water corals, particularly along the SEUS continental margin. Since the incursion of warm surface water to deeper zones is predicted to increase in frequency and duration due to climate change, L. pertusa may be implicated negatively, followed by ecological consequences for the survival and functionality for the ecosystem it supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material-efficient, highly load-bearing members made of high-performance compressive concretes are often exposed to cyclical loads because of their slender construction, which can be relevant to the design. When investigating the fatigue behaviour of high-performance concretes in pressure swell tests, however, the specimen temperature rises strongly owing to the elevated loading rate at frequencies higher than 3 Hz. This leads to a negative influence on the achieved number of load cycles compared to tests carried out at slow speeds and calculated values, for example, according to fib Model Code 2010. This phenomenon, which was already observed, must be considered when generating design formulae or Wöhler lines for component design, as the test conditions with high constant load frequencies as well as sample storage in a climate chamber at constant conditions are prerequisites that cannot be expected in real material applications. Therefore, laboratory testing influences must be eliminated in order to avoid underestimating the material. Instead of adjusting the test conditions to prevent or control temperature development, as was the case in previous approaches, this article shows how the temperature effects can be corrected when analysing the results, considering both the applied stress and the maximum temperature reached. For this purpose, a calculation method was developed that was validated on the basis of a large number of fatigue tests. Thus, in the future, the application of one temperature sensor to the test specimen can effectively advance the extraction of values for Wöhler curves, even with high test frequencies.

Perch (Perca fluviatilis) in four boreal lakes and sympatric roach (Rutilis rutilis) in two of these lakes were studied by means of gill net sampling, and age and growth were analyzed to explore whether summer temperature affects recruitment and individual growth of the two species differently. Water temperature logging in the lakes showed a highly significant correlation with air temperature. Year-class strength of the perch was significantly positively affected by the summer air temperature, whereas the temperature effect was non-significant for the roach. There was a significant negative effect of year-class strength of one-year-old perch on roach year-class strength in one lake. ln one of the allopatric perch populations, the year-class strength correlation with temperature failed after biomass removal, probably because fishing affected the age structure. July–August air temperature had a significantly positive effect on individual growth rates of two- to five-year-old perch, whereas the effect on roach growth was less clear. The inclination of perch to predate its competitor, roach, as well as conspecifics, as well as accelerated individual growth, were shown to occur more frequently in years with abundant 1+ perch, i.e., the summer after the rise of a strong year-class. Climate warming may potentially favor perch recruitment and growth.

Due to the characteristics of smaller grain size and higher clay mineral content, the threshold pressure gradient (TPG) exists in multi-phase flow within hydrate-bearing clayey-silty sediments (HBCSS), which significantly affects the gas production from hydrate reservoirs. However, multi-phase flow through HBCSS relates to thermal-hydrological-mechanical coupling, leading to the understanding of TPG in HBCSS with complex pore structures and hydrate distribution is unclear. In this study, a theoretical TPG model of HBCSS is developed by considering the combined influences of effective stress, temperature increase, pore structures, hydrate saturation and its growth patterns. The proposed TPG model has been thoroughly validated using available experimental data. Moreover, the parameter sensitivity analysis is conducted based on this derived model, revealing a positive correlation between TPG and both effective stress and temperature increase. While TPG generally increases with higher hydrate saturation when other parameters are held constant, the relationship between TPG and hydrate saturation is non-monotonic. This observation suggests that TPG is impacted not only by hydrate saturation but also by other factors, including hydrate growth patterns and pore structures. The findings of this study establish a theoretical foundation for characterizing the nonlinear flow behavior during hydrate exploitation. • A novel mechanistic TPG model for hydrate clayey sediments is developed. • The effects of stress and temperature on TPG are quantitatively characterized. • Effects of pore-scale parameters on TPG and permeability are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]